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Finger millet is a calcium-rich cereal crop of the grass family. The transcriptome data for finger millet is available at NCBI. It is of interest to annotate and characterize starch synthase enzyme from finger millet transcriptome data. Starch synthase plays an important role in the elongation of glucan chains during the formation of starch. The starch synthase enzyme is characterized using three domains (Glyco_transf_5, Glycos_transf_1 and Glyco_trans_1_4). Binding sites for GLC (alpha-d-glucose), PLP (Pyridoxal-5'- phosphate), AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) and GOL (Glycerol) are found. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the finger millet starch synthase is similar to the granule-bound starch synthase of Oryza sativa and Concrete amaricanus. We report the sequence (GenBank accession number KY648917) and the structural model of finger millet starch synthase (PMDB ID: PM0081600).

Phytoalexins are small antimicrobial molecules synthesized and accumulated by plants upon exposure to pathogens. Camalexin is an indole-derived phytoalexin, which is accumulated in plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, and other Brassicaceae, which plays a major role in disease resistance against fungal pathogens. The productivity of Brassica crops is adversely affected by Alternaria blight disease, which is caused by Alternaria brassicae. In Arabidopsis thaliana, MAP kinase signalling cascade is known to be involved in synthesis of camalexin, which contributes to disease resistance against a necrtrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, MAPK signalling cascade leading to biosynthesis of camalexin that triggers defense responses in B. rapa upon exposure to the most devastating nectrophic fungus, Alternaria brassicae has been elucidated with the help of previously reported MAPK cascade in Arabidopsis thaliana, Molecular modelling, docking, and protein-protein interaction analysis of MAP kinases retrieved from Brassica rapa genome have been carried out to reveal the above cascade. The tertiary structure prediction of MAPKs obtained through molecular modelling revealed that all the protein models fulfil the criteria of being the stable structures. The molecular docking of predicted models for elucidating potential partners of MAPKs revealed strong interactions between MKK1, MKK4, MKK5, MAPK3 and MAPK6 with MKK9. The MAPK signalling cascade also shows different genes that express and play major role in camalexin biosynthesis in B. rapa during defense response to A. brassicae. The understanding of MAPK defense signaling pathway in B. rapa against devastating fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicae would help in devising strategies to develop disease resistance in Brassica crops.

Salmonella Typhimurium is an important pathogen having broad host range . Several genes contribute in virulence of Salmonella. Stn is an important virulent gene which code for Salmonellatoxin, increases the level of c-AMP in the host, and ultimately results into diarrhoea and vomiting. In present study stn gene was cloned, sequenced and on basis of sequence information of stn gene,phylogenetic relation was deduced between different serovars of Salmonella Typhimurium. Genomic DNA was isolated from field isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium (isolate No-A201) and stn gene was amplified using gene specific primer and cloned in pJET vector by the positive selection system. Amplification of stn gene yielded a product of approximately 750 bp. Subsequently gene was sequenced and a complete ORF of 750 bp was obtained. The sequence was submitted to NCBI Genbank and allotted the Accession No KF032246 was allocated.Sequence was further used for bioinformatics analysis of Stnprotein, which exhibited two major domains and one amino acid substitution at 609residue. On phylogenetic analysis, S.Typhimurium exhibited 99% similarity with Salmonella enterica subsp. entericaserovar Newport.Our findings indicate that stn is an important toxin gene, which is conserved among many serovars of Salmonella. Therefore, it may be proven as a suitable candidate for development of sub-unit vaccine against Salmonella.

Starch-branching enzymes (SBEs) are one of the four major enzyme classes involved in starch biosynthesis in plants and play an important role in determining the structure and physical properties of starch granules. Multiple SBEs are involved in starch biosynthesis in plants. Finger millet is calcium rich important serial crop belongs to grass family and the transcriptome data of developing spikes is available on NCBI. In this study it was try to find out the gene sequence of starch branching enzyme and annotate the sequence and submit the sequence for further use. Rice SBE sequence was taken as reference and for characterization of the sequence different in silico tools were used. Four domains were found in the finger millet Starch branching enzyme like alpha amylase catalytic domain from 925 to2172 with E value 0, N-terminal Early set domain from 634 to 915 with E value 1.62 e-42, Alpha amylase, C-terminal all-beta domain from 2224 to 2511 with E value 5.80e-24 and 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme from 421 to 2517 with E value 0. Major binding interactions with the GLC (alpha-d-glucose), CA (calcium ion), GOL (glycerol), TRS (2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropane- 1, 3-diol), MG (magnesium ion) and FLC (citrate anion) are fond with different residues. It was found in the phylogenetic study of the finger millet SBE with the 6 species of grass family that two clusters were form A and B. In cluster A, finger millet showed closeness with Oryzasativa and Setariaitalica, Sorghum bicolour and Zea mays while cluster B was formed with Triticumaestivum and Brachypodium distachyon. The nucleotide sequence of Finger millet SBE was submitted to NCBI with the accession no KY648913 and protein structure of SBE of finger millet was also submitted in PMDB with the PMDB id - PM0080938. This research presents a comparative overview of Finger millet SBE and includes their properties, structural and functional characteristics, and recent developments on their post-translational regulation.

The three-dimensional modeling of protein structure is a reliable approach for understanding the biochemical functions along with the dynamics of protein interactions, which provides useful applications in developing drug molecules for curing diseases as well as certain other applications in biological and agricultural sciences. The conventional laboratory methods such as NMR and X-ray crystallography which are standard approaches for analysis of different proteins of interest are labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming. To address these challenges, the bioinformatics tools and approaches may open up new avenues for investigating the protein structures and functions. In the recent past, molecular modeling has been successfully used in various projects for 3D structure prediction of some therapeutically important proteins having applications ranging from medicine to agriculture. The approach of molecular modeling is based on the understanding of algorithms of protein structure prediction. This chapter illustrates the salient features of molecular modeling methods for a reliable and accurate structure prediction of the proteins in the field of drug designing.

The farmers of hill regions are mostly trivial farmers, practicing little external effort based production system. Agriculture, livestock, horticulture, and forestry collectively with animal husbandry provide opportunities for best possible consumption of the resources available in the system. Microorganisms are fundamental components to maintain the ecological integrity of any ecosystem, and the identification of native microorganisms as potent bioinoculants for plant growth promotion will definitely increase the production of agriculture products. Omics tools are capable to enhancing the nutritional quality of crops; growing agricultural production with a significant function in microbial-plant association by understanding the genomic secrets of microbes which significantly affecting the growth of agricultural economics. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, the major branches of omics, along with the microbiology are widely used to understand the complexities of microbial genomes, and these combined approaches are explored for high altitude regions also to produce resistant and improved quality crops but still reveal a high nutritional worth. Systems biology approach of omics enables to understand the multifarious interactions between genes, proteins, and metabolites within the expected phenotype. These approaches are a set of bioinformatics and computational analysis as well as chemical analytical methods including many more disciplines of biology for betterment of higher-altitude socioeconomic condition by producing quality agriproducts. Omics can allow advanced development of agricultural research for food, well-being, energy, feedstock, and chemicals while helping to protect, improve, and remediate the environment of high altitude regions.

While driven interacting quantum matter is generically subject to heating and scrambling, certain classes of systems evade this paradigm. We study such an exceptional class in periodically driven critical (1 + 1)-dimensional systems with a spatially modulated but disorder-free time evolution operator. Instead of complete scrambling, the excitations of the system remain well defined. Their propagation is analogous to the evolution along light cones in a curved spacetime obtained by two black holes. The Hawking temperature serves as an order parameter which distinguishes between heating and nonheating phases. Beyond a timescale determined by the inverse Hawking temperature, excitations are absorbed by the black holes resulting in a singular concentration of energy at their horizon. We obtain these results analytically within conformal field theory, capitalizing on a mapping to sine-squared deformed field theories. Furthermore, by means of numerical calculations for an interacting XXZ spin-1/2 chain, we demonstrate that our findings survive lattice regularization., Physical Review Research, 2 (2), ISSN:2643-1564

Since green revolution, the food systems in most of the countries have dramatically changed but undernourishment still remains an inflammable problem. This alarming condition is even increasing due to the marginal supply of nutri-enriched food to eat. Under such chronically undernourished condition, dietary deficiencies of iron and zinc lead to compromised planetary health and economic losses. Given the micronutrient deficiency, there is an urgent call to devise or innovative a strategy for providing the requisite amount of iron and zinc in their daily intake to counter this issue. Thus being a high iron and zinc accumulating crop, finger millet can be efficiently used as an intricate model system to explore the prospects of genetic and molecular mechanisms which are responsible for nutrient enrichment in grains. We report here a promising role of nanotechnology in terms of their iron and zinc biofortification potentials in the finger millet. Comparative in vitro evaluation using lower concentration of Fe3O4 (100 ppm) and ZnO (5 ppm) nanoparticles (NPs) display a significant promotory effect on both mineral assimilation and growth parameters whereas higher concentrations of NPs, FeSO4.7H2O and ZnSO4.7H2O bulk salts marked inhibitory effects. The molecular modelling and docking interaction analysis infers that these nano-minerals may bind to significantly influence the modulation of regulatory genes. The result was further validated using real time PCR profiling. The differential expression profiling resulted in higher transcriptional modulation of iron and zinc transporters particularly EcFER1, EcIRT2, EcYSL2, EcZIP1 and EcZTP29 in nano-primed genotypes compared to controls. Thus in conclusion, being a nutrient by default and stress-resilient crop, nanoparticle formulations in finger millet triggers the epigenetic regulation of potential key regulatory genes involved in iron and zinc homeostasis. The study also indicates innovative role of nano-seed priming for biofortification which triggers differential modulation of iron and zinc acquisition and enrichment in grains despite nutrient limiting conditions.

Lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) protein provides defense against pests and pathogens and its presence have been positively correlated with plant resistance against pathogens. Linoleate is a known substrate of lipoxygenase and it induces necrosis leading to the accumulation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins in plant leaves. Therefore, it is of interest to study the structural features of LOX-1 from Finger millet. However, the structure ofLOX-1 from Finger millet is not yet known. A homology model of LOX-1 from Finger millet is described. Domain architecture study suggested the presence of two domains namely PLAT (Phospho Lipid Acyl Transferase) and lipoxygenase. Molecular docking models of linoleate with lipoxygenase from finger millet, rice and sorghum are reported. The features of docked models showed that finger millet have higher pathogen resistance in comparison to other cereal crops. This data is useful for the molecular cloning of fulllength LOX-1 gene for validating its role in improving plant defense against pathogen infection and for various other biological processes.

Physico-chemical properties reflect the functional and structural characteristics of a protein. The comparative study of the physicochemical properties is important to know role of a protein in exploring its molecular evolution. A number of online and offline tools are available for calculating the physico-chemical properties of a single protein sequence. However, a tool is not available for a comparative study with graphical visualization of Multi-FASTA sequences. Hence, we describe the development and utility of MFPPI V.1.0 (a web interface developed in JAVA platform) to input each FASTA sequence from Multi-FASTA file into the ProtParam web server for the calculation of physico-chemical properties. MFPPI V.1.0 calculates different physico-chemical properties for a given set of proteins in a single run and saves the data in the MSExcel sheet. Furthermore, it provides a graphical representation of protein physico-chemical properties for analysis and visualization of data in a user-friendly manner. Therefore, the output from the analysis helps to understand compositional changes and functional relationship in evolution among organisms. We have demonstrated the utility of MFPPI V.1.0 using 17 mtATP6 protein sequences from different mammalian species. It is available for free at http://insilicogenomics.in/mfpcalc/mfppi.html.

Nodal lines inside the momentum space of three-dimensional crystalline solids are topologically stabilized by a π flux of Berry phase. Nodal-line rings in PT-symmetric systems with negligible spin-orbit coupling (here described as “nodal class AI”) can carry an additional “monopole charge,” which further enhances their stability. Here, we relate two recent theoretical advancements in the study of band topology in nodal class AI. On the one hand, cohomology classes of real vector bundles were used to relate the monopole charge of nodal-line rings to their linking with nodal lines formed among the occupied and among the unoccupied bands. On the other hand, homotopy studies revealed that the generalization of the Berry-phase quantization to the case of multiple band gaps defines a non-Abelian topological charge, which governs the possible deformations of the nodal lines. The present work has three aims. First, we present how to efficiently wield the recently discovered non-Abelian topological charge. Second, we apply these methods to present an independent proof of the relation between the monopole charge and the linking structure, including all the fragile-topology exceptions. Finally, we show that the monopole charge flips sign when braided along a path with a nontrivial Berry phase. This facilitates a new type non-Abelian “braiding” of nodal-line rings inside the momentum space, that has not been previously reported. The work begins with a brief review of PT-symmetric band topology, and the geometric arguments employed in our theoretical analysis are supplemented in the appendices with formal mathematical derivations.

We explore various aspects of 2-form topological gauge theories in (3+1)d. These theories can be constructed as sigma models with target space the second classifying space $B^2G$ of the symmetry group $G$, and they are classified by cohomology classes of $B^2G$. Discrete topological gauge theories can typically be embedded into continuous quantum field theories. In the 2-form case, the continuous theory is shown to be a strict 2-group gauge theory. This embedding is studied by carefully constructing the space of $q$-form connections using the technology of Deligne-Beilinson cohomology. The same techniques can then be used to study more general models built from Postnikov towers. For finite symmetry groups, 2-form topological theories have a natural lattice interpretation, which we use to construct a lattice Hamiltonian model in (3+1)d that is exactly solvable. This construction relies on the introduction of a cohomology, dubbed 2-form cohomology, of algebraic cocycles that are identified with the simplicial cocycles of $B^2G$ as provided by the so-called $W$-construction of Eilenberg-MacLane spaces. We show algebraically and geometrically how a 2-form 4-cocycle reduces to the associator and the braiding isomorphisms of a premodular category of $G$-graded vector spaces. This is used to show the correspondence between our 2-form gauge model and the Walker-Wang model., 78 pages

We analyze $2+1d$ and $3+1d$ bosonic symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases of matter protected by onsite symmetry group $G$ by using dual bulk and boundary approaches. In the bulk, we study an effective field theory, which upon coupling to a background flat $G$ gauge field furnishes a purely topological response theory. The response action evaluated on certain manifolds, with appropriate choice of background gauge field, defines a set of SPT topological invariants. Further, SPTs can be gauged by summing over all isomorphism classes of flat $G$ gauge fields to obtain Dijkgraaf-Witten topological $G$ gauge theories. These topological gauge theories can be ungauged by first introducing and then proliferating defects that spoil the gauge symmetry. This mechanism is related to anyon condensation in $2+1d$ and condensing bosonic gauge charges in $3+1d$. In the dual boundary approach, we study $1+1d$ and $2+1d$ quantum field theories that have $G$ 't-Hooft anomalies that can be precisely canceled by (the response theory of) the corresponding bulk SPT. We show how to construct/compute topological invariants for the bulk SPTs directly from the boundary theories. Further, we sum over boundary partition functions with different background gauge fields to construct $G$ characters that generate topological data for the bulk topological gauge theory. Finally, we study a $2+1d$ quantum field theory with a mixed ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}^{T/R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\text{U}(1)$ anomaly where ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}^{T/R}$ is time-reversal/reflection symmetry, and the $\text{U}(1)$ could be a 0-form or 1-form symmetry depending on the choice of time reversal/reflection action. We briefly discuss the bulk effective action and topological response for a theory in $3+1d$ that cancels this anomaly. This signals the existence of SPTs in $3+1d$ protected by 0,1-form $\text{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}^{T,R}$.

We study a single-channel Kondo effect using a recently developed holographic large-$N$ technique. In order to obtain resistivity of this model, we introduce a probe field. The gravity dual of a localized fermionic impurity in 1+1-dimensional host matter is constructed by embedding a localized 2-dimensional Anti-de Sitter (\ads{2})-brane in the bulk of \ads{3}. This helps us construct an impurity charge density which acts as a source to the bulk equation of motion of the probe gauge field. The functional form of the charge density is obtained independently by solving the equations of motion for the fields confined to the \ads{2}-brane. The asymptotic solution of the probe field is dictated by the impurity charge density, which in turn, affects the current-current correlation functions, and hence the resistivity. Our choice of parameters tunes the near-boundary impurity current to be marginal, resulting in a $\log T$ behavior in the UV resistivity, as is expected for the Kondo problem. The resistivity at the IR fixed point turns out to be zero, signaling a complete screening of the impurity., v2: 15 pages, typos corrected, few more clarifications added

We consider exactly solvable models in (3+1)d whose ground states are described by topological lattice gauge theories. Using simplicial arguments, we emphasize how the consistency condition of the unitary map performing a local change of triangulation is equivalent to the coherence relation of the pentagonator 2-morphism of a monoidal 2-category. By weakening some axioms of such 2-category, we obtain a cohomological model whose underlying 1-category is a 2-group. Topological models from 2-groups together with their lattice realization are then studied from a higher gauge theory point of view. Symmetry protected topological phases protected by higher symmetry structures are explicitly constructed, and the gauging procedure which yields the corresponding topological gauge theories is discussed in detail. We finally study the correspondence between symmetry protected topological phases and 't Hooft anomalies in the context of these higher group symmetries., 38 pages, v2: minor revision

Excitations in (3+1)D topologically ordered phases have very rich structures. (3+1)D topological phases support both point-like and string-like excitations, and in particular the loop (closed string) excitations may admit knotted and linked structures. In this work, we ask the question how different types of topological excitations contribute to the entanglement entropy, or alternatively, can we use the entanglement entropy to detect the structure of excitations, and further obtain the information of the underlying topological orders? We are mainly interested in (3+1)D topological orders that can be realized in Dijkgraaf-Witten gauge theories, which are labeled by a finite group $G$ and its group 4-cocycle $\omega\in\mathcal{H}^4[G;U(1)]$ up to group automorphisms. We find that each topological excitation contributes a universal constant $\ln d_i$ to the entanglement entropy, where $d_i$ is the quantum dimension that depends on both the structure of the excitation and the data $(G,\,\omega)$. The entanglement entropy of the excitations of the linked/unlinked topology can capture different information of the DW theory $(G,\,\omega)$. In particular, the entanglement entropy introduced by Hopf-link loop excitations can distinguish certain group 4-cocycles $\omega$ from the others.

We discuss several bosonic topological phases in (3+1) dimensions enriched by a global $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry, and gauging the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. More specifically, following the spirit of the bulk-boundary correspondence, expected to hold in topological phases of matter in general, we consider boundary (surface) field theories and their orbifold. From the surface partition functions, we extract the modular $\mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{T}$ matrices and compare them with $(2+1)$d toplogical phase after dimensional reduction. As a specific example, we discuss topologically ordered phases in $(3+1)$ dimensions described by the BF topological quantum field theories, with abelian exchange statistics between point-like and loop-like quasiparticles. Once the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ charge conjugation symmetry is gauged, the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ flux becomes non-abelian excitation. The gauged topological phases we are considering here belong to the quantum double model with non-abelian group in $(3+1)$ dimensions., 14 pages, 5 figures

In the present study, we identified seven major genes of oxalic acid biosynthesis pathway (SGAT, GGAT, ICL, GLO, MHAR, APO and OXO) from developing spike transcriptome of finger millet using rice as a reference. Sequence alignment of identified genes showed high similarity with their respective homolog in rice except for OXO and GLO. Transcript abundance (FPKM) reflects the higher accumulation of identified genes in GP-1 (low calcium genotype) as compared to GP-45 (high calcium genotype) which was further confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis, indicating differential oxalate formation in both genotypes. Determination of oxalic acid and tartaric acid content in developing spikes explain that higher oxalic acid content in GP-1 however, tartaric acid content was more in GP-45. Higher calcium content in GP-45 and lower oxalate accumulation may be due to the diversion of more ascorbic acid into tartaric acid and may correspond to less formation of calcium oxalate. Our results suggest that more than one pathway for oxalic acid biosynthesis might be present in finger millet with probable predominance of ascorbate-tartarate pathway rather than glyoxalate-oxalate conversion. Thus, finger millet can be use as an excellent model system for understanding more specific role of nutrients-antinutrients interactions, as evident from the present study.

The multi-flavor $BF$ theories in (3+1) dimensions with cubic or quartic coupling are the simplest topological quantum field theories that can describe fractional braiding statistics between loop-like topological excitations (three-loop or four-loop braiding statistics). In this paper, by canonically quantizing these theories, we study the algebra of Wilson loop and Wilson surface operators, and multiplets of ground states on three torus. In particular, by quantizing these coupled $BF$ theories on the three-torus, we explicitly calculate the $\mathcal{S}$- and $\mathcal{T}$-matrices, which encode fractional braiding statistics and topological spin of loop-like excitations, respectively. In the coupled $BF$ theories with cubic and quartic coupling, the Hopf link and Borromean ring of loop excitations, together with point-like excitations, form composite particles., 20 pages, 3 figures

We propose a diagnostic tool for detecting non-trivial symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases protected by a symmetry group $G$ in 2+1 dimensions. Our method is based on directly studying the 1+1-dimensional anomalous edge conformal field theory (CFT) of SPT phases. We claim that if the CFT is the edge theory of an SPT phase, then there must be an obstruction to cutting it open. This obstruction manifests in the in-existence of boundary states that preserves both the conformal symmetry and the global symmetry $G$. We discuss the relation between edgeability, the ability to find a consistent boundary state, and gappability, the ability to gap out a CFT, in the presence of $G$. We study several cases including time-reversal symmetric topological insulators, $\mathbb{Z}_N$ symmetric bosonic SPTs, and $\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetric topological superconductors., 17 pages, 3 figures, Published version

Finger millet is a nutritious cereal and marker assisted breeding is essential for the identification of genes/alleles governing quality traits in finger millet. This study used an integrated breeding strategy supported by genomics, where selective genotyping of 113 diverse finger millet genotypes was carried out for understanding the complex genetic architecture of SPC (seed protein content) and related traits like DM (days to maturity) and GY (grain yield) in two geographically different locations in India i.e. Almora (E1) and Pantnagar (E2). Significant differences among genotypes were observed for SPC, DM and GY in both the locations. A set of 2977 genome-wide SNPs identified through genotyping by sequencing were used for MTA analysis. GLM resulted in 7, 10 and 9, while MLM found 4, 9 and 7 MTA's for SPC, DM and GY, respectively across the locations using TASSEL pipeline. Among GLM and MLM 4, 7 and 6 MTA's were found common for SPC, DM and GY, respectively. Another pipeline, GAPIT identified 12 MTA's each for SPC, DM and 11 MTA's for GY across the locations. NCBI blast of common SNP markers for all three traits resulted in 5, 3 and 5 most effective genome regions associated with SPC, DM and GY. Among them, the SNP responsible for gene encoding aspartyl protease exhibited strong SPC association and was found to be the most promising candidate for protein content variation in finger millet. For GY and DM, ATP synthase gene which catalyses the addition of a phosphate to ADP, capturing energy from the proton gradient as ATP was found prominent gene. Expression results for five genes associated with SPC showed higher transcript accumulation in high protein containing genotype in comparison to low protein containing genotype.

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is grown mainly by subsistence farmers in arid and semiarid regions of the world. To broaden its genetic base and to boost its production, it is of paramount importance to characterize and genotype the diverse gene pool of this important food and nutritional security crop. However, as a result of nonavailability of the genome sequence of finger millet, the progress could not be made in realizing the molecular basis of unique qualities of the crop. In the present investigation, attempts have been made to characterize the genetically diverse collection of 113 finger millet accessions through whole-genome genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), which resulted in a genome-wide set of 23,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) segregating across the entire collection and several thousand SNPs segregating within every accession. A model-based population structure analysis reveals the presence of three subpopulations among the finger millet accessions, which are in parallel with the results of phylogenetic analysis. The observed population structure is consistent with the hypothesis that finger millet was domesticated first in Africa, and from there it was introduced to India some 3000 yr ago. A total of 1128 gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to SNP-carrying genes for three main categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Facilitated access to high-throughput genotyping and sequencing technologies are likely to improve the breeding process in developing countries, and as such, this data will be very useful to breeders who are working for the genetic improvement of finger millet.

The Multiscale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz (MERA) is a tensor network based variational ansatz that is capable of capturing many of the key physical properties of strongly correlated ground states such as criticality and topological order. MERA also shares many deep relationships with the AdS/CFT (gauge-gravity) correspondence by realizing a UV complete holographic duality within the tensor networks framework. Motivated by this, we have re-purposed the MERA tensor network as an analysis tool to study the real-time evolution of the 1D transverse Ising model in its low energy excited state sector. We performed this analysis by allowing the ancilla qubits of the MERA tensor network to acquire quantum fluctuations, which yields a unitary transform between the physical (boundary) and ancilla qubit (bulk) Hilbert spaces. This then defines a reversible quantum circuit which is used as a `holographic transform' to study excited states and their real-time dynamics from the point of the bulk ancillae. In the gapped paramagnetic phase of the transverse field Ising model, we demonstrate the holographic duality between excited states induced by single spin-flips (Ising `magnons') acting on the ground state and single ancilla qubit spin-flips. The single ancillae qubit excitation is shown to be stable in the bulk under real-time evolution and hence defines a stable holographic quasiparticle which we have named the `hologron'. The `dictionary' between the bulk and boundary is determined and realizes many features of the holographic correspondence in a non-CFT limit of the boundary theory. As an added spin-off, this dictionary together with the extension to multi-hologron sectors gives us a systematic way to construct quantitatively accurate low energy effective Hamiltonians., 24 figures, 26 page, 4 tables

We discuss (2+1)-dimensional gapless surface theories of bulk (3+1)-dimensional topological phases, such as the BF theory at level $\mathrm{K}$, and its generalization. In particular, we put these theories on a flat (2+1) dimensional torus $T^3$ parameterized by its modular parameters, and compute the partition functions obeying various twisted boundary conditions. We show the partition functions are transformed into each other under $SL(3,\mathbb{Z})$ modular transformations, and furthermore establish the bulk-boundary correspondence in (3+1) dimensions by matching the modular $\mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{T}$ matrices computed from the boundary field theories with those computed in the bulk. We also propose the three-loop braiding statistics can be studied by constructing the modular $\mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{T}$ matrices from an appropriate boundary field theory., Comment: 25 pages, 1 figures

We study the heating dynamics of a generic one-dimensional critical system when driven quasiperiodically. Specifically, we consider a Fibonacci drive sequence comprising the Hamiltonian of uniform conformal field theory (CFT) describing such critical systems and its sine-square deformed counterpart. The asymptotic dynamics is dictated by the Lyapunov exponent which has a fractal structure embedding Cantor lines where the exponent is exactly zero. Away from these Cantor lines, the system typically heats up fast to infinite energy in a nonergodic manner where the quasiparticle excitations congregate at a small number of select spatial locations resulting in a buildup of energy at these points. Periodic dynamics with no heating for physically relevant timescales is seen in the high-frequency regime. As we traverse the fractal region and approach the Cantor lines, the heating slows enormously and the quasiparticles completely delocalize at stroboscopic times. Our setup allows us to tune between fast and ultraslow heating regimes in integrable systems., Physical Review Research, 2 (3), ISSN:2643-1564

We construct an exactly solvable lattice model of a fractional Weyl semimetal (FWS). The low energy theory of this strongly interacting state is that of a Weyl semimetal built out of fractionally charged fermions. We show the existence of a universally quantized and fractional circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) and a violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law in the system. Together with a spectral gap in the single-particle electronic Green's function they provide strong experimental signatures for this exotic gapless state of matter.

We show that the chiral Dirac and Majorana hinge modes in three-dimensional higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) and superconductors (HOTSCs) can be gapped while preserving the protecting $\mathsf{C}_{2n}\mathcal T$ symmetry upon the introduction of non-Abelian surface topological order. In both cases, the topological order on a single side surface breaks time reversal symmetry, but appears with its time-reversal conjugate on alternating sides in a $\mathsf{C}_{2n}\mathcal T$ preserving pattern. In the absence of the HOTI/HOTSC bulk, such a pattern necessarily involves gapless chiral modes on hinges between $\mathsf{C}_{2n}\mathcal T$-conjugate domains. However, using a combination of $K$-matrix and anyon condensation arguments, we show that on the boundary of a 3D HOTI/HOTSC these topological orders are fully gapped and hence `anomalous'. Our results suggest that new patterns of surface and hinge states can be engineered by selectively introducing topological order only on specific surfaces.