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While recovering from a major personal tipping point (see Part I), I was still able to keep on the lookout for Canadian mathematics education matters. After all, if Canadian mathematics education matters, Canadian mathematics education matters. In doing so, I ran into a number of other financial problems. Everywhere I turned was a financial problem: from tipping in the sharing (or platform) economy; to spending your way to savings with credit cards; the proliferation of sportsbooks and online casinos; trying to reconcile the Canadian cost of living with the seemingly high accepted standard level of consumption; and the outrageous fee to take $20 out of my very own bank account. Each taken on their own, I clearly have some financial problems. Taken together, I contend that 'Egan's Financial Problems', albeit unconventional, could, one day, be the impetus for financial education and literacy leaving math class and becoming a class of its own in Canadian schools. Until then, I guess we go with the School of Hard Knocks for our financial education. [For Part I, see EJ1334579.]

This study compares the financial knowledge of Korean (N = 1006) and German (N = 1346) university students. The country-specific adaptations of the US-American Test of Financial Literacy was used to assess financial knowledge. Financial knowledge can be divided into three areas (everyday money management; banking; insurance). German students show a slightly higher knowledge of everyday money management and insurance. Korean students tend to be stronger in the area banking. The paper examines the impact of gender on financial knowledge and the role of financial information gathering. A gender difference is determined in Germany, but not in Korea. Male students in Germany score higher than female students. An analysis of variance shows that Korean as well as German students who inform themselves more frequently about financial topics achieve a higher financial knowledge score. The article shows that it is possible to validly measure financial knowledge in Germany and Korea, which have different economic systems.

Education is an essential tool for human, economical, societal and technological development. When education is properly utilized and financed, learning outcomes with higher quality are achieved. Under-funding is the critical challenge facing the Nigerian higher education (NHE) system. There is considerable increase in the demand for NHE and government could no longer adequately finance it because of this increasing-demand. This paper attempts to assess the impact of international organization in NHE system. Among the key important international organizations operating in Nigerian Education (NE) are the World Bank, IMF, EU, UNICEF, UNESCO and many NGOs operating from both in and out of the country. The paper concludes by recommending that adequate consecration should be given to higher education since basic education and secondary level have so far benefitted more from the World Bank. It is also recommended that all other international organizations and other sectors should focus on impacting NHE if truly high quality education is desired for Nigerian university students.

The theory of trying postulates that in the less technologically advanced developing countries, online banking adoption behavior is a function of three attitudes rather a single attitude. These three attitudes are attitudes towards successes, failure, and learning that are expected to determine online banking adoption. These three attitudes, in turn, are dependent upon two crucial individual traits, overall self-confidence, and cynicism. However, the previous literature has not provided conclusive empirical evidence about this issue particularly in the less technologically advanced context of South Asia. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to test the role of these three attitudes and two traits as the determinants of the online banking adoption behavior. The data was collected from 215 customers who were already using the online banking in the District Attock, Pakistan. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares was applied for hypotheses testing. The results point that in the developing context of Pakistan, all the factors - attitudes and traits - are significant predictors of online banking adoption behavior.

Research into employability issues is currently receiving considerable attention. In Morocco, a significant number of employers are satisfied with the skills of their newly hired employees. However, other employers express their dissatisfaction with the newly hired workers and believe that they lack some of the most basic skills needed for successful employment. The present paper proceeds by providing a systematic review of employability skills from the perspective of employers. It aims to research the gap between employers' requirements of graduates and their actual skills with particular focus on employers' perception. The participants in this study are 20 employers from three sectors, primary education, banking and tourism in the region of Marrakesh-Safi, Morocco. The instrument used for data collection is an on-line questionnaire. More specifically, the study reported that a majority of respondents perceive innovation and creativity as fundamental employability skills. In light of the results, the study recommends that universities should make great efforts to ensure that they are equipping their graduates with employability skills as identified in the industry

In terms of future revenue stream, the potential of young adults is considered to be significant. The study is relevant to India as the segment dominates the population. The objective of the study is to examine the antecedents to financial management behavior for young adults. One hundred and sixty responses were obtained from respondents. While employing structural equation modeling, we found that variables such as help-seeking behavior, financial knowledge, and electronic banking, positively affect financial management behavior. The findings suggest that financial educators and counselors need to incorporate electronic banking along with other dimensions such as financial knowledge and help-seekers. Financial educators can benefit from innovative technology features.

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential influence of childhood financial socialization on financial well-being in adulthood. Using a sample (N = 2,213) from De Nederlandsche Bank Household Survey (DHS) we modeled the likelihood of household debt/asset ratio less than or equal to 40%, and the likelihood of a household reporting a current ratio (liquid asset /short-term debt ratio) greater than or equal to 100%. Consistent with predictions of social learning theory, being encouraged to save during childhood had a positive association with meeting the financial planning industry benchmarks for these financial ratios in adulthood. The key implication is that the path to financial well-being does not begin with financial knowledge attained in adulthood, but instead begins with experiential learning and socialization during childhood.

We measured the fundamental financial knowledge and the level of using basic financial offers by persons with Asperger syndrome. It was pilot study. The method of diagnostic survey was used. The questionnaire used in the study was authorship, developed on the basis of S&P Global FinLit Survey, conducted by World Bank Development Research Group and GFLEC. The purposive sampling was used for this aim. 32 persons aged 16-22 with Asperger syndrome took part in the study. The results show that respondents are able to use theoretical knowledge acquired in the process of education and know the mechanism of simple and compound interest. Unfortunately, they have a significantly lower level of knowledge than an average citizen in the field of less standard issues, and reveal problems in practical use of the mentioned knowledge. It is recommended to expand the financial education and introduction of special programs for persons with communication disorders.

The most preferred tools of technology today are internet and smart phones. Nowadays, these two tools offer numerous services and facilities to humanity in many areas. Accessing technology at any time, having a pleasant time, interacting without the limitations of face to face communication are some of them. That is why; individuals have become unable to live without internet and smartphones. Especially the rapid developments in information and communication technologies, internet and social media media, which is among the means of access to smart phones among university students and has made widespread use. In this context, a case study was conducted in order to examine the opinions of the students about the use of smart phones in Vocational High School students. For this purpose, the students' opinions were taken with a structured interview form. The questions in the interview form were developed by the researchers by conducting a comprehensive literature review. Expert opinion was consulted in the preparation of the interview form. The experts evaluated the suitability of the questions in terms of scope and language. The study group consisted of 10 students from the Department of Computer Programming and Computer Technology of Kafkas University. It is foreseen that the results of the research can lead to future scientific studies.

Distance Education Institutions (DEI) being a part of the society and has the legal binding to abide by the policy changes. During demonetisation, a Distance Education Institutions (DEI) has to take certain decisions to ensure that crunch for cash do not exist, in spite of the fact that most of the public Distance Education Institutions (DEI) resort either to fund transfer or to cheque payment. In India, demonetization of bank notes took place for the third time on 8th November, 2019. This paper enumerates the Procedure Adopted on the eve of demonetization, Financial literacy Awareness campaigns conducted on the use of digital money/cashless transactions upon demonetization, Employee movement to ATM/Bank for cash withdrawal, Facilitating withdrawal through a single person due to limited hard cash, Written circular to all the Learner Support Centres (LSC) about the procedure to handle cash, procedure of Petty cash transactions, Sale of Student Hand book and Prospectus containing the admission application form, Special Counter for Senior Citizens and Differently abled, Payment towards Travelling Allowance/Conveyance for participants in Meetings/Orientation Programme.

The growth of Islamic banks in Indonesia has not been followed by the availability of competence human resources that meet professional qualifications. Higher education institutions are the large provider of human resources to fulfill the needs of Islamic financial industry. The aim of this study is to formulate the accounting curriculum development in Higher Education Institution (HEI) to fulfill the needs of human resources in Indonesian Islamic banking. This study is descriptive qualitative using instrumental and pragmatic paradigm to illustrate the need of accounting profession in Islamic banks and accounting curriculum formulation for HEI. The curriculum design places more Islamic basic knowledge and Islamic accounting in addition to accounting knowledge standards. The analysis of this study is expected to be able to create a link and match between the education institutions and the Islamic financial industry so that the human resources produced by educational institutions can be optimally absorbed by the Islamic financial industry. The study focuses in the development of the accounting and auditing curriculum for Islamic banking in higher education institutions in Indonesia.

The topic of the Federal Reserve's (the Fed's) implementation of monetary policy has a significant presence in economics textbooks. Unfortunately, as the Fed purposefully shifted the way it implements monetary policy to an environment with ample reserves in the banking system, many textbooks have not kept up. The authors walk through the key policy tools the Fed uses to implement policy in the ample-reserves regime. Next, they contrast the current framework with the pre-2009 regime to highlight that there are substantial differences in the policy tools and concepts that should be taught in the classroom. Finally, they review six, 2020 or 2021 edition, principles of economics textbooks and quantify how well they cover the key concepts associated with the way the Fed implements policy.

This paper addresses the complexity of the linguistic situation in China by examining the language policy and language categorisation in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which has implications for how multilingual speakers conceptualise and practice 'language'. In addition, this paper examines the conceptual framework of translanguaging and its applicability to the context of an interview between speakers of "Putonghua" Chinese and "Wu" Chinese. Translanguaging has predominantly been applied to English and another language, and mainly within an educational context, therefore this paper aims to assess the extent to which the parameters of translanguaging can be extended to non-English bilingual speakers in a different context. In order to test the parameters, we consider it necessary to analyse the data using both a translanguaging framework, and a more traditional codeswitching (CS) one. While translanguaging offers the most developed theoretical understanding of multilingual discourse, there has been a tendency to elevate translanguaging into a practice which is 'new', 'creative' and 'beyond language'. We find that the discourse practices of the bilingual speakers in this study are more representative of translanguaging than CS, and provide support for the theoretical assertions attributed to translanguaging.

Purpose: This study aims to innovate by investigating the effects of goal orientations on informal learning strategies and whether intrinsic motivation mediates the relation between those two constructs. Design/methodology/approach: To address these aims, the author relied on a quantitative study and on structural equation modeling to evaluate the relationships prescribed by the research model. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 244 bank managers from Brazilian banks. Findings: Results show that mastery goal orientation positively relate with both informal cognitive and behavioral learning strategies in the workplace. Originality/value: This paper has contributed to the discussion concerning the effects of goal orientations on managers' informal learning strategies, complementing previous research on the antecedents of informal learning.

This study presents a flipped classroom approach tailored to provide dynamic instructional learning of one translation module in Vietnam. The model took consideration of relevant factors of activity theory (instruments, rules, community, and division of labour) to (1) investigate how it could re-orientate learners' translation habits and (2) find out the mitigated challenges encountered by Vietnamese learners. Thirty-nine junior students at a public university in Vietnam participated in the study. The research implemented a case study design, using semi-structured interviews to examine in depth the benefits of this flipped setting and its actual challenges. The collected findings revealed that this approach could not only bridge the gaps in the relevant literature of flipped learning, but also could improve learners' habits to use appropriate translation strategies. Finally, challenges faced by learners during the implementation were minimised, thanks to the systematic structure of the flipped classroom procedure and activity theory.

This study investigates the factors influencing consumers' adoption of mobile banking in Nigeria using the innovation of diffusion theory. Data was collected via a five-point Likert questionnaire and analysed using factor analysis and multiple regression model. Revealed here is the fact that relative advantage, observability and complexity have positive effects on mobile banking adoption, while compatibility, trialability and perceived risk have a negative impact. On the basis of these findings, the study concludes that Nigerian bank customers have a reasonable amount of computer knowledge but are not willing to take any risks. Equally, as a greater percentage of respondents lack three years' or more mobile banking experience, the study concludes that mobile banking is not well accepted in Nigeria. While these conclusions are valid for this study, further research is recommended for longitudinal analyses to cover consumers' longer time making decisions on accepting mobile banking services.

Forensic science practitioners compare visual evidence samples (e.g. fingerprints) and decide if they originate from the same person or different people (i.e. fingerprint 'matching'). These tasks are perceptually and cognitively complex--even practising professionals can make errors--and what limited research exists suggests that existing professional training is ineffective. This paper presents three experiments that demonstrate the benefit of perceptual training derived from mathematical theories that suggest statistically rare features have diagnostic utility in visual comparison tasks. Across three studies (N = 551), we demonstrate that a brief module training participants to focus on statistically rare fingerprint features improves fingerprint-matching performance in both novices and experienced fingerprint examiners. These results have applied importance for improving the professional performance of practising fingerprint examiners, and even other domains where this technique may also be helpful (e.g. radiology or banknote security).

The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation of five life skill components of Brolin's (1979) Life Centered Career Education (LCCE) program in Basic Education classrooms in school districts in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. Using a case study approach (Yin, 2014), LCCE Knowledge Battery pre-test was administered to a group of students with varying severity of intellectual, social, and physical disabilities. Working with school staff, families, and the community, workshops on counting money, responsible expenditures, banking, housing, and healthy living was implemented in an attempt to improve student achievement on final examinations, student self-efficacy and self-determination, and to help students develop employability skills. Analysis of the results indicated most students improved in all five areas. The LCCE is described and analyzed and specific examples are provided to explicate the methods used in this study.

Argumentation is the process of changing others point of view and convincing them to do something or to think in a certain way. Different rhetoricians, like Toulmin (1958) and Aristotle (1984), define argumentation as merits of persuading or an attempt to give justifications. Giving that arguing can convince others to "do" or "think" in a certain way puts argumentation within the domain of the speech act theory. The current work aims at shedding light on argumentation from a speech act perspective, particularly in professional genre as banks annual reports. Precisely, the paper attempts to answer the question: "How are speech acts used in banks annual reports to convince clients, shareholders, and companies to collaborate with the bank?" A model of analysis is developed to identify the pragmatic techniques of arguing used by ARs (Annual Reports) writers to convince their readers. The data used in this paper consist of four bank's ARs for the financial years of 2014 and 2015.

In the knowledge-based economy, R&D centers in service industries increasingly depend on the performance of knowledge workers to gain competitive advantage. Therefore, these centers must give careful consideration to the performance assessment and continuous improvement of knowledge workers using appropriate performance assessment systems and models. In this paper, a system was designed for the performance appraisal and ranking of knowledge workers in R&D centers of banking industry using gamification approaches. The case study method was applied for the conceptual design of the system and the selected case was the R&D center of Mellat bank, one of the Iranian leading private banks. Data collection was performed via semistructured interviews with 12 key participants of performance appraisal process which included vice president of research and development and 11 senior researchers as head of research groups of the center. As a result of data coding process for analyzing the qualitative data, a total of 23 metrics and three key performance indicators namely, research impact factor, knowledge impact factor and knowledge absorption factor were identified for the performance appraisal of knowledge workers. The designed system in this study can be used by R&D centers in banking industry for the performance appraisal and ranking of knowledge workers. The designed system provides a comprehensive and detailed set of metrics and KPIs for the performance appraisal of knowledge workers in R&D centers of banking industry.

We obtained 180 pre- and post-test surveys to investigate how an established financial literacy program may have increased financial knowledge of residents in a work release program in Augusta, Georgia. Paired t tests analyzed changes in subjective and objective financial knowledge, understanding of banking and credit, and financial attitudes. OLS regressions of pre- and post-test financial knowledge were guided by human capital theory to learn which program participant characteristics were associated with greater increase in knowledge and infer why. Education, age, and use of financial tools were significant predictors in the pretest. Controlling for pretest knowledge, there were significant, positive differences from pre- to post-test, regardless of race. Implications for further research and specific suggestions for financial education content for the incarcerated are provided.

From the perspective of consumer protection, consumer of Islamic Financial Institution has spiritual rights, in which their religious rights are guaranteed in the form of sharia principles. The problem is that the provisions in Indonesia, Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 1/POJK.07/ 2014 concerning Alternative Disputes Settlement Institutions do not contain clauses related to these spiritual rights. Using a doctrinal approach, especially philosophical, juridical, and practical, this study aims to analyse the Financial Services Authority Regulation using the perspective of consumer protection, specifically spiritual rights. The results of the study found the disharmony of law in the alternative disputes settlement. If the problem does not receive adequate attention, it means that it does not encourage the legal certainty that is needed for Indonesia Islamic economic law development.

The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between a company's local embeddedness and training intensity. It is argued that local embeddedness might influence training through several mechanisms, which eventually should lead to a higher level of training intensity. In order to verify this hypothesis, several two-level ordered logit models were analysed on the basis of data gathered from employees working in Polish cooperative banks (N = 1707). Results confirm a positive correlation between local embeddedness and training intensity (measured by the number of training events and the number of training days). Next, it was verified to what extent this relationship might be attributed to the employees' mobility constraints. To reach this goal, the level of education was employed as a moderator in a company's local embeddedness and training intensity relationship. The interaction analysis revealed that for lower thresholds (lower intensity of training) the positive correlation between local embeddedness and training intensity occurred only for employees with higher education. Since the employees with a higher level of education are generally perceived as those who receive more training, but are also more willing to change the employer, this result suggests the occurrence of a mobility constraints mechanism of local embeddedness.

By combining technology with learning and delivers using telecommunication and information technologies, eLearning has become a significant component of training and development within the corporate environment. The review of the literature revealed that there is a lack of comprehensive models and frameworks to summarize the factors causing intention to use eLearning systems of the generationally diverse workforce has not been addressed adequately, particularly in the context of the banking sector, Sri Lanka. Therefore, based on the review of literature, an extended version of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was developed as it was found TAM neglected some essential constructs. The model was validated with the survey data which was collected from 400 employees using a structured questionnaire. The study considered only two Generations, Generation X (Gen X) and Generation Y (Gen Y) and excluded Generation Z. A comprehensive two-step modelling approach was used for data analysis where a preliminary single-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted initially and using Structured Equation Model (SEM) multi-group factor analysis was carried out across Gen X and Gen Y simultaneously. Out of nine hypotheses, six hypotheses were supported by the empirical data and it is confirmed that the enjoyment combined with usefulness is a powerful way of enhancing user's intention.

Firms in industry continue to be attracted by the benefits of Big Data Analytics. The benefits of Big Data Analytics projects may not be as evident as frequently indicated in the literature. The authors of the study evaluate factors in a customized methodology that may increase the benefits of Big Data Analytics projects. Evaluating firms in the financial industry, the authors find that business and procedural factors, such as collaboration maturity of the organization and Big Data Analytics governance, are more important than the nuances of technology, such as hardware and product software of technology firms, in beginning to maximize the potential of Big Data Analytics in the firms. The findings of the paper will benefit educators in improving Big Data Analytics curricular programs to be current with the patterns of firms fruitfully initiating Big Data Analytics systems.

This article considers proponents' arguments for Pay for Success also known as Social Impact Bonds. Pay for Success allows banks to finance public services with potential profits tied to metrics. Pay for Success has received federal support through the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2016 and is predicted by 2020 to expand in the US to a trillion dollars. As school districts, cities, and states face debt and budget crises, Pay for Success has been advocated by philanthropists, corporate consulting firms, politicians, and investment banks on the grounds of improving accountability, cost savings, risk transfer, and market discipline. With its trailblazing history in neoliberal education, Chicago did an early experiment in Pay for Success. This article provides a conceptual analysis of the key underlying assumptions and ideologies of Pay for Success. It examines the claims of proponents and critics and sheds light on the financial and ideological motivations animating Pay for Success. The article contends that Pay for Success primarily financially benefits banks without providing the benefits that proponents promise. It concludes by considering Pay for Success in relation to broader structural economic considerations and the recent uses of public schooling to produce short-term profit for capitalists.

The information which this article wishes to clarify is the teachers' perception of truancy. The objective of this study, using an exploratory field research, with quantitative treatment, is to analyze the levels of perception of primary school teachers in rural areas in Cabinda regarding school absenteeism, causes and measures of overcoming this problem. In 10 primary schools, 27 questionnaires were applied to 5th and 6th grade teachers. The questionnaires were divided into three parts that allowed characterizing school absenteeism, causes and measures for overcoming, through interrogatory phrases. The data obtained was treated by descriptive statistics, with the aid of SPSS Software version 22. The problem of study is, what perception of primary school teachers in rural areas in Cabinda have on school absenteeism. The results indicate that the teachers' perception of absenteeism is: deliberate absence from school activities, lack of attendance at classes even at school and the absence at school without justification. The causes of school absenteeism are due to lack of motivation due to work conditions and low salaries, floods of people at the time of wages, rainfall, boredom due to bureaucracy of managers, personal problems and health. Measures of overcoming, opening up of more banks, improving wages, improving roads and placing public transportation in school zones with higher need.

Much literature has focused on the influence of the World Bank with regard to policy reform in low-income countries. While this literature has been produced over the course of many decades, the underlying studies have not tended to take a multi-decade approach to examining the way that World Bank influence changes in a given country. Put differently, studies tend to examine specific periods of time rather than looking at influence over time. This article seeks to contribute to scholarship on World Bank influence by looking at a twenty-year period of World Bank engagement in Indonesia. The purpose is (a) to map the nature and influence of the World Bank as it engaged with the government of Indonesia (GOI) around education and development policy, (b) to reflect on how and why that engagement changed over time, and (c) to consider the implications of the study in relation to the broader literature on the evolution and current status of World Bank influence. The focus of this article is in the area of governance, where the World Bank has pushed and experimented with decentralization, community-driven development, and school-based management. While the article focuses on education policy, reforms in this area have been impacted by governance reforms more broadly.

In this paper, lower-order mathematical thinking skills within finance were studied from the viewpoint of financial employees in the Iranian Bank of Industry and Mine. To conduct this research, a questionnaire was developed after reviewing lower-order mathematical thinking skills in finance. In accordance with the revised Bloom's taxonomy, the skills considered in the questionnaire were "remembering mathematics in finance", "understanding mathematics in finance", and "applying mathematics in finance". In order to develop the questionnaire, we conducted interviews with employees and scholars, then a suitable sample familiar with mathematics and finance, consisting of 141 bank employees, was studied. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Our findings show a hierarchical relationship between the first three mathematical thinking skills in finance, which confirms the revised Bloom's taxonomy. In addition, the attitudes of participants were positive concerning the importance of these skills. Participants believed that, in order to achieve proper functioning, it is essential to improve the skills of financial employees. The results were analysed with a T-test and ANOVA. This showed that the gender, position, experience, department, degree, and field of study of participants did not affect their attitudes. This research indicates that, for the successful utilisation of skills, it is essential to form an effective relationship between mathematical science and its practical application in the banking world. It is recommended to hold on-the-job training courses for financial employees in banks to empower them to use their computational skills.

Emerging economies like India are witnessing rapid technological changes. To penetrate in the emerging markets and ensure smooth adoption of mobile wallets it is important to study the constructs that trigger mobile adoption. The study presents a cumulative finding of the research carried out in the field of wallet app adoption by using weight analysis. The study systematically identifies various constructs studied by researchers, delineates significant and non-significant relationships between the constructs and mobile adoption, and performs weight analysis to identify the important constructs of wallet app adoption. The study presents a list of strong, frequently utilized significant predictors of app adoption and experimental predictors (i.e., independent variables not frequently used but tested to be significantly impacting app adoption are also presented). To the best of the author's knowledge, no published work presents the cumulative illustration of the constructs to explain the wallet app adoption is available so far.

This practice brief addresses the financial insecurity faced by many community college students and provides recommendations for community college practitioners on how to use incentivized savings accounts to teach financial literacy and prepare students for financial challenges that may impact their educational future. Despite reactive attempts at creating on-campus food pantries, financial emergency funds, and financial literacy interventions, little research has addressed how community colleges can be proactive and help students avoid a financial crisis before it begins. This paper details how a large, urban community college took a proactive approach to these concerns and developed and implemented an incentivized student savings account program. The savings program encourages students to complete financial literacy tasks in exchange for account deposits, which could be used for future unanticipated expenses. Implications for program development, financial services practice, and future research are addressed.

This chapter explores the relationship between the American Economic Association and community college economics faculty, as well as the Federal Reserve System's education outreach efforts to the community college sector.

All banknotes have security features which are intended to help determine whether they are false or genuine. Typically, however, the general public has limited knowledge of where on a banknote these security features can be found. Here, we tested whether counterfeit detection can be improved with the help of salient elements, designed to guide bottom-up visuospatial attention. We also tested the influence of the participant's a priori level of trust in the authenticity of the banknote. In an online study (N = 422), a demographically diverse panel of Dutch participants distinguished genuine banknotes from banknotes with one (left- or right-sided) counterfeited security feature. Either normal banknotes (without novel design elements) or banknotes that contained a salient element (a pink rectangular frame) were presented for 1 s. To manipulate the participant's level of trust, trials were administered in three blocks, whereby at the start of each block, participants were instructed that either one third, one half, or two thirds of the upcoming banknotes were counterfeit (though the true ratio was always 1:1). We hypothesized (i) that in the presence of a salient element, counterfeits would be better detected when the location of the salient element aligned with the location of the counterfeited security feature--i.e. that it would act as an attentional cue; and (ii) that this effect would be stronger with lower trust. Our hypotheses were partly confirmed: counterfeit detection improved with 'valid cues' and decreasing trust, but the level of trust did not modulate the cueing effect. As the overall detection performance was rather poor, we replicated the study with a sample of university students (N = 66), this time presenting stimuli until response. While indeed observing better overall performance, all other patterns were replicated. Our results provide evidence that attention can be guided to enhance banknote authentication.

For international organisations in the global education policy field, legitimacy is based in large part on the supposed techno-rational basis of these organisations and their ability to credibly produce knowledge and policy expertise. However, as the present article demonstrates, there are clearly a range of macro-micro organisational dynamics driving the production of knowledge and the policy ideas that are advanced. By revealing the way that a particular policy emerged and was promoted "within" the World Bank, this article seeks to expose the way that policy innovation is produced by the iterative interplay of agentic activity and particular organisational circumstances -- and how this process is used to maintain and extend the influence of international organisations and the individuals who represent them. By drawing on Stewart Clegg's 'circuits of power' approach, we seek to theorise the internal dynamics of international organisations, and, in so doing, to move beyond the dominant coercive and normative perspectives.

Purpose: Academic achievement is not a determinant of college graduates' work readiness, but it requires adequate knowledge and skills to be accepted to work in companies. The purpose of this study is to describe the phenomenon of recruitment in Islamic banking, the obstacles faced by applicants and recommendations for Islamic economics universities to adjust their curriculum to the needs of the labor market so that the absorption of alumni from Islamic economic universities can be maximized. Design/methodology/approach: The informants of this research were the study program management, lecturers of Islamic economic, students, student organizations, graduates, Islamic banking management and Islamic bank customers with purposive and snowball sampling techniques through FGDs and deep interviews. The research data were analyzed by data reduction, content analysis and drawing conclusions. In addition, researchers also used triangulation methods and in-depth observations to find the validity of the data by being directly involved in the FGD discussion. Findings: The results of this study answered the problem regarding the low absorption of alumni from Islamic economic institutions which consisted of individual internal factors, university environmental factors and university external environmental factors. Originality/value: Researchers succeeded in providing information on strategies for increasing competency of Sharia economics graduates by optimizing the role of academic advisors, increasing hard skills and soft skills and synchronizing programs and curricula implemented by Islamic economics colleges and Islamic banks.