519 results on '"Average current"'
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52. Sitting Time, Type, and Context Among Long-Term Weight-Loss Maintainers
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James Roake, Suzanne Phelan, Gary D. Foster, Chad D. Rethorst, Sarah Kozey Keadle, and Noemi Alarcon
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Calorie ,Time Factors ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Context (language use) ,Sitting ,Social Environment ,Body Weight Maintenance ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Weight loss ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Activities of Daily Living ,Weight Loss ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Obesity ,Exercise physiology ,Occupations ,Exercise ,Aged ,Sitting Position ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Sitting time ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Case-Control Studies ,Physical therapy ,Average current ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Sedentary Behavior ,business ,Energy Intake - Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate sitting time, the home sedentary environment, and physical activity among weight-loss maintainers in WW (formerly Weight Watchers). Methods Participants were 4,305 weight-loss maintainers who had maintained ≥9.1 kg of weight loss (24.7 kg on average) for 3.3 years and had an average current BMI of 27.6 kg/m2 . A control group of weight-stable individuals with obesity (n = 619) had an average BMI of 38.9 kg/m2 . The Multicontext Sitting Time Questionnaire and Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire were administered. Results Weight-loss maintainers versus controls spent 3 hours less per day sitting during the week (10.9 vs. 13.9; η p 2 = 0.039; P = 0.0001) and weekends (9.7 vs. 12.6; η p 2 = 0.038). Weight-loss maintainers versus controls spent 1 hour less per day in non-work-related sitting using a computer or video games during the week (1.4 vs. 2.3; η p 2 = 0.03; P = 0.0001) and weekends (1.5 vs. 2.5; η p 2 = 0.03; P = 0.0001). Weight-loss maintainers versus controls had similar numbers of sedentary-promoting devices (15.8 vs. 14.8) and expended significantly more calories per week in physical activity (1,835 vs. 785; η p 2 = 0.036; P = 0.0001). Conclusions Weight-loss maintainers reported less time sitting than weight-stable individuals with obesity. Future research should test the efficacy of targeting sitting time to help promote long-term weight-loss maintenance.
- Published
- 2021
53. Average current is better than peak current as therapeutic dosage for biphasic waveforms in a ventricular fibrillation pig model of cardiac arrest.
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Chen, Bihua, Yu, Tao, Ristagno, Giuseppe, Quan, Weilun, and Li, Yongqin
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CARDIAC arrest , *VENTRICULAR fibrillation , *CARDIAC resuscitation , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *LABORATORY swine , *DRUG dosage - Abstract
Objective Defibrillation current has been shown to be a clinically more relevant dosing unit than energy. However, the effects of average and peak current in determining shock outcome are still undetermined. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between average current, peak current and defibrillation success when different biphasic waveforms were employed. Methods Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was electrically induced in 22 domestic male pigs. Animals were then randomized to receive defibrillation using one of two different biphasic waveforms. A grouped up-and-down defibrillation threshold-testing protocol was used to maintain the average success rate of 50% in the neighborhood. In 14 animals (Study A), defibrillations were accomplished with either biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) or rectilinear biphasic waveforms. In eight animals (Study B), shocks were delivered using two BTE waveforms that had identical peak current but different waveform durations. Results Both average and peak currents were associated with defibrillation success when BTE and rectilinear waveforms were investigated. However, when pathway impedance was less than 90 Ω for the BTE waveform, bivariate correlation coefficient was 0.36 ( p = 0.001) for the average current, but only 0.21 ( p = 0.06) for the peak current in Study A. In Study B, a high defibrillation success (67.9% vs. 38.8%, p < 0.001) was observed when the waveform delivered more average current (14.9 ± 2.1 A vs. 13.5 ± 1.7 A, p < 0.001) while keeping the peak current unchanged. Conclusion In this porcine model of VF, average current was better than peak current to be an adequate parameter to describe the therapeutic dosage when biphasic defibrillation waveforms were used. The institutional protocol number: P0805. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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54. Beat-to-Beat Detection Accuracy Using the Ultra Low Power Senbiosys PPG Sensor
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Serj Haddad, Antonino Caizzone, and Assim Boukhayma
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Ultra low power ,Power consumption ,Internal medicine ,Photoplethysmogram ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Heart rate variability ,Beat (acoustics) ,Average current ,Physiological Phenomenon ,Beat detection ,Mathematics - Abstract
Heart-rate variability (HRV) is a strong indicator of a healthy cardiovascular system. It is the physiological phenomenon defined by the variation of the duration between consecutive heartbeats. Consequently, for a proper and a reliable HRV analysis, it is essential to have an accurate estimation of the inter-beat intervals (IBI). In addition to accurate IBI detection, unobtrusive and low power consuming devices are important for long term HRV monitoring. In this study, we aim at evaluating the beat-to-beat detection accuracy of the ultra low power Senbiosys Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor, the SB200. Eight male subjects (\(37.25 \pm 10.67\) years of age) participated in the study. The recordings include a finger PPG from the SB200, another finger PPG from the Shimmer3 optical development kit, and a reference ECG from the Shimmer3 ECG development kit. The study shows that the SB200 detects \(99.27\%\) of the beats with IBI values of mean absolute error (MAE) 6.58 ms compared to the R-to-R interval (RRI) values derived from the ECG and an average current consumption of less than \(190\,\upmu \text {A}\). Moreover, reducing the LED power consumption of the SB200 by 1/2 and 1/4 does not affect the detection rate, maintaining its value at \(99.25\%\) and \(99.22\%\), respectively. However, it does reduce the IBI estimation accuracy resulting in an MAE of 7.37 ms and 8.43 ms, respectively.
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- 2020
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55. Design and simulation of ZVS PSFB converter controlled by average current mode
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Qi Ding, Dongjin Yang, and Fawei Wang
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Computer science ,Bode plot ,Mode (statistics) ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,02 engineering and technology ,Transfer function ,Small-signal model ,Control theory ,Control system ,Component (UML) ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Average current ,MATLAB ,computer ,computer.programming_language - Abstract
The ZVS PSFB converter controlled by average current mode has the advantages of fast response and strong anti-interference ability, but its structure of control system is complex and the PI regulator is difficult to design. In this paper, the transfer function of the average current mode control system was derived with the small signal model of ZVS PSFB converter, the PI regulator was designed with assignment of zero and pole of transfer function by Bode diagram, the system simulation model was built with combination of component module and phase shift control phase shift control program in Matlab/Simulink environment, and the validity of the design scheme was verified.
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- 2020
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56. I/O AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM CURRENT CONSUMPTION CALCULATION.
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MALKOV, ANDREY, LIN WANG, and SHEVCHENKO, EVGENY
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ELECTRIC currents ,ELECTRIC potential ,SEMICONDUCTORS ,ELECTRIC circuits ,SIMULATION methods & models ,ELECTRONICS - Abstract
Power Integrity (PI) is becoming increasingly important in today's high-speed digital I/O interfaces. Power integrity for I/O interfaces is related to the voltage variations in the power/ground network due to the noise. The power/ground noise causes various problems in high-speed systems, such as logic failure, EMI, timing delay, and jitter. For the Power Integrity analysis of the I/O padring of the chip, it is very important to quickly calculate I/O current consumption at the early stage of the project, without running extensive time-consuming spice simulations of entire I/O bank. PI analysis needs both I/O padring and PCBdata, and simulation tool considers them simultaneously [5],[6],[7],[10]. Two useful formulas are given in this article and explained below that can easily allow to estimate average and maximum IO current consumption, using example of i.MX6 series applications processors of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Resulting numbers correlate well with real I/O circuit spice simulation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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57. Transient Mitigation in Mode Transitions for Composite DC-DC Converters
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Aritra Ghosh, Vivek Sankaranarayanan, and Robert W. Erickson
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Finite-state machine ,Offset (computer science) ,Computer science ,05 social sciences ,Composite number ,020207 software engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Converters ,Control theory ,Boost converter ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Average current ,050107 human factors ,Voltage reference ,Voltage - Abstract
A decentralized hierarchical control architecture is proposed for composite systems. Automatic mode transitions are performed in a high-level main controller using a state machine that commands references for each partial-power converter module. Local converter module controllers perform gain-scheduled average current control. It is observed during mode transitions, that when the boost module and the dual active bridge (DAB) module change their output voltage simultaneously, there are unwanted transients in the system that induce instabilities. These transients occur because the boost converter is unable to handle the required voltage step up during the turn on of the DAB converter. To mitigate these transients, a boost voltage reference dynamic alteration and DAB reference ramp offset strategy has been proposed in the paper. Mathematical evaluation of the state machine, condition for transient occurrence and mitigation strategies have been presented. Validation of the theoretical hypothesis is provided by simulations and controller-hardware-in-loop (CHIL) test bed results.
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- 2020
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58. Efficiency Enhancement of ZVS based PFC converter With Average Current Controlled Scheme
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Sreejith S, Sovit Kumar Pradhan, and Radhakrishna Das
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Computer science ,Control theory ,020204 information systems ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Average current ,02 engineering and technology ,Transient (oscillation) ,Power factor ,Voltage regulation ,Thermal conduction ,Voltage - Abstract
To enhance the output voltage regulation and power factor generally Bridge based Power factor correction (PFC) converter is used but it has high conduction losses. To reduce the conduction losses two switch based PFC(bridgeless PFC) is used having less number of component, but at high switching frequency. It has high switching losses that reduces the efficiency. This paper presents an attempt to make the further enhancement of the modified circuit to cease the switching losses to almost zero using ZVS based PFC converter. Analysis has been made on ZVS based PFC converter under load change & supply fluctuation for universal input voltage supply and load transient condition. For this average current mode control is employed. This analytical method has been verified by modeling a simulation with POWERSIM software. The detailed results have been shown and its effectiveness has been presented.
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- 2020
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59. ACTIVITY, IMBALANCE AND ADAPTATION RESPONSES OF FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF ORGANISM OF FOREIGN STUDENTS OF PEOPLES’ FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA IN MEGAPOLIS CONDITIONS
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Anatoly A. Kirichuk, A Ya Chizhov, and I V Radysh
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Health (social science) ,Latin Americans ,Ecology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,Functional system ,Peripheral blood ,Friendship ,Average current ,Adaptation ,Acute stress ,Psychology ,Organism ,Demography ,media_common - Abstract
The identification of causation and incidence between the impact of environmental factors and changes in the human adaptive potential is one of the urgent tasks of ecological and biological monitoring. The aim: a comparative assessment of the state activity of functional systems, imbalance and the nature of adaptation reactions of the body in foreign students, students from Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Methods. The activity of the functional systems and the imbalance were determined by the method of electropuncture diagnostics (EPD) according to Y. Nakatani. 180 men-students (aged 18-22) of PFUR from Russia, CIS, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Latin America and Africa were examined (30 people in each group). The nature of the adaptive reactions of the body was evaluated in 916 students by the method of L.H. Garkavi et al. To determine the adaptation reactions, 200 peripheral blood cells were analyzed. Results. It was found that the lower the average current and the higher the degree of imbalance in EPD in foreign students from different climatic and geographical zones, the more the percentage of unfavorable adaptation reactions is noted - correlation coefficients r = -0.9048 and r = +0.8989, respectively. Unfavorable adaptation reactions - acute stress, chronic stress and reaction of re-activation (AS, ChS, REA), to a greater degree reaction of extra activation, were more often observed in students from Africa and Latin America. Conclusions. The change in climatic, ecological, chronobiological and social conditions in foreign students is accompanied by a significant decrease in the energy potential, expressed by an imbalance in the activity of the body's functional systems and, accordingly, to a greater extent, by manifestations of adverse adaptive reactions-stress and reaction of re-activation. Revealing the dependence in change of climatic-ecological and social living conditions with a reliable deterioration in the indicators of the functional state of young people most clearly indicates the need for a purposeful correction of the adaptation potential in foreign students coming to study in the Moscow megapolis.
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- 2019
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60. Multi-objective optimization of operating parameters of a PEMFC under flooding conditions using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm
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H. Abdi, Messaoud Belazzoug, Messaoudene Ait Noureddine, and Lioua Kolsi
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Conservation law ,Mathematical optimization ,cathode flooding ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,Proton exchange membrane fuel cell ,02 engineering and technology ,Multi-objective optimization ,Cathode ,Standard deviation ,law.invention ,Flooding (computer networking) ,law ,proton exchange membrane fuel cells ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm ,Average current ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,current-voltage characteristic ,Heat management ,Mathematics - Abstract
In the present study, the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cells is studied under cathode flooding conditions. A 2-D model of water and heat management based on the laws of conservation and electrochemical equations is used. The performance of the proton exchange membrane cell is evaluated on the basis of the computed average current density and its distribution along the channels. Operating parameters are optimized with the objective of maximizing average current density while minimizing its variations. The problem is formulated into a multi-objective form that is solved by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II to find the optimal Pareto front. The results of the base case are compared to those of the optimized cell. A 38.94% increase in average current density and a 38.8% decrease in standard deviation are obtained.
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- 2019
61. Current Balancing Algorithm for Three-Phase Multilevel Current Source Inverters
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Faleh Alskran and Marcelo Godoy Simões
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motor drives ,Control and Optimization ,Computer science ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Inductor ,lcsh:Technology ,01 natural sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,phase-shifted carrier SPWM ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,current balancing algorithm ,010306 general physics ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Total harmonic distortion ,lcsh:T ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Current source ,STATCOM ,Power (physics) ,level-shifted SPWM ,Three-phase ,Modulation ,Average current ,Algorithm ,multilevel current source inverter ,Pulse-width modulation ,medium-voltage applications ,Energy (miscellaneous) ,Voltage - Abstract
In high power, medium voltage applications, Current Source Inverters CSIs are connected in parallel to accommodate high DC currents. Using a proper multilevel modulation technique, parallel-connected CSIs can operate as a Multilevel CSI (MCSI). The most common modulation technique for MCSIs is the Phase-Shifted Carrier SPWM (PSC-SPWM). The proper operation of the MCSI requires each CSI modules to have the same average current flowing through its sharing inductors. In practice, the average currents of the CSI modules deviate from their nominal values. Therefore, current balancing mechanisms must be implemented. In the literature, several solutions have been proposed to tackle the current imbalance problem. Most of these solutions are based on altering the phase-shift or magnitude of the carrier waveforms of the PSC-SPWM. They require dedicated PI controllers and they are applicable to MCSIs with specific numbers of levels. This paper proposes a Current Balancing Algorithm (CBA) that can be implemented in any MCSI with any number of levels. The proposed CBA does not require any PI controllers, nor does it require any alteration to the PWM carrier waveforms. The CBA is implemented using a modified Level-Shifted SPWM (LS-PWM). The modified LS-SPWM is shown to produce lower THD and lower di/dt when compared to the PSC-SPWM. The CBA and modified LS-SPWM where implemented in a proof-of-concept lab prototype. The experimental results are presented for the five-level and seven-level cases.
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- 2020
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62. 11.8 A 96.8%-Efficiency Continuous Input/Output-Current Step-Up/Down Converter Powering Disposable IoTs with Reconfigurable Multi-Cell-Balanced Alkaline Batteries
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Tae-Hwang Kong, Gyeong-Gu Kang, Michael Choi, Sang-Ho Kim, Gyu-Hyeong Cho, Jongshin Shin, Ki-Duk Kim, Seok-Tae Koh, Ji-Hun Lee, Lee Sung-Yong, Hyun-Sik Kim, and Min-Woo Ko
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Discrete mathematics ,Physics ,Power loss ,Digital down converter ,business.industry ,Battery cell ,Direct current ,Average current ,Alkaline battery ,Internet of Things ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
As internet-of-things (IoT) devices continue to be installed everywhere, the concept of disposable IoT is emerging owing to better cost-efficiency and ease of maintenance without battery recharging. Lasting several years, IoTs powered with standard alkaline batteries can be a promising solution due to the long shelf life, low cost, and high reliability of these batteries as compared to the Li-ion type. As shown in the top portion of Fig. 11.8.1, a single alkaline cell has a maximum voltage of 1.5V, but it can decay down to 0.9V [1]. To power an IoT device operating with $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}=2\mathrm{V}$ , a variety of design options can be considered, such as the battery configuration and the power conversion topology, as shown in Fig. 11.8.1 (bottom). The first approach is step-down conversion [2], [3] from multi-cell batteries (3×BATs) connected in series. In this configuration, cell-balancing must be carefully considered; otherwise, the energy of the BATs cannot be fully utilized if any weak cells exist among them. Considering the power conversion stage, the input RMS current $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{IN},\mathrm{RMS}}$ becomes much higher than the average current $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{IN},\mathrm{AVG}}$ due to the inherently discontinuous $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{IN}}$ supplied from batteries, resulting in a significant power loss in the series combination of the direct current resistance $(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{DCR}, \mathrm{BAT}})$ of batteries which in the case of 3 batteries in series is $3\times \mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{DCR}, \mathrm{BAT}}$ (-300m $\Omega$ ). Regarding step-up conversion [4], [5] with parallel-connected batteries, most of the energy imbalances are compelled to be uselessly wasted via reverse currents $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{B}}$ ‘ The $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{B}}$ also can cause explosion or leakage of corrosive substances. Furthermore, the inductor current $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{L}}$ is likely to be high, caused by the discontinuous $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{D}}$ delivered to the output; this significantly contributes to the power loss with a large $\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{DCR},\mathrm{IND}}$ of the inductor. In summary, the battery cell imbalance and the discontinuous input/output (I/O) current of converter are perhaps the major issues that prevent the full utilization of alkaline batteries in IoT applications.
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- 2020
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63. Physical Oceanography Condition in Eastern Karimata Strait: Pasir Mayang Beach West Kalimantan
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Apriansyah Apriansyah, Harianto Harianto, and Arie Antasari Kushadiwijayanto
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Current velocity ,Physical oceanography ,High tide ,Tidal current ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Current (stream) ,Oceanography ,Amplitude ,tides ,Karimata strait ,Average current ,waves ,lcsh:Q ,parameters of physical oceanography ,lcsh:Science ,Geology ,lcsh:Physics - Abstract
Karimata strait is located in the western Indonesian, separate the Kalimantan and Belitung island, that has an important role for the distribution services. The information about its dynamics such as tidal behavior, and wave is the key to support the navigation activities in this area. This research describes the results of measurements of the physical oceanography parameter on the eastern side of the Karimata Strait, Pasir Mayang Beach. The tidal data were measured for 15 days in February 25 th – March 12 th , 2017 and sea current were observed for 24 hours on February 27-28 th , 2017. The result showed that tidal type in this area is diurnal tide with amplitude of M2, S2, K1, and O1 respectively are 0.085 m, 0.086 m, 0.455 m, and 0.342 m . Significant wave’s high is ranged from 0.12 – 0.31 m with significant period of 5.32-6.9 s. The wave direction is south western. The current velocity is ranged from 0.087- 0.112 m/s and average current velocity is 0.092 m/s. The tidal current direction is northeast at low tide and south western at high tide. This study also reveals important information that wave energy variability is not only affected by seasonal conditions but also influenced by tides. The tides have responsibility to change the propagation medium of wave that is originated dispersive to non-dispersive medium. This study opens a new study of correction of wave measurement procedures by including and taking into account the effects of tides.
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- 2018
64. Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator-Based Controllers Design Under Finite Control Bandwidth Constraint
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Ilan Aharon, Alon Kuperman, and Doron Shmilovitz
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0209 industrial biotechnology ,Engineering ,Multi-mode optical fiber ,business.industry ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Estimator ,Control engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Bandwidth constraint ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Flight envelope ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Robustness (computer science) ,Control theory ,Control system ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Average current ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business - Abstract
In this paper, tracking versus disturbance rejection tradeoff is revealed and quantitatively investigated for systems utilizing uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE)-based controllers. The tradeoff appears to be due to finite control bandwidth, characterizing any real-world application. Based on the exposed findings, guidelines for designing UDE controllers are provided, and respective operational limits are indicated. It is shown that two operation points exist on performance envelope, characterized by similar disturbance rejection, while yielding different tracking performance. Moreover, it is demonstrated that typical proportional-integrative controllers, designed using zero-pole cancellation, are a particular case of UDE controllers. As an example, the proposed method is applied to average current control of a bidirectional noninverting multimode buck–boost converter. Simulations and experimental results are provided to validate the research outcomes.
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- 2018
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65. An adaptive mesh refinement approach for average current nodal expansion method in 2-D rectangular geometry
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Poursalehi, N., Zolfaghari, A., and Minuchehr, A.
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THERMAL expansion , *NEUTRON diffusion , *MATHEMATICAL models , *HEAT equation , *ALGORITHMS , *NUMERICAL grid generation (Numerical analysis) , *HEAT flux - Abstract
Abstract: The aim of this work is to develop a spatially adaptive coarse mesh strategy that progressively refines the nodes in appropriate regions of domain to solve the neutron balance equation by zeroth order nodal expansion method. A flux gradient based a posteriori estimation scheme has been utilized for checking the approximate solutions for various nodes. The relative surface net leakage of nodes has been considered as an assessment criterion. In this approach, the core module is called in by adaptive mesh generator to determine gradients of node surfaces flux to explore the possibility of node refinements in appropriate regions and directions of the problem. The benefit of the approach is reducing computational efforts relative to the uniform fine mesh modeling. For this purpose, a computer program ANRNE-2D, Adaptive Node Refinement Nodal Expansion, has been developed to solve neutron diffusion equation using average current nodal expansion method for 2D rectangular geometries. Implementing the adaptive algorithm confirms its superiority in enhancing the accuracy of the solution without using fine nodes throughout the domain and increasing the number of unknown solution. Some well-known benchmarks have been investigated and improvements are reported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2013
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66. Comparison of chromium coatings and electrochemical behaviour with direct current and pulse current deposition in trivalent chromium formate urea bath as alternative to conventional Cr coatings.
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Mohan, S, Saravanan, G, and Renganathan, N G
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COMPARATIVE studies , *CHROMIUM , *SURFACE coatings , *ELECTROCHEMISTRY , *DIRECT currents , *UREA , *ELECTROPLATING , *THICKNESS measurement , *ELECTROLYTES - Abstract
Alternative process to hexavalent chromium (Cr) plating, substitute materials and new designs are urgently needed owing to the requirement of 'clean' manufacture. Trivalent Cr coatings with thickness of 29·7 μm, Hardness (HV 1131) and acceptable quality that can be used for wear resistance as well as corrosion resistance purposes were produced successfully in the present work. The results show that the coatings exhibited crack free surface and amorphous/microcrystalline structure. The effect of direct current (DC) and pulse current (PC) on the thickness, hardness and current efficiencies were compared with DC and PC deposition. The Cr coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of Cr deposits obtained in the formate urea electrolyte is a typical nodular and fine grained structure. As regards to the electrochemical behaviour, the deposited Cr by PC and DC coatings exhibited better corrosion resistance than the mild steel. Therefore, the electroplated Cr coatings are environmentally acceptable to replace the conventional Cr coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
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67. Znaczenie nadwyżki operacyjnej w budżecie gmin i miast na prawach powiatu na przykładzie województwa wielkopolskiego i lubelskiego
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Agnieszka Krzemińska
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Financial management ,Agricultural science ,Index (economics) ,business.industry ,Local government ,Debt ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Average current ,Business ,Operating surplus ,media_common - Abstract
The importance of the operating surplus in the budget of local government units increased due to the requirement to balance the current budget from 2011, and from 2014 the individual debt index, calculated on the basis of the operating surplus. These solutions resulted in a reformulation of the financial management of these units. The purpose of the article is to examine, on the example of the Wielkopolskie and Lubelskie voivodships, in which local government units the operating surplus is available and for which it is allocated. The implementation of the set objective was used to analyze such indicators as average current income and spending as well as operating result and property spending. The use of the operating surplus by the audited units to incur and repay liabilities was also examined.
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- 2018
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68. Controlling the distributed computing environment by using projection and non-projection algorithms
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Reduction (complexity) ,Sequence ,Decision support system ,Distributed Computing Environment ,Computer science ,Average current ,Stochastic approximation ,Projection (set theory) ,Boundary values ,Algorithm - Abstract
The approach to manage computing environments, which involves the application of projection and non-projection stochastic approximation algorithms is proposed. Authors provide the description of the developed algorithms for implementation of one step of optimization with a recursive sequence. The first developed algorithm differs from the existing algorithms in application of the neighboring options, when the second algorithm differs in the dominating variant. The presented algorithms have been implementing in the framework of decision support software package. The results of the numerical experiments with software package showed that the application of the developed algorithm allows achieving the reduction of boundary values of the average current information loss.
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- 2018
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69. Cladding welding of CA6M with pulsed FCAW and results analysis through the L9 TAGUCHI and ANOVA
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João Roberto Sartori Moreno, Celso Alves Corrêa, L G Marin, J. A. Avila, Erenilton Pereira da Silva, Haroldo Cavalcanti Pinto, Niederauer Mastelari, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Resistència de Materials i Estructures a l'Enginyeria
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Cladding (metalworking) ,Martensitic steel cladding ,ANOVA ,Materials science ,Flux-cored arc welding ,RMS current ,FCAW pulsed ,Acer ,Welding ,Enginyeria dels materials [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,law.invention ,Root mean square ,Taguchi methods ,Steel ,law ,Soldadura ,Average current ,SOLDAGEM A ARCO ,Analysis of variance ,Composite material ,Voltage - Abstract
The cladding welding analysis with pulsed flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process, were carried over a AISI 1020 base metal (thickness 12,7 mm, width 63,5 and length 185mm) with an CA6NM steel wire with diameter of 1.2mm. Was performed only one weld cord in the flat position. For experimental design was used the method of Taguchi L9 to determinate the parameter to be analyzed through the application of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The response signals in RMS (Root Mean Square) analyzed were the voltage, current and acceleration. The procedure is based on a non-parametric domain-selective ANOVA for functional data, which results in the selection of the intervals of the domain presenting the most statistically significant effects of each factor over the selected response signals. The statistical results presented by ANOVA show that not all the selected variables have influenced the results. The best results for the cladding welding were obtained from the current average of230amperes, and statistically the average current was the variable that significantly affected the results, however, the welding speed only affected the yield of the process.
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- 2018
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70. Green logistics of crude oil transportation: A multi-objective optimization approach
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Ardhana Atmayudha, Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, and Ahmad Syauqi
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Diesel fuel ,Waste management ,Greenhouse gas ,Environmental science ,Fuel type ,Green logistics ,Average current ,Crude oil ,Multi-objective optimization ,Refinery - Abstract
Crude oil logistics activities, which are mostly carried out using ships, are one of the contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHG emissions from logistics activities are predicted to increase significantly by 2050, so they need to be controlled with the right logistics planning strategy. This study aims to apply the green logistics concept in crude oil transportation that considers multiple depots and heterogeneous fleets by using multi-objective optimization (MOO). This study investigates a case study of crude oil logistics to a refinery unit in 6 scenarios with single-objective optimization (SOO) and MOO cases. Each of the scenarios differs in objective functions and ship’s fuel type (i.e. diesel and LNG). Optimization is performed to select the best option of crude oil supply sources and the type of ships that carry crude oil to the refinery unit in each scenario. The results show that in MOO scenarios, the use of LNG fueled ships and optimized routes can reduce CO2 emissions and logistic costs by 27.8% and 50.6% compared to average current crude oil logistic cases. MOO scenarios with LNG ships also performed better compared to the diesel-fueled option, it can reduce CO2 emissions by 18.5% without a significant increase in total logistic cost. Furthermore, the SOO and MOO comparison shows the effect of applying green logistics by using MOO, resulting in less GHG emissions with unnoticeable change in cost.
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- 2021
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71. Dynamical localization effect on transport properties of an ac driving coupled quantum dot array
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Xie, Wanyuan, Suqing, Duan, and Zhao, Xian-Geng
- Subjects
- *
QUANTUM electronics , *QUANTUM dots , *HANKEL functions , *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics) - Abstract
Abstract: We have numerically studied the effect of dynamical localization on transport properties of an ac driving coupled quantum dot array connected to leads. We have found that if the ratio of the field magnitude to the field frequency is a root of the zeroth order Bessel function, a minimum of the average current appears making a signal to dynamical localization of one initially localized electron and collapse of the quasi-energy spectrum of the system. The dynamical localization effect is strengthened as a result of the increase of the quantum dot number, and it is weakened on account of the increase of the dots-lead hopping rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2007
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72. Degradation of the frequency response of photodiodes in measurements of strong optical signals
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Eduardo Omar Acosta, Gastón Arrigo, Patricio Aníbal Sorichetti, and UBA
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Physics ,Frequency response ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Detector ,Photodetector ,Power law ,Optics ,PIN photodiode ,Detector bandwidth ,Phase Response ,Phase response ,Exponent ,Average current ,business ,fotodectector ,respuesta en frecuencia ,diodo PIN - Abstract
In this paper we present measurements that reveal changes in the frequency response of a PIN-type photodetector with the increase of the intensity of the light reaching the detector. In particular, two effects are observed at high illumination levels: the bandwidth of the detector decreases and the phase response is modified. For low intensities the bandwidth follows a power law with exponent -1 with the average current of the photodetector, but at high illumination the exponent tends to -0.5., En este trabajo se presentan mediciones que revelan cambios en la respuesta en frecuencia de un fotodetector tipo PIN debida al cambio en la intensidad de la luz que llega al detector. En particular, se observan dos efectos a altos niveles de iluminacion: el ancho de banda del detector disminuye y se modifica su respuesta de fase. Para bajas intensidades el ancho de banda sigue una ley de potencias con exponente -1 con la corriente media del fotodetector, pero, para alta iluminacion, el exponente tiende a -0,5.
- Published
- 2017
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73. Average current per vacuum-arc cathode spot and spot velocity in a magnetic field on a CuCr50/50 nanocomposite
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K.K. Zabello, I. N. Poluyanova, Sergey M. Shkol'nik, and Vitaliy V. Yakovlev
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010302 applied physics ,Nanocomposite ,Materials science ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Composite number ,Vacuum arc ,01 natural sciences ,Cathode ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Magnetic field ,Arc (geometry) ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Average current ,Composite material - Abstract
It has been shown that such cathode spot characteristics as the average current per spot and its dependence on tangential magnetic-field induction B t and the spot velocity and its dependence on B t for two CuCr50/50 specimens with very different structures (nanocomposite and “solid-state sintered” composite) almost coincide if the surface of contacts has been totally remelted before measurements with the use of moderate arc currents in the process of conditioning.
- Published
- 2017
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74. Design and fabrication of the 2×4-cell superconducting linac module for the free-electron laser
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Shengwen Quan, Fang Wang, Yi Sun, Xing Luo, Ming Li, Lijun Shan, Hanbin Wang, Zhenghui Mi, Xiangyang Lu, Xingfan Yang, Tianhui He, Chenglong Lao, and Kui Zhou
- Subjects
Physics ,Cryostat ,Superconductivity ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Fabrication ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,Free-electron laser ,Electron ,01 natural sciences ,Linear particle accelerator ,0103 physical sciences ,Optoelectronics ,Average current ,010306 general physics ,business ,Instrumentation - Abstract
A 2 × 4 -cell superconducting linac module for the THz-FEL facility has been developed at the China Academy of Engineering Physics, which is expected to provide 6–8 MeV quasi-CW electron beams with an average current of 1–5 mA. The module consists of two 4-cell SRF cavities, two main couplers, two tuners and a cryostat. The design, fabrication and performance test of these components is presented in this paper. The test results reveal that all these components have reached their design goals and the module has also been assembled and horizontal tested at Chengdu. The gradients of both cavities at 2 K reach 10 MV/m, which meets our requirements. Currently beam-loading commissioning is underway.
- Published
- 2017
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75. KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MAKROZOOBENTOS DIMUARA SUNGAI NIPAH KECAMATAN PERBAUNGAN KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI SUMATERA UTARA
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Lestari Lidya Octaviani Siamtupang, E. Harso Kardhinata, and Hanifah Mutia Zna
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Cultural Studies ,Hydrology ,History ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Literature and Literary Theory ,Makrozoobentos, Sungai Nipah, Serdang Bedagai ,Species diversity ,Estuary ,High tide ,Salinity ,Diversity index ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,River mouth ,Dominance (ecology) ,Environmental science ,Average current ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 - Abstract
This research was conducted to determine the species diversity of macrozoobenthos and determine the condition of physical and chemical factors in the waters of estuary river in Nipah Village Perbaungan District Serdang Bedagai Sumatera Utara. The result of diversity of macrozoobenthos obtained 28 species with one phylum, 2 class, 7 orders, 18 families and 20 genera. Measurement of physical and chemical factors waters obtained an average pH 7 both ebb and tide conditions; in conditions of salinity waters receded an average of 0 and at high tide the average of 5; the ebb and tide conditions an average temperature of 27-30°C; Average current speed 10,5-19,1 cm/s; Brightness average water 14-16,3cm; and an average depth of 40,3-150cm. Values obtained by the abundance of species which are 3378-5322 ind/m2. Macrozoobenthos types that dominate the river mouth Nipah are gastropods. Values Diversity Index (H ') macrozoobenthos of 2.152 to 2.762 were classified into well water. Uniformity index (E) showed a value of 0.397 to 0.532 (deployment is not uniform or uneven). Value Dominance Index (C) showed a value of 0.074 to 0.170 (the dominance of low or no kind dominance). In general, relatively good water conditions and suitable for life macrozoobenthos.
- Published
- 2017
76. Transport properties of a coupled double-bridged quantum dot arrays model in an ac electric and a magnetic fields
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He, An-Min, Suqing, Duan, and Zhao, Xian-Geng
- Subjects
- *
MAGNETIC fields , *QUANTUM electronics , *SEMICONDUCTORS , *QUANTUM dots - Abstract
Abstract: We have studied the transport properties of an ac driving double-bridged quantum dot arrays coupled to electronic leads with a uniform magnetic field applied perpendicularly on it using the method based on Floquet approach. The average current as a function of the driving frequency Ω with different parameters of the system can be obtained by numerically solving the corresponding Floquet equation of the system. We have found that the coupling between the two energy levels of the quantum dots on the same bridge site can cause the current peaks degenerate but the magnetic field can eliminate this degeneracy. Thus it is possible for us to manipulate the position and the number of the resonance current peaks in the coupled double-bridged model by varying some of the parameter of the system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
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77. Characteristics of the initial stage and return stroke currents of rocket-triggered lightning flashes in southern China
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Dong Zheng, Rong Zhang, Weitao Lu, Zhiguo Su, Jin You, Yang Zhang, Liangtao Xu, Xu Yan, Shaodong Chen, Yijun Zhang, and Huang Zhigang
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Physics ,Atmospheric Science ,business.product_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Peak current ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Lightning ,Geophysics ,Southern china ,Rocket ,Space and Planetary Science ,Rise time ,Transfer (computing) ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Average current ,Atomic physics ,Geometric mean ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This study investigates the initial stage (IS) and return stroke (RS) currents of 50 triggered lightning flashes (TLFs) that were conducted in southern China. The IS of the negative TLFs has a longer duration, and larger average current, charge transfer, and action integral than those reported elsewhere, with geometric means (GMs) of 347.9 ms, 132.5 A, 45.1 C, and 10.0 × 103 A2 s, respectively. Two positive TLFs containing no RS have much greater average currents, charge transfers, and action integrals in the IS when compared with the negative TLFs. The RS has a greater peak current (17.2 kA; GM, same to below), charge transfer within 1 ms (1.3 C), and action integral within 1 ms (5.8 × 103 A2 s), and shorter 10% to 90% rise time (0.4 μs) than elsewhere. The peak current is prominently correlated with the rate of rise, charge transfer within 1 ms, and action integral within 1 ms. Furthermore, when the total duration of the RS and any following continuing currents is longer than 40 ms, the peak current, charge transfer within 1 ms, and action integral within 1 ms of the RS are seldom greater than 25 kA, 2.6 C, and 15 × 103 A2 s, respectively. It is indicated that TLFs containing RSs tend to have a longer duration but a smaller charge transfer during the IS than those without RS. The peak current of the RS is weakly correlated with its preceding silence period when there was no channel base current.
- Published
- 2017
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78. Extended Bandwidth Instantaneous Current Sharing Scheme for Parallel UPS Systems
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Parthasarathi Sensarma and Sanjay Tolani
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Engineering ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,System stability ,02 engineering and technology ,Key issues ,law.invention ,Capacitor ,Control theory ,law ,Current sharing ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electronic engineering ,Average current ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Electrical impedance ,Uninterruptible power supply - Abstract
This paper investigates the suitability of instantaneous average current sharing scheme (IACS) for the parallel operation of three-phase uninterruptible power supply systems. A discrete-time model is developed for the analysis and design of the control loops. Some key issues are discussed based on the model and it is found that there is a compromise between system stability and current sharing performance with the conventional IACS scheme when the lengths of interconnecting cables are not negligible. Subsequently, an improved IACS scheme is proposed that ensures proper current sharing by extending the close-loop bandwidth. Its performance is analytically predicted and subsequently validated by experimental results on a 15-kW laboratory prototype.
- Published
- 2017
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79. Electrodeposition of Ni–Mo and Ni–Mo-(nano Al2O3) multilayer coatings
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A. Rezaeiolum, A. Karimzadeh, Alireza Sabour Rouhaghdam, Mahmood Aliofkhazraei, and Reza Miresmaeili
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010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Nanocomposite ,Metallurgy ,Nanoparticle ,02 engineering and technology ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Nano al2o3 ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,0103 physical sciences ,Materials Chemistry ,Average current ,Constant frequency ,0210 nano-technology ,Electrical impedance - Abstract
In the present work, multilayer Ni–Mo–Al2O3 and Ni–Mo coatings were fabricated on the low-carbon steel using pulse electrodeposition technique from a citrate-ammonia bath. The coatings with different number of layers (32, 128 and 512) were electrodeposited by the periodic alteration of duty cycle (between 20 and 90%) at a constant frequency of 400 Hz and an average current density of 6 A dm−2. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was estimated using potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance techniques and wear properties was also evaluated using pin-on-disk wear test. Potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance in 3.5 wt-% NaCl solution showed that 128-layer nanocomposite coatings had the highest corrosion resistance. By increasing the number of the layers in Ni–Mo coatings, their hardness was improved from 563 ± 20 Hv0.1 to 714 ± 42 Hv0.1, while the wear rate was decreased from 9.87 to 5.16 μg N−1 m−1. The addition of nanoparticles showed favourable impacts on ...
- Published
- 2017
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80. What can the food and drink industry do to help achieve the 5% free sugars goal?
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Jenny Arthur, Sigrid Gibson, Alison Lennox, Lindsey Bagley, Sara Stanner, Margaret Ashwell, and Peter J. Rogers
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Food industry ,labelling ,Population ,reduction ,Food technology ,Health Promotion ,Brain and Behaviour ,portion ,Consumer education ,Nutrition Policy ,Beverages ,03 medical and health sciences ,Weight management ,medicine ,Food Industry ,Humans ,Obesity ,Marketing ,education ,Social Responsibility ,Government ,education.field_of_study ,Nutrition and Behaviour ,industry ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,business.industry ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,reformulation ,England ,sugar ,Average current ,Energy Intake ,Sugars ,business ,Goals - Abstract
Aims: To contribute evidence and make recommendations to assist in achieving free sugars reduction, with due consideration to the broader picture of weight management and dietary quality. Methods: An expert workshop in July 2016 addressed options outlined in the Public Health England report ‘Sugar reduction: The evidence for action’ that related directly to the food industry. Panel members contributed expertise in food technology, public heath nutrition, marketing, communications, psychology and behaviour. Recommendations were directed towards reformulation, reduced portion sizes, labelling and consumer education. These were evaluated based on their feasibility, likely consumer acceptability, efficacy and cost. Results: The panel agreed that the 5% target for energy from free sugars is unlikely to be achievable by the UK population in the near future, but a gradual reduction from average current level of intake is feasible. Progress requires collaborations between government, food industry, non-government organisations, health professionals, educators and consumers. Reformulation should start with the main contributors of free sugars in the diet, prioritising those products high in free sugars and relatively low in micronutrients. There is most potential for replacing free sugars in beverages using high-potency sweeteners and possibly via gradual reduction in sweetness levels. However, reformulation alone, with its inherent practical difficulties, will not achieve the desired reduction in free sugars. Food manufacturers and the out-of-home sector can help consumers by providing smaller portions. Labelling of free sugars would extend choice and encourage reformulation; however, government needs to assist industry by addressing current analytical and regulatory problems. There are also opportunities for multi-agency collaboration to develop tools/communications based on the Eatwell Guide, to help consumers understand the principles of a varied, healthy, balanced diet. Conclusion: Multiple strategies will be required to achieve a reduction in free sugars intake to attain the 5% energy target. The panel produced consensus statements with recommendations as to how this might be achieved.
- Published
- 2017
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81. Flicker mitigation in dimmed LEDs installed indoors using vDSM digital dimming technique under visible light communication
- Author
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M. Nesasudha and B. Anitha Vijayalakshmi
- Subjects
Computer science ,business.industry ,Flicker ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Electrical engineering ,Visible light communication ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Transmission (telecommunications) ,Modulation ,law ,Duty cycle ,Average current ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Pulse-width modulation ,Light-emitting diode - Abstract
In this work, we have presented a general framework to construct dimmable transmission scheme at fixed dimming percentage. We have explored the adoption of variable delta-sigma modulation to dim the LEDs installed with flicker mitigation under intensity control in Visible light communication technology. The dimming can be accomplished by adjusting the flow of average current in the LEDs through pulse width based modulation schemes. The experimental results have demonstrated the dimming capability of the proposed scheme with duty cycle regulation.
- Published
- 2020
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82. Simulation and experimental study of beam dynamics in NovoFEL RF gun and its beamline
- Author
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Oleg A. Shevchenko, V. G. Tcheskidov, Nikolay Vinokurov, I. V. Davidyuk, Vladimir Volkov, and Anton Matveev
- Subjects
Physics ,Optics ,Upgrade ,Beamline ,law ,business.industry ,Average current ,Injector ,business ,Beam (structure) ,law.invention ,Electron gun - Abstract
A new normal-conducting, CW, thermocathode RF gun has been developed and tested recently at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. Providing an average current of up to 100 mA, this device will be used to upgrade the injector of the Novosibirsk FEL facility. Simulation of beam dynamics in the RF gun and its beamline was performed, the space-charge forces taken into account. Comparison of the simulation results and experimental measurements is presented in this paper.
- Published
- 2020
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83. Comparing Deep-Sea Larval Dispersal Models: A Cautionary Tale for Ecology and Conservation
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Rebecca E. Ross, W. Alex M. Nimmo-Smith, Ricardo Torres, and Kerry L. Howell
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Marine conservation ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,biophysical model ,lcsh:QH1-199.5 ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Ocean Engineering ,Aquatic Science ,lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,Oceanography ,01 natural sciences ,Deep sea ,Range (statistics) ,hydrodynamic model ,lcsh:Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Global and Planetary Change ,deep-sea ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Model selection ,larval dispersal model ,connectivity ,model comparison ,Environmental science ,Biological dispersal ,Average current ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
Larval dispersal data are increasingly sought after in ecology and marine conservation, the latter often requiring information under time limited circumstances. Basic estimates of dispersal [based on average current speeds and planktonic larval duration (PLD)] are often used in these situations, usually acknowledging their oversimplified nature, but rarely with an understanding of how oversimplified those assumptions are. Larval dispersal models (LDMs) are becoming more accessible and may produce “better” dispersal predictions than estimates, but the uncertainty introduced by choosing one underlying hydrodynamic model over another is rarely discussed. This case study uses theoretical and simplified deep-sea LDMs to compare the passive predictions of dispersal as driven by two different hydrodynamic models (HYCOM and POLCOMS) and a range of informed basic estimates (based on average current speeds of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 m/s). The aim is to provide generalizable insight into the predictive variability introduced by (a) choosing a model over an estimate, and (b) one hydrodynamic over another. LDMs were found to be up to an order of magnitude more conservative in dispersal distance predictions than even the slowest tested estimate (0.05 m/s). The difference increased with PLD which may result in a bigger disparity for deep-sea species predictions. Although the LDMs were more spatially targeted than the estimates, the two LDM predictions were also significantly different from each other. This means that choosing one hydrodynamic model over another could result in contrasting ecological interpretations or advice for marine conservation. These results show a greater potential for hydrodynamic model variability than previously appreciated by larval dispersal ecologists and strongly advocates groundtruthing predictions before use in management. Advice is offered for improved model selection and interpretation of predictions.
- Published
- 2020
84. Reformulation of a Linear Program to Reduce the Average Current in a Modular Multilevel Converter
- Author
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Tyrone Fernando, Nikola Petranovic, Christopher D. Townsend, and Herbert Ho-Ching Iu
- Subjects
Work (thermodynamics) ,Linear programming ,business.industry ,Limiting ,Modular design ,Capacitance ,law.invention ,Reduction (complexity) ,Capacitor ,Control theory ,law ,Average current ,business ,Mathematics - Abstract
A modular multilevel converter contains many capacitor full-bridge converter cells. An increased capacitance in the converter means a large overall converter size and increased converter cost. Previous research has investigated methods to reduce converter cell capacitance. One paper presents an iterative linear program to reduce the capacitance while limiting the average currents. The work presented in this paper modifies the linear program to further reduce average currents for similar reduction in capacitance. Furthermore, the results presented here show root-mean-square currents will also be reduced.
- Published
- 2019
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85. A 100-pA Adaptive-FOCV MPPT Circuit with >99.6% Tracking Efficiency for Indoor Light Energy Harvesting
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Peng-Chang Huang and Tai-Haur Kuo
- Subjects
Computer science ,business.industry ,Photovoltaics ,Light energy ,Electrical engineering ,Illuminance ,Average current ,business ,Tracking (particle physics) ,Cmos process ,Energy harvesting ,Maximum power point tracking - Abstract
To harvest indoor light energy via photovoltaics (PVs), this paper proposes an adaptive-fractional-open-circuit-voltage (AFOCV) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit to automatically adjust the FOCV fraction under different illuminances for amorphous PV modules. Designed in 0.5-μm CMOS process, the AFOCV circuit consumes an ultra-low average current of 100 pA. Over 100–1000 lux illuminance, the measured MPPT efficiency with AFOCV is >99.6%, which outperforms that of other state-of-the-art energy harvesting (EH) ICs with conventional FOCV methods.
- Published
- 2019
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86. ANALISIS RASIO KEUANGAN DAN COMMON SIZE UNTUK MENILAI KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN KOSMETIK DAN PERALATAN RUMAH TANGGA YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA TAHUN 2013-2015
- Author
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Cholis Hidayati and Shinta Anastasya
- Subjects
Net profit ,Profit rate ,Agricultural science ,Financial performance ,Gross profit ,Fixed asset ,Financial ratio ,Average current ,Business ,Cost of goods sold - Abstract
From the Common Size report on the financial position of PT. Akasha Wira Internasional, Tbk. PT. Mandom Indonesia, Tbk. PT. Martina Berto, Tbk. PT. Mustika Ratu, Tbk. And PT. Unilever Indonesia, Tbk can be seen that the average total current assets owned by PT. Martina Berto Tbk of 72.5% is the highest compared to the others. But in the highest average fixed assets owned by PT. Unilever Indonesia Tb 56.5% compared to other cosmetics companies. Then for the highest average current debt owned by the company PT. Unilever Indonesia Tbk by 63.2% compared to other cosmetics companies, on the contrary the highest average long-term debt owned by the company PT. Akhasa Wira International Tbk is 15.0% compared to other cosmetics companies. From the Common Size profit and loss table of PT. Akasha Wira Internasional, Tbk. PT. Mandom Indonesia, Tbk. PT. Martina Berto, Tbk. PT. Mustika Ratu, Tbk. And PT. Unilever Indonesia, Tbk can be seen that the average cost of goods sold by the company PT. Mandom Indonesia Tbk is the highest average compared to other cosmetics companies which is 62%, which means PT. Mandom Indonesia Tbk has an unfavorable profit rate because if the cost of goods sold is higher it will have an impact on profit decline, conversely if the cost of goods sold is low it will increase the company's profit. Similarly, the average gross profit owned by PT. Mustika Ratu Tbk has the highest average compared to other cosmetics companies, which is 57%. And for the highest average net profit owned by PT. Unilever Indonesia Tbk is compared to other cosmetics companies, which is 17%, which means the company is able to perform well so as to produce an increase in profits.Keywords: Financial Ratios, Common Size and Financial Performance
- Published
- 2019
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87. Current Sensing Issues on Saliency-Based Position Sensorless Drive for Permanent Magnet Machine with PWM Voltage Injection
- Author
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Shih-Chin Yang, Jyun-You Chen, and Guan-Ren Chen
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Computer science ,Rotor (electric) ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Control theory ,law ,Magnet ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Inverter ,Average current ,Pulse-width modulation ,Shunt (electrical) ,Voltage - Abstract
This paper analyzes current sampling issues on the saliency-based position sensorless drive for permanent magnet (PM) machines using the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage injection. On the basis, PWM voltage with the switching frequency is persistently injected into the machine. The rotor position is estimated through the spatial signal from the PWM voltage reflected current ripples. Because the rotor position is estimated every PWM cycle, multiple transient currents instead of single average current should be sampled per PWM. It leads to the issue on the selection of current sampling points with respect to different PWM patterns. In this paper, an asymmetric current sample is proposed for the position estimation using PWM voltage injection. By directly sampling phase currents during the injection period, the better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of position signal is concluded comparing to conventional symmetric current sample. In addition, shunt resistors are typically installed for the current sensing in inverters at low cost. A modified PWM control is also proposed for the position estimation compatible with low-side shunt current sensing. According to preliminary experimental results, the position estimation error is decreased using the proposed asymmetric current sample for the inverter with Hall-effect current sensors. More importantly, the inverter with low-side shunt sensors can be used for the saliency-based drive using the proposed PWM voltage pattern.
- Published
- 2019
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88. Design and Implementation of DC-DC Bidirectional Cuk Converter with Average Current Mode Control for Lead Acid Battery Testing
- Author
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Irham Izzatur Rahman, Dedet Candra Riawan, and Mochamad Ashari
- Subjects
Battery (electricity) ,State of charge ,Hardware_GENERAL ,Computer science ,Ćuk converter ,Mode control ,Constant current ,Average current ,Lead–acid battery ,Automotive engineering - Abstract
In this paper, we present a modified battery testing scheme using dc-dc bidirectional cuk converter. This converter is addressed to average current mode control in order to get constant current at input or output side of converter for battery testing purpose. Battery type used in this experiment is valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) with rating of 12 V and 7.2 Ah. In this experiment with the new proposed battery testing system we will conduct two testing. First, the discharge testing to get battery discharge characteristics. Second, the charge-discharge cycle testing to clarify the ability of state of charge (SoC) estimation method with coulomb counting to predict the SoC of battery with comparison of open circuit voltage method that have good accuracy in predicting the SoC of battery. The result of coulomb counting obtain accuracy of 98,13% in predicting the SoC of battery.
- Published
- 2019
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89. 7.5µm and 5µm pitch IRFPA developments in MWIR at CEA-LETI
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Julie Abergel, J.L. Santailler, Bertrand Dupont, Sylvette Bisotto, Sébastien Renet, Florent Rochette, Alexandre Ferron, Olivier Mailliart, and Jean-Alain Nicolas
- Subjects
Materials science ,Dynamic range ,business.industry ,Detector ,Integrated circuit ,law.invention ,Responsivity ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Average current ,Electronics ,business ,Medium wave ,Diode - Abstract
We present CEA-LETI’s recent work on very small pitch HgCdTe focal-plane-arrays (FPA): materials, diode processing, readout circuit (ROIC) optimization and hybridization, done in the context of the common laboratory with SOFRADIR called DEFIR. We report on a 7.5μm pitch 640×512 FPA and a smaller 5μm pitch 64×152 FPA operating in middle wave infrared range (MWIR). The diode technology is n-on-p processed onto LPE grown HgCdTe. We will describe the two readout integrated circuits (ROIC) developed for 7.5μm and 5μm pitches and present the characterization of the IRFPAs hybridized to those ROICs. For these very small pitch detectors, we designed classic snapshot Direct-Injection (DI) Integrate-While-Read (IWR) ROICs that maximize the charge handling capacity by significantly increasing the dynamic range. For the 7.5μm ROIC, dedicated electronics has been embedded to measure the ROIC cross-talk. The 7.5μm pitch IRFPA operating at 110K displays nonlinearity under 0.5% across the maximum dynamic range, a full-well of 3.1 Me- with a 3.8V dynamic range, a ROIC noise of 210μV and SNR of 62 dB and NETD (Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference) of 25 mK for an average current of 30 pA, and a responsivity of 1.3 pA/K.
- Published
- 2019
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90. A Neutral-Point Potential Balancing Method for a Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Back-to-Back Converter
- Author
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Xiaona Xu, Baohui Ma, Kui Wang, Yongdong Li, and Zedong Zheng
- Subjects
Rectifier ,Control algorithm ,Computer science ,Harmonics ,Average current ,Point (geometry) ,Current (fluid) ,Topology ,Three level ,Voltage - Abstract
In this paper, a neutral-point (NP) potential balancing method based on zero-sequence voltage injection is presented for the traditional three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) back-to-back converter. In the control algorithm, make the NP current on the rectifier side follow the reference NP current to adjust the NP potential balancing. The relationship between NP average current and zero-sequence voltage is analyzed in theory. On this basis, choosing several key zero-sequence voltages can reduce the complexity of calculation, and one of the three phases switches will keep unchanged during each switching period, thus the switching loss is reduced, and the NP potential balancing method is optimized. The simulation results show that the optimized zero-sequence voltage injection method can suppress the NP potential fluctuation well, and has little influence on the input current harmonics.
- Published
- 2019
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91. Assessing the Carbon Emission Driven by the Consumption of Carbohydrate-Rich Foods: The Case of China
- Author
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Zhihang Zhang, Rongrong Zhao, Anguo Xie, Zhongyue Xu, Qiuhua Chen, Xiaoke Yang, and Huangyixin Chen
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030309 nutrition & dietetics ,lcsh:TJ807-830 ,Geography, Planning and Development ,lcsh:Renewable energy sources ,chemistry.chemical_element ,K-means clustering ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,nutritional adequacy ,01 natural sciences ,environmental impact ,Toxicology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Food chain ,Nutrient ,sustainable diets ,Per capita ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Consumption (economics) ,0303 health sciences ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,linear programming ,Carbohydrate ,lcsh:TD194-195 ,chemistry ,Greenhouse gas ,Environmental science ,Average current ,Carbon - Abstract
Background: Carbohydrate-rich (CR) foods are essential parts of the Chinese diet. However, CR foods are often given less attention than animal-based foods. The objectives of this study were to analyze the carbon emissions caused by CR foods and to generate sustainable diets with low climate impact and adequate nutrients. Methods: Twelve common CR food consumption records from 4857 individuals were analyzed using K-means clustering algorithms. Furthermore, linear programming was used to generate optimized diets. Results: Total carbon emissions by CR foods was 683.38g CO2eq per day per capita, accounting for an annual total of 341.9Mt CO2eq. All individuals were ultimately divided into eight clusters, and none of the popular clusters were low carbon or nutrient sufficient. Optimized diets could reduce about 40% of carbon emissions compared to the average current diet. However, significant structural differences exist between the current diet and optimized diets. Conclusions: To reduce carbon emissions from the food chain, CR foods should be a research focus. Current Chinese diets need a big change to achieve positive environmental and health goals. The reduction of rice and wheat-based foods and an increase of bean foods were the focus of structural dietary change in CR food consumption.
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- 2019
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92. Stability Analysis of Identical Paralleled DC-DC Converters with Average Current Sharing
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Chao. Song, Guoying. Xu, Handong. Chai, Guo. Ding, and Pengming. Cheng
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Computer science ,Control theory ,Current sharing ,Interface (computing) ,System stability ,Average current ,Thévenin's theorem ,Converters ,Source model ,Stability (probability) - Abstract
A general model of paralleled converter with active current sharing is used to discuss the stability based on the Thevenin source model. In the model, the current sharing loop and interface stability are separately considered in order to guarantee the system stability. The analysis only focuses on identical converters case for simplicity. An example is given to illustrate the method to design current sharing circuit and the influence of the number of paralleled converters is discussed. A prototype is tested to verify the model.
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- 2019
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93. Estimation of Return-Stroke Peak Current of Lightning Strokes Registered by WWLLN: a Case Study
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Marina Yurievna Belikova, Andrey Vladimirovich Karanin, Svetlana Yurievna Karanina, and Nikolay V. Baranovskiy
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Altitude ,Lightning strokes ,Climatology ,Peak current ,Average current ,Orography ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Digital elevation model ,Lightning ,Sea level ,Geology - Abstract
Forest fire danger predicting models should have information about the return-stroke peak current of lightning strokes. The purpose of this work is to obtain statistical characteristics of the return-stroke peak current of lightning strokes recorded by WWLLN in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). The Republic of Buryatia has a mountainous relief. Orography influences the physical conditions for the formation of thunderclouds. The originality of the research is determined by the analysis of the distributions of the return-stroke peak current for lightning discharges over different altitude zones of the Buryatia. Similar studies have been carried out, for example, for the territories of the North Caucasus, Germany, and the USA. Digital elevation model SRTMGL3 and free geoinformation software QGIS and GRASS have been used for statistical and spatial analysis. The calculation of the statistical characteristics and the construction of distributions have been performed for 171,900 lightning discharges registered by WWLLN. The average current has been ~ 69 kA, the median has been ~ 43 kA, with an average power error of 9%. For 84% of lightning discharges, the current does not exceed 100 kA. An increase in the current of lightning discharges with an increase in altitude above sea level has been noted. The average amperage and the median, are ~ 57 kA and ~ 39 kA for low mountains (less than 1000 m), ~ 70 kA and ~ 43 kA for middle mountains (from 1000 to 2000 m), and ~ 100 kA and ~ 56 kA for high mountains (more than 2000 m), respectively. The results obtained can be used to predict and assess the forest fire danger.
- Published
- 2021
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94. Simulation and test of a point focused electron beam emitter
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Munawar Iqbal, Abdul Rehman, Ghalib ul Islam, and Zusheng Zhou
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010302 applied physics ,Physics ,business.industry ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Linear particle accelerator ,Acceleration ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Cathode ray ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Average current ,Point (geometry) ,Beam emittance ,Atomic physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Instrumentation ,Common emitter ,Perveance - Abstract
We present the design analysis of a point focused electron beam emitter using numerical techniques. Simulation and modeling were performed followed by the calculation of emission parameters using programming codes EGUN and CST-PS. Beam emittance, average current density and perveance were calculated and are in agreement with the experimental values obtained at 10 kV acceleration potential. The emission parameters were evaluated up to 110 kV. This confirms possibilities of potential application of emitter for a linear accelerator.
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- 2017
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95. Assessment of LiFePO4 Battery Performance in Stand Alone Photovoltaic Street Light System
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Anif Jamaluddin, Agus Purwanto, Egy Adhitama, and Anafi Nur ‘Aini
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Battery (electricity) ,Current range ,Engineering ,business.product_category ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Lithium iron phosphate ,Photovoltaic system ,Electrical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,Automotive engineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Arduino ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Street light ,Average current ,Energy deficit ,business - Abstract
This paper is aimed to evaluate the performance of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries as a storage for stand-alone photovoltaic system during charging and discharging. Monitoring has been conducted based on LabVIEW Interface for Arduino (LIFA). The results show that on the discharge condition during 12 hours, the average current was -1.2A - 1.0 A. In charge condition during 8 hours, the current range was 0.10 A - 1.95 A, and the optimal charging process was from 11 am- 2 pm. However, the findings indicated that the battery undergo energy deficit approximately 10% every cycle of operation.
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- 2017
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96. The first energy spread measurement of electron beam produced by MPG
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Yujia Yang, Xiangyang Lu, Jifei Zhao, Boting Li, Weiwei Tan, Li Xiao, Ziqin Yang, and Deyu Yang
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010302 applied physics ,Chemistry ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Electron ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Operation mode ,0103 physical sciences ,Cathode ray ,Average current ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Energy (signal processing) ,lcsh:Physics - Abstract
This paper presents the energy spread measurement result of electron beam produced by MPG, which is obtained for the first time. The operation parameters and the experimental result are reported. The average current density of 1.8 mA was obtained at 2.856 GHz. The energy spread of the electron beam is also measured, in which the energy of the most electrons is less than 50 eV and the FHWM is less than 15 eV. The fifth order operation mode is obtained. Keywords: MPG, Energy spread, Retarding field energy analyzer
- Published
- 2017
97. Comparison of arc stability and variability of geometry of welds obtained by MIG/MAG and FCAW processes
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Romário Mauricio Urbanetto Nogueira, Igor Giacomelli Zanella, and Carlos Enrique Niño Bohórquez
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010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Drop (liquid) ,Metals and Alloys ,Geometry ,02 engineering and technology ,Welding ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrode ,Arc stability ,Average current ,0210 nano-technology ,Short circuit ,Base metal ,Voltage - Abstract
Despite their similarity, the MIG/MAG and Tubular Electrode processes display particular features with regard to arc stability and variability in the characteristics of the beads. Thus, selection of one of these processes for a specific application will have to consider how these particular features affect the quality of the welds. To support this choice, the present study aimed to investigate how changing the average current affects the stability and regularity of metal transfer in welds carried out with constant voltage and pulsed current and compare the variability in the geometry and dilution of these welds. To achieve these aims, automatic welding was carried out, with steel ABNT 1020 as base metal and wire AWS ER70S-6 and AWS E71T-1 as filler metals. Besides the welds with variation in the average current, the tests involved determination of the parameters for occurrence of stable short circuiting, drop and pulsed transfer. The results showed that the voltage that gives the highest stability...
- Published
- 2016
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98. The effects of particle angularity on low-stress three-body abrasion-corrosion of 316L stainless steel
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William D.A. Rickard, Grazyna Stachowiak, Gwidon Stachowiak, and Mobin Salasi
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Low stress ,Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Corrosion ,Abrasion (geology) ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Linear relationship ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Natural rubber ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Particle ,General Materials Science ,Average current ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
This study investigates the effects of particle angularity on the tribo-electrochemical behaviour of 316L stainless steel under low-stress three-body abrasion–corrosion conditions. Different angularity particles were delivered to the interface between the samples and a rotating rubber counterface, while changes in current with time were potentiostatically monitored. Based on a linear relationship existed between tribological factors (load and speed) and the average current evolved, an empirical correlation is proposed and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed. The effects of particle angularity on the surface and sub-surface damage are also demonstrated. It was found that increasing particle angularity improved their depassivation efficiency.
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- 2016
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99. Characteristics and correlation of return stroke, M component and continuing current for triggered lightning
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Xu Yan, Yijun Zhang, Shaodong Chen, Meng Xie, Dong Zheng, Weitao Lu, and Yang Zhang
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Physics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Analytical chemistry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Peak current ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Lightning ,Correlation ,Rise time ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Average current ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Geometric mean ,Current (fluid) ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Based on the channel-base current acquired from Guangdong Comprehensive Observation Experiment on Lightning Discharge (GCOELD), the characteristics and correlation of return stroke (RS), M component and continuing current (CC) were analyzed. As for RS, the geometric average values of peak current (PI), half-peak-width (HPW), rise time ( t 10–90% ) and charge transfer within 1 ms after the beginning of the RS (Q1ms) are 16.41 kA, 17.03 μs, 0.43 μs and 1.62 C, respectively. As for M component, the geometric average values of PI, duration, t 10–90% , HPW and charge transfer from the beginning to the end (Q) are 185.75 A, 1.68 ms, 0.42 ms, 0.70 ms and 0.11 C, respectively. As for CC, the duration, average current and charge transfer are 19.01 ms, 202.58 A and 3.85 C. 66% RSs in triggered lightning are followed by CC processes. And the percentages of long CC (duration ≥40 ms), short CC (10 ms 2 s, the long CC is highly unlikely to occur.
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- 2016
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100. Average Phase Current Estimation Method using a DC Link Shunt Resistor in the Three-Phase Inverter
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Jang-Mok Kim, Hyun-Keun Ku, and Han-Beom Yeom
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Materials science ,Control theory ,Phase (waves) ,Electronic engineering ,Average current ,General Medicine ,Link (geometry) ,Current (fluid) ,Three phase inverter - Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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