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The rapid development of cities, as well as the growing number of natural and man-made disasters, makes it important to place part of various urban buildings underground, as well as design the operation of these facilities in emergency situations. The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of using urban underground structures as protective objects in the mountainous regions of Russia (using the example of Primorsky Krai). It was proved that for successful development of underground space and implementation of existing projects, an appropriate urban planning program should be developed, which would link socio-economic issues with architectural planning and engineering and technical measures, and such a program is necessary at the stage of engineering development of new territories or during reconstruction plots of old buildings. The technological parameters of the efficiency of dual-purpose underground structures are revealed. Capacity, volume of the structure and the required volume of air were taken as decisive parameters in the design of such a structure. The obtained mathematical dependences of the volume of the underground structure on the number of people being sheltered and the necessary ventilation on the capacity allow to interpolate and extrapolate, obtaining the necessary parameters of the technological efficiency of using urban underground structures as dual-use objects.

Thermal comfort studies have been a subject of research since the 1930s. Thermal comfort conditions which are of great importance for human health, are also important for energy. Todays due to climate changing and a decrease in energy resources, there is a change in indoor thermal comfort conditions in historic and contemporary buildings. Thermal comfort conditions are the most important factors affecting the use of buildings. So places and spaces where thermal comfort conditions aren’t good are tried to improve to optimal. The historical buildings constitute the majority of the city's building stock in addition to their original and aesthetic architectural qualities, the value for the city. From the planning to the construction process in historical buildings it is observed architectural plan schemes are shaped by considering various environmental and climatic factors such as sun and climate thus it can be said energy uses is taken into account. It is important to use historical structures and to re-function when they are not available with their original function. With re-use, the new details and additional applications that are applied can affect the thermal comfort properties of the building positively or negatively. This study focuses on the thermal comfort properties that come with the restoration of a historic building. In this context, Ali Gav Madrasah which is located in castle borders in the historical city center of Konya in Turkey and restored with a contemporary additional feature that is considered worthy of being examined in terms of thermal comfort. Thermal analysis of the reconstructed Ali Gav Madrasah, which has undergone restoration through integration based on historical documents and excavations and has a top cover made of modern materials, was carried out in August 2018 and January 2019. According to these analyzes, today's thermal conditions are inadequate for all places in Ali Gav Madrasah of thermal comfort conditions. Comments are made on the connection of this insufficient thermal comfort with the restoration/reconstruction. From this point of view, Before the restoration procedures for historical buildings, required feasibility studies and necessary solutions about buildings thermal conditions are investigated. And then architectural details should be produced for this.

The basic architectural and planning decision of the city Washington, which is an example of regular planning, is investigated. The composition scheme of the city has been discovered. The composition of Washington's main alley, planned in the heart of the nation's capital, is analyzed. It is a venue for national events, public gatherings, the site of government structures, museums and national memorials and serves the recreational function of the population. The organization of the city prospectus system, which extends radially from rectangular blocks, provides space for open space and landscaping. Features of communicative design are revealed. The main guidelines were identified to ensure the monumental, dignified and symbolic location of government structures, museums and national memorials, in keeping with the plans of Lanfan and Macmillan, to keep part of the Potomac West Park alley as a public recreation park. Ensuring the existence of the alley in the heart of the nation's capital as a place for national events and a special place for public gatherings, since this is how the constitutional right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly is expressed; keeping the alley free of commercial advertisements while giving the opportunity to pay tribute to the benefactors. It is analyzed what role in the architectural and planning structure of the National Alley plays the water spaces represented by the reflecting pools. The factors that have led to the city's formation as a "clean" US capital have been investigated. The algorithm of permanent restriction of the development of industry, in particular the construction of large enterprises, has been revealed. It was found that the main structures were intended to be built in the Baroque style, the avenues had to radiate from rectangular quarters to provide space for open space and landscaping. A law that restricts high-rise buildings and opens opportunities to enjoy Washington's landscapes at different points in the city is considered.

The prerequisites for the formation of the architectural and spatial environment of the city of Chernivtsi that influenced the urban development in the late 30s of the XX - beginning of the XXI centuries are considered. The construction of Chernivtsi at the time of entry into Soviet Ukraine is described. The chronology of the city events development is considered.With the entry of Chernivtsi into the Soviet Union in 1940 important urban transformations began, the purpose of which was to turn Chernivtsi into a Soviet city. In this respect, the concepts of the general plan of 1965 became decisive, the implementation of which gave the peripheral parts of the city the image of a "typical" socialist city. Chernivtsi City Executive Committee established the boundaries between the districts of Chernivtsi.September 24, 1947 Chernivtsi city executive committee adopted the "Scheme of the master plan of the city of Chernivtsi" with comments on some revision.In 1956, the Kharkov branch of the Dipromisto Design Institute developed the master plan of Chernivtsi, which provided for the further development of the city in a southerly direction. Then it was decided to abandon selective construction in the historical center and focus on mass construction in new territories using only standard designs. At this time, the intensive development of the city began.There were changes in the administrative division of the city. New urban areas were being created.Since 1965, Chernivtsi was being built up in the accordance to the general plan developed by the Lviv branch of the design institute.In 1969, the development of the Pivdenny housing estate began. The main street was taken as the current main street. Construction was carried out in the southern part of the city, new housing estates were built up with five-story houses, sports and entertainment facilities.Since 1971, typical houses with improved layout of apartments were built in the residential areas of the city. In the overlooking the main streets houses shops and other public services were placed on the ground floors.1993 a new general plan was approved. The city developed according to the general plan, however, as socio-economic conditions changed, the city entered into market relations, the population and construction rates decreased, many enterprises were closed, and ten years later there was a need to adjust the city plan. The new general plan, which action is designed for the period until 2020, provides for a smooth population growth of 250,000 people, a change in the functional purpose of those industrial enterprises that do not work and will not work. Approved "Rules of using and development of the territory of the city of Chernivtsi".In 2012, new adjusted master plan of the Chernivtsi city was approved, which is the current urban planning documentation. The main role in the formation of the planning structure of Chernivtsi was played by natural factors: the Prut River, morphoforms of the relief and forest cover. The territory of the city is divided into two parts - a high right bank and a low left bank, separated by a floodplain of the river Prut. According to the general plan, these are Left-bank and Right-bank planning areas of the city. The structure of planning areas is closely related to the existing network of streets and roads; existing and promising public transport systems. For the Chernivtsi city projects for detailed planning of the territory are being developed on a competitive basis guided by the current urban planning documentation., Розглянуто передумови формування архітектурно-просторового середовища міста Чернівці які вплинули на містобудівний розвиток наприкінці 30-х років XХ – початку XXI століть. Описується забудова Чернівців на час входження до Української РСР. Розглядається формування архітектурно-просторового середовища на рівні планувальних, житлових районів, окремих кварталів, напрямки територіального розвитку кварталів, відповідно до генеральних планів міста розроблених в різні часові проміжки – радянською владою та часів незалежної України. Розглядаються правила забудови Радянського періоду та часів незалежності.

An analytical approach to architectural planning requires an investigation into possible systems of movement and spaces where people move and find their way. One of the most complex and comprehensive problems in architectural design is designing of floor plans and circulation systems for effective accessibility. This study aims to inspect three different floor plan typologies of elementary school based on space syntax analysis and feedbacks assessments of the school staff. Duplication in the evaluation methods provides a deeper understanding of the types of the educational building and identifies differences and similarities among them to diagnose any of them more suitable for easy circulation and access to its main spaces and functions. Ground floor plan of the selected cases was analyzed and evaluated according to three main syntactical indicators such as integration, connectivity, and visibility. By analyzing multivariate variance, the relationship between evaluations and school types was statistically estimated. As a result, the advantages and defects of each kind of elementary school were evaluated. The mixed-method approach applied in this study has contributed effectively as a powerful tool in detecting the perceptibility and readability of elementary school building typologies. It would become useful knowledge for future elementary school designing and planning. Keywords: Elementary school, Space syntax, Spatial configuration, School teachers′ feedback, Erbil city

The article provides a brief overview of the geometric prerequisites for the selection of architectural and planning solutions of the Crimean Tatar housing in the XVIII − XIX centuries. in the mountainous, foothill and steppe regions of the Crimea. Identified some of the geometric features of architectural and planning decisions of the organization of the Crimean Tatar housing. Over a number of epochs, the complex evolution of ethno-cultural traditions, which are based on ancient layers of the history of culture, is reflected in the architecture of the Crimean Tatars. Not the last place in such a hierarchy is occupied by questions of geometric order, in a certain way characterizes the morphology of architecture of the Crimean Tatars. The development of architecture in modern society is a rather complicated process. On the one hand, there is an obvious tendency towards universal globalization, which threatens to level national cultures. On the other hand, there is a growing tendency in the world to preserve and enhance national cultural values, to strengthen the self-awareness of each nation, to ensure the flourishing of its culture, to revive the origins of folk art and architecture. Under these conditions, it is necessary to recall the relevance of the process of reviving the Crimean-Tatar architecture. One of the constituent features of the composite organization of the Crimean Tatar housing of the XVIII − XIX centuries. in the mountainous, foothill and steppe regions of the Crimea, there is a system for applying geometric bases both in the planning organization of housing and in other aspects: orientation to the cardinal points, insolation, lighting, and the like. The purpose of the article is the establishment of geometric prerequisites for architectural planning decisions of the Crimean Tatar dwelling, and their importance for the formation of architecture in the Crimea in the 20th century . in the context of the reconstruction of the prerequisites, patterns and peculiarities of the development of the Crimean Tatar architecture. Conclusions. The study of the geometric premises of the architectural and planning organization of the Crimean Tatar housing allowed to determine that geometric prerequisites and geometric means of design and construction are important for the architectural planning organization of the Crimean Tatar housing. Geometric prerequisites include: important positions of rational use of geometric features of the relief, principles of rational geometry, which are based on natural, ethnic and extreme influences. Geometry is used: to determine spatial forms; to create forms that are considered harmonious, and accordingly for the planning of buildings and their environment in accordance with mathematical, aesthetic and sometimes religious principles; to decorate buildings with mathematical objects, such as tessellation; and to address environmental issues, such as minimizing the swirling winds at the bottom of the skyscrapers. It is proved that the formation and development of the Crimean Tatar architecture is inextricably linked with the evolution of its architectural and planning characteristics, which are directly related to the geometry. The study allowed to establish some geometric features of architectural and planning decisions of the organization of the Crimean Tatar housing in the XVIII − XIX centuries. in the mountainous, foothill and steppe regions of the Crimea.

The article reveals issues related to the relevance of the use of energy efficient technologies and architectural and planning methods of dealing with adverse climatic conditions in the modern world. The concept of extremality is revealed in architecture and a classification of extreme conditions is presented. The analysis of the state policy in the field of efficient use of energy resources was carried out and the vector of development of energy saving programs for Russia was determined. The purpose of the work was based on the analysis of modern foreign design and construction experience to identify the advantages and disadvantages of facilities using energy efficient technologies and architectural planning methods to combat adverse climatic conditions, and determine the prospects of their use in the domestic construction practice. The study of the influence of extreme climatic conditions on the architectural and planning solutions of buildings was carried out and the peculiarities of their design, primarily related to the issues of improving energy efficiency, were revealed. It was concluded that the objects under study can be considered as one of the directions for the development of sustainable architecture.

The bell-tower is a well-known architectural element in any church. It makes from the church a landmark for the surrounding area. However, all of the documented architectural plans of the ancient Coptic churches have no place for the bell tower. This is according to the documentations of important authors and researchers in this field, such as; Somers Clark, Alfred Butler and Peter Grossmann and others. Therefore, the main interest of this paper is to determine the date in which Copts began to build up their bell-towers in churches, even if approximately. That by observing the documented plans, historical texts or even arts, to deduce the earliest bell-towers in Coptic churches. Therefore, we can mention the date Copts needed to build them or even were able to. This methodology gives the opportunity, moreover, to determine the regional influences (from the nearby middle east, Mediterranean, African….etc.) that reflected on the Coptic bell-towers from the early beginning, and even the local influences. Furthermore, this research traces the evolution of the Coptic bell-towers and, accordingly, their structural development. Also, their location on the church plan and their relation with other components of the church. This study can be considered as a piece that accumulates a scientific architectural figure about the ancient Coptic churches that survives since the fourth century, and represents a part of the Mediterranean heritage. Consequently, contemporary architects of churches, can revive this heritage and add their evolutions to it according to the contemporary social and religious needs, and developed technology.

In the historical process, human being, who has been in constant relationship with the environment that he lived in, has shaped and changed nature according to his own wishes since the day he was there. This form of development was firstly introduced in the form of protection and struggle, and later became permanent and organic by discovering the need for accommodation. Nowadays, the demand for sustainable design, products and services is growing, and the awareness of the importance of energy and fuel savings is increasing. Vernacular structures are constructed with the most suitable materials and components depending on the climatic characteristics they are in. Space organization and orientations are still depending on climate and land conditions have been created in the right way. In this paper, Vernacular Safranbolu Houses were examined in terms of sustainability, and energy efficiency properties were investigated. The layout of the houses, the planning features, the materials used in the houses and the materials resources in the region were examined. Considering the Safranbolu houses within the framework of sustainability, it can be said that these houses provide sustainability conditions in terms of planning and environment. Most of the houses have passive architectural planning features and applications that can be an example of sustainable architecture of sustainable life. The characteristics of these houses can be used in today's buildings.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the architectural spatial solutions that can serve as a basis of adaptive measures taken for coastal settlements of the northern territories of Russia to climatic changes. A search for analogs is carried out both among the implemented projects and project proposals. The identification of analogs allows their categorization and highlighting a number of adaptive techniques for further research.

Boomtowns are the product of unique flows of development characterized by relatively rapid population growth and land conversion, and the sudden appearance of functional and place-making fe...

In the process of development in recent years, my country’s urban construction has achieved very good results, but the acceleration of the urbanization process has also brought a lot of pressure and problems to the city itself. In the process of urban construction, the construction of drainage systems in many cities was not perfect, which resulted in the infiltration of surface water in the city. Many places in the city were flooded by rain, which seriously affected people’s daily life. The construction of cities has led to changes in many resources and the environment, and the normal structural network of rivers has also been destroyed. Surface water in cities is more difficult to drain, and urban waterlogging often occurs. To solve the problem of urban waterlogging, it is necessary to use knowledge of multiple disciplines. This article comprehensively considers various factors affecting urban waterlogging, summarizes the advantages and methods of sponge city construction, and introduces the sponge city based on the geographic information system. The construction is simulated and simulated. Through research and analysis, we can know that the use of geographic information system can provide good help for plant planning and architectural planning in the process of sponge city construction. The use of the system can evaluate actual construction work and prevent work mistakes.

This study aims to characterize a series of high-rise reinforced concrete wall buildings located in Antofagasta, Chile, by means of a set of structural indexes commonly used in professional activities in our country and recommended by researchers. To this effect, a total of eight buildings was analyzed, from which, based on their architectural plans and engineering drawings, a series of properties was determined, such as wall and floor area, among others. Additionally, a modal spectral analysis was carried out according to the current Chilean regulations (NCh 433Of.1996Mod.2009 and DS 61) by means of the ETABS software. Next, eleven structural indexes were selected and determined, which are related to stiffness, structural redundancy, and ductility, with the purpose of making a seismic qualification. The obtained values indexes provide information about the expected structural performance of the buildings under a major seismic event. Finally, correlations between the different indexes were established. RESUMEN El presente estudio busca caracterizar un conjunto de edificios altos estructurados en base a muros de hormigón armado, ubicados en la ciudad de Antofagasta-Chile, mediante un conjunto de índices estructurales comúnmente usados en la práctica profesional en nuestro país y sugeridos por investigadores. Para esto, se analizaron ocho edificios en total, a los cuales, a partir de los planos de arquitectura y estructurales, se les determinó un conjunto de propiedades tales como el área de muros y pisos, entre otros. Además, se les realizó un análisis modal espectral según la normativa chilena vigente (NCh 433Of.1996Mod.2009 y DS 61) mediante el programa ETABS. A continuación, se seleccionaron y determinaron once índices estructurales relacionados con la rigidez, redundancia estructural y ductilidad, con el fin de realizar una calificación sísmica. Los valores obtenidos aportan información sobre el posible comportamiento estructural que podrían tener los edificios frente a un evento sísmico severo. Finalmente, se establecieron correlaciones entre los diferentes indicadores.

The public housing demand in Seoul has been continuously increasing, but the available land for housing is insufficient. To meet the demand, the Seoul government is planning to develop small-scale housing in urban areas through various methods. Construction activities for increasing housing capacity cause negative environmental impacts, and this inevitably leads to an increase in the number of civil complaints. The complaints can be mitigated by using offsite construction (OSC) for fabricating components. However, OSC remains underdeveloped in Korea owing to concerns over high project costs. To promote OSC, the government must develop a long-term plan to secure demand for OSC. For such a plan, the number and feasibility of applicable sites in Seoul must be estimated. This study suggests a two-stage research framework: (1) estimate the number of applicable sites in Seoul using GIS and (2) conduct feasibility analyses of these sites through architectural planning. The estimated number of sites was equal to the expected supply of small-scale housing units in Seoul for 8 years, and the selected case sites were identified to be feasible. Therefore, the use of OSC for developing small-scale housing units in Seoul is reasonable. This research differs from previous studies in that the previous use of qualitative studies to promote modular construction was replaced with a quantitative analysis that included the entire Seoul area. Using the research framework, the Seoul government can develop a specific long-term plan based on the quantitative research analysis. Furthermore, manufacturers can develop plans based on the government plan and deliver returns on the higher initial costs. The contractors can reduce the higher project cost and doing so is expected to mitigate the negative perception and to promote modular construction in Korea.

The MD Anderson Hospital for Cancer Research (as it was named in 1946) incorporated pioneering changes that set new standards in hospital design, construction, and function. It is remarkable that surgeon R. Lee Clark, the new Director of the MD Anderson Hospital, and with no previous experience in hospital construction, personally led the design and supervision of a world class medical care and research facility. This is the untold story of his leadership and his diligence visiting hospitals and cancer facilities in America and Europe, his clever hiring, his supervision of the architectural firms (through 23 versions of architectural plans), his adaptability to the market when building costs were skyrocketing, and his extraordinary ability in raising enormous funds from private, state, and federal sources. He was such a creative genius in his inaugural building project that the new MD Anderson “cancer station” was described by national magazines as totally unique in its design that set new standards in cancer care delivery. With his typical determination, enthusiasm, and creative approach to problem-solving, Clark embarked on this building project in 1946 with a budget of $1,750,000, expecting to complete this project in 2 to 3 years. In fact, the entire project took 8 years and cost five times more than the original estimate, at almost $9,000,000! The process took 2 years for Dr. Clark to visit more than 30 cancer facilities and many academic hospitals in America and in Europe, 2 years of architectural planning, and 4 years of construction. When MD Anderson opened its doors in 1954, it was described by national magazines as “one of the most modern hospitals in the nation.”

Residential buildings are people’s main living space. People’s economic ability and living standard are constantly improving, and their requirements for living environment are also constantly improving. Residential design and planning based on living environment must face the market, understand the needs of users, plan and design according to the local natural and cultural environment, ensure the integrity of indoor and outdoor functions, and promote sustainable development and meet the needs of residents’ living environment by combining the concept of energy conservation and environmental protection. Grey GM (1,1) model has a single method in planning and design due to its own limitations. In this paper, a prediction model, Grey Markov Model, is proposed, which combines the advantages of Grey Model and Markov Model to judge the development trend of buildings together, and verifies the feasibility of internal and external planning and design of residential buildings in human settlements through examples.

In this research, users’ perception towards Universal Mobility in old core cities of India has been critically analyzed. Despite Universal Design guidelines from the United Nations and Union Government of India, old cities in India are seldom having Universal Mobility, in effect endangering the lifestyle of senior citizens and differently-abled people. The core of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Kolkata, India has been considered as a case example for this research. This research has considered three types of data sets for analysis. First, the authors interviewed 310 respondents from the Indian design fraternity, with the objective of understanding their opinion on the concept of Universal Design. In the next investigative study of 125 respondents from different wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, the purpose was to comprehend people’s perception about walkability and mobility in an old Indian city. In the last visual survey of a stretch in Central Kolkata, the focus was identifying the hindrance in Universal Mobility in an old city core of Indian origin. Significant dissatisfaction was found in walkability amongst all user groups; which is linked to poor infrastructural conditions. Furthermore, accessing public transportation is difficult due to improper waiting facilities. However, the design fraternity in India suggests the need of separate accessibility guidelines for old and new cities in India. The design fraternity also recommends a customized rating system for accessing Universal Design. The result of this study indicates a need of recognizing the difficulty in imparting Universal Mobility in old core cities in India. This information can be used for preparing an Access Audit Checklist through Architectural Planning, which is the first step in proposing a framework for Universal Mobility in old core cities in India.

Shopping centres used by people for shopping, social, cultural and entertainment purposes in daily life; They are public places with a large number of visitors. Likely, emergencies such as fire, earthquake, accident, explosion, poisoning and sabotage actions may occur due to the built and natural environment in shopping centres with different users, including employees and visitors. Emergencies are essential for shopping centres with heavy traffic. In the past years, many fire actions took place in such places, causing loss of life and property. For this reason, prevention of disasters and ensuring effective evacuation is a severe issue of shopping centres. When designing and building shopping malls, they must be prepared following regulations and standards. For fire, which is an essential disaster in the study; Regulation on Protection of Buildings from Fire, ISO 7010 (Graphical Symbols - Safety Colors and Safety Signs - Registered safety signs), ISO 16069 (Graphical symbols-Safety signs-Safety Way Guidance Systems) and ISO 23601 (Safety Identification - Escape And Evacuation Plan Signs) The criteria for preparing emergency action plans were determined based on the standards. In the field study; The plans, sizes and locations of 6 closed shopping centres in Kayseri were evaluated. Accordingly, emergency action plans were prepared following the observations and architectural plans made in the shopping centres subject to the study. Based on the plans, the fire escape, door, cabinet, security hall, and circulation area dimensions of the building were evaluated by the fire regulations. Emergency escape, evacuation assembly point, safety way pictograms and criteria for emergency and fire evacuation plans were examined according to the standards. The most compliant shopping center with the standards and regulations is Kayseripark, and the most incompatible shopping center is Mix Kayseri. None of the shopping centers have an Emergency Action Plan that complies with the standards. As a result of the research, problems related to the shopping centre management and design were identified, and recommendations were developed depending on the legislation and standards. In line with the recommendations, it is aimed to provide awareness on the importance of emergency action plans in buildings and to guide the design and use of safe buildings against emergencies.

As climate changes and species extinction accelerate, the global community focuses on Green New Deal plans to promote economic development based on environmental sustainability. The Green New Deal should encourage sustainable resilience in the environment and strengthen the community’s innate ties with natural resources and biodiversity. This study describes biophilic design for sustainable and resilient residential regeneration from the perspective of the Green New Deal, and suggests potential possibilities for these approaches on a residential regeneration scale. A case study clarifies the applicable features of biophilic design in various fields, such as architectural planning and design, technology, and services, and is subdivided according to the scale of residential regeneration (unit, building, and complex). The results of this study suggest new values for existing Green New Deal policies and contribute to the segmentation of residential regeneration projects and the expansion of related industries.

The landscapes of the Spanish Royal Sites have undergone significant functional, aesthetic, symbolic and cultural changes over the course of centuries. Most of them were depicted in paintings and drawings, as well as in ancient cartography. The image of Monarchy to be exhibited during each historic period, together with the reiterated financial crisis took direct effect on land uses, but also on urban morphologies and architectural design. As a result, some incoherent and contradictory elements were brought into the territories, that were frequently charged with symbolism and showed an inadequate increasing scale. They overlapped with the existing complexities and contradictions, and with the richness of meanings that had been woven for centuries. According to Robert Venturi, the idealisation of the historical is in danger of turning into a picturesqueness that sacrifices the original variety and refinement. Despite all this, the Royal Sites around Madrid still preserve numerous vestiges of the rich original settings, meanings and uses, that were described for centuries by artists, architects and engineers.

The goal of the study is to identify characteristic features of multilevel public spaces (MPS’s) and perspectives of their development, based on complex analysis of their formation in the late 20thto early 21st centuries.Authors were able to identify architectural planning factors of MPS formation and functioning in North America and Asia by summarizing the experience in creation of multilevel public spaces by architectural planning means.

Embodied energy and cost of construction of any building depends upon the consumption of resources, more specifically construction materials. In housing clusters, the spaces provided for horizontal and vertical circulation of occupants such as corridors and contribute in the built-up area of individual unit without any increase in the usable/carpet area. Thus, an efficient architectural planning of common circulation spaces plays a major role in lowering the built-up-to-carpet area ratio of individual housing unit in clusters. This may, thus, result in lesser embodied energy and maximum area availability for occupant usage. In the present study, 30 clusters of Indian affordable housing units (IAHUs) of similar typology and different architectural designs are analyzed. The built-up and carpet area of each IAHU are estimated, and the ratio of the built-up to carpet area is calculated. Detailed estimates of construction materials for each IAHU is prepared, and cost of construction and embodied energy is calculated. The calculations of embodied energy and construction cost are done for major construction materials, viz., cement, steel, bricks, sand, and coarse aggregate and compared with different built-up-to-carpet area ratio. The study of IAHUs concludes that a variation of 1.30 to 1.62 in the built-up area-to-carpet area ratio results in variation in construction cost (INR 13,425.00 to 20,138.00 per m2 carpet area) and embodied energy (4–6.5 GJ per m2 carpet area). Analysis suggests that the IAHU with a lower built-up-to-carpet area ratio exhibits reduction in the cost of construction and embodied energy simultaneously. Thus, an efficient architectural design plays a major role in improving the sustainability of IAHUs and built-up-to-carpet area ratio is an important indicator of sustainability.

A smart city requires the organic integration of a good ecological environment with people’s healthy life, so that the city can achieve the purpose of economic construction and ecological environmental protection. In this case, the spatial layout of a smart city must be based on the ecological environment. Under the guidance of the concept of ecological protection, the ecological space of smart cities is not only green space and parks. At the same time, the building communities in the city and the construction land in the city should be green and environmentally friendly. These situations require planning and design in the spatial design layout through networking and informatization. This article mainly studies the space development of smart cities under the integration of information technology and ecological environment from the perspective of urban space architectural planning. A series of problems in our country’s cities and the close connection between smart cities and the ecological environment. After comprehensively analyzing the smart city spatial planning of different cities and regions under the influence of the ecological environment, it tries to analyze the guiding role and development direction of the smart city spatial architectural layout planning under the ecological environment.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Planung und technischen Gesamtausstattung einer Ordination für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die im bisherigen Studium erworbenen Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten anzuwenden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit beschäftigte sich die Autorin mit den Teilbereichen: Räumliche Planung, Workflow, Medizintechnik, HKLS und Installationstechnik einer Ordination für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde und bezieht diese in die Planung ein. Dabei wurden die wichtigsten Gesetze und Vorschriften zu diesen Teilbereichen berücksichtigt und in die Planung umgesetzt. Der Architekturplan der Ordination beschreibt die Position und Verteilung der Räumen, was sich stark auf den Workflow auswirkt.Die Räume sind entsprechend ihrer Funktion angeordnet und aufgeteilt, um kurze Wege und einen reibungslosen Ablauf zu gewährleisten. Diese Arbeit gibt ein Überblick auch über die Logistikströme Patient, Personal, Versorgung und Entsorgung der Ordination und bei der Planung des Workflows wurde darauf geachtet, unnötige Wege zu vermeiden um die Durchlaufzeiten des Personals und der Patienten zu minimieren. Bei der Planung der Medizintechnik ging es darum, die auf der Ordination verwendeten Geräte und deren technischen Anforderungen zu beschreiben, sowie die Verortung aller essenziellen Geräte in den einzelnen Räumen der Ordination darzustestellen. Weiters beschäftigte sich die Autorin dieser Arbeit mit der Installationstechnik der Ordination. Die Verortung der Betriebsmittel im Architekturplan, detallierte Stromlaufpläne sowie Verteilerpläne wurden auch in dieser Arbeit dargestellt. Weiters wurde im Teilbereich HKLS die Heizungs-, Lüftungs-, Sanitär- und Klimatechnik sowie die Bautechnik für die Ordination eines Facharztes für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde dimensioniert und in den Plan einbezogen. This thesis deals with the planning and technical equipment of an ordination for dentistry, oral and maxillofacial medicine. The aim of this work is to apply the knowledge and skills acquired in the previous course. As part of this work, the author dealt with the sub-areas: Spatial planning, workflow, medical technology, HVAC technology and installation technology of an ordination for dentistry, oral and maxillofacial medicine and includes these in the planning. The most important laws and regulations for these sub-areas were taken into account and implemented in the planning. The architectural plan of the ordination describes the position and distribution of the rooms, which has a strong impact on the workflow. The rooms are arranged and divided according to their function in order to ensure short distances and a smooth process. This work also gives an overview of the logistics flows of patients, staff, supply and disposal of the ordination and when planning the workflow, care was taken to avoid unnecessary journeys in order to minimize the throughput times of staff and patients. When planning the medical technology, it was a matter of describing the devices used in the ordination and their technical requirements, as well as showing the location of all essential devices in the individual rooms of the ordination. Furthermore, the author of this thesis dealt with the installation technology of the ordination. The location of the equipment in the architecture plan, detailed circuit diagrams and distribution plans were also shown in this work. Furthermore, in the HVAC sub-area, the heating, ventilation, sanitary and air conditioning technology as well as the construction technology for the ordination of a specialist in dentistry, oral medicine and maxillofacial medicine were dimensioned and included in the plan.

We developed a collaborative virtual environment for architectural planning that facilitates groups of people to work together using three different interfaces. These interfaces enable users to interact with the scene with varying levels of immersion and different interaction modalities. We conducted a user study to gauge the general usability of the system and to understand how the different interfaces affect the group work. In this paper we present the architecture of the system along with its different interfaces. We also present the user study results and the insights we gained from the study.

The decline in the quality of the global environment has become the most popular problem in this century. One of them is caused by modern architectural planning that is not environmentally friendly. Islam has been explained in the Qur'an QS. Al Baqarah 2: 11-12 that to improve the quality of human life, it has caused damage to the earth. This research is looking for evidence from the verses contained in the Quran regarding environmentally friendly architecture and the causes of destruction for humans on earth by buildings. The results can be proven that in the Al Quran there are verses regarding the development of the function of the building as a place for human activities that are environmentally friendly and the existence of the building can be proven.

The developments in construction techniques, materials, structural systems and analytical methods for analysis opened the door for the growth of high rise buildings. The lateral resistance of such a structure is offered by interior structural systems or exterior structural systems. Recently, grid systems are adopted in tall buildings due to its structural efficiency, superiority in aesthetic appeal and flexibility in architectural planning. Diagrids and hexagrids contain diamond shaped modules and hexagons respectively, throughout exterior of structure and they don’t have any external vertical columns. The behaviour of high rise buildings using combination of grid systems has not been explored. This study focuses on the structural performance of high rise steel buildings for various combinations of grid systems. In this study ETABS V16 software was used for modelling and analysis of a 36 storey building with regular floor plan. Models were created using combinations of diagrid and hexagrid systems with optimum diagonal angle and module density. Time history analysis of these models were carried out to examine their seismic performance. The combinations with better performance were determined Combined grid system is a viable option when governed by overall weight and cost.

For our society to be more inclusive and accessible, the more than 2.2 billion people worldwide with limited vision should be considered more frequently in design decisions, such as architectural planning. To help architects in evaluating their designs and give medical personnel some insight on how patients experience cataracts, we worked with ophthalmologists to develop the first medically-informed, pilot-studied simulation of cataracts in eye-tracked augmented reality (AR). To test our methodology and simulation, we conducted a pilot study with cataract patients between surgeries of their two cataract-affected eyes. Participants compared the vision of their corrected eye, viewing through simulated cataracts, to that of their still affected eye, viewing an unmodified AR view. In addition, we conducted remote experiments via video call, live adjusting our simulation and comparing it to related work, with participants who had cataract surgery a few months before. We present our findings and insights from these experiments and outline avenues for future work.

ASIC chip revisions often include major changes, such as new features, timing updates, and bug fixes. It is important to be able to accurately estimate dynamic and leakage power for these changes, during the architectural planning stage. Using physical design data from prior revisions, we can train machine learning models that can predict standard cell power within 15% to 40% of the post-route implementation for the new ASIC. We also look at multiple different machine learning frameworks to find the optimal solution for this problem.

Architectural planning, engineering, and building are the major areas in the complex, process-driven, field of construction. When it comes to large housing projects in contemporary times, the speed of construction is given paramount importance. Among the emerging technologies in mass housing projects, formwork system happens to be the favourite for two reasons: completing the project in less time and obtaining good concrete finishing without change in the investment. Thanks to the phenomenal rise in building of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings and structures, formwork system is in great demand. Formwork system also owes its great demand due to record building of mega infrastructure projects such as transport infrastructure (R&B), water resources engineering works, sports buildings, stadiums, and so on. Fast-track construction largely depends on formwork system. For example, Mivan, a modern method consisting of an aluminium-based formwork system, is found widely used in the building of housing units and mass residential projects. Suitable to Indian conditions for its low maintenance feature and cost-effectiveness, it is aluminum formwork that can be tailormade to suit various requirements. This paper attempts to compare the technology cost of aluminium-based Mivan formwork with that of conventional construction formwork technology. It works on the hypothesis that Mivan technology is more cost-effective, qualitatively superior, and time-saving as compared to conventional formwork technology.

The Article defines the usage of AR & VR for interior beautifying. This innovative phase of digital/arithmetical technology, virtual techniques had a greater impression on enhancing the picturing of architectural based applications. Thus, the new technology of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality contracts more benefits of the digital architectural plan as well as construction fields. Augmented Reality & Virtual Reality is deliberated as one of the substantial design approaches for internal design. In this view, the virtual equipment can be displayed and modified by choosing the appropriate style, look or placement of the furniture agreeing of the user have an interactive capability. The article describes about the significance of the applications that increase the quality of furniture arrangements.

The invention discloses a method for recognizing a building plan drawing room based on contour filtering. The method uses image correlation algorithms to identify all the contours on the drawing, and then screens all the detected contours on the drawing, using some filtering rules to exclude Some interference contours that do not meet the requirements, so as to filter out the contours of the room that are most likely to be used, and use external rectangles to represent them. Finally, continue to use some filtering rules (such as non-maximum suppression algorithm) to filter the rectangular frame to obtain the rectangular frame most likely to be the room. This method has a certain generalization ability for the room identification of plane architectural drawings, that is, it can identify rooms on different types of architectural plan drawings, and provides a new method for the room identification of architectural plan drawings.

In this article, we present research on Inka actions in the face of resistance by indigenous peoples on the northern frontier. We link fieldwork at the Pambamarca complex in northern Ecuador with historic documents to provide important context for further examining imperial processes. With its three site types, Pambamarca offers an opportunity to examine the range of tendencies that groups undergo during imperial moments. Its sites show evidence of both direct displays and the materialization of forceful control or takeover, as well as the more passive, nonsettler, decentralized hegemonic narratives also commonly associated with empire. Here we present detailed data for Inka military installations used to confront a prolonged resistance by the País Caranqui, a decentralized confederation of Caranqui-Cayambe peoples. Evidence from surveys and excavations— including architectural planning, distribution of artifacts, and military encounters—at two large sites in the complex, Quitoloma and Campana Pucara, helps expand our current understandings of the Inka invasion in northern Ecuador while broadening our perspective on the imperial narrative in South America.

This paper discusses the status quo of tourism and policy development regarding the Jiuqu Stream in China from different stakeholder perspectives. By combining field investigations, questionnaires, and statistical examinations of collected data, 812 samples were analyzed using multivariate analysis. The results indicate that increased visibility, employment opportunities, and real estate values in the scenic areas along the river will attract residents to return for future development, while public safety and conservation policies, featured architecture and tourism signage planning, increased cost of living, and waste and pollution will cause disincentives. Visitors will be attracted by the natural and ecological features, transportation planning, unique local culture, and events. Recreational facilities and architectural planning, merchandise lacking characteristics, tourist consumer expenditure, smoke and pollution from motor vehicles, and how it feels to interact with residents will influence the desire to visit the place. Development of an area should consider the different needs of every stakeholder in terms of recreational facilities, local infrastructure, expenditure and income, public safety and health, waste disposal, ecology and environmental conservation, tourism, and the quality of life.

The paper describes the introduction of new planning techniques in West Siberia cities in the 1950–60s. An analysis of the documents show that the architectural reform initiated a collision between two housing approaches, the universal and regional. The economy of construction was in the first place for central authorities. They counted on the potential of new housing industry and the overall implementation of existed methods of open planning from the foreign experience. The Soviet architects tried to prove the unacceptability of that approach. In West Siberia, new engineering solutions did not eliminate adverse climatic factors, but sharpened and complicated their impact. The reform resulted in the difference between engineering and scientific works. As a result, in the 1930–50s architects returned to closed planning, archival documents are used in this study.

This text examines the origin of the Clementino Coelho Rural Education Center in the Municipality of Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, between 1977 and 1984, in the context of the integrated rural education system conceived by the Interamerciano Institute of Cooperation Agricultural. The temporal delimitation comprises the starting date of the school and the curricular alteration that withdrew the teaching of agricultural techniques in the 1st degree classes. As for the theoretical and methodological aspects, the research is of historical and documental nature. Among the sources selected for the study, we highlight a set of documents, including: architectural plan, teacher notebooks, registration book of the school units of Pernambuco, periodicals of the Secretariat of Education and reports of Inter-American Institute for Agricultural Cooperation (IICA). In addition to the sources mentioned, the research was based on the methodology of oral history, through recorded interviews, since oral history recovers and gives life to what is not exposed in the written document. A former teacher and three former students were selected, using as criteria the time of work in the institution, as well as the study period, in the case of the former students. The analysis of the documents, intertwined with the oral sources allowed observing the coverage of the SIER in the State of Pernambuco, as evidenced by the low adherence of Ceru Clementino Coelho to the guiding axes of the program. Finally, the study points to the need for deeper investigations on the role played by the integrated rural education system in the creation of rural education centers in the State of Pernambuco.

This paper presents a part of the work of the Department of Traditional Settlements and Listed Buildings (Department of T. S. & L. B.) of the Ministry of Interior (sector of Macedonia and Thrace) (&), which concerns to the specialized legislative policy for the protection and designation of architectural culture, giving a brief reference on major designation processes of properties from the region of Macedonia and Thrace. The Department of T. S. & L. B. is responsible, since 1986, for identifying and protecting the architectural heritage of Northern Greece, by preserving buildings and areas or settlements from inappropriate changes or destruction, thus recognizing them as listed buildings or traditional settlements according to specific administrative procedure. Formal designation helps to protect traditional properties as listed buildings from inappropriate changes or destruction; meanwhile, the establishment of specific protection terms and restrictions of construction, the approval of architectural plans for restorations, interventions, uses or additions contribute that all listed buildings survive and prosper as “live shells”, along with other monuments. Additionally, in cases of traditional areas and settlements, other actions, e.g. modification of city plans, establishment of building rules, etc. have created a holistic protection framework preserving the architectural, urban and aesthetic character of significant historical areas of the city.

India is well diverse with a variety of cultural and traditional practices. Impact of age-old practices redefined the idea of culture and tradition, not only as a hereditary system, but also as part of art and architecture. Factors such as the cultural changes between North and South India, impact of the British, changes in spatial organization and patriarchy and matrilineal system drew an impact on cultural impression of India through time. Palaces (04th —18th century) and the lifestyle of the heirs, being a soul example to exhibit the Indian uniqueness, gradually inclined towards British culture and morals. This influence brought a change in the architectural design of palaces, which is the core study area in the thesis. Comparing the architectural planning of palaces from the 13th to the 18th century showed a clear change on how British influenced Indian palace design. This became one of the finest reasons to identify cities with palaces based on their culture and tradition, and on art and architecture. In addition to finding how it has brought the influential change and what is the present scenario of the same palaces. The architectures that were adopted in India was a form of true traditional architecture which is been followed through a very long time and hence it was collaborated with Italian, French, Indo Sarcenic or European style.

St Barnabas chapel on Norfolk Island, Australia, completed between 1880 and 1910, is an aggregate of architectural planning, structural detail, and interior ornamentation. Incorporating the Arts an...