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Trabajo presentado en el II International Conference on Island Evolution, Ecology and Conservation, celebrado en Angra do Heroísmo, Islas Azores (Portugal) del 18 al 22 de julio de 2016., Species radiations provide fertile ground for the investigation of the drivers of speciation on oceanic islands, and have been the focus of many molecular phylogenetic studies. This top down phylogenetic approach has been very informative to understand the timing and geography of speciation (intra-island versus inter-island), but has typically been less informative regarding the detail of speciation itself. However, diversification is a dynamic process, with both speciation and extinction playing out over the full geological timescale of island ontogeny. Thus a bottom up approach, where the focus is on broad geographical sampling of closely related species complexes within radiations, can provide a more direct approach to the study of the speciation process. In this presentation I will outline how we are taking such a genome-focused bottom-up approach within the genus Laparocerus, the largest arthropod radiation on the Canary Islands.

Objetivo: Evaluar mediante el empleo de la técnica de registro de potencial evocado somatosensorial de nervio tibial posterior (PESSt) la posible afectación sensorial del sistema somestésico en niños con trastornos del lenguaje, en particular con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA). Sujetos y Métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo longitudinal en 40 niños remitidos al Laboratorio de Potenciales Evocados del CIREN en el período comprendido entre agosto del 2000 y mayo del 2009 por presentar trastornos en la adquisición del lenguaje, en su mayoría dentro del espectro autista. La muestra estuvo conformada por 24 varones y 16 hembras (edades entre 2 y 13 años). Para la obtención del PESSt se colocaron electrodos de registro en región lumbar L4- T12 (derivación de plexo) y en región cortical Cz- Fz, estimulando el nervio tibial posterior. Adicionalmente se realizó el potencial evocado auditivo de tallo cerebral (PEATC) para descartar la presencia de afectaciones en la vía auditiva. Resultados: Del total de niños estudiados el 92.5 % mostró alteraciones en el PESSt, de las cuales el 65 % estuvo relacionada con el incremento del tiempo de conducción central (TCC), un 10 % tuvo ausencia de respuesta cortical bilateral, y el 12,5 % presentó distorsión morfológica de la respuesta evocada cortical. En tanto el PEATC se realizó a 29 de los 40 niños estudiados, observando que el 75,8 % fueron normales y solo el 24,1 % presentaron anomalías en el estudio, de estos 5 estuvieron relacionados con afectación de la onda I, otro presentaba hipoacusia bilateral y el caso restante no tuvo respuesta evocada, predominando la afectación de forma bilateral. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados muestran una alta incidencia de afectación en el sistema somestésico de niños con TEA. La afectación de este sistema fue mayor que la de los auditivos en los pacientes estudiados. Objective: To evaluate the possible sensorial affectation of the somesthetic system in children with speech disorders, mainly with the autistic spectrum disorders (ASD)through the use of the recording technique for somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). Subjects and methods: We performed a longitudinal retrospective study on 40 children remitted to CIREN'S Laboratory of Evoked Potentials from August 2000 to May 2009. The children presented disorders in language acquisition, most of them within the ASD. The sample was composed of 24 males and 16 females (aged between 2 and 13 years of age). To obtain SEP, recording electrodes were applied on the L4-T12 lumbar region (plexus derivation) and in Cz-Fz cortical region, by stimulating the posterior tibial nerve. Additionally, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) was performed to discard functional disorders of the auditory pathway. Results: 92% of the children studied showed alterations in SEP, of which 65% was related to an increment of central conduction time (CCT); 10% had no bilateral cortical response and 12.5% presented morphologic distortion of the evoked cortical response. ABR was conducted on 29 of the 40 studied children, and it was observed that 75.8% were normal and only 24.1% presented anomalies. Of these, 5 were related to affectation of wave I, another presented bilateral hypoacusia and the remaining one had no evoked response, where the bilateral form of dysfunction predominated. Conclusions: Our results suggest a possible relation between the dysfunction of the somesthetic system and language retard. The affectation of this system was greater than the auditory ones in the patients studied.

Mc 2009. Microscopy Conference, Graz, Austria. 30 August - 4 September 2009. First Joint Meeting Of Dreiländertagung And Multinational Congress On Microscopy.

Mc 2009. Microscopy Conference, Graz, Austria. 30 August - 4 September 2009. First Joint Meeting Of Dreiländertagung And Multinational Congress On Microscopy.

Mc 2009. Microscopy Conference, Graz, Austria. 30 August - 4 September 2009. First Joint Meeting Of Dreiländertagung And Multinational Congress On Microscopy.

Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum Séguy Material from breeding sites Gomera: Site G6— 2 pupae, 8 larvae (5 June 1990) (RWC). Gran Canaria: Site GC 21— 167 immatures in sample (1 April 1994) (BM / ANN). Tenerife: Site T 1— 4 larvae (12 April 1991) (BM / ANN / MB). Site T4—3"(z), 3"(z), 32 pupae, 70 larvae (14 June 1990) (RWC). Site T6—1"(z), 8 pupae, 46 larvae (24 March 1983) and 1"(z), 7 pupae, 14 larvae (14 June 1990) (RWC). Site T7— 35 larvae (9 November 1991) (BM / ANN / MB). Site T8—4"(z), 1"(z), 11 pupae, 3 larvae (8 April 1983) (RWC). Site T14— 2 larvae (9 April 1983) (RWC). Site T18—1"(z) (20 May 1973) (MB). Site T19— 30 larvae (5 November 1991) (BM / ANN / MB). Site T24— 2 pupae, 12 larvae (15 April 1991) (BM / ANN / MB). Remarks The enormous range of S. pseudequinum throughout the southern Palaearctic region area has been mapped in Crosskey (1981). The Canary Islands are the westernmost outpost of this distribution, and include the type locality—Tafira in Gran Canaria—not only of this species but also of its synonym, the nominal species S. canariense Séguy. In former times S. pseudequinum was evidently much more abundant in the Canary Islands, especially Gran Canaria, than it is today. At the time of the Crosskey (1988b) paper the occurrence of this species in the Canaries was vouched for almost entirely by the many old pinned adult flies in various collections, especially a long series collected by P. Lesne in 1903 in Gran Canaria which form the type basis for both Séguy's (1921) nominal species canariense and pseudequinum (see Crosskey, 1981). The first breeding site to be located was found (by MB) near Fasnia in Tenerife (Site T 18), a female being reared from a pupa found in May 1973 in a now long-dry aqueduct; since then eight other breeding places have been found in this island. Elsewhere in the archipelago, breeding places are surprisingly rare, only one having been found in Gomera (G6) and one in Gran Canaria (GC 21) despite extensive prospections in both these islands. No chromosomal data are yet available for S. pseudequinum in the Canary Islands. Study of material from Gran Canaria is desirable since this island is the type locality, but should ideally be combined with a study of populations from North Africa (the presumed colonizing source of Canarian populations). Simulium pseudequinum has so far been chromosomally studied only in a population occurring near Tbilisi in Georgia, from where Grinchuk and Chubareva (1972, under the synonym Wilhelmia mediterranea) have described, and illustrated by photograph and idiogram, the larval polytene chromosomes., Published as part of Crosskey, R. W. & BÁez, M., 2004, A synopsis of present knowledge of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Canary Islands, including keys to the larval and pupal stages, pp. 2085-2117 in Journal of Natural History 38 (16) on page 2105, DOI: 10.1080/0022293032000140958, http://zenodo.org/record/4658794

Crosskey, R. W., BÁez, M. (2004): A synopsis of present knowledge of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Canary Islands, including keys to the larval and pupal stages. Journal of Natural History 38 (16): 2085-2117, DOI: 10.1080/0022293032000140958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293032000140958

Simulium (Rubzovia) paraloutetense Crosskey Material from breeding sites Gran Canaria: Site GC14— 8 larvae (27 March 1994) (BM / ANN), 1 pupal cocoon, 29 larvae (29 March 1995) (RWC), 3 pupae [pharate adult males] (16 November 1995) (BM / ANN) and 1 larva (18 March 1997) (RWC). Remarks Crosskey et al. (1998) have dealt with this very rare endemic species in detail, providing the first description of its aquatic stages and a discussion of its taxonomic affinities, together with an account of its spring habitat in the Barranco de Guayadeque in Gran Canaria (Site 14, the only discovered breeding site). The aquatic stages are easily recognized: the pupal gill has a stout U-like structure (figure 33) and the larva almost completely lacks the postgenal cleft of the cranium (figure 10). The species was the only simuliid occurring at the one known breeding site and was always at very low density. The sum of material found at five prospections of the site between 1994 and 1998 was only 38 larvae, three male pupae (each at pharate adult stage) and one pupal cocoon. Complete extinction of the species, very soon if it has not already occurred, seems certain unless there are any surviving populations in remote mountain springs: recent inspection (by MB) of the site in the Barranco de Guayadeque has shown it to be now dry and destroyed, apparently having been in this degraded state for a considerable time. P. H. Adler studied the larval polytene chromosomes of S. paraloutetense from a small Carnoy's-fixed subset of the larvae collected (RWC) on 29 March 1995. The haploid number 3 (2n~6) is normal, the nucleolar organizer is in chromosome II adjacent to its centromere, the centromeres of chromosomes I and II tend to combine into a partial chromocentre, and sex chromosomes are not differentiated; polymorphisms were not seen in the small sample available (two male and five female larvae). A brief description of the karyotype has been given by Crosskey et al. (1998: 387) and a photograph of the polytene chromosome complement is given here in figure 40. At present there are no cytological data for other western Palaearctic species of the subgenus Rubzovia, namely S. (R) lamachi Doby and David and S. (R.) knidirii which both occur in Morocco, for comparison with the data on S. (R.) paraloutetense., Published as part of Crosskey, R. W. & BÁez, M., 2004, A synopsis of present knowledge of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Canary Islands, including keys to the larval and pupal stages, pp. 2085-2117 in Journal of Natural History 38 (16) on pages 2097-2099, DOI: 10.1080/0022293032000140958, http://zenodo.org/record/4658794

La varroasis es considerada la más seria enfermedad parasitaria de las abejas (Apis mellifera L.) y es provocada por el ácaro Varroa destructor Anderson & Truemann. Una gran cantidad de productos han sido probados para el control de esta enfermedad parasitaria. Actualmente se han generado razas resistentes, problemas de contaminación de la miel y de otros productos de la colmena, debido al uso indiscriminado y reiterado de algunos productos contra este ácaro. La tendencia actual es el uso de productos naturales como parte de una estrategia de control integrado. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de los aceites esenciales extraídos de Lavandula officinalis Chaix y Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz et Pav.) Tul. sobre el ácaro Varroa destructor. La unidad experimental consistió en una jaula con 15 abejas, cada una parasitada con un ácaro. Se emplearon cuatro tratamientos: aceite esencial de lavanda (30%), aceite esencial de laurel (30%) acetona pura y un testigo, que recibió agua destilada. Los productos se aplicaron en la jaula, en una cámara climática, con condiciones similares a la colmena. El periodo de evaluación se extendió por 24 h, con intervalos de 1, 3, 5, 8, 14 y 24 h. Ambos aceites esenciales removieron el 100% de los ácaros, sin embargo, el porcentaje de mortalidad de los ácaros fue bajo, 41,67 y 35%, para aceite de lavanda y aceite de laurel, respectivamente. The varroasis is considered the most serious parasitic disease of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.); it is produced by the mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Truemann. A large number of products have been tested for the control of this parasitic disease. Currently, resistant races, problems of contamination of honey and other products of the hive have been generated by the indiscriminate and reiterated use of some products against this mite. The current tendency for its control is the utilization of natural products as part of an integrated control strategy. This investigation had the objective of evaluating the effects of essential oils, extracted from lavender (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) and laurel (Laurelia sempervirens Ruiz et Pav. Tul.) on V. destructor. The experimental unit, consisted of a cage with 15 bees, each affected by one mite. Four treatments were employed: essential oil of lavender (30%), essential oil of laurel (30%), pure acetone, and the control that received distillated water. Products were applied in the cage, in a climatic chamber, with similar conditions to the hive. The period of evaluation lasted 24 h, at intervals of 1, 3, 5, 8, 14 and 24 h. Both essential oils removed 100% of the mites, however, the percentage of mortality of the mite was low, 41.67 and 35% for lavender oil and laurel oil, respectively.

Desde comienzos de la década de los noventa la industria cervecera del país ha venido implementando tecnologías anaerobias, particularmente del tipo UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales de sus plantas industriales en diferentes regiones del país. Por diferentes razones estas instalaciones están funcionando con algunas deficiencias, lo cual es motivo de preocupación tanto para el sector industrial como para las entidades de control. El presente artículo constituye la segunda parte de una investigación encaminada a establecer criterios para la selección y mejoramiento de lodos utilizados en estos sistemas. También se busca analizar la influencia de otros factores asociados como características del desecho, condiciones de operación y parámetros de diseño. El estudio se desarrolló en dos etapas, en las que se emplearon lodo granular y lodo floculento para evaluar la degradabilidad de los residuos líquidos de dos plantas de cerveceras. Igualmente, se incluyó el lodo propio de una de esas instalaciones. At the beginning of nineties the colombian beer industry begun the application of anaerobic technology for the treatment of their wastewater efluents throught different regions of the country. These treatment plants have not been working appropriately due to different factors, and are creating concern among the industrial sector and the water pollution control agencies. This work constitutes the second phase of a research project designed to establish a selection and improvement criteria of the sludges used in the systems. It also looks to analyze other associated factors such as: waste, characteristics, operation conditions and design parameters. The investigation was conducted in two phases using granular and floculent sludges. This method was used for determining the anaerobic biodegradability of wastewater from two industrial plants.

Palaegeographical reconstructions of marine deposits in volcanic islands represent powerful geological tool to identify eustatic vs. isostatic relative movements. NE coastal areas of Gran Canaria offer excellent outcrops of Pliocene marine deposits. They have allowed not only the reconstruction of marine ground surfaces at that time, but also the marine level registration that is shown in lava flows at the transition of submarine to subaerial structures. Based on both geological and topographic methods, this work presents the palaeogeographical reconstruction of the two aforementioned levels, with centrimetre accuracy for three-dimensional coordinates

Para evaluar el efecto de diferentes relaciones proteína/energía en el crecimiento de juveniles de langosta Panulirus argus (peso medio inicial de 180 ± 3.8 g), se desarrolló un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorizado durante 5 meses, con 7 tratamientos y 16 repeticiones. Se ensayaron dietas con 25, 35 y 45% de proteína, con niveles altos y bajos de energía (324-359 Kcal/100 g) y relaciones proteína/energía entre 70.5 y 137.2 mg de proteína/Kcal. Al final del bioensayo se determinaron los indicadores nutricionales básicos y se comparó el flujo energético producido en la respiración y excreción nitrogenada entre langostas alimentadas con las dietas isocalóricas (356 Kcal/100 g) de 25 y 45% de proteína. Se concluyó que las langostas requieren para crecer relaciones proteína/energía mayores de 98.4 mg de proteína/Kcal con las cuales se alcanzaron los mejores factores de conversión del alimento (1.96-3.22); mayores ganancias en peso, número de mudas e incremento del peso/muda. La supervivencia varió de 81 a 93%. Se alcanzó una alta correlación entre el nivel de proteína y el número de hematocitos en la hemolinfa (r=0.775). Según la relación xígeno:nitrógeno, las langostas hicieron un uso anabólico mas eficiente, con el alimento de 25% de proteína mientras que con el de 45%, las proteínas se canalizaron hacia el metabolismo energético. En el tejido hepatopancreático se observó degeneración del tejido de los túbulos hepáticos y el lumen, así como necrosis focal en langosta que consumieron pienso con elevado nivel de proteína. Published

Palaegeographical reconstructions of marine deposits in volcanic islands represent powerful geological tool to identify eustatic vs. isostatic relative movements. NE coastal areas of Gran Canaria offer excellent outcrops of Pliocene marine deposits. They have allowed not only the reconstruction of marine ground surfaces at that time, but also the marine level registration that is shown in lava flows at the transition of submarine to subaerial structures. Based on both geological and topographic methods, this work presents the palaeogeographical reconstruction of the two aforementioned levels, with centrimetre accuracy for three-dimensional coordinates

[EN] Comments are made on nine endemic species of Bombyliidae from the Canary Islands, improving the known data on their insular distribution and discussing their taxonomic status. Previous record of Dischistus separatas Becker in the Canary Islands is false and a lectotype is designated for Dischistus atlanticus Santos-Abreu., [ES] Se comentan nueve especies endémicas de Bombílidos de las Islas Canarias, ampliándose el conocimiento de su distribución insular y discutiéndose su status taxonómico. Se ha comprobado la falsedad de la cita previa de Dischistus separatus Becker en el Archipiélago y se designa lectotipo de Dischistus atlanticus Santos-Abreu.