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The preservation of delayed response capacity in monkeys sustaining bilateral ablations of prefrontal cortex in infancy has been attributed to the intactness of the caudate nucleus, since combined prefrontal-caudate lesions in infant monkeys produce severe delayed response deficits at later testing. However, before concluding that the integrity of the caudate is essential, it must be shown that another type of combined lesion sustained in infancy is without substantial effect on later test performance. Since bilateral ablations of parieto-temporo-preoccipital (posterior association) cortex in adult monkeys are known to produce delayed-response deficits, a combined prefrontal-posterior association cortex lesion was judged to be the appropriate control. Accordingly, three infant monkeys were subjected to two-stage bilateral ablations of prefrontal and posterior association cortex prior to postnatal day 18. Testing on a series of delayed response problems was initiated between the eighth and tenth postnatal months. Test performances were found to be essentially equivalent to those of animals sustaining only a prefrontal ablation in infancy. In one preparation, a transient delayed response deficit during initial testing was attributed to minor caudate involvement. Although subtotal ablations in posterior association cortex were found in all cases, the massive lesions that were sustained make it unlikely that this area is functionally involved in preserving delayed response capacity in the early lesioned prefrontal monkey. These results tend to confirm our previous conclusion as to the functional importance of the caudate nucleus, possibly via its capacity to regulate locomotion and attention.

The performance of subjects ranging in age from 20 to 85 years was evaluated with a series of three simple, automated problem solving tasks. Age-dependent deficits were found in a task involving alternation of symbols, but not when spatial alternation was required. The technique described appears to be relatively free of bias and to provide a reliable, rapid, and sensitive procedure for further analysis of the determinants of age-related performance deficits.

IN the monkey, bilateral amygdalectomy results in a number of behavioural changes which have been well documented1–4. These changes consist of (1) reduction in aggressiveness and relative tameness toward man; (2) increased orality, coprophagia and the mouthing of inedible objects; (3) hypermetamorphosis; and (4) hypersexuality. While these changes may be enhanced by extending the lesion to include the temporal neocortex and hippocampus, it has been established that these behavioural alterations can be produced by ablation of the amygdaloid nuclei alone2.

CONTRIBUTIONS to our knowledge on the role of neuroendocrine mechanisms in the regulation of sexual behavior in mammals have been carefully summarized and evaluated in two excellent reviews by Beach.* It is generally agreed that copulatory behavior of adult males of several subprimate species can be diminished by castration or by injury of the central nervous system. The observations of Beach and Zitrin† indicate that extensive but incomplete destruction of the neocortex markedly interferes with the coordination of sensorymotor components of coital behavior in male cats. After complete neodecortication their cats failed to exhibit sexual interest or overt patterns of mating behavior when placed in association with receptive females. From these findings it would seem that the neopallium of this male carnivore, in addition to contributing sensory-motor components, exerts a generalized facilitative influence upon subcortical structures involved in the mediation of sexual behavior. In addition to contributions from the neopallium

This volume is a record of the first conference on learning, remembering, and forgetting sponsored by the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The program and format is patterned after the Josiah Macey Foundation series of conferences on brain mechanisms and behavior. The purpose of this conference was to bring together an outstanding interdisciplinary group who are concerned with problems of learning and memory primarily at the cellular level. Among the participants are Sir John Eccles, Lawrence Kruger, Holgar Hyden, James McGaugh, Albert M. Uttley, Heinz Von Foerster, and Eugene Roberts. The presentations are informal, the leader initiating each discussion with his own data and area of interest. The other participants discuss their data relevant to the presentation. Questions, criticisms, and comments are freely interjected providing some sparkling, and at times, heated discussion. It is a highly readable book and its value is enhanced by an excellent bibliography, several

Dr. Ban presents in this small volume an excellent, concise review of Pavlov's contributions to physiological psychology, human conditioning techniques, as well as his views on psychopathology. The book is conveniently divided in four parts. The first is devoted to a description of Pavlov's behavioral experiments with a terminological description to explain the results. This will provide readers interested in the contemporary Russian psychological literature with a handy interpretive guide. There are additional chapters covering Pavlov's brain model and its relation to current concepts of brain function. While it has perhaps only historical significance for non-Russian neurophysiology, it again provides the reader with the terminology for understanding the Russian literature. The second part contains a review of pavlovian clinical psychopathology. While not considering himself a clinician, Pavlov wrote extensively on psychiatry and constructed a theory to explain human neurosis on the basis of his experimental findings. Two basic forms of