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Objective: To determine the efficacy of oral eplerenone in anatomical and functional improvement in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods: This quasi experimental study was performed at PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi from September 2018 to February 2019. Study included 23 patients. Patients were included using consecutive sampling technique and informed consent was taken from all patients before staring treatment. 50 mg of oral eplerenone per day was given for three months. Subretinal fluid (SRF) height and visual acuity (VA) were noted at baseline, one month and three month follow-up. Structured Study performa was used for data collection. Data was analysed and assessed with SPSS version 23. P value of

Urdu ranks very high among languages used for communication in the Southern Asia. Even though with great following, it clearly lack computational support that is why it is written in Romanized Urdu script. There has been a lot of research done on the gender and age identification of author through written text but not ample have been done using Romanized Urdu dataset. In our research, we have proposed a model for the said purpose by identifying key parameter (defined attributes) of an author. These parameters were measured for both the genders and three categories of age. Weight assignment technique was used to plot graphs which help in computation of the desired results.

The aim of this paper is to explore the number system in Thali, a variety of Punjabi spoken by natives of Thal desert. There are three number categories singular, dual, and plural but all modern Indo Aryan languages have only singular and plural (Bashir & Kazmi, 2012, p. 119). It is one of the indigenous languages of Pakistan from the Lahnda group as described by Grierson (1819) in his benchmark book Linguistic Survey of India. Layyah is one of the prominent areas of Thal regions. The native speakers of Thali use this sub dialect of Saraiki in their household and professional life. The linguistic boundaries of the present Siraiki belt have changed under different linguistic variational rules as described by Labov (1963), Trudgal (2004), Eckert (2002) and Meryhoff (2008). There are many differences between Thali and Saraiki, on phonological, morphological and orthographical levels. Husain (2017) has pointed out linguistic differences between Saraiki and Lahnda and Thali is one of the popular languages of Lahnda spoken in different parts of Thal regions. According to the local language activists, Thali has been greatly influenced by Saraiki and Punjabi. The lexicon of Thali is composed for 20% of Punjabi, 45% of Saraiki, and 5% of loan words particularly English. Another particularity is that Perso-Arabic characters are used to write Thali. The most distinguishing characteristics of Thali are its parts of speech, word order, case marking, verb conjugation and, finally, usage of grammatical categories in terms of number, person, tense, voice and gender. In this perspective, number marking is the area to focus on noun morphology and exclusively on the recognition of number system in Thali nouns. The analysis of linguistic systems including grammar, lexicon, and phonology provide sound justifications of number marking systems in languages of the world (Chohan & García, 2019).

Objective: To study Agreement between Keratometric readings by VERION image guided System, Galilei G4 and Pentacam. Methods: The quasi experimental study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from August 2016 to December 2016. Twenty five patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria participated in the study. All Patients were subjected to Keratometric assessment using Galilei G4 Dual Scheimpflug analyzer (Ziemer, Switzerland), Wavelight Oculyzer II (Pentacam, Germany) and Verion image guided system (Alcon). Steep and flat meridian and diopter of astigmatism by three systems were recorded and endorsed. All readings were taken by the same observer. Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results analyzed for significance by t-tests and Interclass correlation analysis. In t tests, P values of 0.7 was considered acceptable. Results: Fifty eyes of twenty-five patients (22 male, 28 female) with mean age of 29.50 ± 3.46 years were studied. Flat K, steep K and dioptric power of astigmatism were measured with verion, pentacam and Galilei G4. Interclass correlation analysis showed agreement between individual variables measured by the three devices, while one sample t test showed no significant difference between dioptric power of astigmatism between Verion-Pentacam and Verion- Galilei group. (p 0.178 for former and 0.622 for later group). Conclusion: Verion image guided system is comparable to other instruments used currently for keratometry. Verion can be interchangeably used with Pentacam and Galilee G4 in assessing corneal astigmatism.

Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a radio communication technique which converts hardware problems to software problems using a programmable processing system. With the increase of SDR applications, the demand for high bandwidth and signal processing also increased. Therefore, the SDR system needs a programmable and scalable multicore processing hardware architecture. In this work, we proposed a scalable multi-core, programmable and parameterizable High Performance Software Defined Radio system architecture and software development environment. The proposed system uses heterogeneous processing cores including CPU, SIMD, and FPGA architectures and supports C++, Python, and Dataflow programming environment. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed system, we implemented and tested it on a FPGA based Altera DE1-SoC and heterogeneous multi-core development board. In order to prove that the system is efficient in a variety of scenarios, different modulation techniques are used.

Frequent itemsets (FIs) mining is a prime research area in association rule mining. The customary techniques find FIs or its variants on the basis of either support threshold value or by setting two generic parameters, i.e., N (topmost itemsets) and $$K_\mathrm{{max}}$$Kmax (size of the itemsets). However, users are unable to mine the absolute desired number of patterns because they tune these approaches with their approximate parameters settings. We proposed a novel technique, top-K Miner that does not require setting of support threshold, N and $$K_\mathrm{{max}}$$Kmax values. Top-K Miner requires the user to specify only a single parameter, i.e., K to find the desired number of frequent patterns called identical frequent itemsets (IFIs). Top-K Miner uses a novel candidate production algorithm called join-FI algorithm. This algorithm uses frequent 2-itemsets to yield one or more candidate itemsets of arbitrary size. The join-FI algorithm follows bottom-up recursive technique to construct candidate-itemsets-search tree. Finally, the generated candidate itemsets are manipulated by the Maintain-Top-K_List algorithm to produce Top-K_List of the IFIs. The proposed top-K Miner algorithm significantly outperforms the generic benchmark techniques even when they are running with the ideal parameters settings.

Language learners always require some supportive tool that may assist them in their quest of learning a second or foreign language because its not an easy task to have grip over language which the learners are unfamiliar with. Traditionally the tool which had been attracted language learners is dictionary because it provides phonetic, phonological, semantic and syntactic information which paves the way of quick learning. The present article investigates the functions provided by the dictionaries regarding all aspects of language learning.

Objective To compare post-operative pain relieving effect of topical diclofenac 0.1% versus ketorolac 0.5% in Corneal Collagen Cross Linking (CXL) for patients diagnosed with keratoconus. Methods This randomized controlled trial was carried out for six months from October 2016 to March 2017. We included young patients having keratoconus with k-readings greater than 47D and central corneal thickness more than 400 microns. All the patients received single dose one drop of topical diclofenac 0.1% to (Group-A) and ketorolac 0.5% to (Group-B) 30 minutes in advance of the corneal collagen cross linking (CXL) procedure. The CXL was performed with topical 0.1% riboflavin eye drops in 20% dextran as a photo sensitizer. After 36 hours of the CXL procedure, the postoperative intensity of pain was assessed verbally by patients with the help of visual analog scale (VAS) numbers from zero to five where 0 designated no pain & 5 symbolized worst pain. Results The study comprised sixty eyes of forty one patients. Out of total 16 were male while 25 female patients. The mean age of the patients was 24.27 ± 2.93 years (range 20 to 29 years). In the conclusive analysis, diclofenac 0.1% was used on 30 patients in Group-A and ketorolac 0.5% on 30 subjects in Group-B. Pain relieving scores in Group-A (diclofenac 0.1%) was 2.57 ± 0.67 while in Group-B (ketorolac 0.4% treated arm) was 3.20 ± 0.61. Conclusion Topical diclofenac 0.1% is statistically comparable to topical ketorolac 0.5% in precluding severity of pain after corneal collagen cross linkage operation.

Smart Web and Mobile Based interactive Application (SWAMBA) was developed and tested on undergraduate students to reveal how much the factors of format, ease of use, contents, timeliness, accuracy, and tailoring in mobile phones messages contribute in improving students' study behavior. Students' satisfaction toward SWAMBA was measured by the instrument called End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed on data collected based on EUCS to reveal the underlying relationships among similar measured variables. Subsequently, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed on the theoretical model developed during EFA to find which factor of EUCS accounts significantly in improving students' performance. Finally, multiple regression analysis was carried out to find how much independent variables of students study performance and decision making regress on dependent variables of content, timeliness, format, ease of use and accuracy. Data collected through survey and its analysis results revealed that mobile phone could be a very useful tool in the smart learning environment.

To study visual outcome in patients of high altitude retinopathy presenting with retinal venous occlusion.The randomised clinical trial study was conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January 2013 to December 2015, and comprised eyes of lowlanders. Patients staying at high altitude (8,000 feet above sea level) as part of their service duty and presented with retinal venous occlusive disease were included. Patients with history of diabetes, hypertension, glaucoma, any pre-existing retinal disease or age-related conditions responsible for decreased vision were excluded. Detailed ocular as well as systemic examination was carried out to establish the diagnosis of retinal venous occlusion. Patients were divided into two groups. First group was observed over a period of 6 months and labelled as control group, whereas the second group was treated with intravitrealbevacizumab and labelled as intervention group. Complete ocular examination was carried out in all patients at 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis.A series of 32 eyes of 28 male patients were included. The overall mean age was 31.40±3.40 years. The mean altitude of their temporary stay was 4,120±941 metres above sea level and the mean duration of stay was 6.80±4.13months. Besides, 21(75%) subjects were smokers. Moreover, 26(81.25%) eyes had central retinal vein occlusion while branch retinal vein occlusion was seen in 6(18.75%) eyes. The mean visual acuity in the control group was 0.70±0.56 on Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution chart at the presentation while it was 0.26±0.87, 0.20±0.32 and 0.15±0.23 after 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, respectively. The mean best corrected visual acuity in intervention group was 0.68 ± 0.46 before treatment and 0.15±0.11, 0.12±0.11 and 0.10±0.08 at 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, respectively. Significant post-intervention change was observed in best corrected visual acuity at 6 months (p0.05) in patients who presented with severe visual loss.Treatment with intravitrealbevacizumab may be considered in patients with severe visual loss at presentation.

Unilateral cyclitis leading to myopia is a rare and clinical relevant entity. In clinical settings, pseudomyopia is generally encountered in the form of accommodative spasm, which is always bilateral. Cyclitis due to inflammation, on the other hand, can cause pseudomyopia unilaterally and it is a very rare presentation. A young male with acute anterior uveitis, presented with acute episode of unilateral myopia. When patient was examined on first visit, there were no cells in anterior chamber; so he was started on cycloplegic eye drops, but his condition didn't improve. Examination on subsequent visit revealed cellular reaction in anterior chamber and narrowing of anterior chamber angles on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for uveitis was started and patient's visual acuity and refractive error improved. Pseudomyopia is a known complication of several drugs and certain medical conditions. The possible mechanism is supraciliary exudation causing relaxation of zonular fibers and increased convexity of the crystalline lens. Myopia in the setting of a mild cellular reaction can easily be missed and has not been reported yet to the best of authors' literature search.

This study examines the process of vowel epenthesis used by the Punjabi speakers to integrate the English consonant cluster at onset position of the syllable. English and Punjabi are two different phonological system where English allows consonant cluster and complex consonants at onset while Punjabi only allows complex consonants. Hence for the integration of syllables with consonant cluster, Punjabi speakers have to insert a vowel to make the consonant configuration according to Punjabi phonotactics. The data for this study are collected from recordings of focus group discussions, interviews and video clips. The data are analyzed by using CV phonology and Distinct Feature theory. The results suggest that Punjabi speakers insert vowels to modify the English consonant clusters according to Punjabi phonological environment. Thus, they add another vowel node and resyllabify the consonant clusters. The mid central /ə/ vowel is the default epenthetic vowel while in some cases /e/ is also used before the consonant clusters.

Machine Translation (MT) is exigent because it involves several thorny subtasks such as intrinsic language ambiguities, linguistic complexities and diversities between source and target language. Usually MT depends upon rules that provide linguistic information. At present, the corpus based MT approaches are used that include techniques like Example Based MT (EBMT) and Statistical MT (SMT). In addition to others, both of these corpus based techniques have different frameworks in the contemporary data-driven paradigm. SMT systems generate outputs using probabilities, whereas EBMT systems translate input text by matching examples from large amount of training data. Urdu MT is in its infancy with very limited availability of required data and computational resources. In this paper, we analyzed and evaluated the main MT techniques using qualitative as well as quantitative approaches. Strengths and weaknesses of each technique have been brought to light through special focus and discussion on examples from Urdu language MT literature. We evaluated the automated machine translated outputs using Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU). The EBMT approach produced the highest accuracy of 84.21% whereas the accuracy of the online SMT system is 62.68%. We found that BLUE scores of machine translated long Urdu sentences are low in comparison with long sentences. Similarly source text containing low frequency words affect the quality of Urdu machine translation negatively. Experiments and findings section of this paper explicate our reported results in detail. The paper concludes with proposal of future directions for research in Urdu machine translation.

To compare the change in endothelial cell count after femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) versus conventional phacoemulsification.Randomized controlled clinical trial.Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January 2016 to August 2017.Patients with senile cataract and age ranging from 40 to 80 years were included in the study. Patients with any other cause of endothelial cell loss, history of trauma, documented diabetes millitis, hypertention and glaucoma were excluded. Preoperative detailed ocular examination, including both anterior and posterior examination, was carried out. Patients were distributed into two groups. Group GP were planned for conventional phacoemulsification, while group GF underwent FLACS. All the surgeries were performed under local anesthesia by same ophthalmic surgeon. Specular microscope (Topcon specular microscope sp-3000p) was utilized to measure the endothelial cell count (ECC) before and 4 weeks after the surgery.Fifty eyes (25 in each group) of 48 patients underwent cataract surgery by phacoemulsification or FLACS. Twenty-five (52.08%) out of the total were females while 23 (47.91%) were males. Median age of the participants in phacoemulsification group was 55 years (IQR 20.50), while in FLACS group it was 54 years (IQR 8). The median change in endothelial cell count was 228 (IQR 532) in Phaco group, while 23 (IQR 35) in FLACS group. (p0.05 Mann Whitney U-test).FLACS is a safe and effective modality for cataract treatment and it induces significantly less endothelial cell loss than conventional phacoemulsification.

Natural Language Processing is the multidisciplinary area of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Computational Linguistic for processing human language automatically. It involves understanding and processing of human language. The way through which we share our contents or feelings have always great importance in understanding and processing of language. Parsing is the most suited approach in identifying and scanning what the available sentences expressed? Parsing is the process in which syntactic structure of sentence is identified using grammatical tags. The syntactically correct sentence structure is achieved by assigning grammatical labels to its constituents using lexicon and syntactic rules. Phrase and Dependency are two main structure formalisms for parsing natural language sentences. The growing use of web 2.0 has produced novel research challenges as people from different geographical areas are using this channel and sharing contents in their native languages. Urdu is one of such free word order native language which is widely shared over social media sites but identification and summarization of Urdu sentences is challenging task. In this review paper we present an overview to recent work in parsing of fixed order (i.e. English) and free word order languages (i.e Urdu) in order to reveal the most suited method for Urdu Language Parsing. This survey explored that dependency parsing is more appropriate for Urdu and other free word order languages and parsers of English language are not useful in parsing Urdu sentence due to its morphological, syntactical and grammatical differences.

Urdu ranks very high among languages used for communication in the Sourthrn Asia. Even though with great following, it clearly lack computational support that is why it is written in Romanized Urdu script. Even though, a lot of Romanized Urdu data is available online but it still lacks a refined Corpus. In our research, we have proposed a refined Romanized urdu Corpus using tokens with the highest frequency of occurrence in the data set, which was collected from volunteer participants who used this language as a mode of communication interactively. The raw corpus is passed through a series of steps such as Prepossessing, Tokenization and Annotation before passing it to computationally extensive subsequent steps. "Edit Distance" and "K-means Clustering" techniques are used for identification of candidate tokens and their potential selection/ inclusion in the refined lexicon. We have also identified most commonly used tokens, candidate tokens and other lingual attributes from the data collected. Based on analysis, we have proposed a computational model for refined colloquial Romanized Urdu lexicon development.

To compare the mean optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) versus normal healthy individuals using B-scan ultrasonography as diagnostic tool.Cross-sectional analytical study.Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from June to December 2015.Participants aged 30 - 50 years were divided into two groups. Group A(GP) comprised of patients who were diagnosed cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension while normal healthy adults who volunteered to participate in the study were included in Group B (GC). Ocular B mode ultrasound scan was performed on all the participants and each eye was considered separately. The optic nerve head was visualized as a linear hypoechoic structure, and ONSD was measured 3 mm behind the retina. Atotal of three readings were taken by the same radiologist and the average of three was recorded. Mean values of both groups were compared by t-test with significance at p0.05.Fifty-two eyes of 26 patients (26 eyes in each group) were included in the study. Twenty-four out of 26 in Group A(GP) and 23 out of 26 in Group B (GC) were females. Mean age of the patients was 33.92 ±4.89 years in group A(GP) while it was 34.69 ±4.79 years in group B (GC). Mean ONSD was 6.61 ±0.39 mm in group A(GP) and 4.33 ±0.38 mm in group B(GC) which was significantly different (p0.001).Ultrasound can provide a reliable, non-invasive tool to measure optic nerve sheath diameter in monitoring the patients with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH).

Automated advance reservation has the potential to ensure a good scheduling solution in computational Grids. To improve global throughput of Grid system and enhance resource utilization, workload has to be distributed among the resources of the Grid evenly. This paper discusses the problem of load distribution and resource utilization in heterogeneous Grids in advance reservation environment. We have proposed an extension of Partner Based Dynamic Critical Path for Grids algorithm named Balanced Partner Based Dynamic Critical Path for Grids (B-PDCPG) that incorporates a hybrid and threshold based mechanism to achieve load balancing to an allowed value of variation in workload among the resources in Partner Based Dynamic Critical Path for Grids algorithm. The proposed load balancing technique uses Utilization Profiles to store the reservation details and check the loads from these profiles on each of the resources and links. The load is distributed among resources based on the processing element capacity and number of processing units on resources. The simulation results, using Gridsim simulation engine, show that the proposed technique has balanced the workload very effectively and has provided better utilization of resources while decreasing the workflow makespan.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease of autoimmunity with variable and diverse clinical presentations. The target tissue is neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, where efficient nerve impulse transmission is hampered leading to less effective muscle contraction. Patients of MG usually present with bilateral ptosis, diplopia and fatigability, which may or may not coexist with generalised weakness, dysphagia and dysarthria. A46-year male presented with unilateral ptosis and diplopia. Except for unilateral moderate ptosis and restriction of extraocular movements, ocular and systemic examination was normal. Both ice pack and tensilon tests revealed improvement in ptosis. Patient was advised tablet pyridostigmine and prednisolone; and a remarkable improvement was noticed within a week.

Homocystinuria (HC) and neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF-1) are two genetically determined conditions with variable clinical manifestations. HC is a neurocutaneous autosomal recessive condition while NF-1 is an autosomal dominant phacomatosis. Both HC and NF-1 present with distinct systemic as well as ocular manifestations; however, vascular complications can occur in both the conditions. A9-year boy diagnosed case of HC along with other two siblings is reported here. He was referred by his paediatrician with decreased vision secondary to ectopia lentis. When examined in detail, he turned out to be suffering from both HC and NF-1, based on raised serum homocysteine levels, biopsy report of NF-1 and presence of café au laitspots and ectopia lentisclinically. Lens anomaly was corrected surgically while he was given oral vitamin B6 for HC to which he responded well.

1) Does QWERTY type keyboard provide optimum performance for every language? 2) Is it suitable for touch-screen devices? In this paper we tried to find out answers to these questions. QWERTY keyboard remained the most common mode of input for a long time. The recent growth of touch screen devices is forcing changes in modern GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces). They stipulate designing new input systems with higher performance, more user friendliness and better usability etc. The common QWERTY type keyboards lack these qualities when deployed on smaller touch screen devices such as smart phones, e-readers, tablet PCs and PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) etc.

Writing Urdu on computers and handheld widgets is an intricate job. This paper proposes a solution for that through a novel input system for fast and easy composing of Urdu using Western QWERTY keyboard. The case-sensitive mapping recommended in this article is unambiguous thus more appropriate for higher layer tasks such as transliteration, particularly reverse transliteration etc. It is also helpful to foreign students in learning Urdu. JaPak IEOU input system, which we propose, can run on a small CPU with little memory. It can be extended to other regional Perso-Arabic script languages as well. It is easy to adapt and quick to learn thus expected to be adopted by major proportion of users in rural regions where Perso-Arabic languages are in use.

G A A b st ra ct s screening via CT or MRI with EUS. Follow-up was recommended at 12 month intervals unless an abnormality warranted repeat screening at an earlier interval. All patients who presented for initial screening evaluation but failed to proceed to imaging evaluation tests were excluded. Results: There were 107 in the final cohort [Median Age 53 (29-84); 73 F (68.2%)] with follow-up of 0-109 months. There were 9 BRCA1 (3 with ≥1 first degree relative PC family history (FDR), 3 ≥1 second degree PC family history (SDR) and 3 with no PC family history). There were 27 BRCA2 (7 with ≥1 FDR, 3 with ≥1 SDR, 15 with no family history of PC); 2 HNPCC (1 ≥1 FDR and 1 ≥1 SDR), 4 Peutz-Jeghers with no PC family history, 26 Familial PC (≥2 FDR), 57 with PC family history not meeting Familial PC requirements. There were 19 (17.8%) initially screened via CT/MRI/EUS, 41 (38.3%) with CT/EUS, 5 (4.7%) with MRI/EUS, 27 (25.2%) with CT only , 5 (4.7%) with MRI only, and 8 (7.5%) with EUS only. The overall lesion detection accuracy for CT, MRI, and EUS were 20.0%, 18.8%, 34.2%. EUS was more accurate than MRI or CT at detecting cystic masses (EUS 23.3%, MRI 10.0%, CT 10.0%), side branch dilations (EUS 4.1%, MRI 0.0%, CT 0.0% ), parenchymal abnormalities (EUS 15.1%,MRI 6.3%, CT 1.1% ), and PD abnormalities (EUS 4.1%, MRI 0.0%, CT 1.1% ). Patients that had positive screening had a higher median age (57 vs 49), smoking history (30.6 vs 16.9%), and alcohol usage (50 vs 35.2%) than patients without abnormalities. Among HRI subgroups, more patients with initial pancreatic abnormalities on screening came from the Familial PC group (38.9 vs 16.9%). On the first follow-up imaging examination, EUS had greater accuracy at detecting all lesion types compared to MRI and CT (EUS 31.8%, MRI 8.0%, CT 4.3%), and all lesion sub-types that included cystic masses (EUS 18.2%, MRI 8.0%, CT 4.3%), side branch dilations (EUS 10.4%, MRI 0%, CT 0%), PD abnormalities (EUS 10.4%, MRI 0%, CT 0%), and other lesions (EUS 10.4%, MRI 0%, CT 0%). With regards to HRI characteristics, they also tended to be from the Familial PC HRI subgroup than other HRI groups (36.3% vs 28.8%). Conclusion: EUS appears to have a higher diagnostic yield compared to CT and MRI at detecting cystic masses, side branch dilations, parenchymal and PD abnormalities on initial screening and all pancreatic abnormalities on follow-up.