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Our study aims to investigate the effect of bank credit on sectoral output growth in Indonesia. The sectoral output comprises the agricultural, manufacturing, construction, wholesale & retail trades, and transport & storage sectors. We position the Covid-19 pandemic as a moderating variable between sectoral economic growth and bank credit. Using monthly time series data from 2015.M1 to 2020.M12, we employ hierarchical linear regression to estimate the functional relationship between variables. The study points out that bank credit positively affects sectoral output. In contrast, the covid-19 pandemic has had a negative effect. Nevertheless, the pandemic moderates the influence of bank credit on the manufacturing, construction, transport & storage sectors but not on the agriculture, wholesales & retail trades sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity to follow current trends of sustainable development involves more and more participants in the process. Trade companies are an important link in this system of relations. Thus the issues of identifying the key lines of financing green projects in the system of trade enterprise functioning are of great significance. The article shows market mechanisms that ensure implementation of ESG-transformation process in trade. Introduction of green economy principles requires active involvement of all participants of the system in case their economic interests are coordinated. The author characterized the role of trade intermediaries in the system of ESGtransformation. The need to encourage ecologic policy availability in the company was substantiated, as well as publication of non-finance accounting. The problem of shaping closed-cycle economy is still acute, which is connected with realization of priorities of sustainable development and smoothing green-washing schemes. The article formulated priorities of financing green projects in trade and demonstrated trends of developing the most important components, including introduction of new business-strategy aiming at implementation of ESGprinciples. At the same time the author underlines the necessity to form responsible consumption through intensification of advert campaigns and educational projects, including the sphere of trade enterprise work.

Purpose. This study aimed to provide the central bank of Bangladesh with some empirical data on the impact of bank agricultural credit on agricultural output as a priority sector lending. Methodology / approach. Econometric analysis is applied to discover the nature of the relationship between banks’ agricultural credit and agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and to find the impact of bank agricultural credit on agricultural output in Bangladesh. Data are extracted from secondary sources, i.e., Bangladesh Bank, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, World Bank, and Ministry of Finance for 1991 to 2018. Time-series data are analyzed using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) unit root test and the Johansen cointegration test and later examined with Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Results. The Augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root test confirmed that the variables were non-stationary at their level data and became stationary after taking their first difference value. Since the variables are integrated at I(1), we performed the Johansen Co-integration test. Subsequently, one co-integration equation was found, and Vector Error Correction Model estimation was done afterwards. According to the results of VECM estimation, bank agricultural credit, pesticide consumption, and use of cropped areas have long-run relation with agricultural output. Originality / scientific novelty. This study reveals the nature of relationship and assessment of the impact of bank credit on agricultural GDP with empirically valid techniques and tools. In this context, the data from Bangladesh remains very rare. Moreover, for those works which have been done in the context of Bangladesh, appropriate methods and techniques are not always inherent. Hence, this significant research gap is addressed in our present study. Thus, we expect that the findings of this study from Bangladesh based on empirically valid standard techniques can incrementally contribute to the existing literature. Practical value / implications. Findings of this research, can be used as an information basis by the central bank of Bangladesh. Based on the findings of this research, Bangladesh Bank should initiate new policies and programs regarding agricultural credit for the projected increase in agricultural GDP in Bangladesh.

Purpose – This paper investigates the impact of institutional factors on financial deepening and its implications on bank credit in Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs different panel econometric models to examine the heterogeneity of 50 African countries from 2000 to 2019. The estimators include panel corrected standard errors, system generalized method of moments, quantile and threshold regressions. Findings – The results show that rule of law, regulatory quality, government effectiveness, voice and accountability, control of corruption and political stability significantly influence financial deepening in Africa. However, government effectiveness has a higher effect on middle- and high-income countries, while other indicators have a high impact on low-income countries. All institutional indicators have stronger effects, almost double, at higher financial depth levels than for countries with lower levels. Government effectiveness and regulatory quality impact financial deepening more for countries with strong institutions than weak ones. Thus, the relationship between institutional qualities and credit provided by banks is non-monotonic. Practical implications – The findings suggest that strengthening appropriate institutional factors based on country heterogeneity may effectively stimulate debt financing in Africa, the primary source of financing for small and medium-sized enterprises and entrepreneurs. Originality/value – The novelty of this paper is that previous studies did not sufficiently scrutinize the heterogeneity of the structure of African economies – i.e. differences in institution, credit and income levels.

This study examines the role of environmental degradation in macroeconomic instability for a balanced panel sample of 22 emerging market economies from 1996 to 2019. Governance is included in the macroeconomic instability function as a moderating factor. Besides, bank credit and government spending are also included in the estimated function as control variables. The long-run results from using the PMG-ARDL method show that environmental degradation and bank credit induce macroeconomic instability, whereas governance and government spending reduce it. Interestingly, environmental degradation creates greater macroeconomic instability than the bank credit. We also find that governance being a moderating factor weakens the adverse impact of environmental degradation on macroeconomic instability. These findings are robust to the FGLS technique, suggesting that governments in emerging economies should prioritize environmental degradation and governance in mitigating climate change and ensuring macroeconomic stability in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to identify how a corporate communication can affect a company's business environment, leading it to a position of extreme fragility. To achieve this goal, three different methodologies were used: bibliographic research, documentary research, and data analysis. The results obtained suggest that the lack of standardization in the treatment of the operations mentioned in the Americanas communication caused informational noise. In addition, the fact that the communication itself was imprecise amplified the noise, with severe impact on the market. In particular, after the relevant fact, a strong reaction was observed in the banking and retail market, producing losses for minority shareholders and creditors, not only for Americanas, but also for other companies in the sector. Thus, it became evident that the way corporate problems are communicated in sectors susceptible to crises, runs, and contagion can make a significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Administrative & Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Construction has become one of the main sectors supporting economic growth in Albania in recent years. Some of the factors that have boosted the growth are: the increase of residential projects, the continuation of postearthquake reconstruction works and public investments, mainly in road construction. A VEC model will be presented in this paper that uses bank credit for real estate as a cointegrated variable with GDP growth, as the construction sector in Albania occupies a very important role in the economy. The objective of this model is to identify the shortterm and long-term causal relationship between this credit activity and economic growth in Albania. The analysis by subject and purpose of credit use shows that real estate investment credit for individuals occupies the largest share of the total credit portfolio, followed by real estate credit granted to businesses. From the results of the econometric model it was concluded that credit to the real estate sector has a positive effect on long-term economic growth. The construction sector is one of the sectors that contribute the most to GDP and, at the same time, to the growth of the banks' loan portfolio. Lending to this sector, according to the results of this model, has a positive influence on the economy.

The Vector Error Correction Model uses bank credit to the public sector and bank credit to the private sector as variables co-integrated with GDP growth. Finding the short-term and long-term causes of the relationship between credit activity and economic growth in Albania is the primary goal of this paper. The independent variable of bank credit to the public sector expressed as a percentage of GDP will be the focus of the econometric model. The additional independent factors taken into account are: bank credit to the private sector as percent of GDP; deposits as percent of GDP; roe; non-performing loans and the Herfindahl index. The VEC model concluded in a positive relationship between economic growth and public credit, deposits and non-performing loans. Otherwise, the results displayed a negative link between economic growth and private credit, ROE and the Herfindahl index.

The industrial sector plays an important role for the Mexican economy. 32% of GDP comes from companies inserted in the industrial sector, which generates a positive impact, since new jobs and new income are created in these organizations, which help economic growth. However, the companies of the industrial turn need to acquire resources to be able to develop, and one of the ways to achieve it is through bank credit; In this sense, it becomes a complex situation due to the existing credit constraint, derived from a series of events in the financial and banking system, such as the diversification of markets - multiple banking - and weak regulations. This article investigates the determinants for a bank loan granted to be destined to the industrial sector in Mexico. The quantitative data correspond to the period 2008-2018; However, the ENAFIN database contains data from 2010 to 2018, generating a limitation to make the research more robust. The regression analyzes used - PROBIT and TOBIT - show a forecast that when the economy improves, the probability (94%) that an approved bank loan will be granted to a company in the industrial sector increases; on the other hand, an increase in the amounts of bank loans granted to other items and a rise in the number of credit applications make the probability decrease (24% and 15%, respectively). Based on these results, the urgency of the political implications that help improve the link of bank credit with companies in the industrial sector is derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financing provided by suppliers or trade credit is a major source of short-term finance. Using a long-term panel data set of Northeast US dairy producers, we find a negative relationship between trade credit use and milk price. Additionally, regional dairy feed manufacturers reported that, in a period of low milk prices, past due trade credit accumulated to 10 per cent of industry sales or approximately 100 million dollars. Both estimates suggest the possibility of producer default risk spreading through the dairy industry. Trade credit is often not publicly reported, hence financial regulators and policymakers may have difficulty observing this default risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper estimates the impact of bank-borrower geographical distance on the access of farming households using a primary dataset on 1,234 rice farming households in Vietnam. Despite tremendous progress in the internet and telecommunication infrastructures for e-banking that helps relieve information asymmetry and transaction costs, the geographical distance still negatively affects the access of farming households to bank credit. Moreover, the distance from their locations to the nearest provincial roads aggravates this effect. We also find that collateral and the length of credit relationships relieve the adverse restraints on their access to bank credit, as do family members who are bank officers or rice traders or are friends of those agents. The main findings of this paper point to the importance of banks expanding their branch networks and the conversion of local roads to provincial roads by the government in terms of enhancing rice farming households' access to bank credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small companies face significant difficulties in accessing finance, and the use of bank credit and trade credit are the primary sources of financing, specifically in small countries, with little market liquidity, and focused on the banking system, as is the case of Portugal. The main objective of this article is to identify significant drivers of bank and trade credit, as well as investigate the complementary or substitutive relationship between them, considering that both constitute an essential source of financing for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The sample comprises 5860 companies, and the analysis was performed using panel data methodology (2010–2019). The results suggest that, during the period in which the financial crisis was most felt in the country (2010–2013), companies intensified their demand for trade credit, and in the following years for bank credit. Our evidence does support the substitution hypothesis between trade and bank credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction has become one of the main sectors supporting economic growth in Albania in recent years. Some of the factors that have boosted the growth are: the increase of residential projects, the continuation of postearthquake reconstruction works and public investments, mainly in road construction. A VEC model will be presented in this paper that uses bank credit for real estate as a cointegrated variable with GDP growth, as the construction sector in Albania occupies a very important role in the economy. The objective of this model is to identify the shortterm and long-term causal relationship between this credit activity and economic growth in Albania. The analysis by subject and purpose of credit use shows that real estate investment credit for individuals occupies the largest share of the total credit portfolio, followed by real estate credit granted to businesses. From the results of the econometric model it was concluded that credit to the real estate sector has a positive effect on long-term economic growth. The construction sector is one of the sectors that contribute the most to GDP and, at the same time, to the growth of the banks' loan portfolio. Lending to this sector, according to the results of this model, has a positive influence on the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the role of physical distance in corporate lending by exploiting infrastructure improvements as shocks to travel time. Lower travel time increases the likelihood of initiating a new banking relationship, consistent with an economic surplus from lower transaction costs. In existing lending relationships, banks capture part of this surplus by increasing interest rates, in particular, if banks have higher bargaining power. Reductions in travel time to competing banks have the opposite effects. Banks benefit from improved infrastructure through an increase in clients, and lenders that rely more on technology do not exhibit sensitivity to changes in distance. This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance. Funding: Financial support from Finans|Bergen is gratefully acknowledged. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4346. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green financing is an effective means to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve environmental efficiency in their operations. This paper studies two financing strategies of a carbon-dependent manufacturer in an e-commerce supply chain, which are called bank credit and cost-sharing with third-party platform that provides a marketplace. The optimal carbon emission reduction (CER) level, selling price, and service level are investigated. It turns out that the participants' profits and environmental benefit under two financing strategies are higher than those without financing. In addition, when the commission provided by the platform is low, the manufacturer is more inclined to bank credit, and when the commission is high, it is more sensible to share CER cost with the platform. The impact of government service supervision policies on corporate decision-making is further explored. The results prove that setting an appropriate service threshold and reward-penalty factor is not only conducive to incentivizing the platform to improve service level but also beneficial to the environment and overall social welfare. This paper provides cooperation strategies for manufacturers in green financing in the e-commerce supply chain and provides policy recommendations for the government to implement e-commerce service regulation and promote CER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of populism on household debt in 30 countries. Using a newly developed database of populist leaders, we observe that populism has a significantly negative effect on household debt, that is, households tend to hold less debt when populist leaders are in office than when non-populist ones are in office. We explore potential channels for this phenomenon. We observe that left-wing populism diminishes household debt by reducing household consumption while right-wing populism diminishes household debt by increasing public debt. Both types of populism decrease household debt by reducing lenders' willingness to lend. Overall, our results suggest that populism is an important factor in explaining household debt dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensayos - Revista de Economía is the property of Ensayos Revista de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economía (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán) is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using a unique setting of an online peer-to-peer lender, I show that banks expand credit access for consumers who obtain FinTech loans. Consistent with FinTech relieving information frictions, this effect is stronger for more credit-constrained consumers. Many borrowers, especially higher-quality ones, use peer-to-peer loans to repay expensive revolving debt. Yet, debt financing and credit score changes cannot fully explain higher bank credit. The increase in bank credit access is stronger when information sets between banks and peer-to-peer lenders diverge more. These results highlight information spillovers as a novel mechanism through which FinTech lending can relieve financial constraints for consumers. This paper was accepted by Tomasz Piskorski, finance. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4319. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Muthanna Journal of Administrative & Economics Sciences is the property of Muthanna Journal of Administrative & Economics Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the impact of four legal origins (i.e., English, French, German, and Scandinavian) of a sample of countries on the rate of surplus value and rule of law. It also examines how these factors affect the size of credit provided by banks and economic performance. We found that the rate of surplus value and rule of law affect both the size of bank credit and economic performance. Simultaneously, the rate of surplus value and the rule of law are correlated. Furthermore, the marginal effects of the rate of surplus value and the rule of law on economic performance differ by legal origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following an innovative approach, the effects of financial report quality on the use of trade credit in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) are examined. This effect is considered in a direct and indirect way. Firstly, we analyze whether SMEs with low‐quality information are more likely to use trade credit as a financial resource. Secondly, we investigate whether the relationship between trade credit and bank credit in SMEs is moderated by the quality of financial reports. For the empirical analysis, we use a sample of Spanish SMEs over the period 2004 to 2011, and apply a panel data model with fixed effects. The findings suggest that firms with low‐quality financial reporting use more trade credit. Furthermore, the influence of bank credit on trade credit is found to be partially moderated by audit opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the key role of trade creditors as sources of finance, the literature on their impact on the proliferation of zombie firms is rare. This study examines whether suppliers, such as banks, engage in "evergreen" lending to zombie firms and whether their behavior differs from that of banks. We found that highly productive, larger and younger firms are less likely to become zombie firms. The behavior of suppliers is, in fact, different from that of banks; they are indeed more cautious in lending to zombie firms. Unlike suppliers, banks seem to have contributed to the rise of resource misallocation, a key explanation for the productivity slowdown in the new century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the impact of bank regulation on bank lending. It also structures the empirical evidence according to the impact of various bank regulatory measures on bank lending. The surveyed theoretical literature generally indicates that the impact of bank regulation on lending could be asymmetric, depending on the trade-off between the costs and benefits of bank regulation. The evidence from the empirical studies also shows that the impact of bank regulatory measures on lending is ambiguous. Although many studies found the impact to be negative, some established that it was positive while others found it to be insignificant or inconclusive. However, most empirical studies only assumed first-round effects using static and/or dynamic models, whereas the ones incorporating second-round effects using general equilibrium models were limited. Therefore, this systematic review of the literature indicates that policy recommendations regarding the appropriateness and efficacy of bank regulatory measures in influencing bank lending cannot be implemented uniformly across different regions or countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this study, efforts were empirically to inspect the long-run association of total outstanding bank credit to the agriculture sector and its productivity in Ethiopia by employing a co-integrated VAR model technique, with annual data running from 1981-2015 agricultural productivity and total bank credit to the agricultural sector as variables of interest, and real government capital expenditure on agriculture, rural population, and seasonal break (dummy) as supplementary variables. A 1% permanent increase in agricultural bank credit was linked to a 0.13 percent increase in agricultural productivity. The speed of the adjustment coefficient was found to be negative and significant with 0.515 values, indicating that 51.5 percent of the deviation from long-run equilibrium caused by a disturbance and/or a shock in the system was eliminated within a year. Unlike to previous studies the financial development-economic growing nexus, there exist the absence of empirical research on causal association between agriculture productivity and bank credit to sector, at least as per the literature review for this study in Ethiopia. In summary, small-holder farmers in particular, and agro-industrial-based entrepreneurs in general, were excluded from bank credit in Ethiopia for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of El-Bahith is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Asset leasing versus bank credit for battery swap service provider (SSP) financing. • Players in game theoretical modeling: battery supplier, lessor, SSP, and consumers. • Choice between two financing strategies depends on various equilibrium factors. • Battery supplier likely champions asset leasing, followed by battery lessor and SSP. • Numerical and extended analyses on incentives deepen insights for policymakers. Battery swapping provides a quick electric vehicle (EV) replenishment solution to time-sensitive consumers. To meet the growing demand, a significant investment in establishing swap stations is needed, and fund shortage becomes a bottleneck for swap service providers. To cope with this issue, a swap service provider may partner with a battery lessor, and such a new financing strategy deserves a close look. Compared with traditional bank credit as the benchmark strategy, asset leasing through battery lessors is more flexible and less burdensome. This study establishes a game-theoretical model of a three-tier market comprising one battery supplier at the producer level, one battery lessor and one swap service provider at the vendor level, and heterogeneous end-users at the consumer level. The model compares the swap service provider's profit across bank credit and asset leasing strategies to determine when the battery lessor should be involved. It also examines the impacts of asset leasing on swap station establishment, other stakeholders' profits, consumer surplus, and social welfare. Numerical analyses assess the effectiveness of asset leasing strategy together with four types of incentives: swap operation, station establishment, battery procurement, and battery recycling. Concerning the sustainable development of the EV market, the findings yield managerial implications for supply chain members as well as helpful insights for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of big data technology to global tax management is becoming increasingly widespread. China has been implementing increasingly mature technologies for tax governance using big data systems in recent years. By collecting data through web scraping on the earliest implementation times of big data tax administration in various provinces of China, we explore the relationship between big data tax administration and corporate bank credit in emerging markets. Our results show that big data tax administration enhances firms' ability to obtain bank loans. Mechanism tests indicate that big data tax administration improves the quality of corporate information disclosure, facilitating access to bank credit loans. We find that big data tax administration improves the corporate financing environment, enhancing the efficiency of resource allocation in the credit market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general objective of this paper is to estimate, in Mexico’s case, the impact of commercial bank credit on economic activity in the whole manufacturing sector, and seven selected manufacturing industries. Unlike the literature that has studied the effects of bank credit in the Mexican economy, this research finds evidence (through ARDL-bounds models) of a positive and significant impact of bank credit on production for the whole sector and the following industries: i) food, ii) beverage and tobacco, iii) paper, iv) non-metallic mineral-based products, and v) transport equipment manufacturing; along with significant effects from fixed investment in machinery and equipment, and the real interest rate. In addition, we did not find evidence that loan concentration affects manufacturing production. Due to these results, this study postulates that bank credit matters as a stimulus of industrial activity, and it would be worth designing policies that strengthen and deepen such impacts. Resumen El objetivo general de este trabajo es estimar, para el caso de México, el impacto del crédito bancario sobre la actividad económica del sector manufacturero y de siete subsectores manufactureros seleccionados. A diferencia de la literatura que ha estudiado los efectos del crédito bancario en la economía mexicana, este trabajo encuentra evidencia (a través de modelos ARDL-bounds) de un impacto positivo y significativo del crédito bancario sobre la producción para el total del sector y las siguientes industrias: i) alimentos, ii) bebidas y tabaco, iii) papel, iv) productos minerales no metálicos, y v) producción de equipo de transporte; junto con efectos significativos de la inversión fija en maquinaria y equipo, y la tasa de interés real. Adicionalmente, no se halló evidencia de que la concentración del crédito afecte a la producción manufacturera. Debido a estos resultados, este trabajo postula que el crédito bancario sí importa como estímulo de la actividad industrial, y valdría la pena diseñar políticas que fortalezcan y profundicen tales impactos.

The aim of the paper is to determine whether there is a gender gap in bank credit access among male and female entrepreneurs. In addition, the paper also investigates the differences between male and female entrepreneurs when obtaining a loan to start a business. The study is based on qualitative preliminary research among small entrepreneurs in Croatia, who requested a bank loan, regardless of whether it was rejected or approved. The results show that there is no gender gap in bank credit access. In addition, the results did not observe any differences between male and female entrepreneurs in terms of loan conditions. The problem of banks’ aversion to risk, and thus to the financing of the small firms in Croatia, has been replaced by the role of the Croatian bank for reconstruction and development (HBOR). The results confirm that the model of cooperation between HBOR and commercial banks strongly encourages lending to female entrepreneurs. Finally, results show that female entrepreneurs respond to and engage in different support and educational programs, compared to their male counterparts.

Despite the key role of trade creditors as sources of finance, the literature on their impact on the proliferation of zombie firms is rare. This study examines whether suppliers, such as banks, engage in “evergreen” lending to zombie firms and whether their behavior differs from that of banks. We found that highly productive, larger and younger firms are less likely to become zombie firms. The behavior of suppliers is, in fact, different from that of banks; they are indeed more cautious in lending to zombie firms. Unlike suppliers, banks seem to have contributed to the rise of resource misallocation, a key explanation for the productivity slowdown in the new century.

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)