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This study examines the factors influencing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge among in-school adolescents in Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 1,133 adolescents through a semi-structured survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, and logistic regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. Adolescents' knowledge levels on critical aspects of SRH education reveal varying levels of comprehension across domains. While 35.7% of adolescents demonstrate understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, only 8.0% display comprehension of contraception and birth control methods. Logistic regression coefficients unveil significant predictors of SRH knowledge, with senior secondary students demonstrating higher odds of SRH knowledge compared to junior secondary students (OR = 2.482, 95% CI [1.335, 3.693]). Urban residence is associated with higher odds of SRH knowledge (OR = 1.172, 95% CI [0.084, 1.350]). Healthcare providers significantly influence adolescents' SRH knowledge (OR = 3.519, 95% CI [2.853, 4.271]), while comfortable discussing SRH topics with teachers predicts higher odds of SRH knowledge (OR = 3.101, 95% CI [2.245, 3.355]). These findings underscore the need for tailored and comprehensive SRH education programs to address knowledge gaps and empower adolescents with accurate information and skills necessary for making informed decisions regarding their sexual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hormonal contraceptives are widely prescribed due to their effectiveness and convenience and have become an integral part of family planning strategies worldwide. In the United States, approximately 65% of reproductive-aged women are estimated to be using contraceptive options, with approximately 33% using one or a combination of hormonal contraceptives. While these methods have undeniably contributed to improved reproductive health, recent studies have raised concerns regarding their potential effect on metabolic health. Despite widespread anecdotal reports, epidemiological research has been mixed as to whether hormonal contraceptives contribute to metabolic health effects. As such, the goals of this study were to assess the adipogenic activity of common hormonal contraceptive chemicals and their mixtures. Five different models of adipogenesis were used to provide a rigorous assessment of metabolism-disrupting effects. Interestingly, every individual contraceptive (both estrogens and progestins) and each mixture promoted significant adipogenesis (eg, triglyceride accumulation and/or preadipocyte proliferation). These effects appeared to be mediated in part through estrogen receptor signaling, particularly for the contraceptive mixtures, as cotreatment with fulvestrant acted to inhibit contraceptive-mediated proadipogenic effects on triglyceride accumulation. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between hormonal contraceptives and adipocyte development. The results suggest that both progestins and estrogens within these contraceptives can influence adipogenesis, and the specific effects may vary based on the receptor disruption profiles. Further research is warranted to establish translation of these findings to in vivo models and to further assess causal mechanisms underlying these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Contraceptive care is a key element of reproductive health, yet only 12%-30% of women report being able to access and receive the information they need to make these complex, personal health care decisions. Current guidelines recommend implementing shared decision-making approaches; and tools such as patient decision aid (PtDA) applications have been proposed to improve patients access to information, contraceptive knowledge, decisional conflict, and engagement in decision-making and contraception use. To inform the design of meaningful, effective, elegant, and feasible PtDA applications, studies are needed of all users current experiences, needs, and barriers. While multiple studies have explored patients experiences, needs, and barriers, little is known about clinicians experiences, perspectives, and barriers to delivering contraceptive counseling. OBJECTIVE: This study focused on assessing clinicians experiences, including their perspectives of patients needs and barriers. It also explored clinicians suggestions for improving contraceptive counseling and the feasibility of a contraceptive PtDA. METHODS: Following the decisional needs assessment approach, we conducted semistructured interviews with clinicians recruited from the Society of Family Planning. The Ottawa Decision Support Framework informed the interview guide and initial codebook, with a specific focus on decision support and decisional needs as key elements that should be assessed from the clinicians perspective. An inductive content approach was used to analyze data and identify primary themes and suggestions for improvement. RESULTS: Fifteen clinicians (12 medical doctors and 3 nurse practitioners) participated, with an average of 19 years of experience in multiple regions of the United States. Analyses identified 3 primary barriers to the provision of quality contraceptive counseling: gaps in patients underlying sexual health knowledge, biases that impede decision-making, and time constraints. All clinicians supported the development of contraceptive PtDAs as a feasible solution to these main barriers. Multiple suggestions for improvement were provided, including clinician- and system-level training, tools, and changes that could support successful implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians and developers interested in improving contraceptive counseling and decision-making may wish to incorporate approaches that assess and address upstream factors, such as sexual health knowledge and existing heuristics and biases. Clinical leaders and administrators may also wish to prioritize solutions that improve equity and accessibility, including PtDAs designed to provide education and support in advance of the time-constrained consultations, and strategic training opportunities that support cultural awareness and shared decision-making skills. Future studies can then explore whether well-designed, user-centered shared decision-making programs lead to successful and sustainable uptake and improve patients reproductive health contraceptive decision-making.

Large herbivores are important components of rewilding. However, populations can grow fast: we predict that, where top-down control is insufficient, herbivores could undermine long-term rewilding goals. To avoid this, nature-mimicking interventions are required to achieve the right amount of herbivory, in the right place, at the right time through the rewilding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GENERATIONS: THE REAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GEN Z, MILLENNIALS, GEN X, BOOMERS, AND SILENTS--AND WHAT THEY MEAN FOR AMERICA'S FUTURE by Jean M. Twenge ATRIA, 56O PAGES, $32-50 THE SEXUAL revolution [...]

Some ethicists believe that the philosophy of animal rights considers the sterilization/neuterization of animals as a violation of the principle of respect for them, and therefore Trap-Neuter Return (TNR) programs are also impermissible. Because it seems that this act violates the natural rights and freedoms of animals. In response, the present research shows that the approach of animal welfare under certain conditions considers it justifiable to harm some animals (human or non-human) in order to prevent further harm to others. Based on the philosophy of animal rights, causing less harm to some animals to prevent more harm to others, as envisioned in TNR programs, is more compatible with considering the intrinsic value of both categories. Neutered urban animals can be accepted while they have value in their own right. The experience of European and Latin American countries also confirms this opinion. Although the methods of the pioneering countries are implemented to some extent in Iran, in Iran, TNR programs in line with animal welfare has received less attention. The purpose of this article is to investigate the legitimacy and then the impact of neuterization on the welfare of urban animals with descriptive-analytical method, while describing the laws and enforcement procedures in the countries under discussion. The method is to collect library and field materials (interview), during which the existing problems will be examined and suggestions will be made to solve them based on successful measures. As a result, first the concept of animal welfare and the related approaches, the advantages and disadvantages of neuterization will be described and then the experience of the countries in question will be discussed.

Background: Little is known about healthcare providers' (HCPs) contraceptive views for adolescents in Haiti, who experience high rates of unintended pregnancy. We sought to describe HCPs' perspectives on barriers and facilitators to contraceptive care delivery in rural Haiti. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey and qualitative interviews with HCPs in two rural communities in Haiti from 08/2021–03/2022. We assessed demographics, clinical practice behaviors and explored contraception perspectives according to Theory of Planned Behavior constructs: attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (e.g., people's perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior, barriers and facilitators of a behavior).15–17 We used descriptive statistics to report proportions and responses to Likert scale and multiple-choice questions. Guided by content analysis, we analyzed interview transcripts through thematic inductive coding and team debriefing. Results: Among 58 respondents, 90% (n = 52) were female and 53% (n = 31) were nurses. Most reported always (n = 16, 28%) or very often (n = 21, 36%) obtaining a sexual history for adolescents. A majority agreed/strongly agreed that clinicians should discuss pregnancy prevention (n = 45, 78%), high-risk sexual behaviors (n = 40, 69%), and should prescribe contraception (n = 41, 71%) to adolescents. The most frequently cited provider-level barriers (i.e., significant or somewhat of a barrier) included insufficient contraception knowledge (n = 44, 77%) and time (n = 37, 64%). HCPs were concerned about barriers at the patient-level (e.g. adolescents' fear of parental notification [n = 37, 64%], adolescents will give inaccurate information about sexual behaviors [n = 25, 43%]) and system-level (e.g. resistance to providing care from administration [n = 33, 57%]). In interviews (n = 17), HCPs generally supported contraception care for adolescents. Many HCPs echoed our quantitative findings on concerns about privacy and confidentiality. HCPs reported concerns about lack of contraception education leading to misconceptions, and community and parental judgement. HCPs expressed interest in further contraception training and resources and noted the importance of providing youth-friendly contraceptive care. Conclusions: While HCPs support contraceptive care, we identified actionable barriers to improve care for adolescents in rural Haiti. Future efforts should include increasing HCP knowledge and training, community and parent coalition building to increase contraception support and offering youth-friendly contraceptive care to offset risk for related adverse health outcomes in adolescents in rural Haiti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: School-based health centers (SBHCs) are an evidence-based model for providing contraceptives to adolescents. SBHCs ability to provide reproductive health services is often limited by school district policies, state laws, and health center policies. Methods: We used data from the Teens Exploring and Managing Prevention (TEMPO) study to document demographic characteristics and birth control methods among patients at four SBHCs in New Mexico. A total of 264 teens were included in the baseline data collection at SBHCs in New Mexico. A baseline survey was administered via iPad, that specifically focused on questions related to sexual experiences and sexual health topics. Baseline questions included demographic questions, gender identity, sexual orientation, reasons for visits, reproductive practices, and birth control methods. Descriptive statistics were calculated, including means and standard deviations for continuous variables and categorical frequencies. Results: Our findings present reproductive health behaviors among New Mexican patients attending schools with SBHCs. More than 74% of respondents were Hispanic or Latino. The most common reason teens went to the SBHC was for birth control, and just 62% of teens reported using birth control methods in the past. Discussion: These behaviors are essential for policymakers to consider as they address policy gaps, the complex landscape of parental permission, reproductive rights, and health as a human right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buddhism provides the vocabulary for film auteur Pema Tseden to express a psychological dimension in his Amdo‐Tibetan stories. Drawing on the Tibetan Buddhist concept of bardo, the transitional space between sleep and waking, or death and rebirth, his works encapsulate surrealist flow of consciousness of the characters as they are torn between religious principles, modern imperatives, and conscience. Specifically, Balloon exposes an Amdo woman's choice between having an abortion in compliance with China's 1990s birth control policy or enabling the prophesized rebirth of a family forebear. The film extends Pema Tseden's earlier experiment in Jinpa, which enacts an intrapsychic dialogue in a dream, by using a religiously inflected visualization of the state of mind in the threshold between death and the next life. Balloon's passionate reenactment of a luminous afterlife landscape and its reflexive and even questioning attitudes toward the concept of reincarnation create an intriguing tension. Its central imagery, the inflated condom balloon, is a "semi‐transparent envelope," to borrow British novelist Virginia Woolf's phrase, which suggests the inscrutability of the characters' internal experiences. The balloon is also a "semi‐transparent filter" of the director's ambiguous affects, encapsulating cultural intimacy and cultural contemplation within a non‐dual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Historically, birth control has been geared toward targeting and subsequently reducing female fertility. The cost of unplanned pregnancies is significant, both in human and veterinary medicine. The development of an effective male contraceptive drug could provide an inclusive approach to the responsible use of contraception. The characteristics of an ideal contraceptive drug include reversibility, high efficacy, minimal adverse side effects, and easy administration. Although this seems like an uphill task, there are a few male contraceptive methods that are currently available, along with substantial interest and research being focused on novel targets. This review uses a comparative medicine approach to succinctly identify and discuss the different types of male contraceptives currently available, while also highlighting newer methods and potential targets for the future development of novel male contraceptives. The last few decades have brought contraception to the forefront of research, with great strides made in effectively targeting and optimizing the physiology, pharmacology, and delivery processes that prevent pregnancy. However, these advances still predominantly target female contraceptives for the prevention of contraception, whereas targeting the male sex has lagged far behind. This has led to a marked deficiency in safe and effective male contraceptive agents, resulting in a heavy dependence on female contraceptives to prevent unwanted and unplanned pregnancies. Current research in the veterinary field and in rodents highlights several promising avenues whereby novel, safe, and effective male contraceptive alternatives are being developed—with an emphasis on reduced side effects and reversibility potential. This review aims to discuss current and novel male contraceptives (both human and veterinary formulations) while highlighting their efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early pregnancy loss (EPL) is a prevalent health concern with significant implications globally for gestational health. This research leverages machine learning to enhance the prediction of EPL and to differentiate between typical pregnancies and those at elevated risk during the initial trimester. We employed different machine learning methodologies, from conventional models to more advanced ones such as deep learning and multilayer perceptron models. Results from both classical and advanced machine learning models were evaluated using confusion matrices, cross-validation techniques, and analysis of feature significance to obtain correct decisions among algorithmic strategies on early pregnancy loss and the vitamin D serum connection in gestational health. The results demonstrated that machine learning is a powerful tool for accurately predicting EPL, with advanced models such as deep learning and multilayer perceptron outperforming classical ones. Linear discriminant analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis algorithms were shown to have 98 % accuracy in predicting pregnancy loss outcomes. Key determinants of EPL were identified, including levels of maternal serum vitamin D. In addition, prior pregnancy outcomes and maternal age are crucial factors in gestational health. This study's findings highlight the potential of machine learning in enhancing predictions related to EPL that can contribute to improved gestational health outcomes for mothers and infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France in 2022, more than 8 out of 10 women will have their abortions in their district of residence. In some rural district, the rate of abortions performed outside the department of residence is higher than the national average. The aim of this study is to understand the specificities of the abortion process in a rural department like the Ardèche. Several factors may explain women's referrals to neighboring districts: lack of information on what is available in the area, confidentiality, professionals' preference for quality of care, or the desire to avoid guilt-inducing professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) is an effective permanent method of birth control that is surgically performed to block the woman's fallopian tube and prevent the egg from meeting the sperm. It is preferred by women or couples who have achieved their reproductive potential and do not desire pregnancy. BTL carries a low risk of method failure with a subsequent pregnancy which is likely to be ectopic. We present a case of two consecutive ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancies following an interval BTL. Case Presentation: A 40-year-old female, with 7 living children, who previously underwent an interval BTL, presented with acute abdominal pain for 2 days and amenorrhea for 6 weeks. She was stable but had generalized abdominal tenderness, guarding and rebound tenderness, and cervical motion tenderness. Her urine HCG was positive, and a trans-abdominal ultrasound scan revealed a tender echo-complex right adnexal mass, free fluid in the Cul-de-sac, and an empty uterine cavity, consistent with a ruptured right ectopic pregnancy. An emergency exploratory laparotomy was done with findings of a ruptured right distal tube containing products of conception, hemoperitoneum, and previous tubal ligation and left salpingectomy. A right total salpingectomy was done, and the excised right tube containing the mass was sent for histological examination, which revealed chorionic villi and hemorrhagic vascular decidual tissue in the fallopian tube, features suggestive of tubal ectopic pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are the most effective contraceptive method to decrease pregnancy rates among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Get It? (www.getitnobaby.com) is an innovative peer-based digital intervention that aims to increase LARC awareness and use among AYAs. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of Get It ? on LARC awareness and use among AYAs after exposure. A randomized controlled trial was conducted between 2 different Baylor College of Medicine Teen Health Clinics. Using a block randomization method, clinics were randomized to either the intervention or control group by week. Baseline and post-intervention surveys were conducted in addition to a 6-month post-intervention chart review to determine the primary outcome of LARC uptake and secondary outcomes including other LARC-specific behaviors and LARC attitudes. A total of 233 AYAs agreed to participate in the study, of which 134 were randomized to the control group and 99 to the intervention group. Initiation of LARC discussion with the provider was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. Additionally, LARC uptake within 6 months after study was almost significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. Finally, intervention group respondents exhibited strong positive attitudes toward Get It? with regard to specific intervention components. This study supports Get It? as a tool to educate and motivate AYA girls to use the most effective form of birth control available to them. The digital format of this novel peer-based approach also contributes to the potential of this educational intervention by decreasing barriers to both dissemination and uptake. We recommend a larger multi-institutional study to confirm these results and determine the most efficient method of dissemination to reach at-risk AYAs before coitarche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of community-wide teen pregnancy prevention initiatives (CWIs) on local U.S. birth rates among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years was examined using synthetic control methodology within a quasi-experimental design. CWIs were implemented in 10 U.S. communities from 2010 to 2015. Each initiative implemented evidence-based teen pregnancy prevention interventions at local organizations and enhanced best practices in adolescent reproductive health care at local health centers, while engaging diverse community sectors. The synthetic control method was used to estimate the impact of each CWI on overall and race- and ethnicity-specific teen births relative to rates in synthetic control communities. Additionally, we estimated the overall effect of CWIs across communities by pooling results from the 10 synthetic control case studies using the mean percentile rank. Pooled data across all 10 communities indicated an estimated average of 6.6 fewer births per 1000 teens per year overall during the initiative relative to each community's synthetic control (p =.001). By race and ethnicity, there were an estimated average of 6.4 fewer births per 1000 teens per year among Black teens (p =.03), 10.7 fewer births among Hispanic teens (p =.03), and 4.2 fewer births (p =.10) among White teens. Results from individual communities indicated an intervention effect on overall and/or race/ethnicity-specific teen birth rates in five communities. This study demonstrates the value of synthetic control methods in evaluating community-level outcomes of programmatic efforts. Findings indicate the CWIs had a positive impact on teen birth rates and have the potential to address racial and ethnic disparities in those rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rights are almost inseparable from the contemporary commonsense notion of civilization as a morally superior state of human society. In this article I argue that they are equally central to the concept of civilization as a reversible process of increasing social interdependence and cohesion as theorized by Norbert Elias. However, according to the theoretical statement included in the introduction to this special issue, the civilizing effect of human rights is accompanied by their inseparable decivilizing potential. Which of the two will be the stronger in any state of global human figuration depends on two principal factors: the resilience of human interdependencies (especially the prospects of widening the circles of intergroup identification) and the strength of centrifugal forces in the figuration, constituting a reduction of integrative effects of human rights and increasing their disintegrative influence. By tracing the emergence of global legal governance of abortion within the framework of human rights, I focus specifically on one aspect of it that is crucial for the interconnection of civilizing and decivilizing effects in this case: the status of the right to abortion law between women's rights and human rights, and, by extension, the relationship between women's rights and human rights in general. Drawing on the much-cited work of Norbert Elias and John L. Scotson, I the established-outsiders dynamics behind the old debate on whether women's rights are human rights or not, the consequences of which keep reverberating until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1903 and 1952, there was a Jesuit and French university in Shanghai called l'Aurore. This article focuses on its medical faculty, which operated from 1912 to 1952. It shows that, in a precarious political and military context, l'Aurore simultaneously benefited from Jesuit missionary activity and the French quest for imperial influence, without fully identifying with either. The faculty was not an official missionary institution, and most of its hundreds of students were not Christians. However, the Jesuit administration kept a record of baptisms among the students and, based on Catholic principles, encouraged opposition to birth control through courses on 'medical ethics' and a special oath that medical graduates had to take. Nor was the medical faculty an overtly imperial institution. It was part of a concession and the result of an alliance between Jesuit missionaries and anti-clerical diplomats of the French Third Republic. Yet, the faculty was key to a French policy of imperial influence designed to compete with other imperial, religious, and private foreign powers active in medical education in China. During the years of war between China and Japan (1937–1945), the faculty consolidated its influence by increasing student numbers and building new infrastructure, whereas its Chinese staff assumed a more prominent role, reinforcing the importance of Chinese medicine in teaching and research. Doctors trained at l'Aurore who stayed in China remained active in public health until well into the second half of the twentieth century, even after the medical faculty was abolished by the Communist regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to assess nurses' knowledge regarding the treatment and prevention of pregnancy-related hypertension and find out the association between knowledge of nurses and demographic characteristics. Pregnancy-related hypertension is a medical disorder characterized by vasospasm in the body's small and major arteries during pregnancy. It affects between 5% to 8% of pregnancies overall. A quantitative descriptive correlation research design was employed in the investigation. 52 nurses employed by Sir Ganga Ram Hospital were selected as a convenience non-probability sample, and they were asked to self-administer a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis techniques were used to examine the data. The results indicate that 75% of the study group, which consisted of individuals aged 20 to 29. Female nurses outnumbered male nurses (69.2%) in the study sample. 53.8% of survey participants held a Bachelor in nursing as their highest degree of schooling. Of the nurses in the study group, 53.8% had one to five years of experience. In conclusion, the results indicate that a greater proportion of the participants in the research group (82.7%) lack training-related courses. It is recommended that seminars, workshops and refresher training are needed to enhance the knowledge among nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional herbal methods of birth control have been used by many traditions for hundreds of years because they offer several benefits over modern methods like synthetic hormones, intrauterine devices (IUD), and surgery. This literature review set out to determine which African medicinal plants are used as contraceptives, with the most emphasis on Nigeria and some of the phytochemical constituents that are implicated in the anti-fertility. In this research, we used an elibrary search and pertinent books to filter the published literature on the topic of plants with antifertility and contraceptive effects. More than 70 plants were shown to have a wide range of anti-pregnancy effects, including acting as abortifacients, inhibiting sperm motility, and even imitating or interfering with female reproductive hormones. Based on this review, over 15 substances have been identified as potentially having contraceptive effects, including ferutinin, quinovic acid glycosides, nimbolide, resveratrol, gossypol, etc. The lack of rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials that authenticate the efficacy and safety of natural contraceptives has led to persistently low rates of adoption despite the many benefits and various initiatives by government and developmental entities to increase their adoption in Nigeria. In conclusion, increased advocacy is required for scientists to intensify efforts in natural-based contraceptive research for proper validation and complementary effort with current conventional contraceptives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of a controllable sterility strategy is crucial for the commercialization of precise trait improvements in farmed fish using genome editing and sustainable development of fisheries. Our previous research has demonstrated that females deficient in pituitary gonadotropin luteinizing hormone β-subunit (lhβ) or gonadal steroidogenesis gene steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) exhibit sterility due to impaired oocyte maturation and ovulation. Nevertheless, the effective restoration of fertility in lhβ- or star-deficient females remains unsolved. This study has discovered that the administration of exogenous 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) at 100 and 300 µg/L for 6 h (from 02:00 to 08:00 a.m.) effectively restores the fertility of lhβ- or star-deficient females. Fertilized eggs from these mutant females can be raised without noticeable developmental defects for up to 3 weeks post-fertilization (wpf) compared to the wild-type (WT) control zebrafish. The increased expression levels of adamts9 and adam8b in lhβ- or star-deficient zebrafish females treated with DHP demonstrate a positive correlation with oocyte maturation and ovulation restoration. In contrast, exogenous DHP administration did not rescue the sterility phenotype observed in progesterone receptor (pgr)-deficient females. Building on our recent success in generating an all-female carp population through cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (cyp17a1)-depletion, our research presents a promising and effective strategy for an "off-on" switch for managing fertility in genome-edited cyprinids. The strategy would offer practical guidance and theoretical justification for developing "controllable fertility" in all-female fish, which would support the sustainable development of fisheries by promoting the use of novel biotechnologies in aquaculture in an eco-friendly manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article builds on existing feminist literature on obstetric violence in the context of childbirth to argue that there is a continuum of obstetric violence that also includes that perpetuated in relation to pregnancy prevention and termination, as well as antenatal healthcare and birth. This structural violence is highlighted in relation to conscientious objection, the reporting of people suspected of illegal abortions by their healthcare providers, and contraceptive coercion. Recognizing the limitations of criminal and human rights approaches to obstetric violence, this article takes Martha Fineman's vulnerability theory as the foundation for the transformative structural change of healthcare institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the history of a transnational birth control movement centered on India and the United States during the 1950s, a transitional decade that followed Indian independence from the British Empire and that witnessed growing US hegemony in a cold war world. I focus on one key philanthropic organization, the Watumull Foundation, and the activities of its leader, Ellen Jensen Watumull. The Watumull Foundation funded birth control activists in India and the United States, including Dhanvanthi Rama Rau and Margaret Sanger, and supported a growing turn toward population control as a chief purpose of the transnational birth control movement. The result was an Indo-American birth control politics in the 1950s that drew upon racialized networks of kinship, marriage, and friendship; was controlled largely by women; and mobilized small donors to bring American philanthropy into Indian development planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARCs) are prescribed routinely by primary care clinicians. SARCs are among the most commonly prescribed contraceptive methods and include combined hormonal oral contraceptive pills, the combined hormonal transdermal patch, the combined hormonal vaginal ring, progestin-only pills, and the 3-month depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injection. To ensure safe prescribing and reduce barriers to receiving SARC methods, family physicians should be familiar with two evidence-based national contraceptive guidelines, the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (U.S. MEC) and the U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use (U.S. SPR). SARCs have benefits in addition to pregnancy prevention; as such, these methods may be chosen for reasons other than contraception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isotretinoin, indicated for severe acne, is a potent teratogen and therefore contraindicated in pregnancy. Thus, the pregnancy prevention program (PPP) for isotretinoin has been introduced. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the concomitant use of isotretinoin and effective contraception and the rate of potential isotretinoin-exposed pregnancies in females of childbearing age in 2017–2020 in Estonia. In addition, we aimed to evaluate whether compliance with the PPP has improved compared with the previous study conducted in Estonia covering the period of 2012–2016. Methods: This retrospective, nationwide study using prescription and healthcare claims data included 2575 females aged 15–45 years who started using isotretinoin between 2017 and 2020. Results: For 64.7% of females of childbearing age, no concurrent use of an effective contraceptive was detected while using isotretinoin. A moderately higher contraceptive coverage (35.3%) was observed compared with the previous study (29.7%) (p < 0.001). Complete contraception coverage was highest in females aged 30–39 years with an adjusted OR of 12.8 (p < 0.001) compared with the age group 15–19 years and 2.47 (p < 0.001) compared with the age group 20–29 years. 17 pregnancies coincided with the isotretinoin treatment-related period. The risk for potential isotretinoin-exposed pregnancy was 6.6 (95% CI 3.9–10.5) per 1000 treated females of childbearing age over the 4-year observation period. The risk for potential isotretinoin-exposed pregnancies per 1000 treated females was 1.0 in females aged 15–19 years, 11.6 in females aged 20–29 years, 8.8 in females aged 30–39 years, and 7.4 in females aged 40–45 years (p = 0.009). Conclusion: A slight improvement in complete contraceptive coverage during isotretinoin use has not resulted in a decrease in the risk of isotretinoin-exposed pregnancies. The contraceptive usage and risk for pregnancy vary greatly across age groups, suggesting the need for a more targeted approach to improve the effectiveness of the PPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: TikTok has increasingly become a source of information about reproductive health. Patients seeking health information about oral contraception on TikTok may be influenced by videos containing misinformation or biased information. Objective: This social media infodemiological study aims to provide a descriptive content analysis of the quality and reliability of oral contraceptive health information on TikTok. Study Design: Researchers screened 1,000 TikTok videos from December 2022 to March 2023 retrieved under various search terms related to oral contraceptives. Data, including engagement metrics such as views, likes, comments, saves, and shares, were recorded. Video content including contraceptive methods discussed, efficacy, tolerability, and side effects were recorded. Two reviewers independently used a modified DISCERN criteria and Global Quality Scale (GQS) to assess the quality and reliability of information for each video. Results: Five hundred seventy-four videos were analyzed after applying exclusion criteria. Videos had a median length of 27 seconds (Q1=13sec, Q3=57sec) and received a median of 35,000 total views (Q1=4856 views, Q3=411,400 views) and 166 views per day (Q1=28 views per day, Q3=2021 views per day). Video creators were 83.3% female and 58.7% white. The mean modified DISCERN score was 1.63 (SD=1.06) and the mean GQS score was 2.28 (SD=1.37). Video creators were 83.3% female and 58.7% white. The mean modified DISCERN score was 1.63 (SD=1.06) and the mean GQS score was 2.28 (SD=1.37). The most common topic discussed in the videos was the effects of contraception. Healthcare professionals had significantly higher DISCERN and GQS scores (p

Key Clinical Message: Basilar artery fenestration should be considered in migraine patients, especially with a cerebrovascular family history, necessitating annual magnetic resonance imaging/angiography (MRI/MRA) monitoring and careful assessment of birth control regimens to mitigate risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I 1940 var det tolv mødrehygienekontorer i Norge. De ga opplysning og solgte prevensjon; noen drev også svangerskaps- og spedbarnskontroll. Mødrehygienekontorene var aksjeselskaper eid av arbeiderbevegelsens kvinneorganisasjoner. I april 1941 ble kontorene stengt og inventaret beslaglagt og fordelt til organisasjoner som var godkjent av Nasjonal Samling (NS) for helsearbeid for barn. Deretter startet likvideringen av aksjeselskapene som selskaper. Stengingen hadde klare paralleller i Hitlers Tyskland, men i Norge inngikk den i en pronatalistisk befolkningspolitikk med støtte langt ut over NS. Med utgangspunkt i dette og i situasjonen i 1940 blir stengingen og likvideringen og de følgene dette fikk etter krigen, undersøkt. Vi viser at kvinners mulighet til å kontrollere antallet fødsler med prevensjon og en relativt liberal abortpraksis ble drastisk endret under krigen. Resultatet ble mer alvorlig enn det som tidligere har vært kjent, da ikke bare de offentlig støttede mødrehygienekontorene ble stengt, men også likvidert – ødelagt. Det fikk stor betydning også etter krigen. Artikkelen bidrar med ny kunnskap om de politiske konfliktlinjene på dette feltet og viser at arbeiderkvinnebevegelsen var en pådriver for kvinners rett til å bestemme barnetallet lenge før den nye kvinnebevegelsen kom til rundt 1970. Inntil da var rett til fødselskontroll i stor grad et klassekrav, selv om det fantes noen eksepsjonelle feminister som overtrådte klassegrensen.

Introduction In India, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) have placed high priority on Maternal and Child Health (MCH) and Family Planning (FP). According to various studies, female contraceptives have been widely accepted and over-reliant by men. In addition, men’s attitudes towards contraception and FP say a lot about gender disparity. Power disparities and gender-restrictive norms have also endured, making it difficult for married women to fulfill their unmet needs. Spouses may find it difficult to openly communicate their need for contraception and their preferences for reproduction if their husbands have a low gender equality mindset. Aim and objectives This study aimed to examine the prevalence and behaviors related to contraception as well as the level of knowledge about family planning (FP) among men in rural areas. It aimed to ascertain the attitude towards the limited participation of rural men in FP. Additionally, the study aimed to identify any associated health issues in females resulting from the absence of adequate family planning measures. Methods This interventional study will be conducted in a rural area of the Wardha district. It includes rural married men (aged 18-45) and a pre-test and post-test study will be conducted to attempt door-to-door visits and local working areas. Study implications This intervention-focused research methodology seeks to evaluate the understanding and behaviors related to contraception and family planning (FP) among rural men. The goal was to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive FP education program in influencing knowledge, attitudes, and contraceptive utilization among men in rural communities.