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Published online: 18 December 2021 This themed section brings together papers that were first presented at the conference ‘Cultural pluralism in cities of the “global South”’ held at the European University Institute in Florence on 20 and 21 March 2019. The three contributions explore the formation, representation and management of cultural diversity (broadly defined to include ethnic, racial, linguistic and religious diversity, today and in the past) in cities outside the West and how these processes get entangled with definitions and redefinitions of the nation and national identity (Triandafyllidou 2017). In doing so, they focus on a set of themes – the politics of cultural diversity, the transformation of the urban ‘global South’ and the ongoing project of nation building – which, to date, have been addressed largely in isolation. Some general explanations can be offered for the lack of sustained scholarly attention to the interconnections between our three key themes. On the one hand, because the field of urban studies has often used globalisation as an overarching point of departure or reference, it has tended to sideline the nation (Therborn 2011). On the other hand, because much research on cities in the ‘global South’ has focused on pressing issues, such as the effect of rapid demographic growth on the built environment or local responses to economic and infrastructural challenges, until relatively recently there has been (understandably) limited scrutiny of the significance of the politics of culture and diversity at the urban scale in this part of the world. We believe that exploring the complex linkages between cultural diversity, the city, and the nation can provide important insights into the major challenges facing cities in the ‘global South’, including those with explicit ‘global city’ aspirations. Moreover, by viewing cultural diversity as a crucial dimension for understanding questions at stake in contemporary cities, this themed section seeks to also overcome what Mike Savage and others have recently defined ‘the problematic dualism […] between a culturally sensitive approach to cities that has little to say about urban inequality on the one hand, and a political-economic perspective that eschews direct interests in cultural processes on the other’ (Savage et al. 2018, 139).

This book critically reviews state-religion models and the ways in which different countries manage religious diversity, illuminating different responses to the challenges encountered in accommodating both majorities and minorities. The country cases encompass eight world regions and 23 countries, offering a wealth of research material suitable to support comparative research. Each case is analysed in depth looking at historical trends, current practices, policies, legal norms and institutions. By looking into state-religion relations and governance of religious diversity in regions beyond Europe, we gain insights into predominantly Muslim countries (Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia), countries with pronounced historical religious diversity (India and Lebanon) and into a predominantly migrant pluralist nation (Australia). These insights can provide a basis for re-thinking European models and learning from experiences of governing religious diversity in other socio-economic and geopolitical contexts. Key analytical and comparative reflections inform the introduction and concluding chapters. This volume offers a research and study companion to better understand the connection between state-religion relations and the governance of religious diversity in order to inform both policy and research efforts in accommodating religious diversity. Given its accessible language and further readings provided in each chapter, the volume is ideally suited for undergraduate and graduate students. It will also be a valuable resource for researchers working in the wider field of ethnic, migration, religion and citizenship studies. -- Part 1. The governance of religious diversity: challenges and responses, Anna Triandafyllidou and Tina Magazzini -- Part I. Western Europe -- Part 2. Belgium: devolved federalism, Thomas Sealy and Tariq Modood -- Part 3. France: from laïcité to laicism?, Thomas Sealy and Tariq Modood -- Part 4. Germany: federal corporatism, Thomas Sealy -- Part 5. The United Kingdom: weak establishment and pragmatic pluralism, Thomas Sealy and Tariq Modood -- Part II. Southern Europe -- Part 6. The Italian case: ‘Baptised laicità’ and a changing demographic, Tina Magazzini -- Part 7. Spain: all religions are equal, but some are more equal than others, Tina Magazzini -- Part 8. Greece: the ‘prevailing religion’ and the governance of diversity, Eda Gemi -- Part III. Central Eastern Europe and Russia -- Part 9. Hungary: religion as the government’s political tool, Dániel Vékony -- Part 10. Lithuania: the predicament of the segregation of religions, Egdu–nas Racˇius -- Part 11. Slovakia: fear of new religious minorities, Egdu–nas Racˇius -- Part 12. Russia: governance of religion – what, how, and why, Marat Iliyasov -- Part IV. South-Eastern Europe -- Part 13. Bulgaria: strong cultural legacies, weak institutions, and political instrumentalisation of religion, Mila Mancheva -- Part 14. Albania: legacy of shared culture and history for religious tolerance, Liliya Yakova, Leda Kuneva -- Part 15. Bosnia and Herzegovina: persisting ethno-religious divide, Gergana Tzvetkova and Rosalina Todorova -- Part V.The MENA region -- Part 16. Turkey: whither secularism?, Haldun Gülalp -- Part 17. Lebanon: confessionalism and the problem of divided loyalties, Yüksel Tas¸kın -- Part 18. Egypt: religious diversity in an age of securitisation, H.A. Hellyer -- Part 19. Tunisia: governing the religious sphere after 2011, Georges Fahmi -- Part 20. Morocco: governing religious diversity, Mehdi Lahlou and Mounir Zouiten -- Part VI. South and Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific -- Part 21. India: the challenge of being plural and multicultural, Gurpreet Mahajan -- Part 22. Indonesia: a complex experience of religious diversity governance, Pradana Boy Zulian and Hasnan Bachtiar -- Part 23. Malaysia: a secular constitution under siege?, Zawawi Ibrahima and Imran Mohd Rasid -- Part 24. Australia: diversity, neutrality, and exceptionalism, Michele Grossman, Vivian Gerrand and Anna Halafoff -- Part 25. Governing religious diversity across the world: comparative insights, Anna Triandafyllidou and Tina Magazzini

Migration poses a complex set of challenges and opportunities to the European countries. This chapter starts by discussing definitions of who is a migrant and how and when migrants can become citizens. It puts recent migration trends into historical perspective, looking at the impact that the end of the Cold War, the economic crisis of 2008, and the post-2011, post-Arab Spring period have had on immigration into Europe. European countries are presented, organized into four groups in relation to the length and nature of their migration experience, as countries of destination, origin, or transit. The chapter highlights the interplay between migration policies and the politics of migration in approaches towards migrant integration.

Greece has been typically a southern European emigration country until the 1970s but shifted rather abruptly to becoming a host country after 1989, developing slowly and reluctantly migration, integration, and asylum policies. This chapter offers an overview of the migration policies and challenges that Greece faces in the twenty-first century and on how these have evolved in the 2000s and 2010s. The chapter starts with a short presentation of the migrant population in Greece, its composition, and its insertion in the labour market so as to give a sense of the socio-economic and demographic importance of immigration in Greek society today. It then looks at the evolution of immigration and asylum policies in relation also to the politics behind such evolutions, notably the positions of the two main parties, New Democracy and PASOK, and more recently SYRIZA, as well as the role of external pressures from fellow member states and EU institutions and the overall role of exogenous factors, such as the dramatic increase of asylum-seeking flows since 2015. The chapter concludes with some critical observations concerning the present and future of immigrants and their descendants in Greek society.

In this book we set out to explore the conceptual challenges posed by the presence of migrants with irregular immigration status in Europe and the evolving policy responses. In contrast to many earlier texts, our focus has been on irregular migrants living in Europe, not crossing its borders; and viewed not as a temporary crisis but as a continuing, structural feature of European societies. The drivers, forms, and consequences of irregular migration are nevertheless in transition and a key theme throughout has been that of change. Conceptual tools are needed to explain the complex social realities of this section of the migrant population; coupled with a need to unravel the legal and policy responses at the European, national and municipal levels: their drivers, multiple actors and potential future course.

This book explores the conceptual challenges posed by the presence of migrants with irregular immigration status in Europe and the evolving policy responses at the European, national, and municipal levels. Set in the context of recent patterns of migration and residence of migrants with differing forms of irregular status, this edited collection addresses the conceptual and policy issues raised, post-entry, by this particular section of the migrant population. This volume seeks thus to go beyond a vision of irregular migration as a crisis or a temporary emergency. By contrast, we look at the continuity of the phenomenon, its different facets and how they evolve as we seek to offer new conceptual tools for better understanding a complex reality.

This chapter conceptualises irregular migration status as a continuum of grey areas or of degrees and types of irregularity rather than as a clear black and white distinction. It thus sets the framework for understanding terms such as ‘befallen regularity’ and ‘semi-legality’. We consider irregular migration and irregular stay or work as inter-related phenomena embedded in the labour market dynamics of European countries. We seek to highlight the administrative rules and labour market conditions that can foster irregularity and create these in-between spaces where irregular migrants are positioned, and also seek to provide an estimate of the irregular migrant population in Europe. Last but not least, we discuss why people strive to remain in Europe despite irregular migration status and the challenges of (sustainable) return. The chapter concludes with some critical remarks on the links between irregular migration and employment.

The connection between irregular or undeclared work and irregular migration often combines in an explosive mix that stirs anxieties about the state’s control over migration flows, labour market regulation, and unfair competition with native workers as well as lost revenue for the state. This chapter discusses the different types of irregular employment and irregular migration and the intersection between the two to construct a typology of irregular employment of irregular foreign residents. We then investigate the dynamics of specific labour market sectors where irregularities in employment thrive, notably in domestic and care work, agriculture and the construction sector. The chapter adopts a double comparative European perspective, surveying findings from different countries, notably the Nordic states, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy with a focus on the different sectors. We seek to explain the role of (irregular) migrant workers within each sector and analyse the related socio-economic and policy dynamics. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the role of enforcement and sanctions vs a variable geometry of regulation for specific labour market sectors.

This paper contributes a conceptual and empirical reflection on the relationship between human smuggling, trafficking and kidnapping, and extortion in Libya. It is based on qualitative interview data with Eritrean asylum seekers in Italy. Different tribal regimes control separate territories in Libya, which leads to different experiences for migrants depending on which territory they enter, such as Eritreans entering in the southeast Toubou controlled territory. We put forth that the kidnapping and extortion experienced by Eritreans in Libya is neither trafficking, nor smuggling, but a crime against humanity orchestrated by an organized criminal network.

First published: 08 October 2018 This paper is inscribed into a new line of scholarly work seeking to cast light to the ways in which migrants convert their motivations into action within a policy framework that is characterised by many restrictions and limited opportunities to move. Drawing on recent fieldwork (2013‐2014) on irregular migrants from Afghanistan, Albania, Georgia, Pakistan and the Ukraine, in Greece, we investigate how they perceive opportunities and navigate restrictions eventually crossing borders whether unlawfully (from unguarded border areas or with fake documentation) or legally (abusing the terms of their entry/stay). The paper adopts the notion of social navigation as a heuristics tool to conceptualise the social, temporal and spatial character of the migration journey, its nodal points, and the interaction of migrants with different actors and factors that shape their migration plans and explores different types of migrant agency (recuperation, resilience and resistance) developed during the navigation process.

Published online: 28 Sep 2017 This article offers a comparative overview of the case studies included in this Special Issue with the aim of providing a narrative of how the refugee emergency in Europe has unfolded during the period 2014–2016. I look at the ‘real’ events as they happened, identify which events were taken up in the different national political scenes and media landscape as highly relevant, and then identify on the basis of a meta-analysis of the findings of the different articles, the main interpretative frames used to make sense of the refugee emergency. This meta-analysis allows me also to relate the discourses with the actual policies adopted or decisions taken with a view to addressing the emergency. The article focuses on contrasted discourses, how they are politicized in different countries and how they are eventually brought together adopting a frame of ‘reason’/rationalization that reconciles solidarity with public order.

La migracion irregular ha sido una preocupacion prioritaria de la politica de la Union Europea (UE) en los ultimos veinte anos. Hasta ahora, importantes normativas han sido promovidas sobre la base de la indiscutible distincion entre los que solicitan asilo -personas que escapan a la persecucion o al conflicto, la violencia y la inseguridad- y migrantes irregulares en busca de una vida mejor y oportunidades laborales. Sin embargo, la reciente emergencia de refugiados de 2015-2016 muestra que esa distincion se vuelve cada vez mas inadecuada para controlar los flujos de poblacion. No solamente los flujos sino tambien las motivaciones de la gente son una mezcla de varias cosas. La gente que sale de sus paises lo hace para escapar de la guerra o de regimenes opresivos, y con la intencion de construir un mejor futuro para ellos y sus hijos. La linea que separa al asilo de los flujos migratorios es cada vez mas difusa, incluso en el terreno, ya que la gente viaja por las mismas rutas y usa las mismas redes de contrabando de personas para cruzar ilegalmente las fronteras externas de la UE. Los recientes y masivos flujos de migrantes irregulares y de solicitantes de asilo a traves del Mediterraneo hacia Grecia e Italia han puesto a prueba el sistema europeo de migracion y asilo, por lo que son necesarias nuevas medidas y enfoques a fin de manejar la emergencia. Este documento ofrece una caracterizacion general de lo que en los dos ultimos anos se ha conocido como la «crisis de los refugiados» y discute de manera critica las respuestas politicas mas relevantes de la UE. Se evaluan los innovadores enfoques politicos que han sido adoptados durante ese periodo, ademas se explora la necesidad de nuevos dispositivos conceptuales y politicos con el proposito de abordar el paisaje global contemporaneo de migracion y asilo

First published online: 06 February 2019 Based on 30 narrative-biographic interviews with second-generation Greek and Italian women who have migrated from the United States to their ‘ancestral homelands’ of Greece and Italy, our article explores nuances of their stigma management by focusing on the interaction between their pre-repatriation past and post-repatriation present and the spaces of inclusion and exclusion. Adopting the method of narrative-biographic analysis, we present three detailed case studies of repatriated women – organized as composite biographies – to illuminate from different angles the process of stigma management and the phenomenon of stigma mobility. Highlighting the dynamics of the reproduction of the diasporic patriarchy through repatriation to the ‘ancestral homeland’, we introduce and elaborate on the concept ‘nativity voucher’ in reference to ethno-cultural resources that repatriated people use to facilitate their spaces of inclusion.

Published online: 23 Feb 2019 Most research on irregular migration in Europe has so far developed with a Eurocentric focus not sufficiently engaging with parallel policy and research developments in other world regions. The publication of McAuliffe and Koser's (2017) A Long Way to Go, Irregular Migration Patterns, Processes, Drivers and Decision-Making and Taylor and Lee's (2017) Mobilities of Return: Pacific Perspectives on the Asia Pacific regional challenges of irregular migration and complex mobility offer a welcome opportunity to reflect on related research findings and common challenges for migration and asylum governance in Europe and the Asia Pacific.

Received 08 Dec 2015, Accepted 03 Nov 2016, Published online: 28 Nov 2016 Based on 324 in-depth interviews with Indian, Moroccan, Ukrainian, Bosnian and Filipino migrants based in four EU countries (Austria, Italy, Spain and the UK), our paper explores the relationship between social remittances and transnational mobility. We develop a new typology of social remittances as based on the principle of mobility. We argue that the degree to which transnational mobility is present in social remittances depends on the agency of the sender and on the nature of the receiving community. We further elaborate on such mobility-related concepts as “transnational re-scaling” (in reference to directionality of social remittances) and “translocal celebrity” (in reference to sender’s role in cultural production). Based on a large qualitative dataset, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between the local and the global.

Published online: 10 Nov 2016 During the last 20 years migration in Europe has become more dynamic and complex, creating a different socio-economic and political context within which ever changing migrant integration challenges have to be addressed. In contrast to previous periods, and especially the recession years of the mid-1970s and early 1980s, European governments have turned again more favourable towards labour migration in the 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century. Labour migration and intra-European Union (EU) mobility was seen as one of the driving forces of economic growth in the process of the consolidation of the European Common Market.

Nations are faced today with a new set of social and economic challenges: economic globalisation has intensified bringing with it a more intense phase of cultural interconnectedness and political interdependence. Globalisation has also further driven and multiplied international flows not only of capitals, goods and services but also of people. National states have seen their capacity to govern undermined by these processes. However, in Europe, the nation continues to be a powerful source of identity and legitimacy. This chapter offers a reflection on the centrifugal and centripetal forces that challenge the nation today and the kind of analytical tools that we need to connect wider socio-economic transformations with nationalism theories. The chapter is organised as follows. I first briefly review globalisation as a socio-economic phenomenon and the changes it brings at the identity level, leading to what Bauman has termed liquid modernity. In section three I am arguing however that the increased and diversified types of international migration and mobility that globalisation brings, lead to the re-emergence of the nation as a relevant point of reference for identification as well as a relevant political community that can protect people and tame the forces of globalisation. Last I am surveying developments in several European countries showing how citizens seek refuge from the social and economic challenges of globalisation and international mobility in the warm embrace of the nation that offers both the promise of political sovereignty and legitimacy and that of a feeling of shared destiny – something that for instance regional formations like the European Union cannot offer.

Migrant integration and addressing the challenges of cultural and religious diversity in liberal democratic societies is arguably one of the pressing challenges of the twenty-first century. During the last twenty-five years there have been intensive political and academic debates on the appropriate normative and policy framework for addressing cultural diversity in Europe and North America. In terms of discourse, many politicians (including David Cameron, Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy) and intellectuals have argued that the philosophy of multiculturalism has failed. In terms of policies, integration priorities have increasingly taken a civic assimilationist turn, emphasising a set of common civic and political values to which all migrants and ethnic minorities must adhere....

First Published February 21, 2018 This article offers a critical review of how migrant smuggling arises out of restrictive migration policies and how it has become increasingly sophisticated and professionalized. Reflecting on the innovative empirical findings presented in the contributions to this volume of The ANNALS, I highlight how migration control has hardened borders, disrupted cross-border flows of goods and people, and transformed local economies. Understanding better the relationship between migration control policies and migrant smuggling and the social and moral nature of the agent-customer transactions has important implications for the policies adopted to address irregular migration and migrant smuggling on both sides of the Atlantic.

This Handbook explores the multifaceted linkages between two of the most important socioeconomic phenomena of our time: globalisation and migration. Both are on the rise, increasing in size and scope worldwide, and this Handbook offers the necessary background knowledge and tools to understand how population flows shape, and are shaped by, economic and cultural globalisation. Through central themes which correspond to the four domains of human life – politics, economics (separated into trade and development, and the global division of labour), culture and family life – expert authors from five continents highlight the interdependence between migration and globalisation, and explore the mutual impact of economic, social and political globalisation on international population flows. They also investigate how migrants themselves become agents of the globalisation process. With accessible language that guides the reader easily through complex issues, this Handbook makes an ideal resource for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and academics interested in migration, ethnicity, development, international relations and international economics. 1. Globalisation and migration: an introduction, Anna Triandafyllidou Part I: Governing Migration at the Age of Globalisation 2. An international human rights framework for migration in a globalising world, Idil Atak 3. International organisations and the multilevel governance of migration, Antoine Pécoud and Shoshana Fine 4. The globalised third sector in the migration policy field, Oleg Korneev and Karolina Kluczewska 5. Regional governance of migration in South America, Diego Acosta Arcarazo and Luisa Feline Freier 6. Regulating international migration in an era of increasing interconnectedness, Marie McAuliffe and Alexandra Masako Goossens 7. Patterns and governance of labour migration in ASEAN: regional policies and migration corridors, Amarijt Kaur 8. The governance of migration in Europe: towards fragmentation?, Andrew Geddes 9. Human smuggling: a global migration industry, Ilse van Liempt 10. Migration, recruitment and forced labour in a globalizing world, Fabiola Mieres Part II: The Global Economy, Trade and Migration 11. Migration and trade (and conversely), Hillel Rapoport 12. Migration and development: the role of remittances, Bilesha Weeraratne 13. Diaspora engagement and return migration policies, Sarah Dickerson and Çaglar Özden 14. India: rising trends of international and internal migrations, Jajati Keshari Parida and K. Ravi Raman 15. Regional migration dynamics and implications for innovation and development in North Africa, Mehdi Lahlou 16. Migration and economic adjustment: lessons from Indonesia and the US, Matteo Sandi Part III: The Interlocking Dynamics of Internal, Inter-regional and International Migration 17. Internal and international migration dynamics in Africa, Michael Okyerefo and Mary B. Setrana 18. Internal and international migration dynamics in China, Qian Zhang and Xiaoyi Wang 19. Migrants passing through Mexico: a look at what the Trump presidency may bring, Rodolfo Casillas 20. Eurasian migration towards Russia: regional dynamics in the era of globalisation, Irena Molodikova 21. Caught between East and West: Ukrainian migration in the 21st century, Lyuba Zhyznomirksa and Svitlana Odynets Part IV Migration, Globalisation and Climate Change 22. Migration and climate change in the Pacific, John R. Campbell 23. Climate change refugees, Fanny Thornton Part V A Cultural Perspective on Migration in a Global Era 24. Transnational family dynamics in Asia, Brenda S. A. Yeoh, Shirlena Huang and Theodora Lam 25. Transnational families in the era of global mobility , Loretta Baldassar, Majella Kilkey, Laura Merla and Raelene Wilding 26. Gender, migration and globalisation. Quantitative v. qualitative approaches, Sabrina Marchetti 27. Globalized culture flows, transnational fields and transcultural capital, Ulrike H. Meinhof Index

Much has been said in 2015–2016 and beyond about the so-called Refugee Crisis—that is, yet another pan-European “crisis” caused by the sudden massive asylum-seeker flow from countries such as Syria...

This paper studies the impact of the current Greek crisis on the livelihoods of migrant workers who are settled in Greece. Our aim is to go beyond the general overview offered by the data of the Greek statistical service and look at what exactly is the impact of the crisis on the living and working conditions of immigrant families. We are particularly interested on studying how migrants cope with the crisis in the labour market (e.g. changes in their employment conditions, profession, work situation within the family) and on whether and why some migrants decide to return to their country of origin. The paper is based on two sets of structured qualitative interviews (conducted in spring-summer 2011 and in springsummer 2012) with a total of 72 people from the major immigrant groups in the capital city of Athens, Greece (Albanian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Georgian, Ukrainian). Results confirm the importance of legal status and networks in coping with the crisis. They highlight that return can be an option migrants have prepared for or the ultimate exit strategy. The paper prompts for further research on why intra EU migrants cope better with the crisis than third country nationals even when the latter have been longer established and well integrated in the country.