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Urban and transport planners need to assess the stressful conditions experienced by cyclists, considering that highly stressful situations can discourage people from cycling as a transport mode. Therefore, this study has two objectives: (1) to present a method for monitoring stress and other environmental factors along cycling routes using smart sensors, and (2) to analyze the influence of noise, vibration, presence of cycle paths, and the period of the day on stress experienced by cyclists. Data were collected in the city of S&atilde, o Carlos, Brazil, using stress and noise sensors, accelerometers, and Global Positioning System (GPS). Primarily, heat maps generated from the data made it possible to identify critical points of stress along the routes. In addition, the results of a logistic regression model were analyzed to identify the influence of the studied variables on stress. Although high levels of noise increased the odds of experiencing stress by 4%, very uncomfortable vibrations increased the odds by 14%, and the presence of cycle paths reduced the odds by 8%, an analysis of p-values and odds ratio confidence intervals shows, with a 95% confidence level, that only the period of the day influenced stress, as confirmed by the data. In this case, the odds of having stress increased by 24% in the afternoon rush hour compared to the morning rush hour.

Resumo Com a preocupação cada vez maior em atingir uma melhor qualidade de vida nos centros urbanos, várias ferramentas são disponibilizadas a fim de nortear ações e planos para minimizar ou mitigar os impactos nocivos à população. Este trabalho procura contribuir com uma metodologia de quantificação da população exposta ao ruído, por meio de uma classificação da poluição sonora urbana. A partir da contagem de fluxo de veículos e composição de tráfego ao redor de quadras urbanas, foi gerado um mapa de ruído por simulação computacional. As quadras urbanas foram classificadas quanto à faixa de ruído e sua população foi estimada com base nos setores censitários e na metragem de área construída. Os dados de classes acústicas de quadras e número de moradores por quadra foram comparados, permitindo estimar a população exposta a níveis de ruído acima de 65 dB(A), limite superior ao estabelecido pela legislação. Como resultado, foi possível desenvolver um mapa da área de estudo que permite rápida identificação de quadras prioritárias para ações de mitigação ao ruído. Abstract Improving the quality of life is increasingly seen as an important urban planning goal. In order to reach it, various tools are being developed to mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on society. This paper develops a methodology for quantifying the population's exposure to noise, by proposing a classification of urban blocks. Taking into account the vehicular flow and traffic composition of the surroundings of urban blocks, we generated a noise map by applying a computational simulation. The urban blocks were classified according to their noise range and then the population was estimated for each urban block, by a process which was based on the census tract and the constructed area of the blocks. The acoustical classes of urban blocks and the number of inhabitants per block were compared, so that the population exposed to noise levels above 65 dB(A) could be estimated, which is the highest limit established by legislation. As a result, we developed a map of the study area, so that urban blocks that should be priority targets for noise mitigation actions can be quickly identified.

In many Brazilian cities, the most common procedure for planning cycling networks is using aggregated population data in census tracts, which may not take into account the true origin and destination of trips. It may also not identify potential users of a particular mode of transport. This is particularly important considering that implementing cycling infrastructures should be based on the assumption that they are able to meet the users' needs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and adopt an objective method to design and compare cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origin-destination data, GIS resources and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method follows three steps: a) identifying potential users based on real user profiles, b) designing proposed cycling networks and c) a comparison between the etworks proposed in this study and those developed by the municipality selected as a case study, considering real and potential users, as well as cost and benefit criteria. As a positive outcome, using disaggregated data allows for a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, a detailed analysis of their proximity to the infrastructure, as well as identifying potential users. Comparing cycling networks considering cost and benefit criteria shows that the chosen criteria were effective. It was also determined that the cycling network of the studied city poorly serves bicycle transport users, if compared to the proposed networks. These findings indicate that appropriate methods for planning cycling networks are still needed., CNPq -Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(141290/2011-0), info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

The objective of this study was to investigate barriers, motivators and strategies to potentially promote sustainable mobility for graduate and undergraduate students, staff and faculty members at the University of Sao Paulo campus in Sao Carlos, Brazil. The transtheoretical model of behavior change was used to support the data analysis. Users from all the groups claimed that they would possibly change to another travel mode. Among those who said they would change to sustainable modes (16.7% of all respondents), 27.1% stated they would rather walk, whereas 46.2% would cycle. However, 13.6% of the respondents claimed they would change to cars, which would mean an additional demand of approximately 330 parking spaces on the campus. Owning a motorized vehicle was identified as the main obstacle to adopting sustainable modes.

This study aimed to assess cyclists' exposure to noise in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Mobile sensors were used to conduct noise measurements in streets with and without dedicated cycling infrastructures. The method can be summarized in the following procedures: i) characterization of the study area; ii) data collection and validation; iii) calculation of exposure indicators; and iv) comparison and representation of the results on maps. Two strategies were adopted for the analysis, namely, spatial data aggregation and temporal data aggregation. Thus, measurements were initially organized in 1,200 nodes distributed along the paths. The results indicate that bicycle riders in São Carlos may be exposed, in some routes, to a high proportion of high noise-level segments. In the two routes selected for this study, the cyclist was exposed to noise levels above the adopted threshold (75dBA) in 33.2% and 18.9% of the nodes. Also, the possibility of simultaneously working with two related indicators has broadened the classification criteria of the route segments regarding noise exposure.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a exposição dos ciclistas ao ruído em uma cidade média brasileira. Um sensor móvel foi utilizado para as medições de ruído em ruas com e sem infraestruturas cicloviárias segregadas. O método proposto contempla as seguintes etapas: i) caracterização da área de estudo; ii) coleta e validação de dados; iii) cálculo dos indicadores de exposição; e iv) comparação e representação de resultados em mapas. Dois tipos de análises foram realizadas, por agregação espacial e por agregação temporal. Para isto, as medições foram inicialmente organizadas em 1.200 nós distribuídos nos percursos considerados. Os resultados apontam que os ciclistas que percorrem alguns trechos na cidade de São Carlos podem estar expostos a uma proporção considerável de ambientes com altos níveis de ruído. Nos dois trechos selecionados para este estudo, o ciclista esteve exposto à níveis acima do valor adotado (75dBA) em 33,2% e 18,9% dos nós. Além disso, observou-se que a possibilidade de trabalhar concomitantemente dois indicadores relacionados amplia os critérios de classificação dos trechos quanto à exposição do ruído.

This study aims at the adjustment and application of a strategy to assess and select alternatives for improving the mobility conditions of a city. The approach was tested in the city of Itajuba, MG, Brazil, as follows: i) assessment of the current conditions, as given by the Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility, and ii) application of a strategy designed to indicate alternatives for the improvement of the mobility conditions in a sustainable way. The overall value of the index in Itajuba was 0.452, in a scale varying from zero to one. The comparison of this value with the results of reference cities, such as Curitiba (0.754) and Uberlândia (0.714), indicates an important difference. However, the approach seems to indicate lines of action for the improvement of mobility, given that it allows a fast identification of positive or negative points raised by the experts. Based on the results obtained, it can be assumed that the level, activity or profession of the participant will influence the results. In this case, for example, the external specialist presented a more pessimistic evaluation than the manager. Keeping in mind the viability of these responses, every change proposal must take into consideration the potential evaluator bias. It is evident that, if the number of evaluators is substantially raised, these discrepancies tend to diminish, and would also enable the analysis using mean values.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi realizar uma análise comparativa dos resultados obtidos a partir do uso de duas técnicas diferentes para a avaliação do processo de ensino-aprendizagem em um curso de graduação em Planejamento e Análise de Sistemas de Transportes. A primeira é uma abordagem tradicional, que se baseia essencialmente em provas e testes, enquanto a segunda se vale de mapas conceituais. Os mapas conceituais construídos por cada aluno durante o curso foram cuidadosamente analisados e receberam notas objetivas. A nota final atribuída aos mapas foi então comparada com a média das notas atribuídas aos exames e questionários de cada aluno. Os resultados da comparação sugerem que os mapas conceituais podem auxiliar e aperfeiçoar a avaliação do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Além disso, os mapas tornaram a avaliação mais abrangente em relação à evolução cognitiva, ao domínio conceitual e de relações conceituais para o caso específico deste estudo. O estudo conclui que os mapas conceituais constituem uma alternativa potencialmente útil para complementar outras estratégias de avaliação do ensino-aprendizagem.

The results of a pedagogical strategy implemented at the University of Sao Paulo at Sao Carlos are presented and discussed. The initiative was conducted in a transportation course offered to Civil Engineering students. The approach is a combination of problem-based learning and project-based learning (PBL) and blended-learning (B-learning). Starting in 2006, a different problem was introduced every year. From 2009 on, however, the problem-based learning concept was expanded to project-based learning. The performance of the students was analyzed using the following elements: (1) grades in course activities; (2) answers from a questionnaire designed for course evaluation; and (3) cognitive maps made to assess the effects of PBL through the comparison of the responses provided by the students involved and those not involved in the experiment. The results showed positive aspects of the method, such as a strong involvement of several students with the subject. A gradual increase in the average scores o...

Transportation planning is currently being confronted with a broader planning view, which is given by the concept of mobility. The Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM) is among the tools developed for supporting this new concept implementation. It is a tool to assess the current mobility conditions of any city, which can also be applied for policy formulation. This study focus on the application of I_SUM in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Considering that the city is known worldwide as a reference of successful urban and transportation planning, the index application must confirm it. An additional objective of the study was to evaluate the index itself, or the subjacent assessment method and reference values. A global I_SUM value of 0.747 confirmed that the city has indeed very positive characteristics regarding sustainable mobility policies. However, some deficiencies were also detected, particularly with respect to non-motorized transport modes. The application has also served to show that a few I_SUM indicators were not able to capture some of the positive aspects of the city, what may suggest the need of changes in their formulation. Finally, the index application in parts of the city suggests that the city provides fair and equitable mobility conditions to all citizens throughout the city. This is certainly a good attribute for becoming a benchmark of sustainable mobility, even if it is not yet the ideal model.

High urban transport energy consumption is directly influenced by transport energy dependence. Dramatic reductions in urban transport energy dependence or consumption are not yet being widely observed despite the variety of urban planning tools currently available. A new urban development framework is presented to tackle this issue that makes use of a recently developed and successfully trialed GIS-based tool, the Transport Energy Specification (TES). The TES was simulated on a neighborhood in Sao Carlos, Brazil. In the simulation, energy dependence was reduced by a factor of 8 through activity location or infrastructure modifications to the built environment.

The aim of this work is to identify key factors of a sustainable urban mobility concept in a particular context. A multiple criteria decision analysis method was developed to identify the main variables associated to the concept. Looking at the results obtained in 11 cities of the five Brazilian regions, we conclude that the method is able to capture the different views and approaches discussed in the formulation of the mobility concept. Therefore, it can be used as a starting point for the formulation of public policies and also in the development of tools designed for monitoring the mobility conditions.

Transport energy resources are largely finite, subject to constraints and a major cause of pollution. Transport-energy planning is not currently included in traditional transport and urban planning. However, transport energy is related to both land use and transport systems therefore transport-energy policy has the ability to positively influence urban design. A new tool has been created, the transport energy specification, which is intended for use within existing local government urban planning frameworks. In order to use this tool, a transport-energy limit is first defined by planning authorities that sets a quantifiable design boundary for urban and transport system development. The transport energy specification is then used to ensure development occurs within the defined design boundary. A case study was performed to demonstrate the required process to achieve a transport energy specification for an urban region. Karlsruhe, Germany was selected for the case study and the results showed that a minimal 0.97 MJ of transport energy per person per week was required, the equivalent energy a 60 W light bulb uses in four and a half hours. This was largely due to high residential density, many activities located within the residential area and the ease and safety of active transport (cycling and walking).

A study of the relationships between the amount of energy consumed for transportation purposes and a few selected variables related to urban form and socioeconomic characteristics of some of the largest Brazilian cities is conducted in this work. The studied cities include all 27 state capitals regardless of their size and population and 184 urban areas each with more than 20,000 inhabitants located in the state of Sao Paulo. Two different techniques were applied for data analyses: a more traditional regression analysis approach and artificial neural networks. In general, the results found in the analyses conducted here support the assumption that urban sprawl increases the energy use for transportation. In the case of the 27 state capitals, the analysis indicated that two spatial variables have a strong impact on the energy consumed for urban transportation: urban density and the ratio between the longest distances in the east-west and north-south directions. In the case of the 184 urbanized areas we also reached a similar conclusion. In that case, however, income and employment level apparently have a stronger influence on the amount of energy consumed. The results of the present study stress the importance of physical planning in developing country cities in order to reduce energy use for transportation.

The objective of this paper is to present a combined, two-step spatial analysis approach for the definition of metropolitan regions. The proposed approach, which constitutes an option to avoid the endless confrontations that may be derived from the essentially subjective political criteria, explores two branches of spatial analysis: spatial statistics and spatial modelling. Spatial statistics tools are used to identify the characteristics of local association and are combined with a neural network in order to build prediction models. The analyses conducted with exploratory spatial data analysis tools and census data give a clear indication of clusters of zones with similar characteristics, which can be seen as uniform regions. Spatial models can then be used to foresee the global behaviour of regions in terms of growth, albeit the basis of local (and historical) relationships among zones. The proposed approach is tested in a case study carried out in Portugal, where this is a timely issue.

In general terms, engineering education at the undergraduate level should be based on at least three aspects: the definition of learning outcomes aligned not only with theoretical contents but also with competencies and skills; the specification of teaching-learning methods; and the evaluation of the learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was to analyze an approach that combines traditional lectures and active learning into one strategy to help in the development of competencies and skills demanded by the transportation engineering profession. The authors examined if the acquisition of the skills could be assessed through conventional evaluation techniques and concept maps. An experiment was conducted for the specific case of the course Planning and Analysis of Transport Systems, in three phases: (1) planning the teaching-learning process; (2) evaluating the teaching-learning process; and (3) evaluating the teaching-learning product. The results show that the use of a problem-identification ...

O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a utilização de um índice global de acessibilidade como padrão de referência para a distribuição espacial dos alunos da rede municipal de educação. Conhecida a localização dos alunos e das respectivas Creches e EMEIs (Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil) de São Carlos, SP, no ano 2000, foi feita uma avaliação da distribuição real e de diversos cenários alternativos de alocação dos alunos, buscando minimizar os custos de deslocamento. Os resultados mostraram que é possível utilizar o índice proposto para definir níveis de atendimento (cobertura), de acordo com um certo grau de compacidade desejada para a cidade. As hipóteses avaliadas mostraram que é possível obter níveis de cobertura para mais de 95% dos alunos, com níveis de densidade urbanas bastante razoáveis, apenas com a realocação de parte dos alunos, mantido o mesmo número de escolas atuais e com a abertura de apenas uma nova Creche.

This paper discusses some results of a study on the influence of car drivers’ characteristics on habitual parking behavior. First, the level of habitual parking behavior is determined in two ways: car drivers’ regularity in choosing a parking facility and car drivers’ self-reporting scores for habitual behavior. The data are collected using an internet based questionnaire that was distributed in Belgium and the Netherlands. The results show that car drivers regularly/often choose the same parking facility when visiting a central business area. In line with this finding, car drivers impute themselves as being highly habitual. A multinomial regression analysis shows that personal (gender, education, and country of residence) and trip (visit frequency) characteristics are significantly related to the distinguished habitual parking behavior levels.

This study evaluates and compares the mobility conditions of cities of the five Brazilian macroregions based on the outcomes of the Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM). The Index, applied in Belem, Curitiba, Goiânia, Juazeiro do Norte, Uberlândia and Itajuba, has a hierarchical structure formed by nine Domains, 37 Themes and 87 Indicators. The study involved two phases. In the first, the existence of data required for the application of the index in the cities was investigated, considering two criteria: data availability and data quality. Next, an extensive data collection procedure was conducted and the index values were calculated. The availability of the mobility information needed for the construction of the Index was used to explore which were the domains with missing information in each city or how the information was collected in the different cities. The mobility conditions in the selected cities were also compared so that the aspects that might drive some of them towards sustainable mobility could be identified. In general, the cities located in the wealthier part of the country performed better. The city sizes also seem to have affected their performance. The differences regarding the context are also among the highlighted aspects, given the marked regional dissimilarities among the cities that affect the availability and quality of the data.

Planners can apply a relatively simple and user-friendly tool to control the expansion of urban areas in developing countries. This tool, presented here, is based on a traditional accessibility index, which may be taken as a measure of urban development. The entire process of construction and analysis of the networks based on the accessibility index was carried out using a geographic information system for transportation (GIS-T). The tool has been tested in São Carlos, a medium-sized Brazilian city, in which the effects of some proposed real estate developments on the accessibility patterns have been studied. The results of this application show that the tool is suitable for selecting the best site for a new development among many alternatives, promoting more efficient use of the urban area.

As more and more people face mobility constraints due to the natural aging process of the population, barrier-free planning becomes an important urban planning issue. It is elemental to know the place of spatial barriers associated with the negative emotion - the “stress” of probands. To achieve this, a method of psycho-physiological monitoring was developed, using a special technical device to measure autonomic bodily functions as indicators for emotions - a Smartband. This chapter presents the main characteristics and the outcomes of two projects that have applied the method, one in Germany and the other in Brazil. Future research directions are also discussed in this chapter. In summary, the next steps are to automate the interpretation of the collected data and to combine the existing methods with the development of a smartphone-based app to allow people to give some qualitative hints about urban parameters.

Background: Efficient integrated emergency medical systems are lowering mortality rates comparatively to the past in trauma management. Focused assessment with sonography for trauma aids in the detection of the source of bleeding. This exam may expedite definite care and lower costs of treatment if the proper surgical management is applied and most importantly in the hemodynamically unstable patient.

The concept of Functional Urban Regions (FURs), also called Metropolitan Regions (MRs), is not simple. It is clear, though, that they are not simply a combination of adjacent municipalities or areas. Different methods can be used for their definition. However, especially in developing countries, the application of some methods is not possible, due to the unavailability of detailed data. Alternative approaches have been developed based on spatial analysis methods and using variables extracted from available data. The objective of this study is to compare the results of two spatial analysis methods exploring two variables: population density and an indicator of transport infrastructure supply. The first method regards Exploratory Spatial Data Analyses tools, which define uniform regions based on specific variables. The second method used the same variables and the spatial analysis technique available in the computer program SKATER – Spatial ‘K’luster Analysis by Tree Edge Removal. Assuming that those classifications of regions with similar characteristics can be used for identifying potential FURs, the results of all analyses were compared with one another and with the ‘official’ MR. A combined approach was also considered for comparison, but none of the results match the existing MR boundaries, what challenges the official definitions.

Os campi universitários são frequentemente importantes polos geradores de viagens. Vários estudos já demonstraram que as taxas de viagens associadas a este tipo de construção dependem dos perfis dos usuários (ou seja, estudantes de graduação e pósgraduação, funcionários e professores). Outros aspectos importantes, tais como as localizações das origens de viagem, porém, nem sempre são levados em conta para o cálculo das taxas de viagens. Este estudo visa demonstrar que as variações nas taxas de viagens produzidas tanto pelos diferentes perfis dos usuários como pelas origens das viagens não devem ser ignoradas, especialmente se estas taxas vierem a ser usadas para estimar a demanda para provisão de infraestrutura. A análise foi baseada em um estudo de caso de um campus universitário bem conectado à rede viária de uma cidade de médio porte, e localizado a apenas 1,6 km de distância do centro urbano. Contudo, o método proposto pode ser aplicado em outros contextos. University campuses are quite often important trip generators. Several studies have shown that the trip rates associated to this type of educational facility are strongly dependent on the users' profiles (i.e., graduate and undergraduate students, staff, and faculty). Other equally important aspects, such as the locations of the trip origins, however, are not always taken into account in the estimation of trips rates. This study aims to show that the variations on trip rates produced by both characteristics (i.e., the different users' profiles and the origins of their trips) should not be neglected, particularly if the trip rates are going to be used for estimating the demand for infrastructure provision. The analysis was based on a case study of a university campus well connected to the street network of a medium-sized city, and located only 1.6 km away from the Central Business District. However, the approach proposed can be applied in other contexts.

The mobility conditions of Belém Metropolitan Area are assessed in this study. Evaluations were carried out usingthe In-dex of Sustainable Urban Mobility in scenarios derived from transport plans and studies developed along about three decades (1980-2011). The scoresrevealedimprovements since the first scenario, although the current mobility conditions are still poor (0.37, in a zero to onerange). This result is particularly relevant consideringthat thesetransport plans and studies contain several proposals concerning the system's problems. Unfortunately, these proposals were rarely implemented. The constant growth of the population and the number of vehiclescreates a more complex scenario, what further reduces the improvement perspectives in the short term. Neste estudo são analisadas as condições de mobilidade na Região Metropolitana de Belém -RMB, através da aplicação do Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável em cenários configurados por planos ou estudos de transportes desenvolvidos ao longo de cerca de três décadas (1980-2011). A avaliação do índice apontou melhorias desde o primeiro cenário considerado, embora a mobilida-de proporcionada no cenário atual ainda seja ruim (0,37, em uma escala que vai de zero a um). Esse resultado é particularmente rele-vante pelo fato da região dispor de um variado conjuntode estudos e planos de transportes nos quais foram encontradas inúmeras pro-postas para melhorar o sistema. Infelizmente, na prática, estas propostas poucas vezes se concretizaram. O aumento constante da popu-lação e da frota de veículos torna o quadro progressivamente mais complexo, o que reduz ainda mais as perspectivas de melhoria no curto prazo.

This manuscript describes a computer-aided approach for the design and evaluation of potential impacts of new cycling routes connecting a university campus with the city’s street network. The routes were based on the analyses of actual trips reported in a survey carried out with over 900 undergraduate students, and field information obtained from Google Earth (GE). Whereas GE helped in the identification of suitable paths, GIS tools were used to assess the potential impacts of the proposed routes on bicycle, car and walking trips. The results show that the proposed methodology is adequate for exploratory studies and transferable to a Planning Support System (PSS). Such a system could be designed for a variety of goals, such as design of paths, management of bicycles flows, etc. Although this study focuses on the particular case of a university campus, the approach can be easily applied to other large trip generators.

Este estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para estimar distâncias de viagens intrazonais por bicicleta com base em dados de pesquisas origem-destino (O/D). A analise partiu da identificacao de caracteristicas geometricas das zonas de analise de trafego (TAZ) que podem influenciar as distâncias das viagens intrazonais. Em seguida, indicadores numericos dos padroes geometricos selecionados foram comparados com os valores medios das distâncias intrazonais, a fim de procurar por evidencias de correlacoes entre estas variaveis. Os casos com maiores correlacoes serviram de base para a construcao de modelos destinados a estimar distâncias intrazonais. Os valores obtidos com estes modelos foram entao comparados com as estimativas de um modelo encontrado na literatura. O melhor modelo aqui obtido superou claramente o modelo tradicional. Isto sugere que ele pode ser uma alternativa para substituir o modelo tradicional para estimar distâncias medias de viagens intrazonais, pelo menos no caso de viagens de bicicleta.

Este estudo testou um instrumento para avaliar os estilos de ensino adotados pelos professores em atividades de sala de aula. O processo comecou com a identificacao dos estilos de aprendizagem dos alunos e professores, neste caso, envolvidos em disciplinas de infraestrutura de transportes. O questionario desenvolvido por Felder e Soloman foi utilizado para obter o Indice de Estilos de Aprendizagem dos alunos e professores. Foi tambem o ponto de partida para identificar os estilos de aprendizagem alcancados pelos professores em sala de aula. Os resultados permitiram a identificacao de incompatibilidades entre as preferencias de aprendizagem dos grupos envolvidos e as estrategias adotadas pelos docentes para o ensino. Estas incompatibilidades foram percebidas em todas as dimensoes, o que destaca a importância da abordagem. O estudo demonstra que, junto com os estilos de aprendizagem dos alunos e instrutores, a identificacao de estilos de ensino apresenta potencial para melhorar o processo ensino-aprendizagem.

Com o rápido crescimento do transporte aéreo observado recentemente no Brasil, vários aeroportos estão convivendo com demandas que afetam o nível de serviço de terminais de passageiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de serviço oferecido no terminal de passageiros de um aeroporto regional. O caso estudado foi o aeroporto de Ribeirão Preto, no estado de São Paulo. A avaliação, com o método de Medeiros (2004), foi realizada em dois momentos: o atual (neste caso, a demanda observada em 2010) e para o ano de 2015. Os resultados mostraram que o atual nível de serviço dos componentes avaliados do terminal (que vão desde infraestruturas para embarque e desembarque até sanitários) é predominantemente Regular ou Insuficiente, com 69 % destes componentes incluídos em uma dessas duas classificações. No entanto, apesar do crescimento da demanda previsto para o futuro próximo, a avaliação realizada para 2015 não indica uma deterioração significativa do nível de serviço no terminal de passageiros, talvez explicado pelo nível de serviço global relativamente baixo hoje oferecido. With the rapid growth of air transport recently observed in Brazil, several airports are experiencing demands that affect the level of service of passenger terminals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of service offered in the passenger terminal of a regional airport. The case studied was the airport of Ribeirão Preto, in the state of São Paulo. The assessment was done with the method developed by Medeiros (2004), in two periods of time: the current situation (i.e., the actual demand in 2010) and the year 2015. The results have shown that the current levels of service of the terminal components assessed (which include since departure and arrival facilities until toilets) are predominantly Regular or Insufficient, with 69 % of the components in either one of those classifications. However, despite the substantial demand growth anticipated for the near future, the evaluation conducted for 2015 does not indicate a significant deterioration of the level of service in the passenger terminal. A possible explanation for that is the relatively low overall level of service already offered today.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi a criacao de um indice de acessibilidade a aeroportos que considera varios grupos de usuarios, incluindo estrangeiros e individuos com diferentes restricoes de mobilidade. O metodo tem inicio com uma selecao de indicadores. Estes sao agrupados de acordo com o modo de transporte disponivel para acesso ao aeroporto: taxi, carona, automovel proprio, automovel de aluguel, onibus regional e onibus especial. Os indicadores sao avaliados atraves de pesquisas e levantamentos de campo e recebem notas de acordo com o seu desempenho. Por fim, os escores dos indicadores sao ponderados e uma nota final pode ser calculada para cada aeroporto. O maior valor encontrado em uma aplicacao do indice a seis importantes aeroportos brasileiros foi 0,625 (em uma escala que vai de zero a um), no aeroporto Santos Dumont. Isto evidencia que ha muitos aspectos a serem melhorados no que diz respeito a acessibilidade aos aeroportos no Brasil.

Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar o aproveitamento dos estudantes do Curso de Engenharia Civil em que foi aplicado o método Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas - Problem Based Learning (PBL) como parte de inovações pedagógicas implementadas em uma disciplina de Engenharia de Transportes. Para analisar o aproveitamento da amostra submetida às alternativas instrucionais foram utilizadas as respostas dos estudantes a um questionário para avaliação do aprendizado, elaborado pelo professor. Este instrumento contribuiu para avaliar e comparar o aprendizado da amostra com uma turma de alunos submetida ao modelo tradicional de ensino. As respostas foram agrupadas e analisadas por meio de mapas cognitivos, contribuindo para a investigação dos efeitos do método PBL e da ocorrência de aproveitamentos diferenciados entre os alunos. Os resultados indicam que os estudantes obtiveram maior envolvimento, desenvolvimento de comportamentos e atitudes, comprometimento com a própria aprendizagem e um aproveitamento significativamente melhor com o novo desenho da disciplina. The purpose of this study is to investigate the learning performance of the Civil Engineering students using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) method as part of instructional innovations that took place in an Engineering Transportation course. We used the answers of the learning evaluation questionnaire to analyze the performance of the sample, which was submitted to the method, and the PBL effects resulted. This questionnaire contributed to evaluate and compare the learning of this sample with a group of students submitted to the traditional design. Cognitive maps were used as a strategy to investigate the effects of PBL and the occurrence of distinct learning performance among students. The results indicated that PBL students were engaged in their own learning, and their own performance. In addition, they achieved ber behavior development and attitude, involvement, and a significant learning performance with the new design course. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el aprovechamiento de los estudiantes del curso de Ingeniería Civil en el que fue aplicado el método "Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas" (PBL) como parte de innovaciones pedagógicas implementadas en una asignatura del area de Ingeniería de Transportes. Para analisar el aprovechamiento de la muestra sometida a las alternativas instruccionales fueron utilizadas las respuestas de los estudiantes a un cuestionario para evaluación del aprendizaje elaborado por el profesor. Este instrumento contribuyó para evaluar y comparar el aprendizaje de la muestra con un grupo de alumnos sometidos al modelo tradicional de enseñanza. Las respuestas fueron agrupadas y analisadas por medio de mapas cognitivos, contribuyendo con la investigación de los efectos del método PBL y de la ocurrencia de aprovechamientos diferenciados entre los alumnos. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes obtuvieron mejor envolvimiento, desarrollos de comportamientos y actitudes, compromiso con el propio aprendizaje y un aprovechamiento significativamente mejor con el nuevo diseño de la asignatura.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apontar ações de planejamento urbano e de transportes que sirvam para orientar gestores e técnicos no sentido de alcançar padrões de geração de viagens que conduzam à mobilidade sustentável. A pesquisa baseia-se em um método de previsão de implementação de ações através de cenários, cuja avaliação é conduzida com auxílio do Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (IMUS). A partir de um cenário piloto, alguns resultados foram obtidos e são aqui apresentados e analisados. A maior efetividade de mudança ocorreu com a aplicação de ações de influência média e indiretas na Geração de Viagens Sustentáveis (GVS), e com mínimo e médio graus de dificuldade, que podem alterar o valor do IMUS em cerca de 24 %. Estas ações, por sua clara facilidade de implementação e efetividade, podem ser priorizadas como o início de um plano de mudança nas características das viagens sustentáveis.Abstract: The aim of this work is to indicate actions in urban and transportation planning that are suitable to guide the decisions of managers and technicians towards standards of trip generation conducting to sustainable mobility. The study is based on a method for predicting the implementation of actions through scenarios. Their assessment is subsequently done with the Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM). The outcomes of a pilot study are presented and analyzed. The most effective changes were produced with the application of actions of intermediate and indirect influence on the so-called Sustainable Trip Generation, and also of minimum and intermediate level of difficulty for implementation. They can positively change the value of I_SUM in about 24 %. As they are effective and easy to implement, these actions can be a starting point of a plan for making the characteristics of the trips more sustainable.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar se uma estratégia pedagógica, que visa aprimorar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem na área de Engenharia de Transportes, atingiu efetivamente todos os alunos ou se produziu resultados diferenciados em distintos perfis de personalidade. Os dados analisados resultam de três aplicações da estratégia (em 2006, 2007 e 2008) que combina Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas com o uso de uma plataforma de ensino a distância. Na análise são consideradas: i) preferências de personalidade declaradas pelos alunos em questionário específico (Keirsey Temperament Sorter - KTS); ii) notas alcançadas nas diversas atividades desenvolvidas na plataforma on-line CoL. O desempenho dos alunos e sua comparação com os respectivos tipos de personalidade sugerem que os intuitivos, os emocionais e os perceptivos parecem ser os tipos de personalidade cujo desempenho foi mais afetado pela metodologia utilizada. O estudo sugere ainda ações corretivas que podem ser desenhadas para atender a cada um dos tipos penalizados.Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate if a pedagogical approach aiming at the improvement of the teaching-learning process in the field of Transportation Engineering was equally effective for all students, in spite of their personality types. The data analyzed resulted from three applications (in 2006, 2007 and 2008) of the proposed approach, which involves the combination of PBL (Problem Based Learning) with a LMS (Learning Management System). The following data were considered: i) the personality types shown by the Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS); ii) the grades obtained by the students in the PBL activities developed in the on-line platform CoL. We found evidences that the performance of intuitive, emotional and perceptive students may have been affected by the pedagogic approach used. The study also suggests corrective actions that can be designed to respond to the needs of each one of the penalized personality types.

Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação das condições de mobilidade do pedestre de acordo com o nível disponível de acessi- bilidade das calçadas para cada tipo de usuário observado. Através do método de avaliação multicritério em ambiente de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, é apresentado um estudo de caso em um campus universitário para os seguintes grupos de usuários: 1) sem deficiência aparente, 2) cadeirantes, 3) com deficiência visual e 4) com restrição de locomoção. Os resultados identificaram locais com diferentes níveis de acessibilidade para cada tipo de usuário, evidenciando que a disposição das edificações dentro do campus e o grau de importância dessas edificações atribuído pelos usuários geram bolsões com níveis de acessibilidade mais elevados. As conclusões sugerem que o método é adequado e promissor para identificar espaços urbanos com soluções ineficientes para a mobilidade de grupos específicos da população usuária., This paper presents an assessment of the pedestrians´ mobility conditions according to the level of accessibility of the path- ways available for each type of user observed. Through a multicriteria evaluation carried out in a Geographic Information System, a case study was developed in a university campus for the following groups of users: 1) without apparent disabilities, 2) wheelchair us- ers, 3) with visual disabilities, and 4) with mobility constraints. The results identified areas with different accessibility levels for each user type. They show that the arrangement of buildings within the campus and the degree of importance attributed by the users of these buildings create spots with higher levels of accessibility. The findings suggest that the method is a suitable and promising alternative for identifying urban locations with ineffective solutions to the mobility of specific population groups.

The objective of this exploratory study is to present a new method for monitoring the dynamic changes of functional urban regions (FURs) or metropolitan areas (MAs) boundaries throughout time. The suggested approach is based on two elements: the population density and an index of transportation infrastructure supply, which are analyzed in two ways. First, we carry out exploratory analyses of those variables separately. Next, the variables are combined using spatial analysis and spatial modeling techniques. A case study in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, shows that the proposed methodology can be particularly useful for urban and regional planning in developing countries, because it stresses the relationship between land-use and transportation supply. So, given the evidence that urban and regional development is strongly influenced by the level of transportation infrastructure supply, the approach can be further improved if considering other elements of transportation infrastructure, such as airports, railways, ports, as well as additional factors which may have effects on land use patterns such as distribution of services and jobs where data is available.

O conceito de mobilidade urbana ainda é muito recente no Brasil e os problemas a ele relacionados ainda não estão muito claros para uma parcela significativa da população. Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar se isto também se verifica com técnicos e planejadores trabalhando especificamente nos campos do planejamento urbano e de transportes. O estudo foi realizado em uma cidade média brasileira, com uma ferramenta computacional concebida para ajudar na definição de um Sistema de Indicadores de Mobilidade Urbana. Neste estudo de caso foram utilizadas técnicas de avaliação qualitativa que permitiram confrontar a percepção dos usuários acerca do conceito de mobilidade urbana antes e depois do uso da ferramenta. A abordagem permitiu demonstrar que de fato havia inicialmente uma visão parcial da mobilidade por parte dos técnicos. Também conduziu à conclusão de que parece ter havido uma significativa ampliação no seu grau de conhecimento sobre o tema ao longo do processo.Abstract The concept of urban mobility is still recent in Brazil. As a consequence, the problems related to the concept are not clear for a significant part of the population. The objective of this study is to examine if this is also the case for technicians and planners working specifically in the fields of urban and transportation planning. The study was carried out in a Brazilian medium-sized city, through an application with a computational tool originally designed to help in the construction of a System of Urban Mobility Indica- tors. Qualitative analyses tools were applied for comparing the participants’ perception about the urban mobility concept before and after the used of the tool. The approach was able to reveal that the professionals had indeed a partial view of mobility at the beginning of the research. It also led to the conclusion that their knowledge about the theme evolved significantly during the process.

Os modelos baseados em atividades têm sido apontados por diversos pesquisadores como sendo ferramentas promissoras no processo de análise de demanda por transportes. São modelos robustos, que incorporam em sua estrutura uma grande quantidade de variáveis e, dessa forma, produzem resultados mais detalhados sobre o comportamento de viagens individuais. Esses modelos vêm sendo usados para aplicações práticas em várias cidades do mundo. Como no Brasil não existem até o momento registros sistemáticos de sua aplicação, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir o potencial e as dificuldades de implementação de um modelo baseado em atividades em uma cidade brasileira de porte médio. Esse processo é composto por três etapas: coleta dos dados, adaptação do modelo às condições brasileiras e análise dos resultados obtidos na fase de calibração. Mesmo sem envolver a fase de validação do modelo, os resultados apontam a viabilidade da aplicação e mesmo o desenvolvimento de modelos de atividades no Brasil. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Activity-based models are described by several researchers as promising tools in the process of transportation demand analysis. They are robust models that contain a large number of variables in their structure, allowing them to produce detailed descriptions of individual trip behaviors. As a consequence, these models are being used in practical applications in many cities around the world. However, as we had no information of their systematic application in Brazil hitherto, the main aim of this study is to show and to discuss the potential and the difficulties of implementation of an activity-based model in a Brazilian medium-sized city. The analysis focus on three aspects: data collection, adaptation of the model to the conditions prevailing in Brazilian cities, and analysis of the results of the calibration phase. Notwithstanding the absence of the model validation phase in the study, the results suggest the viability of the application and even of the development of activity-based models in Brazil.

The objective of this paper is to present a combined, two-step spatial analysis approach for the definition of metropolitan regions. The proposed approach, which constitutes an option to avoid the endless confrontations that may be derived from the essentially subjective political criteria, explores two branches of spatial analysis: spatial statistics and spatial modelling. Spatial statistics tools are used to identify the characteristics of local association and are combined with a neural network in order to build prediction models. The analyses conducted with exploratory spatial data analysis tools and census data give a clear indication of clusters of zones with similar characteristics, which can be seen as uniform regions. Spatial models can then be used to foresee the global behaviour of regions in terms of growth, albeit the basis of local (and historical) relationships among zones. The proposed approach is tested in a case study carried out in Portugal, where this is a timely issue.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:54:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-74382005000200002.pdf: 1818180 bytes, checksum: 8b40e79b92aac1c15da1091b7d076893 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:54:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-74382005000200002.pdf: 1818180 bytes, checksum: 8b40e79b92aac1c15da1091b7d076893 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:46:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-74382005000200002.pdf: 1818180 bytes, checksum: 8b40e79b92aac1c15da1091b7d076893 (MD5) S0101-74382005000200002.pdf.txt: 43733 bytes, checksum: 52ab4d8dcd63d5dea346bf38692e1a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:12:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-74382005000200002.pdf: 1818180 bytes, checksum: 8b40e79b92aac1c15da1091b7d076893 (MD5) S0101-74382005000200002.pdf.txt: 43733 bytes, checksum: 52ab4d8dcd63d5dea346bf38692e1a24 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:12:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-74382005000200002.pdf: 1818180 bytes, checksum: 8b40e79b92aac1c15da1091b7d076893 (MD5) S0101-74382005000200002.pdf.txt: 43733 bytes, checksum: 52ab4d8dcd63d5dea346bf38692e1a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) A integração de sistemas de informação geográfica (SIGs) e de métodos de decisão multicritério vêm proporcionando inúmeros benefícios para a resolução de problemas de planejamento e gerenciamento do mundo real. Sob esta ótica, este trabalho se propõe a avaliar as alternativas geradas em ambiente SIG para a localização de usinas termoelétricas (UTEs), aplicando técnicas de análise multicritério no processo de decisão. O modelo desenvolvido contribui para a difícil e complexa tarefa de analisar locais com potencial para a instalação de uma UTE e os diversos critérios envolvidos no problema, sejam eles de ordem econômica e/ou ambiental. A visualização dos resultados, através de mapas no SIG, mostra a aplicabilidade das técnicas de análise multicritério para o planejamento da expansão do setor elétrico. Além disso, os resultados, aplicados em um estudo de caso real, mostram cenários com situações de risco mínimo, médio (trade-off total) e máximo para uma tecnologia selecionada para a instalação da UTE. The combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods can bring several benefits for the solution of real-world planning and management problems. Under that view, this work aims to evaluate alternatives for the location of Thermoelectric Power Plants (TPP) produced in a GIS environment using a MCDA technique for supporting the decision-making process. The proposed model is a contribution for the TPP site selection process, which is a difficult and complex task due to the several economic and environmental criteria it involves. The visualization of the analysis outcome in GIS maps helps to demonstrate the suitability of MCDA techniques for planning the expansion of the electric supply system. In addition, the selection of a specific technology for the installation of the TPP in the real case application is used to show scenarios with different risk levels, which range from minimum to maximum risk conditions, also including the intermediate case of total trade-off. Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade de São Paulo CESP Universidade Estadual Paulista

Neste trabalho é enfocado o problema das densidades urbanas econômicas. É feita uma análise de alguns estudos existentes sobre a questão da densidade urbana ideal, sob o ponto de vista econômico, e avaliada, através de um modelo especialmente desenvolvido, qual a influência do custo do transporte coletivo na definição da densidade ideal. Também são discutidos, ainda que de forma não aprofundada, os limites de densidade populacional suportados pelo homem. As conclusões a que se chega são que as densidades econômicas, sob vários critérios, estão, seguramente, acima de 200 habitantes por hectare e que, os limites humanos situam-se em torno de 500 habitantes por hectare. Esses valores, quando comparados às densidades em torno de 40 habitantes por hectare apresentados pelas cidades médias brasileiras, comprovam a forma irracional com que o solo urbano vem sendo ocupado no país, constituindo, o fato, um dos graves problemas que hoje o Brasil enfrenta. The issue of economical urban densities is analyzed in this study. Related studies about ideal urban densities under the economic point of view are initially discussed, leading to the development of a model designed to evaluate the influence of urban public transportation on the definition of economical densities. Some considerations about density population limits that human beings can bear are also presented. The results suggest that economical densities are over 200 persons/ha whereas the human limits are around 500 persons/ha. The comparison of these values with the density values of Brazilian medium-sized cities (around 40 persons/ha) shows that the urban land occupation in Brazil is not rational, which is currently a serious problems for the country.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo exploratório é apresentar e discutir os resultados de um procedimento para avaliar a demanda potencial por um sistema de bicicletas pedelecs compartilhadas no campus de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Formado por duas áreas separadas por uma distância de 4,5 km, o campus parece ser particularmente adequado para implantação deste tipo de sistema de transporte. O procedimento proposto permite traçar um perfil do público-alvo. Permite ainda verificar a preferência entre os ônibus operados pela própria universidade e as pedelecs compartilhadas, visando os deslocamentos entre áreas. Para tanto, faz uso das técnicas de preferência declarada e redes neurais artificiais, para as etapas de coleta e análise dos dados, respectivamente. A partir das respostas de 397 estudantes foi possível identificar que o esforço físico, condições meteorológicas, tempo de viagem e ausência de ciclovias são fatores que restringem o uso de bicicletas convencionais. Lotação excessiva, horários de partida fixos, ausência de controle sobre o início da viagem e distância de caminhada são aspectos importantes para as pessoas não utilizarem os ônibus operados pela USP. Sobre a preferência por pedelecs, a escolha é influenciada pela presença de ciclovias/ciclofaixas, da lotação do ponto de ônibus da USP e das condições meteorológicas. Abstract The objective of this exploratory study is to introduce and discuss the results of a procedure developed for assessing the potential demand for a pedelec bike-sharing system at the São Carlos campus of the University of São Paulo (USP). Formed by two areas that are 4.5 km away from one another, the campus seems to be particularly suited for the implementation of this sort of transportation system. The approach can be used to identify target groups and to check users’ preferences when choosing between the buses operated by the university and shared pedelecs to travel between the two areas. Data collection and data analysis are conducted, respectively, with stated preference surveys and artificial neural networks. The responses of 397 students suggest that the physical effort involved in cycling, unfavorable weather conditions, long travel times, and the absence of cyclepaths are the main barriers to the use of conventional bicycles. Overcrowding, inflexible and limited departure times, and long walking distances to reach the bus stops are the main obstacles for the use of the buses operated by the university. The selection of pedelecs is influenced mainly by the existence of cycle paths, the number of passengers at the university bus stop, and the weather conditions.