Search

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of Annona crassiflora Mart., against the fungus, Candida albicans present in the oral microbiota. The tests showed that the fractions of ethanol extract of the root bark and wood root of A. crassiflora showed a positive result. Of the strains studied, three showed sensitivity to 12 fractions and sub-fractions of A. crassiflora (66%). In the strains studied, strain 05 was the one that proved the most sensitive statistically (p

Araticum is an exotic fruit of the Brazilian Cerrado rich in sugars and dietary fibers, besides being a potential source of functional ingredients. This study aimed to determine the mono- (fructose and glucose), di- (sucrose and maltose) and oligosaccharides (fructo-, malto-, galacto- and xylooligosaccharides) contents in araticum pulp, as well as to evaluate the influence of the ethanol concentration in the extraction of these compounds by using high performance anion exchange chromatography coupled pulsed amperometric detection. The results demonstrated that employment of 50% ethanol (v/v) led to the maximal amount of extracted oligosaccharides from araticum pulp. Similar amounts of fructose (116.09–132.91 mg/g dw) and glucose (108.98–125.92 mg/g dw) were detected on the fruit pulp. Six oligosaccharides were identified: 1-kestose, 1F-β-fructofuranosylnystose, maltotriose, xylotriose, xylopentaose and xylohexaose. Among the identified oligosaccharides, the highest contents were observed for the 1-kestose (2.67–3.00 mg/g dw), whereas the 1F-β-fructofuranosylnystose (0.13–0.25 mg/g dw) was present in lower amounts. These results show that the araticum fruit may contribute to dietary intake of prebiotic oligosaccharides.

Annona crassiflora Mart., a member of the Annonaceae family found in the Brazilian Savannah, is acknowledged as a plant rich in a variety of isoquinoline alkaloids. The isoquinoline skeleton-derivative alkaloids have been reported as pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors. However, the presence of these bioactive compounds in the fruit peel of A. crassiflora remains unclear. This study was conducted to find a bioactive alkaloid not yet described in the fruit peel of A. crassiflora and evaluate its capacity to inhibit the PL activity through in vitro kinetic assay using p -nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate. The ethanolic extract (EtOH) of the peels of A. crassiflora fruits was subjected to liquid−liquid extraction, which yielded an alkaloidal fraction. After a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation, the purified alkaloid was subjected to structural characterization by high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and electron impact, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using 1 H, 13 C, correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) and HMBC-N analyses. The metabolite stephalagine (1,2-methylenedioxy-3-methoxyaporphine), an aporphine alkaloid, was identified. The purified stephalagine was further evaluated as a PL inhibitor. Stephalagine showed high PL inhibitory activity (IC 50 of 8.35 μg mL −1 ) with low cytotoxicity, suggesting a potential anti-obesity agent. This is the first report of the isolation of stephalagine in Annonaceae and its inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity.

Marolo is a typical fruit of Brazilian Cerrado Biome or Savannah Brazilian, consumed for many years by the regional population, and little known in other regions. This research aimed to study physical and chemical characteristics of jam and evaluate the ...

With the existing reduction of the vegetation cover of the Cerrado, several tree species have their areas of occurrence diminished, and as a consequence, they lose part of their genetic diversity. To counter this scenario it is necessary to know the genetic diversity in order to base projects and practical conservation measures. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate the genetic variability of Annona crassiflora by means of morphometric data of fruits and seeds in four populations in central Brazil. In total, 152 fruits were obtained from 73 matrices, of which the height, diameter, fruit mass, mass of 100 seeds and number of seeds per fruit were measured. The fruits were stripped and the seed removed to measure their height, width and thickness. The hierarchical cluster study showed the grouping of 11 small groups and two large groups, and in these two large groups there are representatives of the four populations sampled. This shows that there is no specific division of populations, indicating high genetic variability. The fruits of the Buritis population were, as a rule, significantly larger than those of other populations, which may indicate genetic distancing or different environmental conditions of pollination and dispersion. This pattern was not observed in the seed size analysis, although there was a statistical difference between the populations. In general, the largest dimensions were found in the populations of Planaltina and Buritis. Therefore, the analyzes indicate high genetic diversity and fruits/seeds with larger dimensions in the best-preserved state. RESUMO Com a existente redução da cobertura vegetal do Cerrado, diversas espécies arbóreas têm suas áreas de ocorrência diminuídas e como consequência perdem parte de sua diversidade genética. Para contrapor este cenário faz-se necessário conhecer a diversidade genética afim de embasar projetos e medidas práticas de conservação. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a variabilidade genética populacional de Annona crassiflora por meio de dados morfométricos de frutos e sementes em quatro populações no Brasil central. No total foram obtidos 152 frutos de 73 matrizes dos quais foram medidos a altura, diâmetro, massa do fruto, massa de 100 sementes e número de sementes por fruto. Os frutos foram despolpados e as semente retiradas para se medir a altura, largura e espessura. O estudo de cluster hierárquico mostrou o agrupamento de 11 pequenos grupos e dois grandes grupos, sendo que nestes dois grandes grupos há representantes das quatro populações amostradas. Isso mostra que não há uma divisão específica das populações, indicando alta variabilidade genética. Os frutos da população de Buritis foram, via de regra, significativamente maiores que das outras populações o que pode evidenciar distanciamento genético ou diferentes condições ambientais de polinização. Este padrão não foi observado nas analise das dimensões das sementes, embora tenha havido diferença estatística entre as populações. De forma geral as maiores dimensões foram encontradas nas populações de Planaltina e Buritis. Diante disso as análises indicam alta diversidade genética e frutos/sementes com dimensões maiores nos locais com melhor estado de conservação.

Different parts of Annona crassiflora Mart., a native species from Brazilian savanna, were traditionally used for the treatment of a wide variety of ailments including arthritis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of a polyphenol-enriched fraction of the fruit peel of A. crassiflora, named here as EtOAc, in mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) production were evaluated in LPS-activated macrophages. Then, EtOAc fraction was administered by oral route in male C57BL/6/J mice, and the animals were submitted to glutamate-induced nociception and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced monoarthritis tests to assess nociception (mechanical, spontaneous and cold pain) and inflammation (edema and neutrophil infiltration), and to the open-field and rotarod tests for motor performance analysis. EtOAc fraction inhibited the production of IL-6 and NO in the LPS-induced macrophages, and reduced spontaneous nociception induced by glutamate, without altering the animals' locomotor activity. In addition, the polyphenol-enriched fraction was able to revert the early and late hyperalgesia induced by CFA, as well as edema at the acute phase. Reduction of myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the paw tissue of mice injected with CFA and treated with EtOAc fraction. Together, our results support the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the polyphenol-enriched fraction of A. crassiflora fruit peel and suggest that these effects are triggered, at least in part, by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophils infiltration.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência We evaluated the activity of Annona crassiflora leaves against Haemonchus contortus resistant to albendazol. Aqueous (AE), ethanolic (EE) and ethyl acetate (EAE) extracts were produced and the predominant presence of flavonoids was observed in HPLC-DAD chromatograms. Initially we evaluated the larval development inhibition (LDI) of dry A. crassiflora leaf powder or its AE directly in fecal quantitative cultures. The efficacies of the extracts, with or without tannins, on egg hatching inhibition (EHI) were investigated reveling that the EE was the most effective (LC90 = 8.96 mg/mL). However, after tannin removal, AE showed the highest activity (LC90 = 4.27 mg/mL). In the LDI test, the LC90 of AE was < 6.25 mg/g of fecal culture and to leaf powder of leaves was 69.14 mg/g. High efficacies of AE and EE for EHI were detected and the tannins were not the main active metabolites. The anthelmintic potential of this plant could be attributed to association between flavonoids and other metabolites. Avaliou-se a atividade de folhas de Annona crassifloracontra Haemonchus contortusresistentes ao albendazol. Extratos aquosos (EA), etanólicos (EE) e acetato de etila (EAE) foram produzidos e a presença predominante de flavonoides foi observada em cromatogramas HPLC-DAD. Inicialmente avaliou-se a inibição do desenvolvimento larval (IDL) do pó seco de folhas de A. crassiflorae seu EA diretamente em coproculturas quantitativas. As eficácias dos extratos, com ou sem taninos, na inibição da eclosão dos ovos (IEO) foram investigadas revelando que o EE foi o mais efetivo (CL90= 8,96 mg/mL). No entanto, após a remoção do tanino, o EA apresentou a maior atividade (CL90= 4,27 mg/mL). No teste IDL, a CL90de EA foi

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Annona crassiflora, conhecida popularmente como marolo ou araticum, é uma árvore nativa do Cerrado, comumente utilizada na culinária e medicina tradicional para o tratamento de infecções do couro cabeludo, diarreia e no combate a piolhos. Esta espécie pertence à família Annonaceae, que é reconhecida pela presença de flavonoides, acetogeninas e alcaloides, principalmente do tipo benzilisoquinolinicos. Annona é um dos gêneros mais relevantes da família, por apresentar uma grande diversidade de alcaloides aporfinicos, de reconhecido potencial farmacológico. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo químico das cascas do fruto de Annona crassiflora. Inicialmente foi preparado o extrato etanólico, que foi submetido a extração líquido-líquido com solventes de polaridade crescente. As frações foram avaliadas por CCD e reveladas com iodocloroplatinado que permitiu observar maior concentração de alcaloides na fração CH2Cl2. Essa fração foi submetida a diferentes procedimentos cromatográficos (CC e CLAE), que resultou no isolamento dos alcaloides aporfínicos estefalagina (I), liriodenina (II) e aterospermidina (III), que tiveram suas estruturas elucidadas através de técnicas espectrométricas (EM) e espectroscópicas (RMN). Além dos compostos isolados, foram identificados a dehidroroemerina (IV), a dehidroestefalagina (V) e a xilopina (VI), através das análises por EM-IES e EM-IE. Desse modo o extrato etanólico, a fração alcaloídica e I foram submetidos ao ensaio anticolinesterásico in vitro, em que I exibiu bons resultados com as enzimas AChE (IC50 39,8 ± 6,3 μM) e BChE (IC50 104,2 ± 20,6 μM), quando comparado com o controle positivo galantamina (IC50 5,0 ± 0,3 μM e 162,7 ± 28,8 μM). Os compostos isolados foram avaliados no ensaio in silico (docking molecular), que mostrou que os alcaloides aporfínicos interagem com a AChE e BChE na mesma região que inibidores como a huprina W e galantamina. Estes resultados mostram a importância destes compostos como modelos para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento de doenças relacionadas ao sistema nervoso central como a doença de Alzheimer. Annona crassiflora, popularly known as marolo or araticum, is a native Cerrado tree commonly used in cookery and traditional medicine for the treatment of scalp infections, diarrhea and combating lice. This species belongs to the Annonaceae family, which is recognized by the presence of flavonoids, acetogenins and alkaloids, mostly of the benzylisoquinolinic type. Annona is one of the most relevant genera of the family, because it presents a great diversity of alkaloids, of recognized pharmacological potential. In this work was made the chemical study of the Annona crassiflora fruit peels. Initially the ethanolic extract was prepared, which was subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with solvents of increasing polarity. The fractions were evaluated by CCD and revealed with iodocloroplatinate, noting that higher concentration of alkaloids in the CH2Cl2 fraction. This fraction was subjected to different chromatographic procedures (CC and CLAE), which resulted in the isolation of the aporphines alkaloids stephalagine (I), liriodenine (II) and atherospermidine (III), that have their structures elucidated by spectrometric (MS) and spectroscopic techniques (NMR). In addition to the isolated compounds, dehydroroemerine (IV), dehydroestephalagine (V) and xylopine (VI) were identified through ESI-MS and MS-IE analyzes. Thus the ethanolic extract, the alkaloid fraction and I were submitted to the in vitro anticholinesterase assay, in which I showed good results with the enzymes AChE (IC50 39.8 ± 6.3 μM) and BChE (IC50 104.2 ± 20, 6 μM) when compared to the positive control galantamine (IC50 5.0 ± 0.3 μM and 162.7 ± 28.8 μM). The isolated compounds were evaluated in the in silico assay (molecular docking), which showed that aporphine alkaloids interact with AChE and BChE in the same region as inhibitors such as huprin W and galantamine. These results reveal the importance of these compounds as models for the development of new drugs for the treatment of diseases related to the central nervous system as Alzheimer’s disease. Dissertação (Mestrado)

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência In this study we evaluated the oral toxicity of leaf extracts of Annona crassiflora of for mice and the blood and parasitological parameters of lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and treated with leaves of this plant. The highest dose of AE (aqueous extract) administered to mice (203.0 mg/kg bw) was well tolerated, suggesting low toxicity. At necropsy, macroscopic examination revealed no abnormalities of the evaluated viscera. Lambs infected with the nematode were divided one group treated with leaf powder and a control group that did not treat. Split-plot design analysis was performed where the treatments were defined as plots and three periods of collection were defined as subplots. Similar performances to weight gain were observed among the lamb groups. The oral administration of leaf powder at 2.75g /Kg bw did not alter the physiological blood parameters in comparison to untreated lambs; however, this dose was not efficient to fecal egg reduction. We consider that other formulations and administration protocols should be evaluated to promote an effective alternative control using the leaves of this plant. Neste estudo avaliou-se a toxicidade oral de extratos de folhas de Annona crassifloraem camundongos e os parâmetros parasitológicos e sanguíneos de cordeiros experimentalmente infectados com Haemonchus contortuse tratados com folhas dessa planta. A dose mais elevadado extrato aquoso (EA), administrada aos camundongos (203,0 mg / kg de peso corporal (pc)) foi bem tolerada, sugerindo baixa toxicidade. Na necropsia, o exame macroscópico não revelou anormalidades nas vísceras avaliadas. Cordeiros infectados com o nematódeo foram divididos em um grupo tratado com pó das folhas e um grupo controle não tratado. A análise do delineamento foi em parcelas subdivididas, os tratamentos foram definidos como parcelas e três períodos de coleta como subparcelas. O ganho de peso médio similar entre os grupos de borregos avaliados durante o período avaliado. A administração oral do pó das a 2,75g / kg pc não alterou os parâmetros fisiológicos do sangue em comparação aos cordeiros não tratados; no entanto, essa dose não foi eficiente para a redução fecal de ovos. Outras formulações e protocolos de administração devem ser avaliados para promover um controle alternativo e eficaz usando as folhas dessa planta.

Annona crassiflora Mart. presents medicinal and food potential, and is also used in the recovery of degraded areas, however, little is known about its nutritional requirements. The aim of this work was to analyze the initial growth of A. crassiflora submitted to nitrogen and potassium fertilization. The experiment was conducted with a complete randomized block design with four replicates, each consisting of five nitrogen and potassium doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg dm-3). Results were submitted to regression analysis. The species showed significant response for nitrogen fertilization regarding biometric variables, biomass, DQI and nutritional contents at doses of 100 to 200 mg dm-3. On the other hand, potassium only influenced DQI, nutritional content and accumulation of A. crassiflora seedlings.

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a fruitful tree native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome that holds high nutritional, functional and economic potential. This plant has been used since ancient times by folk medicine for the treatment of several pathological conditions. There has been increasing interest in the development of pulp-based food products as well as the by-products utilization to obtain value-added ingredients. Understanding the chemical composition and biological activities of different botanical parts of Annona crassiflora Mart. provides a basis to support future researches and applications. In this context, this paper carries out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature, on the main phytochemicals of different botanical parts of Annona crassiflora Mart. (fruit, leaves, stem and root) and their biological activities, assessing their potential uses for several industrial segments. Annona crassiflora Mart. fruits and especially their by-products (peel and seeds) and leaves have been shown a wide range of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, annonaceous acetogenins, tocols, carotenoids, phytosterols, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals and essential oils. These compounds contribute to various biological activities, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, analgesic, antidiabetic, skin healing, antidiarrhoeic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticide and herbicide activities of Annona crassiflora Mart. extracts. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that Annona crassiflora Mart. fruit, by-products and leaves can be excellent candidates to be used as functional foods and/or sources for obtaining bioactive compounds for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.

In this study, response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction temperature (25–75 °C) and ethanol concentration (0–70 %, ethanol/water, v/v) to maximize the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from araticum pulp. The efficiency of the extraction process was monitored over time, and equilibrium conditions were reached between 60–90 min. A second-order polynomial model was adequately fit to the experimental data with an adjusted R 2 of 0.9793 (p

The objective of this study was to obtain araticum pulp powder through thin layer convective air drying. Inulin was used as a drying aid agent. Different drying temperatures (70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C) and inulin contents (20 g/100 g and 30 g/100 g) were evaluated. Drying curves were obtained and analyses of the dried product were performed in terms of moisture, wettability, solubility, bulk tapped density, color, moisture sorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction. The Page model was suitable for describing the drying kinetics from the experimental data. The drying process occurred faster as temperature increased; moreover, the presence of inulin did not influence drying kinetics. Powders produced using inulin as a drying aid showed lower moisture contents and satisfactory wettability results; however, treatments without inulin produced powders with better solubility. The use of different drying temperatures did not significantly change the color of the powders. The Guggenheim, Anderson, and de Boer (GAB) model was applied to describe the isotherms' behaviors. The presence of inulin significantly affected moisture adsorption, contributing to the production of powders with lower hygroscopicity. The use of inulin in the drying process of araticum pulp is a suitable process and positively affected the characteristics of the dried product.

Researches have shown that marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) contains many biologically active phytochemical classes with antidiabetic properties. Therefore, in order to obtain scientific data that contribute to a better insight of the species, integrating both safety and efficacy to the practice of using the plant as medicine, the study of A. crassiflora Mart. leaves was chosen. To evaluate the possible effect of A. crassiflora Mart. in diabetic rats, blood glucose levels, concentrations of fructosamine, urea, creatinine, ASL and ALT was determined in serum samples from animals treated with 300 mg of hydroethanolic extract 70% (v/v) per kg of animal weight. Glucose levels were determined by Trinder reaction. Dosages of urea and creatinine were held using the Jaffe method for creatinine and the enzyme method colorimetric for urea in automated apparatus (HumaStar 80, Brazil/Alfenas). The concentration of fructosamine was measured by a commercial kit kinetic method (analyzes ®) and the reading was held in Bioplus® (Brazil- Alfenas). Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that administrating the extract, according to the adopted protocol, did not change the biochemical parameters that were analyzed in the normal and diabetic rats’ serums. Key words: Medicinal plants, phytochemical, diabetes mellitus, pharmacological, hydroethanolic extract.

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e a aceitação dos frutos do Cerrado Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum) e Eugenia dysenterica Mart. (cagaita), por crianças, utilizando o paladar e a visão. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado com 190 crianças com idade entre 7 anos e 9 anos e 11 meses da Escola Estadual Professor José Luiz de Araújo no município de Rio Paranaíba (MG), nos meses de março e novembro de 2012. Para a avaliação utilizando o paladar, as crianças foram direcionadas individualmente a uma sala onde foram vendadas, sendo os frutos oferecidos in natura. Para a avaliação por meio da visão, os frutos foram apresentados em sua forma íntegra. As respostas foram analisadas utilizando o Teste Qui-Quadrado, com 5% de significância. Resultados: Com relação à identificação dos frutos, a porcentagem de acerto foi de apenas 1,58% (tanto paladar quanto visão) para o araticum, e de 14,39% (paladar) e 13,67% (visão) para a cagaita. O número de crianças que relatou nunca ter experimento estes frutos anteriormente foi maior (p0,05) quanto à apreciação/depreciação do araticum por ambos os sentidos, exceto para os meninos que depreciaram este fruto visualmente, já a cagaita apresentou apreciação superior (pConclusão: A maioria das crianças apresentou um baixo conhecimento sobre ambos os frutos, pois não os haviam experimentado anteriormente; no entanto, foram bem aceitos sensorialmente.

The flour from the pulp of marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is an important source of fiber, however, its use as a food ingredient requires investigation as to its functionality. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, nutritional and technological functional properties of the flour obtained from the pulp of marolo, thus verifying its potential application in food products. The analyzes performed on the flour were proximal composition, mineral composition, vitamin C content, total carotenoids, beta-carotene, antioxidant activity and technological functional properties. The flour presented considerable amounts of fibers, especially the insoluble fraction, being 25.47 g.100g-1, 8.57 g.100g-1 for soluble dietary fiber and 34.04 g.100g-1 for total dietary fiber. . The levels of vitamin C and total carotenoids, observed in the flour of the pulp of marolo, were 173.77 mg.100g-1, 0.56 mg.100g-1 and 0.08 mg.100g-1, respectively. The minerals that showed the highest concentration in the pulp flour were phosphorus (1768.53 mg.kg-1) and calcium (1512.73 mg.kg-1). The antioxidant activity was more effective when performed in aqueous extraction. The flour has shown to have important technological functional properties, such as solubility in water and the ability to form emulsion. Therefore, marolo pulp flour has the potential to be commercialized and used in food products in order to improve and enrich its nutritional and technological qualities. La harina de la pulpa de marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) Es una fuente importante de fibra, sin embargo, su uso como ingrediente alimentario requiere investigación en cuanto a su funcionalidad. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades funcionales físicas, químicas, nutricionales y tecnológicas de la harina obtenida de la pulpa de marolo, verificando así su potencial aplicación en productos alimenticios. Los análisis realizados en la harina fueron composición proximal, composición mineral, contenido de vitamina C, carotenoides totales, betacaroteno, actividad antioxidante y propiedades funcionales tecnológicas. La harina presentó cantidades considerables de fibras, especialmente la fracción insoluble, siendo 25.47 g.100g-1, 8.57 g.100g-1 para fibra dietética soluble y 34.04 g.100g-1 para fibra dietética total. . Los niveles de vitamina C y carotenoides totales, observados en la harina de la pulpa de marolo, fueron 173.77 mg.100g-1, 0.56 mg.100g-1 y 0.08 mg.100g-1, respectivamente. Los minerales que mostraron la mayor concentración en la harina de pulpa fueron fósforo (1768.53 mg.kg-1) y calcio (1512.73 mg.kg-1). La actividad antioxidante fue más efectiva cuando se realizó en extracción acuosa. La harina ha demostrado tener importantes propiedades funcionales tecnológicas, como la solubilidad en agua y la capacidad de formar emulsiones. Por lo tanto, la harina de pulpa de marolo tiene el potencial de ser comercializada y utilizada en productos alimenticios para mejorar y enriquecer sus cualidades nutricionales y tecnológicas. A farinha da polpa de marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) é uma importante fonte de fibras, porém, a sua utilização como ingrediente alimentar necessita de investigações quanto à sua funcionalidade. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar as características físicas, químicas, nutricionais e propriedades funcionais tecnológicas da farinha obtida da polpa de marolo, verificando assim, seu potencial de aplicação em produtos alimentícios. As análises realizadas na farinha foram composição proximal, composição mineral, teor de vitamina C, carotenóides totais, betacaroteno, atividade antioxidante e propriedades funcionais tecnológicas. A farinha apresentou quantidades consideráveis de fibras, especialmente a fração insolúvel, sendo 25,47 g.100g-1, 8,57 g.100g-1 para a fibra alimentar solúvel e 34,04 g.100g-1 para a fibra alimentar total. Os teores de vitamina C e carotenóides totais, observados na farinha da polpa de marolo, foram de 173,77 mg.100g-1, 0,56 mg.100g-1 e 0,08 mg.100g-1, respectivamente. Os minerais que apresentaram maior concentração na farinha de polpa de marolo foram o fósforo (1768,53 mg.kg-1) e cálcio (1512,73 mg.kg-1). A atividade antioxidante apresentou maior efetividade quando realizada na extração aquosa. A farinha demostrou possuir importantes propriedades funcionais tecnológicas, como a solubilidade em água e a capacidade de formar emulsão. Portanto, a farinha da polpa de marolo possui potencial para comercialização e utilização em produtos alimentícios com a finalidade de melhorar e enriquecer suas qualidades nutricionais e tecnológicas.

Pain relief represents a critical unresolved medical need. Consequently, the search for new analgesic agents is intensively studied. Annona crassiflora, a native species of the Brazilian Savanna, represents a potential source for painful treatment. This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive potential of A. crassiflora fruit peel, focusing on its major alkaloid, stephalagine, in animal models of pain evoked by the activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. Male C57BL/6/J mice were submitted to formalin-, cinnamaldehyde-, and capsaicin-induced nociception tests to assess nociceptive behavior, and to the open-field and rotarod tests for motor performance analyses. Moreover, the stephalagine’s effect was tested on capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced Ca2+ influx in spinal cord synaptosomes. In silico assessments of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and central nervous system permeability of stephalagine were carried out. The ethanol extract and alkaloidal fraction reduced the nociception induced by formalin. When administered by oral route (1 mg/kg), stephalagine reduced the spontaneous nociception and paw edema induced by TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin, and by TRPA1 agonists, cinnamaldehyde- and formalin, without altering the animals’ locomotor activity. The prediction of in silico pharmacokinetic properties of stephalagine suggests its capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, this alkaloid reduces the capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-mediated Ca2+ influx, indicating a possible modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels, respectively. Together, our results support the antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects of the A. crassiflora fruit peel and suggest that these effects are triggered, at least in part, by TRPV1 and TRPA1 modulation by stephalagine.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sucralose added in Greek Yogurt flavored with araticum (Annona crassiflora) and mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) through sensory characterization. The Greek yogurt was prepared with skimmed milk, inoculated starter cultures, filtered and it was supplemented with the appropriate amount of sucralose, added sweetened and pasteurized fruit pulp (araticum or mangaba). The total phenolic compounds and texture were performed and sensory analyses were carried out by Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance test in storage for 7 and 28 days. The QDA results showed that the main attributes were color, lightness, creaminess, presence of particles, fullness, and aroma. Eighty percent and 85% of the panelists were said they would buy the araticum Greek yogurt and the mangaba Greek yogurt after 7 days of storage, respectively. Additionally, 71% and 77% were said they would buy the araticum Greek yogurt and the mangaba Greek yogurt after storage for 28 days at 4ºC, respectively. The sensory profile and acceptance test results of the Greek yogurts developed indicated no perceptions caused by adding sucralose to the yogurt after storage for different times. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds in the araticum Greek yogurt was perceived by the panelists in aroma and flavor attributes. Changing sucrose to sucralose was not imperceptible under the storage and consumption conditions.

Araticum ( Annona crassiflora ) is a native plant of the Brazilian Cerrado. Its fruits have high nutritional value and very typical aroma and taste. Notwithstanding, the crop has rapid postharvest loss and production is concentrated over a short period. Drying is a conservation alternative that can allow offseason consumption. This study evaluated the influence of different drying times of araticum pulp on its quality and consumer acceptance. Mature araticum pulps commercialized in Janauba (MG) were dehydrated in a forced-air circulation dryer at 60 °C for 0 ( in natura ), 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. After drying, pulps were conditioned in plastic pots and analyzed for physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics. Prolonged drying altered pulp color. The product became less acid at drying times longer than 6 hours. Consumers liked the color and were undecided about the texture and taste, regardless of drying time. However, they preferred the appearance of araticum dehydrated for 6 hours compared to 10 hours. This fruit can be dried at 60 °C for 6 hours to reduce energy costs without affecting the final quality of the product. Keywords: Annona crassiflora . Conservation. Cerrado fruit. Drying.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, 2018. O mosaico vegetacional do Cerrado possui composição florística única para cada área observada. Além disso, com a presente redução da cobertura vegetal do Cerrado, diversas espécies arbóreas têm suas áreas de ocorrência diminuídas e como consequência perdem parte de sua diversidade genética. Nesse aspecto, a espécie Annona crassiflora que possui importância econômica e social sofre com a redução de sua área de ocorrência, polinização e dispersão deficientes e consequente perda de diversidade genética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferenças nos padrões espaciais de Annona crassiflora em quatro populações do Brasil Central, investigar a diversidade genética populacional de Annona crassiflora por meio de dados morfométricos de frutos e sementes e simular uma seleção genética por meio de parâmetros de variância por usando o programa Selegen-REML/BLUP. Os padrões de distribuição foram relacionados com o grau de antropização das áreas mostrando efeitos negativos da degradação nas populações estudadas. O aumento da endogamia gerado pela degradação culmina na redução da diversidade genética da população. De forma geral as maiores dimensões foram encontradas nas populações de Planaltina e Buritis. Diante disso as análises indicam alta diversidade genética e frutos/sementes com dimensões maiores nos locais com melhor estado de conservação. Tanto a análise de variância quanto a análise de deviance empregadas mostraram grande diversidade genética interpopulacional que se refletiu no dendrograma obtido onde as matrizes formaram oito grupos distintos. A simulação de seleção das populações mostrou que as populações FAL, Planaltina e Buritis são as mais proeminentes e que não há um predomínio de uma população na simulação. Assim, a estratégia de seleção a ser utilizada deve levar em consideração esse cenário. The Cerrado vegetative mosaic has a unique floristic composition for each area observed. In addition, with the present reduction of the vegetation cover of the Cerrado, several tree species have their areas of occurrence diminished and as a consequence they lose part of their genetic diversity. In this aspect, the species Annona crassiflora that has economic and social importance suffers with the reduction of its area of occurrence, pollination and dispersion deficient and consequent loss of genetic diversity. The objective of this work was to evaluate differences in the spatial patterns of Annona crassiflora in four populations of Central Brazil, to investigate the population genetic diversity of Annona crassiflora by means of morphometric data of fruits and seeds and to simulate a genetic selection by means of variance parameters by using the Selegen-REML / BLUP program. The distribution patterns were related to the degree of anthropization of the areas showing negative effects of the degradation in the populations studied. The increase in inbreeding generated by the degradation culminates in the reduction of the genetic diversity of the population. In general, the largest dimensions were found in the populations of Planaltina and Buritis. Therefore, the analyzes indicate high genetic diversity and fruits / seeds with larger dimensions in the best preserved state. Both the analysis of variance and the deviance analysis employed showed great interpopulational genetic diversity that was reflected in the dendrogram obtained where the matrices formed eight distinct groups. The simulation of population selection showed that the FAL, Planaltina and Buritis populations are the most prominent and that there is no predominance of a population in the simulation. Thus, the selection strategy to be used must take into account this scenario.

Submitted by Alison Souza (alisonsouza@ufgd.edu.br) on 2019-04-08T17:18:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IrysFernandaSantanaCouto.pdf: 1173838 bytes, checksum: ee76609693f5b1aaf3d8ee870b686fdb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-04-08T17:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IrysFernandaSantanaCouto.pdf: 1173838 bytes, checksum: ee76609693f5b1aaf3d8ee870b686fdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Plutella xylostella (L.,1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) é considerada o principal agente de dano das brássicas, e já oferece resistência a um grande número de inseticidas sintéticos, sendo, o uso de extratos vegetais uma alternativa viável para o seu controle. As vantagens da utilização de extratos vegetais são a rápida degradação, ação rápida, baixa a moderada toxicidade ao homem, seletividade, baixa fitoxicidade e baixo custo. Objetivou-se avaliar a ação de extratos aquosos e etanólicos de Annona crassiflora, Annona coriacea, Schinus terebinthifolius e Serjania marginata sobre a preferência de oviposição, preferência alimentar, desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. xylostella. Para o experimento de preferência de oviposição, discos foliares tratados com extratos aquosos (5 e 10 g/L) e etanólicos (1 e 5 mg/mL) de plantas foram inseridos na gaiola, contendo 3 casais de mariposas, para testes com chance de escolha. Posteriormente foi avaliado o número de ovos em cada tratamento. Para o experimento de preferência alimentar, discos de couve tratados com extratos aquosos (5 e 10 g/L) e etanólicos (1 e 5 mg/mL) das plantas em questão foram oferecidos a lagartas de terceiro ínstar, uma vez que havia possibilidade de escolha entre o extrato e a testemunha (água). Para o experimento de ciclo de vida, discos de folhas de couve tratados com extratos vegetais aquosos (10 g/L) e etanólicos (10 mg/mL) foram oferecidos a lagartas recém eclodidas. A testemunha foi água destilada. Foram avaliadas as características biológicas da fase juvenil a fase adulta de P. xylostella. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos testes de preferência alimentar evidenciaram que os extratos aquosos e etanólicos de A. crassiflora e S. terebinthifolius são mais efetivos como antialimentar sobre lagartas de terceiro ínstar de P. xylostella. Em relação à preferência de oviposição, os extratos aquosos e etanólicos de S. marginata foram mais efetivos como supressor de oviposição de adultos de P. xylostella. Já nos testes de ciclo de vida, os extratos aquosos e etanólicos de todas as plantas testadas alteraram negativamente pelo menos algum dos parâmetros biológicos avaliados. Plutella xylostella is considered the main damage agent of brassica, and already it offers a great number of synthetic insecticides, being the use of vegetal extracts a viable alternative for its control. The advantages of using plant extracts are rapid degradation, rapid action, low to moderate toxicity to man, selectivity, low phytoxicity and low cost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of aqueous and ethanol extracts from Annona crassiflora, Annona coriacea, Schinus terebinthifolius and Serjania marginata on a food preference, a preference for oviposition, development and reproduction of Plutella xylostella. For the use of aqueous plant extracts (10 g / L) and ethanolic extract (5 mg / mL) were offered to newly hatched caterpillars. As leaves of the control were treated with distilled water. The adult phase of P. xylostella was evaluated as biological characteristics of the juvenile phase. For the food preference experiment, cabbage discs treated with aqueous extracts (5 and 10 g / L) and ethanolic (1 and 5 mg / mL) of the plants in question were offered to third instar caterpillars, between the extract and the witness (water). For the oviposition preference experiment, leaf discs treated with aqueous extracts (5 and 10 g / L) and ethanolic (1 and 5 mg / mL) of plants were inserted in the cage, containing 3 couples of moths, for testes with a chance of choice. Afterwards, the number of eggs in each treatment was evaluated. The results obtained from the food preference tests showed that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. crassiflora and S. terebinthifolius are more effective as antifood on P. xylostella third instar caterpillars. Regarding oviposition preference, the aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. marginata were more effective as the oviposition supply of P. xylostella adults. In the life cycle testes, the aqueous and ethanol extracts from all the plants tested altered at least the standard of the active biological parameters.

Due to increasing consumer demand for healthy foods, attempts are being made to improve their nutritional value. Thus, there is a necessity to develop food bars enriched with dietary fiber and palatable nutritional components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shelf life of food bars, prepared with different proportions of marolo pulp flour (20, 30, 40, and 50% replacement of oatmeal) for six-month storage, through nutritional and physical analysis, as well as sensory acceptance. The total dietary fiber content showed an average of 7.1 g·100 g−1. There was a significant increase in antioxidant activity, vitamin C, and total carotenoids content according to increasing concentration of marolo pulp flour in the food bars. In sensory evaluation, the food bar with addition of 50% marolo pulp flour showed higher averages for all evaluated attributes and was the favorite by the evaluators.

Functional foods include any natural product that presents health-promoting effects, thereby reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Cerrado fruits are considered a source of bioactive substances, mainly phenolic compounds, making them important functional foods. Despite this, the losses of natural vegetation in the Cerrado are progressive. Hence, the knowledge propagation about the importance of the species found in Cerrado could contribute to the preservation of this biome. This review provides information about Cerrado fruits and highlights the structures and pharmacologic potential of functional compounds found in these fruits. Compounds detected in Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (pequi), Dipteryx alata Vog. (baru), Eugenia dysenterica DC. (cagaita), Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga), Genipa americana L. (jenipapo), Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangaba), Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (buriti), Myrciaria cauliflora (DC) Berg (jabuticaba), Psidium guajava L. (goiaba), Psidium spp. (araçá), Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (lobeira), Spondias mombin L. (cajá), Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), among others are reported here.

The Brazilian cerrado has several fruit species with great potential for agro-industrial use including the production of milk drinks. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory profile and purchase intent of fermented milk drinks added in increasing levels of fruits from the Brazilian cerrado. Four formulations of milk drinks were processed with concentrations of 4, 8, 12 and 16% of Araca (Psidium cattleianum), Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart), Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and Pequi pulps (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.). The sensory profile of products was characterized by affective test evaluating acceptance using the hedonic scale and purchase intent. Fruits used in flavoring, especially Pequi, are very appreciated by the local population. As demonstrated in acceptability tests, it is believed that this factor contributed to the high acceptance of Pequi. All milk drinks showed positive purchase intent value. Key words: Fermented milk, acceptance test, purchase intent.

We investigated the antidiarrhoeic effect of the aqueous extract of Annona crassiflora leaves (AEAC). The AEAC decreased the diarrhoeic stools and enteropooling induced by castor oil, without altering total faecal output; moreover, the distance travelled by charcoal meal in the intestine was increased. Twenty-eight compounds were identified by LC-DAD-MS in the AEAC, including flavonoids, alkaloids and proanthocyanidins. In addition, two oligomeric series of condensed tannins of up to nine flavan-3-ol units were characterised by MALDI-MS. These data suggest that the antidiarrhoeic effect of the AEAC is related to its ability to inhibit intestinal secretion and/or to increase intestinal absorption. Moreover, the prokinetic effect of AEAC, together with its inhibitory effect on enteropooling induced by castor oil, explains why this extract decreased diarrhoeic faeces without altering the total faecal output. All these effects are in agreement with the pharmacological activity reported in the literature for many of the secondary metabolites identified.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo, sendo atualmente o mais importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. No Brasil, considerável parte da população faz uso de plantas medicinais para tratamento de diversas doenças, dentre elas a HAS. Espécies vegetais, como a Annona muricata Linn (Annonnaceae), a qual é utilizada por comunidades para o controle da pressão arterial, já foram alvo de estudos que confirmaram as suas propriedades hipotensivas. A espécie Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonnaceae), conhecida popularmente como araticum, também é amplamente utilizada para o tratamento de feridas, doenças venéreas, câncer, entre outras. Apesar de seu uso extensivo na medicina popular, não há informações disponíveis na literatura reportando que a A. crassiflora apresente um possível efeito sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Considerando que plantas do mesmo gênero possam apresentar perfis fitoquímicos semelhantes e consequentemente, atividades fisiológicas semelhantes, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato aquoso liofilizado das folhas de A. crassiflora sobre a pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca de ratos Wistar normotensos, bem como determinar os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos no processo, através da administração de antagonistas e inibidores específicos (metilatropina para avaliação da participação de receptores muscarínicos; hexametônio, para avaliação da participação de efluxos autonômicos; indometacina para avaliação da participação de prostaglandinas; L-NAME para avaliação da participação da síntese e/ou liberação de óxido nítrico; glibenclamida para avaliar a participação de canais de K+ ATP-dependentes; nifedipina para avaliar a participação de canais de Ca2+ voltagem-dependentes). A administração do extrato aquoso evocou significativo efeito hipotensivo dose-dependente, o qual parece estar relacionado principalmente a mecanismos vasodilatadores. Ainda, observou-se que o extrato apresenta cardiotoxicidade em altas doses. A investigação dos mecanismos relacionados aos efeitos observados revelou que a vasodilatação não parece envolver a atividade de receptores muscarínicos, síntese e/ou liberação de NO e efluxos autonômicos periféricos; que o extrato parece estimular substâncias vasoconstritoras e vasodilatadoras dependentes da ação das ciclooxigenases; que a administração de glibenclamida potencializa a cardiotoxicidade induzida pelo extrato; que o bloqueio de canais de Ca2+ voltagens dependentes é parcialmente responsável pelo efeito vasodilatador do extrato. Hypertension is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world and is currently the most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. A considerable part of the brazilian population uses medicinal plants for the treatment of several diseases, like hypertension. Plant species such as Annona muricata Linn (Annonnaceae), which is used by some communities to control blood pressure, have been the subject of studies that confirmed their hypotensive properties. The species Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonnaceae), popularly known as araticum, is also used by folk medicine for the treatment of wounds, venereal diseases, cancer, among others. Despite its extensive use in folk medicine, there is no information available reporting that A. crassiflora has a possible effect on the cardiovascular system. Considering that plants of the same genus may present similar phytochemical profiles and consequently, similar physiological activities, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the lyophilized aqueous extract of A. crassiflora leaves on blood pressure and heart rate of normotensive Wistar rats, as well as to determine the possible mechanisms involved in these effects through the administration of specific antagonists and inhibitors (methylatropin for the evaluation of muscarinic receptors; hexamethonium for the evaluation of autonomic efflux; indomethacin for the evaluation of prostaglandins; L-NAME to evaluate the synthesis and/or release of nitric oxide (NO), glibenclamide to evaluate K+ ATP-dependent channels, nifedipine to evaluate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels). The administration of the extract evoked a significant dose-dependent hypotensive effect, which seems to be mainly related to vasodilatory mechanisms. It has also been observed that the extract has a high dose cardiotoxicity. Investigation of mechanisms related to observed effects revealed that the vasodilation activity of the extract does not seem to involve muscarinic receptor activity, synthesis and/or NO release and peripheral autonomic efflux; that the extract seems to stimulate vasoconstricting and vasodilatory substances that dependent on the activity of cyclooxygenases; that the administration of glibenclamide potentiates the cardiotoxicity induced by the extract; that the blockade of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is partially responsible for the vasodilator effect of the extract. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Annona crassiflora Mart., popularly known as “Araticum”, is a native tree of the Brazilian Cerrado used in folk medicine for treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases. We proposed to analyze analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the filtrate (F1) and the precipitate (F2) of the hydroalcoholic fraction from the leaves of Annona crassiflora Mart. in mice. Swiss mice were submitted to formalin-induced nociception test and tail-flick reflex test, to assess antinociceptive properties, and to the rota-rod test, for motor performance analyses. To evaluate anti-inflammatory properties, F1 and F2 were orally administered 1 h prior to the intrathoracic injection of carrageenan, zymosan, LPS, CXCL8, or vehicle in Balb/c mice and neutrophil infiltration was evaluated 4 h after injection. F1 and F2 reduced the licking time in the second phase of formalin-induced nociception test, but only F2 showed a dose-dependent response. Neither F1 nor F2 reduced the latency time in the tail-flick reflex test. In addition, motor performance alteration was not observed in F1- or F2-treated mice. F2 treatment significantly inhibited the neutrophilia induced by carrageenan, LPS, or CXCL8, but not zymosan. The experimental data demonstrated that hydroalcoholic fractions of Annona crassiflora Mart. leaves have remarkable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.

Habitat fragmentation has numerous consequences, particularly to endemic species, and has a negative impact on the genetic diversity of neglected species, leading to genetic drift. Annona crassiflora Mart. is a species that is endemic to Brazil, and its incidence in the Cerrado biome has decreased. The identification and characterization of its remaining diversity is necessary for its conservation. Our aim was to study the population structure of A. crassiflora populations from different Cerrado regions in Minas Gerais State, Brazil (Corinto, Curvelo, Carmo da Mata, Boa Esperanca, and Paraguacu) using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and DNA content. Nuclear DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry using 10 individuals from each population. ISSR markers were used for genotyping accessions in order to study their genetic diversity and population structures. We found considerable genetic variation among populations, with the highest variability observed in the Curvelo population. There was a significant positive correlation between DNA content and latitude (r = 0.46, P = 0. 0003). A Bayesian-based cluster analysis grouped the populations into three clusters, which followed their geographical origins. There was some level of genetic diversity and differentiation among the populations, suggesting the need for a conservation plan for this species. The ISSR markers and DNA content analysis were effective in studying the genetic diversity and population structure of A. crassiflora.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Background: both diarrhea in calves and mastitis in cows limit cattle production. The bacteria involved in these diseases have shown multi-resistance to antimicrobials, however plant metabolites therefore can provide an alternative method of control. This study selected and characterized Cerrado plant extracts showing inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. from cattle. Thirteen leaf extracts were initially screened and diameters of inhibition zones produced against the pathogens were recorded using an agar disk diffusion method. Total condensed tannin contents were determined and antibacterial activities were analyzed after tannin removal from the five selected extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were evaluated by macro-dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and the extracts were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: inter- and intra-specific bacterial variations in the susceptibility to the extracts were detected. The aqueous extract (AE) from Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. leaves produced larger inhibition zones against E. coli strains than did other selected extracts. However, the AE from Schinopsis brasiliensis was the most effective against Staphylococcus spp. strains (P

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante, o teor de compostos fenólicos e de carotenoides de polpa de araticum in natura e pasteurizada, e avaliar o efeito da pasteurização nas suas características físico-químicas. A polpa de araticum in natura foi adquirida em Aragarças/GO e dividida em dois lotes: polpa in natura e polpa pasteurizada. As polpas foram analisadas em triplicata, em relação às variáveis: pH, acidez titulável (AT), vitamina C, sólidos solúveis (SS), relação entre SS/AT, atividade de água, cor, atividade antioxidante radicalar, compostos fenólicos e carotenoides, além da composição centesimal da polpa pasteurizada. A polpa in natura apresentou 0,98 de atividade de água e 9,57 °Brix de sólidos solúveis, e a polpa pasteurizada apresentou valores de 0,99 e 9,23 °Brix para atividade de água e sólidos solúveis, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que as polpas apresentaram relevantes propriedades antioxidantes, expressas na capacidade de reduzir em 50% o radical DPPH (IC50 mg/mL). Com relação aos compostos fenólicos, ambas apresentaram valores próximos de 227,13 e 207,18 mg GAE/100 g ‒ para polpa in natura e pasteurizada, respectivamente. A polpa pasteurizada apresentou 8,21 µg/g de β caroteno e 4,97 µg/g de α caroteno. Conclui-se que as polpas analisadas apresentam um elevado conteúdo de compostos bioativos e que o processo de pasteurização não interferiu nas características físico-químicas nem nos compostos bioativos analisados da polpa in natura. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential and the phenolic compound and carotenoid contents of in natura and pasteurized araticum pulp, and evaluate the effect of pasteurization on the physicochemical characteristics. The in natura araticum pulp was acquired in Aragarças/GO, Brazil and divided into two portions: in natura and pasteurized pulp. The pulps were analysed in triplicate in relation to the variables: pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, soluble solids, water activity, colour, radical antioxidant activity, phenolic and carotenoid compounds, as well as the proximate composition of the pasteurized pulp. The in natura pulp presented 0.98 of water activity and 9.57 °Brix of soluble solids, however the pasteurized pulp showed values of 0.99 and 9.23 °Brix for water activity and soluble solids, respectively. The results showed that the pulp had significant antioxidant properties, expressed as the ability to reduce the DPPH value by 50% (IC50 mg/ml). With respect to the phenolic compounds, both presented similar values of 227.13 and 207.18 mg GAE/100 g of in natura and pasteurized pulps, respectively. The pasteurized pulp presented 8.21 µg/g of β-carotene and 4.97 µg/g of α-carotene. It was concluded that the pulps analysed presented high contents of bioactive compounds and that pasteurization did not affect the physicochemical characteristics or bioactive compounds of the in natura pulp.

Annona coriacea Mart. (Annonaceae), known commonly as araticum, is a widely distributed tree in the cerrado (a savanna vegetation). Its ethnobotanical value is attributed to the consumption of its fruits and the pharmacological proprieties associated with different parts of the plant. The rapid replacement of natural areas of the cerrado with agricultural lands is a strong threat to the species. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of natural populations can help develop in situ preservation strategies. This study is aimed to transfer and characterize 10 nuclear microsatellites previously developed in Annona crassiflora to A. coriacea. Using these markers, genetic diversity was estimated in three populations from the cerrado core area, comprising a total of 55 individuals. Eight of these co-dominant markers were amplified in A. coriacea and seven were polymorphic, showing a number of alleles ranging from 5 to 19 across all loci. The populations showed similar levels of genetic diversity, with allelic richness ranging from 5.99 to 6.29, the mean observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.607 to 0.748 and the mean expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.696 to 0.715. These markers were shown to be appropriate for studies on population genetics and evolution of A. coriacea, which could contribute to the establishment of conservation and sustainable exploitation strategies for the species.

Currently multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus is one common cause of infections with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which directs scientific endeavors in search for novel antimicrobials. In this study, nine extracts from Bidens pilosa (root, stem, flower and leaves) and Annona crassiflora (rind fruit, stem, leaves, seed and pulp) were obtained with ethanol: water (7:3, v/v) and their in vitro antibacterial activity evaluated through both the agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods against 60 Oxacillin Resistant S. aureus (ORSA) strains and against S. aureus ATCC6538. The extracts from B. pilosa and A. crassiflora inhibited the growth of the ORSA isolates in both methods. Leaves of B. pilosa presented mean of the inhibition zone diameters significantly higher than chlorexidine 0.12% against ORSA, and the extracts were more active against S. aureus ATCC (p < 0.05). Parallel, toxicity testing by using MTT method and phytochemical screening were assessed, and three extracts (B. pilosa, root and leaf, and A. crassiflora, seed) did not evidence toxicity. On the other hand, the cytotoxic concentrations (CC50 and CC90) for other extracts ranged from 2.06 to 10.77 mg/mL. The presence of variable alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins was observed, even though there was a total absence of anthraquinones. Thus, the extracts from the leaves of B. pilosa revealed good anti-ORSA activity and did not exhibit toxicity. Atualmente Staphylococcus aureus multirresistente é causa comum de infecções com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade mundialmente, o que direciona esforços científicos na busca de novos antimicrobianos. Neste estudo, nove extratos de Bidens pilosa (raiz, caule, flor e folhas) e de Annona crassiflora (casca do fruto, caule, folha, semente e polpa) foram obtidos com etanol:água (7:3, v/v) e suas atividades antibacteriana in vitro avaliadas através de difusão em agar e microdiluição em caldo contra 60 cepas de Oxacillin Resistant S. aureus (ORSA) e contra S. aureus ATCC 6538. Os extratos de B. pilosa e A. crassiflora inibiram o crescimento dos isolados ORSA em ambos os métodos. O extrato da folha de B. pilosa apresentou média dos diâmetros dos halos de inibição significativamente maior que a clorexidina 0,12%, contra os isolados ORSA, e os extratos foram mais ativos contra S. aureus ATCC (p < 0,05). Paralelamente, teste de toxicidade pelo método MTT e triagem fitoquímica foram avaliadas, e três extratos (raiz e folha de B. pilosa e semente de A. crassiflora) não apresentaram toxicidade. Por outro lado, as concentrações citotóxicas (CC50 e CC90) para os outros extratos variaram de 2,06 a 10,77 mg/mL. Observou-se variável presença de alcalóides, flavonóides, taninos e saponinas, apesar de total ausência de antraquinonas. Portanto, os extratos das folhas de B. pilosa revelaram boa atividade anti-ORSA e não exibiram toxicidade.

The cultivation knowledge about the Cerrado native fruits is incipient. These plants are found in wild conditions and its fruits are obtained through extraction, as the case of araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.), which is a species with the great economic potential. This plant propagation by grafting, among other methods, has proved problematic. Possible incompatibility causes were investigated using histochemical and anatomical studies. Transverse and longitudinal stems sections were analyzed in the araticum grafting area on rootstocks of araticum-de-terra-fria (Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer “Terra-fria”), biriba (Annona mucosa (Jacq.) Baill), and soursop (Annona muricata L.). Araticum graft survival rate was low with these rootstocks, which seems to be associated with anatomical and histochemical factors. The periderm and pith are more developed in araticum than in the other plants, which affects the alignment and juxtaposition of the cambium and vascular bundles in the graft area, hindering a successful graft. The histochemical reactions for phenolic compounds detection were very strong in cortical parenchyma, pith and xylem fibers of araticum (A. crassiflora). The presence of phenolic compounds is increased depending on the cut for grafting and the formation of these compounds is evidenced as an important limiting factor for successful grafting. It is recommended practices for reducing these compounds and a larger diameter of the graft, as a mean to overcome these anatomical difficulties.

The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides caused an increase in the resistance of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to almost all classes of insecticides, as well as affected the environment and non-target organisms. Thus, the search for less harmful alternatives with the purpose of reducing the application of these insecticides has become a priority. A possible alternative to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides is by using botanical insecticides, given the thousands of existing compounds derived from secondary metabolism in plants. In this study, we tested the following hypotheses: (i) the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of native plants reduce the food consumption of larvae and oviposition of adults of P. xylostella; (ii) these botanical species can act as potential plant insecticides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant extracts on the feeding preference of larvae and oviposition of adults of P. xylostella. For this, cabbage discs treated with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius, Annona coriacea, Annona crassiflora and Serjania marginata were given to larvae. The concentrations used for the aqueous extracts were of 5 and 10 mg mL-1, and for the ethanolic extracts were of 1 and 5 mg mL-1. Both extracts of the four tested plant species showed oviposition suppressed. The extract of S. marginata showed the lowest rates of suppression. All treatments with ethanolic extracts showed a phagodeterrant effect being that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. crassiflora and S. terebinthifolius were the most effective as antifeedants on third instar larvae by P. xylostella.

The objectives of this study was the physical, chemical, and physiological characterization of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.) during its development. The fruits were harvested 12 Km off Itumirim, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 20-d intervals from anthesis to fruit maturity. The first fruits were harvested within 60 days. The total development of the fruit took 140 days starting from anthesis. At 140 days after anthesis, the fruit reached its maximum size, with mass of 1.380g, transverse diameter of 13.0 cm, and longitudinal diameter of 11.5 cm. During its development, the fruit showed increase in mass and in traverse and longitudinal diameters. The changes during maturation and ripening, such as: pH reduction and starch degradation, pectic solubilization, and increase in total sugars, soluble solids (oB), respiratory rate (CO2), titratable acidity, vitamin C, and β-caroteno were observed from the 120th day of marolo development. A decrease in ability to sequester free radicals was observed up the 120th day, followed by an increase. The volatile compounds identified at the end of the development included the esters group only.

Submitted by repositorio ufvjm (repositorio@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-01-23T12:12:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-20612013000300005.pdf: 320138 bytes, checksum: ceeaf3c2f9f39e80e5685ae497c3de2a (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T16:13:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612013000300005.pdf: 320138 bytes, checksum: ceeaf3c2f9f39e80e5685ae497c3de2a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T16:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612013000300005.pdf: 320138 bytes, checksum: ceeaf3c2f9f39e80e5685ae497c3de2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-01 Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) Annona crassiflora offers an edible fruit native to the Savanna. This study aimed to develop a flour meal from Annona crassiflora pulp; analyze the chemical composition of the fresh pulp and its flour; develop and verify the acceptance of formulations with different concentrations of the flour of Annona crassiflora pulp. Fruit used were selected and processed. The pulp was dried in an oven at 60-65 ?C/48h. We analyzed the chemical composition, and two formulations of breads were prepared with 10 and 20% Annona crassiflora pulp. The results showed that the drying of Annona crassiflora pulp enriched its nutritional value. The Annona crassiflora pulp showed important chemical components, as insoluble fibers (pulp and flour), minerals (potassium, calcium, manganese and others) and antioxidant compounds. The formulations were well-accepted in a sensory point of view and proved to be a good alternative to the exploitation of the fruit.

Infusions of the leaves and seeds of Annona crassiflora Mart. are commonly employed in the treatment of diarrhoea, snakebites, tumours and disorders of the hair and scalp. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of ethanolic extracts of A. crassiflora by evaluating their effects on germination, root elongation, chromosome structure and the cell division of Lactuca sativa (lettuce). The experiment followed a randomized design involving the treatment of L. sativa seeds with ethanolic extracts from leaves and seeds of A. crassiflora applied at ten concentrations (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mg/L) and with five repetitions per treatment. Seeds of L. sativa exposed for 48 h to A. crassiflora leaf extract at concentrations ≥ 0.1 mg/L, or to seed extracts at concentrations ≥ 0.2 mg/L, showed germination percentages that were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of seeds exposed to aqueous ethanol control. Exposure of L. sativa seedlings to leaf (but not seed) extracts of A. crassiflora produced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in the mitotic indices of root meristem cells of lettuce and induced chromosome and nuclear abnormalities in the root cells. The presence of chromosome stickiness, bridges, fragments, laggard chromosomes and nuclear condensation were also observed. The cytogenetic effects observed suggest that folkloric medicines prepared with extracts of the leaves or seeds of A. crassiflora should be employed with caution.

Department of Food Engineering and Technology Sao Paulo State University, 15054-000, Sao Jose do Rio Preto-SP

Introduction . The Brazilian Cerrado presents a wide vegetable diversity, which is used for different purposes, especially in human feeding. Among the various fruits of the Cerrado, the araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) stands out, due to its high nutritional value and technological potential. The physical characteristics, chemical composition (titratable acidity, pH, moisture, ash, total dietary fiber, lipids and proteins), occurrence and content of vitamin C (ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids), carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene), vitamin E (α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols) and folates (tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate) were evaluated in araticum from the Cerrado of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials and methods . Vitamin C and carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, and vitamin E and folates by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results and discussion . Araticum pulp presented a high energy value (95.12 kcal·100 g–1 ), as well as elevated contents of dietary fiber (6.80 g·100 g–1 ), carotenoids (4.98 mg·100 g –1 ) and vitamin A value (288.79 RAE·100 g–1 ). The contents of vitamin C, folates and vitamin E were 5.23 mg·100 g –1 , 27.36 μg·100 g–1 and 494.04 μg·100 g–1 , respectively. Conclusion . Araticum presented high energy value and high dietary fiber content. It is a source of vitamin C and folates, and an excellent source of vitamin A.

The total content and profile of alkaloids in foliar samples of Annona crassiflora from eight different Brazilian Cerrado regions were investigated. Alkaloids were quantified and identified by GC/FID and GC/MS, respectively. Significant quantitative differences were found in these samples. Total alkaloid concentration varied from 221.1 ± 17.14 ug/g in Mogi-Guacu (SP) to 2986.89 ± 367.1 ug/g (dry mass basis) in Brasilia (DF). The alkaloids anonaine, annoretine, romucosine and xylopine were detected at different concentrations across regions. Alkaloid concentration and profile varied in A. crassiflora populations, indicating extensive phenotypic plasticity of these individuals.

The aim of this study was to use marolo pulp in the confection of traditional (sucrose) and diet/light (sodium cyclamate/saccharine (2:1)) yoghurts, with variation in the concentrations of the pulp and sweeteners. The ripe fruit was harvested in Machado-MG and handled at UNIFAL-MG. Six test- formulations were made, resulting from the factorial combination of 3 levels of natural and artificial sweetener (1.4% and 1.9% of sodium cyclamate/saccharine and 14,4% sucrose) with 2 levels of pulp (20% and 30%). The acceptance test was performed using the hedonic scale (9 points) with 30 panelists. Every acceptance grade remained between 6 and 8. The interaction sweetener*pulp was significant, therefore, analised. For the formulations with 20% pulp, the use of sucrose was more accepted, with average grade 0.68 point higher than the formulations containing artificial sweetener. Among the sweeteners, the dose containing 1.4% got significantly higher scores than the doses with 1.9%. The formulations with 30% pulp, didn't present significant difference among the different types of sweeteners. For the use of 1.9% artificial sweetener the concentration of 30% pulp was most accepted. In the internal preference mapping, there isn't difference in acceptation of formulations with 1.4% sodium cyclamate/saccharine with 20% and 30% of pulp and sucrose with 20% and 30% of pulp. There was superiority in the acceptability of the formulations with sucrose in relation to the artificial sweetener, and also, when comparing the 1.4% to the 1.9% artificial sweetener concentrations. It is concluded that

Summary The objective of this study was to use the pulp of the Brazilian Savannah fruits araticum and cagaita to develop new products, and to evaluate their sensory acceptance by children from 7 to 9 years of age. The products developed were: three milk caramel formulations: DP (standard), DA (araticum pulp) and DB (araticum pulp and grated coconut); three cagaita refresher formulations: RP (cagaita pulp), RA (cagaita pulp and orange juice) and RB (cagaita pulp and carrot juice); and a cagaita jam formulation. It was found that the three formulations of milk caramels were equally accepted (p>0.05), whereas the RA refresher was more accepted (p0.05) of gender on the sensory acceptability of the products evaluated. It was concluded that the products developed showed good acceptability from a sensory point of view, which suggests high market potential. Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a polpa dos frutos do Cerrado brasileiro araticum e cagaita para desenvolver novos produtos e avaliar a aceitabilidade sensorial por crianças de 7 a 9 anos de idade. Os produtos desenvolvidos foram: três formulações de doce de leite: DP (padrão), DA (com polpa de araticum) e DB (com polpa de araticum e coco ralado); três formulações de refresco de cagaita: RP (polpa de cagaita), RA (polpa de cagaita e suco de laranja) e RB (polpa de cagaita e suco de cenoura); e uma formulação de geleia de cagaita. Verificou-se que as três formulações de doce de leite foram igualmente aceitas (p>0,05), enquanto o refresco RA foi mais aceito (p0,05) do gênero sobre a aceitabilidade sensorial dos produtos avaliados. Conclui-se que os produtos desenvolvidos apresentaram boa aceitabilidade do ponto de vista sensorial, o que sugere um elevado potencial de mercado.

Annona crassiflora Mart., whose fruit is popularly known as araticum, is a member of the Annonaceae family found in the Brazilian Cerrado. Although this plant has several medicinal uses, its bioactive molecules are not fully understood. A bioguided assay was performed to identify the main bioactive compounds of A. crassiflora fruit peel from the ethanol extract fractions with antioxidant capacity and α-amylase, α-glucosidase and glycation inhibitory activities. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed, respectively, higher antioxidant capacity (DPPH IC50 1.5±0.1 and 0.8±0.1μgmL-1, ORAC 3355±164 and 2714±79μmoltroloxeq/g, and FRAP 888±16 and 921±9μmoltroloxeq/g) and inhibitory activities against α-amylase (IC50 4.5±0.8 and 1.7±0.3μgmL-1), α-glucosidase (IC50 554.5±158.6 and 787.8±140.6μgmL-1) and glycation (IC50 14.3±3.3 and 16.0±4.2μgmL-1), and lower cytotoxicity, compared to the other fractions and crude ethanol extract. The HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified various biomolecules known as potent antioxidants, such as chlorogenic acid, (epi)catechin, procyanidins, caffeoyl-hexosides, quercetin-glucosides and kaempferol. The fruit peel of A. crassiflora, a specie from Cerrado, the Brazilian Savanna, provided a source of antioxidant compounds with properties to block carbohydrate digestive enzymes and formation of glycation products. Thus, there is potential to use the by-products of araticum in order to identify and isolate phytochemicals for application in nutraceutical supplements, food additives and pharmaceuticals products.

Maroleiro (Annona crassiflora Mart), belonging to the family of Annonaceae is a typical specie of the Cerrado and has occurred in most states. For fruit characteristics “sui generis”, with significant nutritional value. This study aimed to characterize the marolo (Anonna crasiflora Mart) during fruit development, through the evaluation of its proximal and mineral composition. The fruits 2012/2013 season, were picked to 12Km from the city of Itumirim, southern Minas Gerais, in intervals of 20 days from anthesis to maturity, and the first fruits were harvested 60 days after anthesis. The flowering marolo began in late September 2012, with fruiting initially observed at the end of October, with peak production at the end of February and beginning of March 2013 The fruits were harvested in the morning and carried to the laboratory, where followed up the moisture, ether extract, protein, ash, fiber and high sugar fraction beyond mineral quantification of them. During development reductions in moisture content and protein increments of ether extract, crude fiber and high sugar fraction and an oscillation in the mineral along the developmental stages was observed.