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89 results on '"Asghari, Babak"'

52. Nachweis des interzellulären Adhäsions-Gencluster (ica) in klinischen Staphylococcus aureus-Isolaten

Author

Namvar, Amirmorteza Ebrahimzadeh, Asghari, Babak, Ezzatifar, Fatemeh, Azizi, Gholamreza, and Lari, Abdolaziz Rastegar

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, lcsh:R, intercellular adhesion gene, lcsh:QR1-502, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, PCR Detektion, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine, lcsh:Microbiology, Article, biofilm, ddc: 610, Adhäsionsfaktor, Interzelluläres Adhäsionsgene, PCR detection
Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a major hospital and community pathogen having the aptitude to cause a wide variety of infections in men. The ability of microorganisms to produce biofilm facilitates them to withstand the host immune response and is recognized as one factor contributing to chronic or persistent infections. It was demonstrated that the ica-encoded genes lead to the biosynthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) molecules, and may be involved in the accumulation phase of biofilm formation. Different studies have shown the decisive role of the ica gene as virulence factors in staphylococcal infections. This study was carried out to demonstrate the relationship between ica gene and production of slime layer in S. aureus strains. Sixty S. aureus strains were isolated from patients. The isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically following standard laboratory methods. After identification, the staphylococcal isolates were maintained in trypticase soy broth (TSB), to which 15% glycerol was added, and stored at –20°C. Slime formation and biofilm assay was monitored. A PCR assay was developed to identify the presence of icaD (intercellular adhesion gene) gene in all isolates. Thirty-nine slime producing colonies with CRA plates (65%) formed black colors, the remaining 21 isolates were pink (35%). In the quantitative biofilm assay 35 (58%) produced biofilm while 25 (42%) isolates did not exhibit this property. All isolates were positive for detection of icaD gene by PCR method. The interaction of icaA and icaD in the investigated isolates may be important in slime layer formation and biofilm phenomena. We propose PCR detection of the ica gene locus as a rapid and effective method to be used for discrimination between potentially virulent and nonvirulent isolates, with implications for therapeutic and preventive measures pertainin to the management of colonized indwelling catheters., GMS Hygiene and Infection Control; 8(1):Doc03; ISSN 2196-5226

Published
2013
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57. Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria Isolated From Surgical Site Infection of Hospitalized Patients

Author

Akhi, Mohammad Taghi, primary, Ghotaslou, Reza, additional, Beheshtirouy, Samad, additional, Asgharzadeh, Mohammad, additional, Pirzadeh, Tahereh, additional, Asghari, Babak, additional, Alizadeh, Naser, additional, Toloue Ostadgavahi, Ali, additional, Sorayaei Somesaraei, Vida, additional, and Memar, Mohammad Yousef, additional

Published
2015
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58. Staphylococcus aureus: resistance pattern and risk factors

Author

Jafarzadeh, Sajed, primary, Sohrab-Navi, Zahra, additional, Bagheri-Asl, Mohammad-Mahdi, additional, Naghavi-Behzad, Mohammad, additional, Barband, Sharare, additional, Akhi, Mohammad-Taghi, additional, Alizadeh, Mahasti, additional, Saleh, Parviz, additional, sadeghi, ghader, additional, Asghari, Babak, additional, and Piri, Reza, additional

Published
2015
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61. Permeance Network Based Real-Time Induction Machine Model

Author

Asghari, Babak and Dinavahi, Venkata

Subjects
permeance network model, real-time simulation, Induction machine, rotor slot harmonics, sparse linear solver
Abstract

In this paper a real-time permeance network based distributed model for induction machines is proposed which can accommodate the local phenomena such as slotting and space harmonics inside a machine. A linear permeance network model (PNM) of a squirrel encage induction motor is successfully simulated in real-time by optimizing the numerical procedures inside the model. Particular attention is paid to the selection of an efficient linear solver for the model. Also, the moving band technique which is already used in the finite element analysis of electrical machines is extended to the PNM to reduce the domain of study to one quarter of the machine. Real-time oscilloscope results of the simulation of an induction machine during the start up, no load and loaded operating conditions are shown in the paper. The real-time simulation results are validated by comparing the effect of rotor slot harmonics in the frequency spectrum of the steady-state stator current with analytical formulas. In order to investigate the effect of saturation on the performance of the machine, a comparison between the simulation results from the real-time linear PNM and offline nonlinear PNM is also presented in the paper.

Published
2009
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62. Adhesion Factors and Association with Antibiotic Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

Author

Motamedi, Hamid, Asghari, Babak, Tahmasebi, Hamed, and Arabestani, Mohammad Reza

Subjects
*ANTIBIOTICS, *BACTERIAL physiology, *DRUG resistance in microorganisms, *ERYTHROMYCIN, *GENES, *PENICILLIN, *POLYMERASE chain reaction, *PHENOTYPES, *METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus
Abstract

Background and Aims: Staphylococcus aureus adhesion factors can reinforce the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify adhesion factors among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and determine the association between these factors and antibiotic resistance patterns. Materials and Methods: In an analytical study from October 2016 to April 2017, 302 clinical isolates of S. aureus were confirmed by biochemical tests. Methicillin-resistant strains were determined by phenotypic methods. Multiplex PCR method was used to identify adhesion factors. In this way, bbp, cna, eno and ebpS genes were identified among different isolates. Results: A total of 302 clinical isolates of S. aureus were isolated from different clinical samples including wound, blood, urine, trachea, catheter, swabs. Of 302 isolates, 123 were methicillin resistant and 73.53% and 75.7% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and penicillin, respectively. The incidence of resistance genes among among methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates were as follows: bbp (10 isolates: 6.89%), cna (6 isolates: 13.4%), eno (28 isolates: 19.31%) and ebpS (19 isolates: 13.1%),. There was a significant correlation between the antibiotic resistance patterns and the frequency of adhesion factors (P≤0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, there was a significant correlation between adhesion factors and antibiotic resistance among methicillin-resistant isolates of S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017

76. A novel cost-aware multi-objective energy management method for microgrids.

Author

Hooshmand, Ali, Asghari, Babak, and Sharma, Ratnesh

Abstract

This paper proposes a multi-objective energy management method for microgrids which include local generation sources, grid connection, energy storage units and various loads. Minimization of the energy cost and maximization of batterys lifetime in a microgrid are considered as two main objectives which are optimized simultaneously. To achieve these objectives, microgrids central controller must find the best pattern for charging and discharging the battery. To this purpose, there is a need to have information about time-of-use (TOU) grid electricity rates, forecasted load profile and renewable generation levels. Model predictive control (MPC) policy is then utilized for solving the optimization problem and real-time implementation in a closed-loop framework. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulating a microgrid model with real yearly data for the demand and renewable generation profiles and TOU rates. It is shown that the saving in energy cost can be increased considerably by applying the proposed MPC algorithm instead of a static energy management approach. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is capable of regulating the battery usage based on the expected lifetime by considering the battery life span maximization objective. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2013
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77. Experimental validation of a geometrical nonlinear permeance network based real-time induction machine model.

Author

Asghari, Babak and Dinavahi, Venkata

Abstract

Real-time digital simulation of electrical machines and drives is a cost-effective approach to evaluate the true behavior of newly designed machines and controllers before applying them in a real system. Although many studies exist regarding the optimized models of power electronic drives and digital controllers for real-time simulation, the real-time models of electrical machines are still limited to the lumped parameter electric circuit models. This is mainly due to the complexity of a detailed electrical machine model which makes it computationally expensive. This paper presents the modeling, real-time implementation, finite element analysis, and experimental validation of a nonlinear geometrical permeance network based induction machine model. A nonlinear permeance network model (PNM) is developed for the real-time simulation of a 3 hp squirrel cage induction machine (SCIM) with closed rotor slots. Several studies both under open-loop and closed-loop control conditions are conducted and the results obtained from the off-line and realtime simulations and the experiment are compared with each other to show the effectiveness of the proposed PNM model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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78. Novel transmission line modeling method for nonlinear permeance network based simulation of induction machines.

Author

Asghari, Babak and Dinavahi, Venkata

Abstract

This paper studies different iterative solution methods for nonlinear permeance network based machine models. A new transmission line modeling (TLM) algorithm for efficient solution of permeance network models (PNM) of induction machines is proposed. In this method the TLM algorithm is used to decouple the nonlinear magnetic equations. The decoupled nonlinear equations are then solved by a look-up table method owing to the repetitive nature of equations across the geometry of the machine. It is shown that the proposed method offers significant speed-up compared to the conventional Newton-Raphson method. Simulation results for dynamic and steady-state conditions of a closed rotor slot induction motor are compared with experimental test results as well as finite element analysis to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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79. A framework for real-time power management of a grid-tied microgrid to extend battery lifetime and reduce cost of energy.

Author

Pourmousavi, S.A., Sharma, Ratnesh K., and Asghari, Babak

Abstract

Because of different technical and economical concerns, battery is happened to be an inevitable part of a microgrid as well as the most expensive component. This fact brings up the necessity of a real-time power management to guarantee the maximum possible battery lifetime based on the final cost of energy. In this way, this study attempts to present a real-time management framework for a grid-tied microgrid based on battery life and cost estimation. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework, a grid-tied commercial microgrid, which is equipped with wind turbine, PV solar panels and Li-Ion battery package, is optimally sized by HOMER® and dynamic models of different components have been developed in MATLAB/Simulink®. Then, simulation study has been carried out for a year on the system. All data such as load demand, wind, temperature, solar radiation, and time-based electricity tariff are grasped from different places for a year. Results show that the proposed framework effectively extends the battery lifetime while slightly decreases the cost of energy for customer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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80. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: New Hope for Success in Multiple Sclerosis Therapy.

Author

MIRSHAFIEY, ABBAS, GHALAMFARSA, GHASEM, ASGHARI, BABAK, and AZIZI, GHOLAMREZA

Subjects
MAST cells, MULTIPLE sclerosis, TRANSFERASES
Abstract

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are essential components of signal transduction pathways that mediate cell-to-cell communication and their function as relay points for signaling pathways. They have a key role in numerous processes that control cellular proliferation and differentiation, regulate cell growth and cellular metabolism, and promote cell survival and apoptosis. Recently, the role of RTKs including TCR, FLT-3, c-Kit, c-Fms, PDGFR, ephrin, neurotrophin receptor, and TAM receptor in autoimmune disorder, especially rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis has been suggested. In multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, RTKs and their tyrosine kinase enzymes are selective important targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) agents. TKIs, compete with the ATP binding site of the catalytic domain of several tyrosine kinases, and act as small molecules that have a favorable safety profile in disease treatment. Up to now, the efficacy of TKIs in numerous animal models of MS has been demonstrated, but application of these drugs in human diseases should be tested in future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014

83. Real-Time Nonlinear Transient Simulation Based on Optimized Transmission Line Modeling.

Author

Asghari, Babak and Dinavahi, Venkata

Subjects
*ELECTRIC power systems, *ELECTRIC lines, *SIMULATION methods & models, *MATHEMATICAL optimization, *NONLINEAR systems, *BRIDGE circuits, *MATHEMATICAL models, *ITERATIVE methods (Mathematics)
Abstract

This paper proposes an optimized transmission line modeling (TLM) method for the real-time transient simulation of systems with multiple nonlinearities. The proposed method allows the simulation to be carried out with larger time-steps while maintaining the accuracy. A detailed case study of a nonlinear bridge circuit is presented to illustrate the advantages of the optimized TLM method in comparison with other methods. The new formulation is then implemented in real-time for the transient simulation of the nonlinear bridge. Real-time simulation results are validated by comparing them with experimental measurements. A second case study includes a power system with several surge arresters which is also simulated in real-time by the aid of the optimized TLM method and verified using offline simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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85. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. Abrams, Ana Vukovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Jennifer O Lam, Mona Pathak, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Asadollah Gholamian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Babak Eshrati, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Atte Meretoja, Lorenzo Monasta, Ronan A. Lyons, Neda Kianipour, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Yasir Waheed, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Kevin S Ikuta, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Christopher Troeger, Jordi Alonso, Alireza Ahmadi, Navid Manafi, Caroline Stein, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jason Nguyen, Moses K. Muriithi, Aziz Rezapour, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Adrian Pana, H. Dean Hosgood, Noore Alam, James L. Fisher, Mariam Molokhia, Susan F. Rumisha, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ayman Grada, Emma Nichols, Babak Asghari, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ferrán Catalá-López, Aletta E. Schutte, Fiona B. Bennitt, Maciej Banach, Antonio Biondi, Donal Bisanzio, Josip Car, Ronny Westerman, Shafiu Mohammed, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Kenji Shibuya, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Karen M. Tabb, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avina Vongpradith, Dara K. Mohammad, Ralph Maddison, Babak Moazen, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Rahman Shiri, Fernando Neves Hugo, Hmwe H Kyu, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Robert C. Reiner, Van C. Lansingh, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Ashkan Afshin, Benjamin A Stark, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Natalie C. Galles, Behnam Heidari, Eun-Kee Park, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Suzanne Polinder, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amir Radfar, Mowafa Househ, Derrick A Bennett, Gaorui Guo, Hesam Ghiasvand, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Anita K. Nandi, Miklós Szócska, Manasi Kumar, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Simon Yadgir, Victor Aboyans, Justin J. Lang, Catherine O. Johnson, Soewarta Kosen, Carla Sofia e.Sá Farinha, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Heather Orpana, Samuel B. Albertson, Mahdi Afshari, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Adrian Oţoiu, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Kidanemaryam Berhe, André Faro, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Arash Etemadi, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Theodore Patrick Younker, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Linda Morales, Amanda Deen, Noushin Mohammadifard, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ai Koyanagi, Michele Nguyen, Chieh Han, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Mika Shigematsu, Mohammed Shannawaz, Khurshid Alam, Javad Nazari, Bryan L. Sykes, Rajat Das Gupta, Stephen S Lim, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Michael Brauer, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Deepa Jahagirdar, Kaja Abbas, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Mark A. Stokes, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Kanyin L. Ong, Kate Causey, Ahmed Omar Bali, Matilde Leonardi, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, André Karch, Blair R. Bumgarner, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Saeed Amini, Parvaiz A Koul, Blessing J. Akombi, Ro Ting Lin, Dabere Nigatu, Alaa Badawi, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Deanna Anderlini, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Rupert R A Bourne, Tanuj Kanchan, Catherine P. Benziger, Tahiya Alam, M. Mofizul Islam, Muktar Omer Omer, Leila Zaki, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Inbal Salz, Katharine J Looker, Shiwei Liu, Fatemeh Amiri, Christopher R. Cederroth, Mitra Abbasifard, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohamed M. Gad, Assefa Desalew, Lidia Morawska, Davood Anvari, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Hadi Pourjafar, Abdu A. Adamu, Maryam Adabi, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Jessica A. Cruz, Foad Abd-Allah, Amir Hasanzadeh, Jordan Weiss, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Joanna L Whisnant, Kelly Compton, Priya Parmar, Sanjay Basu, Leila R Kalankesh, Nickolas Reinig, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Damian Santomauro, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, David M. Pereira, Joht Singh Chandan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Hoa Thi Do, Whitney L. Teagle, Hans W. Hoek, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Yasser Vasseghian, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Charlie Ashbaugh, Fariba Dorostkar, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Golnaz Heidari, Kala M. Mehta, Saeed Shahabi, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hai Quang Pham, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kareha M Agesa, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Mohammad, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Saravanan Muthupandian, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Maryam Mirzaei, Zabihollah Yousefi, Shadrach Wilson, Iman El Sayed, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Eirini Skiadaresi, Reza Shirkoohi, Tim Driscoll, Morteza Jafarinia, Maha El Tantawi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Dickson A. Amugsi, Awoke Misganaw, Maseer Khan, Norito Kawakami, Jingkai Wei, Jai K Das, Vishnu Renjith, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Islam Y. Elgendy, Prateek Rastogi, Lauren B. Wilner, Josep Maria Haro, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Ben Lacey, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Sam Rolfe, Iffat Elbarazi, Yannick Béjot, Raimundas Lunevicius, Sezer Kisa, Harish Chander Gugnani, Basema Saddik, Manu Raj Mathur, Mansour Ghafourifard, Riaz Uddin, Anna Poznańska, Faris Lami, Niguse Meles Alema, Michael T. Chung, Arya Aminorroaya, Arash Sarveazad, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, João M. Furtado, Hamid Ahmadieh, Sara Conti, Yunquan Zhang, Manthan D Janodia, Aislyn U. Orji, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Jalal Arabloo, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Simona Cătălina Ştefan, Ester Cerin, Nuno Taveira, Lars Jacob Stovner, Amir Taherkhani, Masoud Foroutan, Tomasz Miazgowski, Amir Manafi, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Graeme J. Hankey, Mojgan Gitimoghaddam, Chantal Huynh, G Anil Kumar, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Turki Alanzi, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Brian J. Hall, Edward J Mills, Ali Kabir, Ravi Prakash Jha, Akbar Barzegar, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Chirag P. Doshi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Mohsen Naghavi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Maarten J. Postma, David Edvardsson, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Catherine M. Antony, Hannah Han, Ken Lee Chin, Getinet Ayano, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Oliver J. Brady, Mohsen Bayati, Christopher M Odell, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Susanna Dunachie, Raffaele Palladino, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Alessandra Lugo, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Paulo A. Lotufo, Maia Kereselidze, Salman Rawaf, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mousa Yaminfirooz, Neeraj Bedi, Mahesh P A, Harvey Whiteford, Gina Agarwal, Pallab K. Maulik, Ranjitha S Shetty, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Prasanna Mithra, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Tomislav Mestrovic, Razique Anwer, Marcello Tonelli, Hanne Christensen, Juan Jesus Carrero, Ali H. Mokdad, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Stephen R. Robinson, Saeid Safiri, Masood Ali Shaikh, Rajesh Sagar, Kelly Cercy, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, João Vasco Santos, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Sarah Lewington, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Praveen Hoogar, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Peng Zheng, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Paul H. Lee, Cameron J. Kneib, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Harrison Chase Gottlich, Andrew M. Briggs, Alibek Mereke, Om P Kurmi, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Shahram Saeidi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Aminu K. Bello, Tomi Akinyemiju, Ambrish Singh, Anamika Pandey, Matthew Cunningham, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Christine Linehan, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Dinesh Bhandari, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Valery L. Feigin, Christopher J L Murray, James D. Harvey, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Girikumar Kumaresh, Javad Yoosefi Lebni, Elisabetta Pupillo, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Marlena S Bannick, Caitlyn Steiner, Agus Sudaryanto, Eduardo Bernabé, Fereshteh Mehri, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Shaun Roberts, Rajeev Gupta, Jamal A. Yearwood, Nima Rezaei, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, David M. Pigott, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Fiona J Charlson, Norberto Perico, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sergio I. Prada, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Mustafa Z. 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L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL

Subjects
Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"

Published
2020

86. The Effects of Stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin on CD4+ T Cell Proliferation and Surface CD4 Molecule Modulation of Patients with LRBA Deficiency and CVID with the Unsolved Genetic Defect.

Author

Salami F, Shariati S, Rasouli SE, Delavari S, Tavakol M, Sadri H, Asghari B, Yazdani R, Rezaei N, Abolhassani H, and Azizi G

Subjects
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, CD4 Antigens metabolism, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes metabolism, Cell Proliferation, Humans, Ionomycin, Common Variable Immunodeficiency genetics
Abstract

Background: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immunodeficiencies. LPS-responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency is a combined immunodeficiency characterized by a CVID-like phenotype. Affected patients by LRBA and CVID present a wide range of clinical manifestations, including hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, autoimmunity, as well as T cell abnormality., Methods: The study population comprised of patients with CVID (n=10), LRBA deficiency (n=11), and healthy controls (n=12). CD4+ T cell frequency and CD4 MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) were evaluated using flow cytometry before and after stimulation with PMA/ION., Results: The frequencies of CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in patients with LRBA deficiency than in HCs before and after treatment. In the unstimulated state, the CD4+ T cells frequency in CVID patients was significantly lower than in HCs. There were no statistically significant differences between patients and healthy individuals in CD4+ T cell proliferation. Compared to HCs, LRBA and CVID patients showed a lower CD4 MFI in unstimulated conditions. Furthermore, CD4 MFI decreased in both patients and the control group following activation., Conclusion: Despite the reported decrease in CD4+ T cell frequency in patients with CVID and LRBA deficiency, our findings demonstrated that their CD4+ T cells have a normal proliferative response to stimuli similar to healthy individuals., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Published
2022
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87. Identification of Hemolysine Genes and their Association with Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in West of Iran.

Author

Motamedi H, Asghari B, Tahmasebi H, and Arabestani MR

Abstract

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is expressing a broad range of different hemolysins enhancing its ability to establish and maintain infection in humans. The aim of this study was to identify the types of hemolysins in different clinical isolates of S. aureus and their association with antibiotic resistance patterns., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected from Hamedan's hospitals during an 11-month period from June 2016 to January 2017 and identified by using biochemical tests. To determine the antibiotic resistance pattern, disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were conducted. Genomic DNA was extracted using extraction kit. The polymerase chain reaction was done with specific primers for identification of hla, hlb, hld , and hld genes., Results: Among a total of 389 clinical samples, 138 isolates (35.45%) of S. aureus were identified, which 87 isolates (63.04%) were cefoxitin MIC of >4 μg/ml and resistant to methicillin. The highest frequency of antibiotic resistance was observed against erythromycin in 108 isolates (78.26%) and penicillin in 133 isolates (96.37%) and the lowest resistance was against gatifloxacin in 50 isolates (36.23%) and Cefazolin in 11 isolates (97.7%). Furthermore, the hla, hlb, hld , and hlg genes were detected among 11 (7.97%), 7 (5.07%), 16 (11.59%), and 4 (2.89%) isolates, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the presence of alpha and delta hemolysin-encoding genes and the antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The results exhibited that the association between the presence of the hemolysin genes and the antibiotic resistance pattern can be considered as a serious issue., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Published
2018
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88. Comparison of cefuroxime and co-amoxiclav in the treatment of acute sinusitis in a sample of the Iranian population.

Author

Lari AR, Alinejad F, Alaghehbandan R, Mostafavi H, Asghari B, and Gholami A

Subjects
Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Iran, Male, Middle Aged, Single-Blind Method, Young Adult, Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination therapeutic use, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Bacterial Infections drug therapy, Cefuroxime therapeutic use, Sinusitis drug therapy, Sinusitis microbiology
Abstract

Objectives: Acute sinusitis is a common upper respiratory tract infection worldwide, which can be severely complicated if inappropriate treatment is applied. The aim of this study was to assess and compare efficacy of cefuroxime and co-amoxiclav in the treatment of acute sinusitis in an Iranian sample population., Methods: A randomized clinical trial, comparing the efficacy of two oral antibiotics, cefuroxime and co-amoxiclav in the treatment of acute sinusitis, was conducted in 2007. A total of 99 patients were enrolled in the study. The clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis was based on association of suborbital pain, purulent rhinorrhea and purulent discharge on the middle nasal meatus. All patients were also radiographically examined and their diagnoses were confirmed. Patients were randomly assigned to either receive 10 days of treatment with cefuroxime 250 mg twice daily (n=57) or receive co-amoxiclav 500/125 mg three times daily (n=42). Patients responses to treatment were assessed during and at the end of the treatment., Results: A satisfactory clinical outcome (cure or improvement of symptoms) was found in 86% (49/57) and 71.4% (30/42) of the clinically evaluable patients treated with cefuroxime or co-amoxiclav, respectively (p >0.05)., Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that cefuroxime (twice daily) is comparably effective as co-amoxiclav (three times a day) in the treatment of patients with acute sinusitis.

Published
2012

89. ESBL- and MBL-mediated resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: a global threat to burn patients.

Author

Owlia P, Azimi L, Gholami A, Asghari B, and Lari AR

Subjects
Acinetobacter Infections drug therapy, Acinetobacter Infections epidemiology, Acinetobacter baumannii genetics, Acinetobacter baumannii isolation & purification, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Burn Units, Carbapenems pharmacology, Carbapenems therapeutic use, Ceftazidime pharmacology, Ceftazidime therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross Infection microbiology, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, Hospitals, University, Humans, Infant, Iran epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Prevalence, Young Adult, beta-Lactamases genetics, Acinetobacter Infections microbiology, Acinetobacter baumannii drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Burns microbiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests methods, beta-Lactamases metabolism
Abstract

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important pathogen causing infections, especially in burnt patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo-Beta-Lactamase (MBL) in isolates of A. baumannii from burnt patients. One hundred-twenty-six A. baumannii strains were isolated from both male and female burnt patients admitted to Burnt Unit in Motahari hospital, Tehran. The susceptibility test was done by the disk combination technique. Disk test and disk diffusion methods were performed to confirm the production of ESBL and MBL in accordance with CLSI standard guidelines. Twenty-one percent of ceftazidime-resistance A. baumannii isolates were found to be ESBL producers. Thirty-nine percent of imipenem-resistant isolates produced MBL. Prolonged hospitalization of burnt patients made an important contribution to the incidence of resistant bacteria. The utility of an accurate surveillance for ESBL and MBL in A. baumannii isolated from burnt patients as an important step for successful antimicrobial treatment in the future.

Published
2012

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