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Letter to editor, Unidad Docente de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Review/Update, The purpose was to review and document the methods used to calculate the power of the intraocular lens (IOL) to be implanted in cataract surgery in the specific scenario of eyes with keratoconus (KC). This review was conducted of all scientific articles published in English that focused on the parameters and formulas used to calculate the power of the IOL to be implanted in eyes with KC undergoing cataract surgery. There are few publications that show in detail how IOL power is calculated in those particular cases. If the keratometric value is used based on the standard refractive index (1.3375), this results in a postoperative refractive error with a tendency to hyperopia. The SRK/T formula is the formula yielding the best outcomes. The greater the severity of KC, the greater the deviation of the postoperative refractive status deviation from the target outcome., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, inpress

En O.A. en la web del editor. Recibido: 26de mayo de 2020, SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible virus that spreads mainly via person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets, or through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces from an infected person. At present we are passing through a phase of slow and painful understanding of the origin, epidemiological profile, clinical spectrum, and risk profile of the virus. To the best of our knowledge there is only limited and contradictory evidence concerning SARS-CoV-2 transmission through other routes. Importantly, the eye may constitute not only a potential site of virus replication but also an alternative transmission route of the virus from the ocular surface to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. It is therefore imperative to gain a better insight into the potential ophthalmological transmission route of the virus and establish directions on best practice and future models of care for ophthalmological patients. This review article critically evaluates available evidence on the ophthalmological mode of viral transmission and the value of earlier identification of the virus on the eye. More evidence is urgently needed to better evaluate the need for protective measures and reliable ocular diagnostic tests to diminish further pandemic spread., Unidad Docente de Anatomía y Embriología, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Artículo de libre acceso en la web del editor, Background: Series of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection report headache in 6%‐15% of cases, although some data suggest that the actual frequency is higher, and that headache is not associated with fever. No study published to date has analyzed the characteristics of headache in these patients. Objective: To analyze the characteristics of COVID‐19 related headaches. Methods: We conducted a survey of Spaniard healthcare professionals who have been infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 and presented headache during the course of the disease. The survey addressed respondents’ medical history and headache characteristics, and we analyzed the association between both. Results: We analyzed the responses of a sample of 112 healthcare professionals. History of migraine was reported by 20/112 (17.9%) of respondents, history of tension‐type headache by 8/112 (7.1%), and history of cluster headache was reported by a single respondent; 82/112(73.2%) of respondents had no history of headache. Headache presented independently of fever, around the third day after symptom onset. The previous history of migraine was associated with a higher frequency of pulsating headache (20% in patients with previous migraine vs 4.3% in those with no history of migraine, P = .013). Conclusion: Headache is often holocranial, hemicranial, or occipital, pressing, and worsens with physical activity or head movements. Because the characteristics of the headache and the associated symptoms are heterogeneous in our survey, we suggest that several patterns with specific pathophysiological mechanisms may underlie the headache associated with COVID‐19., Depto. de Medicina, Depto. de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Unidad Docente de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Fac. de Medicina, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

La queratoplastia es una de las principales cirugías realizadas sobre la córnea. Ha ido evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo en cuanto a técnicas e indicaciones. Frente a la queratoplastia penetrante, en la actualidad se ha producido una transición a la realización de técnicas lamelares, con reemplazo selectivo de las capas corneales afectadas. En la práctica clínica, coexisten diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos de queratoplastia, con sus indicaciones, ventajas e inconvenientes..., Keratoplasty is one of the main surgeries performed on the cornea. It has evolved over time in terms of techniques and indications. In contrast to penetrating keratoplasty, there has been a transition to performing lamellar techniques, with selective replacement of the affected corneal layers. In clinical practice, different surgical procedures of keratoplasty coexist with their indications, advantages, and disadvantages...

Por cuarto año consecutivo los doctorandos de la Facultad de Óptica y Optometría de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid cuentan con un congreso propio organizado por y para ellos, el 4º PhDAY- FOO. Se trata de un congreso gratuito abierto en la que estos jóvenes científicos podrán presentar sus investigaciones al resto de sus compañeros predoctorales y a toda la comunidad universitaria que quiera disfrutar de este evento. Apunta en tu agenda: el 15 de octubre de 2020. En esta ocasión será un Congreso On-line para evitar que la incertidumbre asociada a la pandemia Covid-19 pudiera condicionar su celebración.

La queratoplastia es una de las principales cirugías realizadas sobre la córnea. Ha ido evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo en cuanto a técnicas e indicaciones. Frente a la queratoplastia penetrante, en la actualidad se ha producido una transición a la realización de técnicas lamelares, con reemplazo selectivo de las capas corneales afectadas. En la práctica clínica, coexisten diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos de queratoplastia, con sus indicaciones, ventajas e inconvenientes...

El objetivo de este proyecto es el de diseñar y desarrollar un método de evaluación que permita valorar, de manera objetiva, a los alumnos de la asignatura de Prácticas Clínicas del Master de Optometría y Visión de la Facultad de Óptica y Optometría durante la realización de dichas prácticas en un Hospital Universitario con pacientes reales.

Dry eye is commonly treated with artificial tears; however, developing artificial tears similar to natural tears is difficult due to the complex nature of tears. We characterized and evaluated a novel artificial tear formulation with components similar to the lipid and aqueous constituents of natural tears. Nano-liposomes, composed in part of phosphatidylcholine, were dispersed in an aqueous solution of bioadhesive sodium hyaluronate. Liposome size, zeta potential, and physicochemical properties of the fresh and stored (4°C) liposomal formulation were analyzed. In vitro tolerance was tested using human corneal and conjunctival cell lines by exposures of 15 min to 4 h. The tolerance of the liposomal formulation was evaluated in animals (rabbits). The average liposome size was 186.3 +/- 7.0 nm, and the zeta potential was negative. The osmolarity of the formulation was 198.6 +/- 1.7 mOsm, with a surface tension of 36.5 +/- 0.4 mN/m and viscosity of 3.05 +/- 0.02 mPa·s. Viability values in the human corneal and conjunctival cell lines were always >80%, even after liposomal formulation storage for 8 weeks. Discomfort and clinical signs after instillation in rabbit eyes were absent. The new formulation, based on phosphatidylcholine-liposomes dispersed in sodium hyaluronate has suitable components and characteristics, including high in vitro cell viability and good in vivo tolerance, to serve as a tear substitute., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras, Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Background: Hyperreflective foci have been described in OCT imaging of patients with retinal vascular diseases. It has been suggested that they may play a role as a prognostic factor of visual outcomes in these diseases. The purpose of this study is to describe the presence of hyperreflective foci in patients with non-infectious uveitic macular edema and evaluate their behavior after treatment. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, prospective, observational, 12-month follow-up study. Inclusion criteria were age > 18 years and a diagnosis of non-infectious uveitic macular edema, defined as central macular thickness of > 300 mu m as measured by OCT and fluid in the macula. Collected data included best corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness and the presence, number and distribution (inner or outer retinal layers) of hyperreflective foci. Evaluations were performed at baseline, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after starting treatment. Results: We included 24 eyes of 24 patients. The frequency of patients with >= 11 hyperreflective foci was 58.4% at baseline, falling to 20.8% at 12 months. Further, hyperreflective foci were observed in the outer retinal layers in 50% of patients at baseline and just 28.6% at 12 months. Mean LogMAR visual acuity improved from 0.55 (95% CI 0.4-0. 71) at baseline to 0.22 (95% CI 0.08-0.35) at 12 months (p < 0.001). Mean central macular thickness decreased from 453.83 mu m (95% CI 396.6-511) at baseline to 269.32 mu m (95% CI 227.7-310.9) at 12 months (P < 0.001). Central macular thickness was associated with number (p = 0.017) and distribution (p = 0.004) of hyperreflective foci. Conclusions: We have observed hyperreflective foci in most of our patients with non-infectious uveitic macular edema. During follow-up and after treatment, the number of foci diminished and they tended to be located in the inner layers of the retina.

El glaucoma se define como una neuropatía óptica crónica y progresiva. El factor de riesgo más importante para el desarrollo de glaucoma, así como para su progresión, es una presión intraocular (PIO) elevada. Así, los fármacos hipotensores tópicos, que reducen la PIO, son la terapia de primera línea requiriendo la mayoría de los pacientes tratamiento a lo largo de su vida.El término “patología de la superficie ocular (PSO)” describe un amplio espectro de condiciones tales como síndrome de ojo seco (SOS), blefaritis, conjuntivitis y queratitis. La PSO se observa con frecuencia en pacientes con glaucoma y surge, en gran medida, como consecuencia del uso crónico de la terapia hipotensora tópica. La PSO es una de las responsables de la frecuente mala adherencia al tratamiento de los pacientes con glaucoma, así como del empeoramiento de la calidad de vida del paciente.Hoy en día hay cada vez más evidencia de que los conservantes, presentes en la formulación de algunos medicamentos anti-glaucomatosos tópicos, empeoran los signos y síntomas de la PSO. El cloruro de benzalconio (en inglés, BAK) es uno de los primeros conservantes introducidos y el más utilizado actualmente. Varios estudios in vitro y en modelo animal han demostrado que las soluciones preservadas con BAK causan neurotoxicidad corneal, disrupción de la película lagrimal y daño en la malla trabecular. Numerosos estudios clínicos observacionales han evaluado el papel desempeñado por los conservantes en la PSO...

El glaucoma se define como una neuropatía óptica crónica y progresiva. El factor de riesgo más importante para el desarrollo de glaucoma, así como para su progresión, es una presión intraocular (PIO) elevada. Así, los fármacos hipotensores tópicos, que reducen la PIO, son la terapia de primera línea requiriendo la mayoría de los pacientes tratamiento a lo largo de su vida.El término “patología de la superficie ocular (PSO)” describe un amplio espectro de condiciones tales como síndrome de ojo seco (SOS), blefaritis, conjuntivitis y queratitis. La PSO se observa con frecuencia en pacientes con glaucoma y surge, en gran medida, como consecuencia del uso crónico de la terapia hipotensora tópica. La PSO es una de las responsables de la frecuente mala adherencia al tratamiento de los pacientes con glaucoma, así como del empeoramiento de la calidad de vida del paciente.Hoy en día hay cada vez más evidencia de que los conservantes, presentes en la formulación de algunos medicamentos anti-glaucomatosos tópicos, empeoran los signos y síntomas de la PSO. El cloruro de benzalconio (en inglés, BAK) es uno de los primeros conservantes introducidos y el más utilizado actualmente. Varios estudios in vitro y en modelo animal han demostrado que las soluciones preservadas con BAK causan neurotoxicidad corneal, disrupción de la película lagrimal y daño en la malla trabecular. Numerosos estudios clínicos observacionales han evaluado el papel desempeñado por los conservantes en la PSO..., Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy. The most significant risk factor for developing glaucoma and for its progression is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). This means that topical IOP-lowering eye drops are the first line therapy for glaucoma, with most patients requiring treatment throughout their lives.The term ocular surface disease (OSD) describes a wide spectrum of conditions such as dry eye syndrome (DES), eye lid disease, conjunctivitis and keratitis. OSD is frequently observed in glaucoma patients and is thought to be the consequence of the chronic use of IOP-lowering eye drops. As a co-morbidity of glaucoma, OSD has been held responsible for poor treatment adherence and worsening of patient quality of life.Today, there is increasing evidence to suggest that the preservatives used in anti-glaucoma medications may worsen the signs and symptoms of OSD. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is one of the first preservatives introduced and is currently the most widely used ophthalmic preservative. Several in vitro and animal studies have shown that solutions containing BAK cause corneal neurotoxicity, tear film disruption and trabecular meshwork damage. Numerous observational clinical studies have assessed the role played by preservatives in OSD. The presence of BAK in latanoprost –the most frequently prescribed prostalandin– is associated with conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratopathy, or squamous metaplasia..

Clinical Study, Purpose To compare measurements taken using a swept-source optical coherence tomography-based optical biometer (IOLmaster 700) and an optical low-coherence reflectometry biometer (Lenstar 900), and to determine the clinical impacts of differences in their measurements on intraocular lens (IOL) power predictions. Methods Eighty eyes of 80 patients scheduled to undergo cataract surgery were examined with both biometers. The measurements made using each device were axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth (AQD), lens thickness (LT), mean keratometry (MK), white-to-white distance (WTW), and pupil diameter (PD). Holladay 2 and SRK/T formulas were used to calculate IOL power. Differences in measurement between the two biometers were determined using the paired t-test. Agreement was assessed through intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots. Results Mean patient age was 76.3±6.8 years (range 59–89). Using the Lenstar, AL and PD could not be measured in 12.5 and 5.25% of eyes, respectively, while IOLMaster 700 took all measurements in all eyes. The variables CCT, AQD, LT, and MK varied significantly between the two biometers. According to ICCs, correlation between measurements made with both devices was excellent except for WTW and PD. Using the SRK/T formula, IOL power prediction based on the data from the two devices were statistically different, but differences were not clinically significant. Conclusions No clinically relevant differences were detected between the biometers in terms of their measurements and IOL power predictions. Using the IOLMaster 700, it was easier to obtain biometric measurements in eyes with less transparent ocular media or longer AL., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub