Search

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar as práticas pedagógicas realizadas pelos preceptores das turmas do Curso de Aprimoramento para Enfermeiras (os) Obstetras pela Rede Cegonha, desenvolvido durante seis anos pela Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde. Assim, através de abordagem qualitativa evidencia-se a experiência e da vivência da preceptoria e a partir dos depoimentos dos participantes do curso, nos diversos cenários de práticas e utiliza-se para análise a inferência temática interpretativa. Os resultados foram as seguintes práticas pedagógicas: Roda de conversa – acolhimento, formação de vínculo e o conhecimento das realidades vividas; Teoria e simulação prática dirigida de temas selecionados pelos participantes das turmas - experiências de construção de conhecimento socializado; Prática assistencial com o contato direto com as clientes, família e comunidade – análise crítica reflexiva do modelo assistencial que estavam inseridos; e Reunião de encerramento para consolidação dos conhecimentos adquiridos – composição de ideias iniciais para implantação das atividades, vivenciadas em campo prático, nas unidades de saúde de origem. Conclui-se que as práticas pedagógicas diversificadas permitiram adequação às necessidades de cada participante, pois não engessam o conhecimento. Isso possibilitou que eles pudessem ser ouvidos e trocassem expectativas de ações para mudanças de atitudes, visando à reformulação do modelo assistencial na atenção obstétrica. As experiências decorrentes das vivencias socializadas no grupo geram mobilização e impacto social e profissional. Com isso, entende-se que a preceptoria contribuiu para o aprendizado qualitativo e significativo, ressaltando experiências no respeito ao outro, enquanto indivíduo de singularidades e portador de diversas realidades.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência The antibacterial effect of microencapsulated lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil on strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ATCC 6017), and the stability of this oil in feeds for broiler chickens were evaluated. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by the macrodilution method, using the microencapsulated lemon grass essential oil at concentrations of 160 μL mL−1, 80 μL mL−1, 40 μL mL−1, 20 μL mL−1, and 10 μL mL−1. The oil concentration of 80 μL mL−1 presented the best results against the three bacteria evaluated. Samples of 200 g of feed mixed with 120 μL g−1 of the microencapsulated lemon grass essential oil was stored to evaluate the oil stability. Feed without microencapsulated lemon grass essential oil was prepared as control. The oil remained active for seven days, with significant reduction of S. aureus (3.08 CFU), E. coli (3.01 CFU), and S. enterica (3.10 CFU). The microencapsulated lemon grass essential oil at concentration of 80 μL mL−1 had antibacterial effect against the E. coli, S. enterica and S. aureus, and maintained stability of the feed for seven days, even with presence of organic matter, which is source of nutrients for pathogens. No trabalho foi avaliado o efeito antimicrobiano do óleo capim limão (Cymbopogon citratus) microencapsulado frente a cepas de Escherichia coli (ATCC8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) e Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ATCC 6017), e a estabilidade do óleo em ração de frangos de corte. O teste de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) do óleo essencial de capim-limão microencapsulado foi determinado pelo método de macrodiluição (tubo) utilizando as concentrações de 160μL/mL, 80μL/mL, 40μL/mL, 20μL/mLe 10μL/mL. A concentração do óleo de 80μL/mL apresentou melhores resultados frente às três bactérias. Para a avaliação da estabilidade foram separados e armazenadas porções de 200g de ração misturadas com o óleo essencial de capim limão na dosagem de 120μL/g de ração, foram preparadas porções de ração sem a presença do óleo essencial para teste controle, os resultados mostraram que o óleo permaneceu ativo até sete dias, com redução significativa de 3,08 UFC para S. aureus, 3, 01 para E. coli e 3,10 S. entérica. Conclui-se que, óleo essencial de capim limão microencapuslado tem atividade antibacteriana na concentração de 80 μL/mL frente à Escherichia coli, S. entérica e S. aureus e promove a estabilidade da ração no período de sete dias mesmo na presença da matéria orgânica que é fonte de nutrientes para patógenos.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity and acute or chronic toxicity of the extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens. The stem bark dry extract was obtained by static maceration with ethanol. Quantification of tannins was performed by the Folin-Denis method, which indicated a total tannin content of 32.7%. The antimicrobial activity of the dry extract of S. adstringens was evaluated by agar-based disk diffusion assay with Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) in the concentration of 200, 400 and 600μL/mL. The results indicated that 600μL/mL inhibited microbial growth, i.e. had antimicrobial activity against these species. Acute and chronic toxic effects of S. adstringens was evaluated in Wistar rats treated with 200, 400, 600 and 800mg/kg of extract, administrated by gavage. Liver degeneration was observed in the group of rats receiving 800mg/kg in chronic exposure, what may indicate some degree of toxicity at this concentration. However, no systemic toxicity was observed at lower doses. Considering the broad use of S. adstringens as a phytotherapeutic agent for various human and animal diseases and the livertoxicity observed at high concentrations, attention should be paid to the possible adverse effect of using the extract from this plant at high concentration. RESUMO: Avaliou-se neste estudo a atividade antimicrobiana e a toxicidades aguda e crônica do extrato da entrecasca de Stryphnodendron adstringens. A partir do extrato seco, obtido através da maceração estática da casca do caule em etanol de cereais, foi realizada a quantificação de taninos totais (32,7%) pelo método de Folin-Denis. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato seco extraído de cascas do caule de S. adstringens foi avaliada pela técnica de disco-difusão para os micro-organismos Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600μL/mL. Os testes de concentração inibitória mínima revelaram que 600μL/mL inibiu o crescimento dos dois micro-organismos testados; o mesmo resultado foi observado para atividade bactericida na concentração de 600μL/mL sobre essas espécies. Efeitos tóxicos sistêmicos agudos e crônicos do extrato seco de S. adstringens administrados por gavagem foram estudados em ratos Wistar, utilizando as doses de 400, 600 e 800mg/kg. Foi observada degeneração hepática no grupo de animais que receberam 800mg/kg tanto no estudo da toxicidade aguda quanto crônica, que pode indicar algum grau de toxicidade de S. adstringens nessa concentração. Considerando o amplo uso de S. adstringens como fitoterápico para humanos e animais, atenção deve ser dispensada para ingestão em altas doses mediante os efeitos tóxicos observados neste estudo.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Anemia due to iron deficiency is the most common in the world being characterized as a significant public health issue. Therefore, its prevention and treatment are considered important before it becomes either chronic or grievous; the interventions with superior potential are the medical supplementation with iron salts as well as food mineral enhancement. The objectives of this study were to develop fermented dairy beverages supplemented with iron and added by Cerrado fruit pulps: cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), coquinho-azedo (Butia capitata), tamarindo (Tamarindus indica), and umbu (Spondias tuberosa). In addition, the research intended to evaluate the acceptance of these beverages by children and adolescents from public schools in the city of Montes Claros (MG). The methodology consisted in the production of dairy beverages followed by the evaluation of their quality through physicochemical and microbiological analyses. Posteriorly, children and adolescents assessed the sensorial acceptance. The analyses performed presented satisfactory results for physicochemical and microbiological properties regarding the acceptance of the product. The cagaita and coquinho azedo based dairy beverages were the most accepted whether compared with tamarindo and umbu beverages. The fermented dairy beverage supplemented with iron and added by Cerrado fruits come up as a feasible alternative for dietary supplementation, and can promote beneficial effects in human health due to their sensorial acceptance.

Human ingestion of antimicrobial residues in dairy products is a problem of public health. In this study we evaluated antibacterial effectiveness of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Mangifera indica L. as a natural alternative for reduction of Staphylococcus spp. biofilms. Eight Staphylococcus spp. strains from cows with mastitis and the Staphylococcus aureus strain (ATCC 25923) were evaluated. High performance liquid chromatography indicated the presence of phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract. Agilent Technologies gas chromatography revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and gallic acid in ethanolic extract. The tannin contents were 2.27 ± 0.01 and 2.67 ± 0.01% for ethanolic extract and aqueous extract, respectively. Extracts were evaluated in agar diffusion test and the size of inhibition zones were compared. The ethanolic extract was the most effective, showing minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations between 1.8–7.5 and 15.1–45.3 mg/ml, respectively. After tannin removal, the extracts were less effective, indicating these secondary metabolites as one of the main antibacterial compounds. The ethanolic extract at 45.3 mg/ml reduced mature biofilms in teat rubber (average: 3.91 log reduction) and stainless steel (average: 3.87 log reduction) after 5 min of contact. The extracts of M. indica leaves represent natural alternatives against Staphylococcus spp. strains and the ethanolic extract shows potential as a natural sanitizer.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Outra Agência Bovine mastitis affects dairy cattle worldwide and, despite the existing therapeutic measures, is not totally under control, leading to the need to develop alternative strategies. Brassica oleracea is a phytochemical commonly used in the control and prevention of human and animal diseases. The use of this plant in the treatment of infectious bovine mastitis has been little referenced in the literature and its molecular mechanism of action in this disease has not been clarified yet. This study aimed to reveal, through bioinformatic analysis, the molecular mechanism of action of Brassica oleracea in bovine mastitis. We investigated genes expressed in the signaling pathways of bovine mastitis and Brassica oleracea performance and elaborated the Venn diagram. A gene network was developed using the STRING 10 database. Leader genes were identified by calculating the weighted number of links (WNL). The Network Analyzer plugin for Cytoscape software was used to characterize network topology. For the visualization of highly interconnected regions in the network, the MCODE was used. The BINGO and GFD-Net plugins were used to perform the ontological analysis. The TP53 and MTOR leader genes were identified in the sub-networks of the bovine mastitis signaling pathway and Brassica oleracea performance, respectively. Topological analysis confirmed the leader condition of the genes. Although the overlap of genes in the Venn diagram was not observed, the leader genes were found to be interconnected (confidence = 0.9). In the network that interconnected the leader genes two molecular complexes were detected and the ontological analysis revealed biological processes, cellular components and important molecular functions. It was concluded that Brassica oleracea may be a promising candidate to be included in a mammalian herbal cocktail against infectious bovine mastitis by interfering in the mechanisms of action of genes such as MTOR and TP53.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior This study aimed to evaluate the hematological profile, hepatic function, and histopathology of mixed-sex broilers fed rations supplemented with microencapsulated essential oils from Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemon grass) and Lippia rotundifolia (chá-de-pedestre). One hundred and fifty Cobb chicks were housed in cages from 1 to 42 days of age in a completely randomized design, with six replicates with five chickens in each of five treatments (150 total chicks): basal diet without antibiotic growth promoter (negative control), diet with enramicina and salinomycin (positive control), diet with lemon grass essential oil, diet with L. rotundifolia essential oil, and diet with a mixture of lemon grass and L. rotundifolia essential oils. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were significantly lower in untreated broilers (negative control group). Gender was not associated with erythrogram values, but aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) was higher in females. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was higher in chicks in the group that received rations with lemon grass oil. Broilers that received L. rotundifolia oil developed more hepatic lesions, although no effect of sex was observed related to the lesion score. Biliary hyperplasia and fibroplasias were observed in all groups, with higher histopathology scores in broilers that received diets containing L. rotundifolia oil. Mixed-sex broilers fed rations supplemented with lemon grass and L. rotundifolia essential oils have normal complete blood counts and unspecific hepatic lesions and are characterized by lipidosis, hyperplasia of the bile ducts, and fibroplasia.

Outra Agência The objective was to verify the antibacterial activity of lemongrass and clove oils against Escherichia coli isolated from poultry feces, Staphylococcus aureus isolated from swine and poultry feces and Salmonella sp. isolated from swine and bovine feces. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion test using different concentrations of the oils: 160, 80, 40, 20 and 10 μl ml -1. The multi-resistance of strains relative to that of conventional antimicrobials was also evaluated by the disk diffusion technique, using Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index. The oils were characterized based on the results of chromatographic analyses, of which, analysis of lemongrass has been previously published (AZEVEDO et al., 2016). Lemongrass and clove essential oils presented citral and eugenol as the major compound, respectively. The concentrations of the essential oils had a significant effect on the extent of the growth inhibition halo and the coefficient of determination (r²) was higher than 0.80. Clove essential oil generated the largest zone of inhibition when tested against Escherichia coli and S. aureus from poultry feces and Salmonella sp. from the feces of swine, while lemongrass essential oil presented better results against S. aureus isolated from swine feces and Salmonella sp. from bovine feces. S. aureus and Salmonella sp. were multi-resistant to the antimicrobials tested. It is concluded that the essential oils tested have antimicrobial activity against bacteria isolated from bovine, swine, and poultry feces and that this activity is proportional to the concentration of oils and the microorganisms studied. O objetivo foi verificar a atividade antibacteriana dos óleos de capim-limão e cravo contra Escherichia coli isoladas de fezes de aves, Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de fezes de suínos e aves e Salmonella sp. isoladas de fezes de suínos e bovinos. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelo teste de difusão em disco utilizando diferentes concentrações dos óleos: 160, 80, 40, 20 e 10 μl ml -1. A multirresistência das cepas em relação aos antimicrobianos convencionais também foi avaliada pela técnica de difusão em disco, utilizando o índice de Resistência a Antibióticos Múltiplos (MAR). Os óleos foram caracterizados com base nos resultados das análises cromatográficas, das quais, a análise do capim-limão já foi publicada anteriormente (AZEVEDO et al., 2016). Os óleos essenciais de capim-limão e cravo apresentaram citral e eugenol como o composto majoritário, respectivamente. As concentrações dos óleos essenciais tiveram efeito significativo na extensão do halo de inibição de crescimento e o coeficiente de determinação (r²) foi superior a 0,80. O óleo essencial de cravo gerou a maior zona de inibição quando testado contra Escherichia coli e S. aureus de fezes de aves e Salmonella sp. das fezes de suínos, enquanto o óleo essencial de capim-limão apresentou melhores resultados contra S. aureus isolado de fezes de suínos e Salmonella sp. de fezes bovinas. S. aureus e Salmonella sp. foram multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos testados. Conclui-se que os óleos essenciais testados possuem atividade antimicrobiana contra bactérias isoladas de fezes de bovinos, suínos e aves e que essa atividade é proporcional à concentração dos óleos e dos microrganismos estudados.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais We characterized six drug-resistant nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained in a hospital located in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by determining their antibiotic sensitivity profiles, detecting the blaKPC genetic marker and examining their clonal relationships. All isolates were found to be extensively drug resistant. A PCR assay was used to confirm the identity of the isolates as K. pneumoniae and assess the blaKPC gene. All isolates tested positive for the blaKPC gene, which is related to carbapenem resistance. The genetic profiles and clonal relationships among the isolates were evaluated by ERIC-PCR. All the isolates were in a single group with two distinct subgroups. Analysis of the genetic diversity among the isolates revealed that five of the six were clones, which suggests cross-transmission in this hospital environment. Five of the patients died from infection. We describe the first detection of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from a hospital in northern Minas Gerais state.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de um novo produto elaborado a base de óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta sob a redução da contagem de microrganismos presentes na pele de tetos de vacas leiteiras. Para o teste in vivo, avaliou-se a eficácia do novo produto sob a antissepsia de negativos para mastite clínica (192 tetos), em comparação ao tratamento que continha produtos comerciais (192 tetos), durante um período de 42 dias. Os tetos foram diariamente acompanhados clinicamente, havendo semanalmente avaliação da microbiota presente na pele dos mesmos quanto à redução na contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, Estafilococos coagulase negativo (ECN), Echerichia coli e aeróbios mesófilos. Os dois produtos mantiveram a integridade dos tetos, sendo observado ausência de mastite clínica durante o período experimental. Não observou-se diferença significativa na ocorrência de mastite subclínica e de microrganismos nos tetos dos dois grupos em estudo pelo teste de Fisher em nível de significância de 5%. Ao comparar a redução Log da contagem em UFC.mL-1 dos microrganismos para o grupo tratado com produto convencional e com produto experimental para aeróbios mesófilos, E. coli, S. aureus e Estafilococos coagulase negativa, obtidos com o processo de higienização dos tetos foi observada diferença estatística(p>0,05), na contagem de microrganismos, evidenciando que ambos apresentaram efeito semelhante ao controle de microrganismos presentes na pele dos tetos. Sendo assim, o novo produto contendo óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta apresentou eficácia semelhante ao produto convencional clorexidine e iodo para antissepsia dos tetos de vacas leiteiras sem promover reações locais na pele, podendo este vir a ser utilizado como produto alternativo no manejo de ordenha.

This study aimed at investigating the effect of fermented dairy beverage with clove essential oil (CEO) on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through endogenous enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). For this, bioinformatic analysis was performed using the Genecards and String platforms. Headspace was used to analyze and confirm the compounds at low concentrations. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH free radical sequestration method. For analysis of antioxidant activity, twenty-four male Swiss mice were divided into three groups and submitted histopathological analysis, analysis of CAT, SOD,GPx transcripts, and CAT and SOD enzyme activity in visceral adipose tissue were evaluated.The leader genes found were PIK3CD, PIK3CB, AKT1, and PIK3CA, as they had the highest WNL values. The beverage containing CEO showed higher antioxidant activity, with free radical scavenging capacity above 80%. In the in vivo analyses, it was possible to verify a reduction in the average adipocyte area size (μm2) between the groups that received fermented dairy beverage. Although functional studies have shown that the antioxidant enzymes, CAT and SOD, showed similar concentrations in visceral adipose tissue of the three groups, the expression levels of GPx1, CAT, and SOD were higher in group 2. Surprisingly, the group 3, that received the fermented dairy beverage with CEO had the lowest SOD concentration (p

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes niveis de blend de leveduras sobre o desempenho de suinos nas fases creche, crescimento e terminacao. Experimento 1: foram utilizadas 84 leitoas, desmamadas aos 21 dias de idade, com peso variando de 6,87 ± 0,76 kg. Os animais foram identificados e pesados individualmente para a formacao de grupos homogeneos quanto ao peso, utilizando o delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = racao basal, T2 = racao basal + 0,75 kg/t de Blend de leveduras e T3 = racao basal + 1,5 kg/t de Blend de leveduras. A inclusao da levedura na racao de leitoes nao teve efeito (P>0,05) nos parâmetros zootecnicos avaliados como ganho de peso medio diario (GPMD), consumo de racao diario (CRD) e conversao alimentar (CA) no periodo de 21 a 59 dias de idade. Conclui-se que o desempenho zootecnico nao foi influenciado pelos niveis de inclusao de Blend de levedura em racoes de leitoes pos desmame no periodo de 21 a 59 dias de idade. Experimento 2: Foram utilizados 72 suinos machos castrados, com 70 dias de idade com 25 kg de peso vivo, sendo utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos consistiram de 4 niveis de inclusao de blend de leveduras: 0; 0,5; 1,0; e 1,5 Kg/ton de racao. O periodo experimental foi segregado em tres fases, sendo: Crescimento I (70 a 91 dias), Crescimento II (91 a 120 dias) e Terminacao (120 a 156 dias), variando apenas a inclusao do blend de leveduras. As variaveis analisadas para ganho de peso medio diario (GPMD), conversao alimentar (CA) e consumo de racao (CRD). Foram submetidas a analises estatisticas atraves do teste de regressao. A adicao do blend de leveduras nao teve efeito sobre o desempenho zootecnico dos leitoes na fase de Crescimento I (70 a 91 dias) (p >0,05) Na fase de Crescimento II (91 a 120 dias) o aumento nos niveis do aditivo na racao melhorou (p

The aim of the present study was to compare the potency and safety of vaccines against Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) type C and D formulated with chitosan as controlled release matrix and vaccines formulated in conventional manner using aluminum hydroxide. Parameters were established for the development of chitosan microspheres, using simple coacervation to standardize the use of this polymer in protein encapsulation for vaccine formulation. To formulate a single shot vaccine inactivated antigens of C. botulinum type C and D were used with original toxin titles equal to 5.2 and 6.2 log LD50/ml, respectively. For each antigen a chitosan based solution of 50 mL was prepared. Control vaccines were formulated by mixing toxoid type C and D with aluminum hydroxide [25% Al(OH) 3 , pH 6.3]. The toxoid sterility, innocuity and potency of vaccines were evaluated as stipulated by MAPA-BRASIL according to ministerial directive no. 23. Encapsulation efficiency of BSA in chitosan was 32.5–40.37%, while that the encapsulation efficiency to toxoid type C was 41,03% (1.94 mg/mL) and of the toxoid type D was 32.30% (1.82 mg/mL). The single shot vaccine formulated using chitosan for protein encapsulation through simple coacervation showed potency and safety similar to conventional vaccine currently used in Brazilian livestock (10 and 2 IU/mL against C. botulinum type C and D, respectively). The present work suggests that our single shot vaccine would be a good option as a cattle vaccine against these C. botulinum type C and D.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência The aims of the present study were: to estimate the seroprevalence of Bluetongue vírus (BTV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Brucella abortus and Leptospira spp. in cattle from family farms in North of Minas Gerais; to determine the intercurrence and association among these pathogens; and to assess the possible associated factors to seropositive herds and animals. For this, 476 cows from 46 farms were sampled and evaluated serologically. The seroprevalence in herds and cattle was, respectively, for BTV 100% and 52.0%, for BoHV-1 95.7% and 48.6%, for BVDV 78.3% and 46.1%, for Leptospira spp. 76.1% and 29.1%, and for B. abortus was 0% in herd and cattle. More than 65% of the herds was simultaneously seropositive for BTV, BoHV-1, BVDV and Leptospira spp. Seropositivity for BoHV-1, Leptospira spp. serovar Autumnalis and serovar Hardjoprajitno were associated with abortion, whereas seropositivity for BVDV was associated with BoHV-1. Moreover, association among seropositivity for BVDV, BoHV-1 and Leptospira spp. was also observed. In conclusion, BTV, BoHV-1, BVDV and Leptospira spp. are highly seroprevalent and occurred simultaneously in cattle from family farms in Minas Gerais, indicating the need for the implementation of control measures to avoid economic losses related to these diseases. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: i) estimar a soroprevalência de Bluetongue virus (BTV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Brucella abortus e Leptospira spp. em bovinos da agricultura familiar no Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil; ii) determinar a intercorrência e associação entre esses patógenos; iii) e avaliar os possíveis fatores associados aos rebanhos e animais soropositivos. Para isso, 476 vacas de 46 fazendas foram amostradas e avaliadas sorologicamente. A soroprevalência de rebanhos e animais foi, respectivamente, para BTV de 100% e 52.0%, para BoHV 1 de 95.7% e 48.6%, para BVDV de 78.3% e 46.1%, para Leptospira spp. de 76.1% e 29.1% e para B. abortus de 0% para ambos rebanhos e bovinos. Mais de 65% dos rebanhos foram simultaneamente soropositivos para BTV, BoHV-1, BVDV e Leptospira spp. A soropositividade para BoHV-1, Leptospira spp. sorovar Autumnalis e sorovar Hardjoprajitno foram fatores associados com aborto, enquanto soropositividade para BVDV foi fator associado com BoHV-1. Além disso, associação entre a soropositividade para BVDV, BoHV-1 e Leptospira spp. foi observada. Em conclusão, BTV, BVDV, BoHV-1 e Leptospira spp. são altamente soroprevalentes e ocorrem simultaneamente em bovinos da agricultura familiar de Minas Gerais, indicando a necessidade da implementação de medidas de controle para evitar perdas econômicas relacionadas a essas doenças.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência The objective of the present study was to evaluate the external and organoleptic characters, microscopic, physico-chemical, chromatic and microbiological parameters of the honey from Myracrodruon urundeuva allemão (Anacardiceae - Aroeira) of the Jequitinhonha River Valley / Brazil, in order to create its geographical indication. In the first stage a data survey was carried out to characterize the production of honey in the Jequitinhonha Valley. In order to evaluate the use of land as well as the forms of agriculture in relation to beekeeping. For characterization of the aroeira honey of the area, the microscopic, physico-chemical and microbiological quality of the honey was evaluated in samples collected in AAPIVAJE. Samples were collected for convenience. Honey production did not correlate with the area occupied, in hectare, by none of the types of land use in the middle region of the Jequitinhonha River Valley. There was also no significant correlation between honey production and the form of agriculture. In general, all samples of honey analyzed had satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics in terms of parameters of sugars, moisture, ashes, pH, acidity, color, taste and consistency. The analyzed samples were free of commercial sugar and dyes and present diastase activity. In this study we can see that all honey samples had a low microbial count of coliforms at 30°C and coliforms at 45°C (thermotolerant), indicating good hygienic-sanitary quality of the honey extraction and processing procedures. In the same way, it was observed that the counts of fungi and yeasts of all the honey were within the recommended parameters in the legislation of Apis. The presence of Salmonella was not detected in any sample of aroeira honey. This study will contribute to the geographical indication for aroeira honey, produced only in the middle region of the Jequitinhonha River Valley.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência We conducted an in silico analysis to search for important genes in the pathogenesis of Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL), with prospects for use in formulating effective vaccines against this disease. For this, we performed a survey of proteins expressed by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, using protein sequences collected from the NCBI GenPept database and the keywords “caseous lymphadenitis” and “Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis” and “goats”. A network was developed using the STRING 10 database, with a confidence score of 0.900. For every gene interaction identified, we summed the interaction score of each gene, generating a combined association score to obtain a single score named weighted number of links (WNL). Genes with the highest WNL were named “leader genes”. Ontological analysis was extracted from the STRING database through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. A search in the GenPept database revealed 2,124 proteins. By using and plotting with STRING 10, we then developed an in silico network model comprised of 1,243 genes/proteins interconnecting through 3,330 interactions. The highest WNL values were identified in the rplB gene, which was named the leader gene. Our ontological analysis shows that this protein acts effectively mainly on Metabolic pathways and Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In conclusion, the in silico analyses showed that rplB has good potential for vaccine development. However, functional assays are needed to make sure that this protein can potentially induce both humoral and cellular immune responses against C. pseudotuberculosis in goats.

Investigar a efetividade da fortificação dos alimentos na prevenção da anemia em crianças menores de cinco anos. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura científica nacional e internacional nas bases de dados PubMed, Portal Capes, BVS, e SciELO, dando ênfase aos trabalhos publicados nos últimos 14 anos (2001 a 2015), e consultas nos sites da Organização Mundial da Saúde e do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Observa-se que a fortificação dos alimentos foi efetiva em alguns estudos com crianças anêmicas em idade pré escolar, tais como a fortificação do arroz, o leite fortificado e a bebida láctea fermentada. Conclusão: A fortificação dos alimentados é uma estratégia que deve ser vista como uma ação preventiva para o tratamento da anemia. To investigate the effectiveness of food fortification in the prevention of anemia in children under five years of age. Methods: The review of national and international scientific literature was carried out in PubMed, Portal Capes and SciELO databases, with emphasis on studies published in the last 14 years (2001 to 2015) and consultations on the websites of the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health. Results: Food fortification was effective in some studies with anemic pre-school children, such as fortification of rice, fortified milk and fermented milk drink. Conclusion: Food fortification is a strategy that should be seen as a preventive action for the treatment of anemia.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Objetivo: objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de antisséptico elaborado com óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta na higienização e integridade de tetos de vacas leiteiras e na qualidade do leite destas vacas. Metodologia: foram utilizadas vacas mestiças Holandês, multíparas com média de 150 ± 25 dias de lactação e livres de mastite clínica. Comparou-se o efeito antisséptico dos protocolos convencionais com produtos contendo clorexidine (pré-dipping) e iodo (pós-dipping) com o produto experimental (pré e pós-dipping). Realizaram-se avaliações clínicas diárias da glândula mamária e avaliações semanais quanto a qualidade sanitária, composição nutricional e produção de leite em um período de seis semanas. Resultados: os animais não apresentaram mastite clínica e observou-se semelhança nos escores de integridade da pele dos tetos entre os grupos tratados, durante o período experimental. A mastite subclínica apresentou grau leve, semelhante aos achados da contagem de células somáticas (CCS), atribuída às condições fisiológicas e morfológicas dos animais. Não houve alteração na CCS e na composição do leite dos animais, durante o período de estudo. A contagem bacteriana total apresentou um aumento pontual na segunda semana de estudo. Foi observada correlação positiva e significativa entre a CCS e proteína, e, negativa e significativa para lactose. Conclusão: o antisséptico, contendo óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta, apresentou-se como uma possível alternativa para desinfecção dos tetos, não lesando a pele e sem interferência na qualidade do leite. Objective:the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of antiseptic prepared with essential oil of Lippia origanoides on the hygiene and integrity of teats of dairy cows and the milk quality of these cows. . Methodology:crossbred cows were used, multiparous women with an average of 150 ± 25 days of lactation and free of clinical mastitis. Compared the antiseptic effect of conventional protocols with products containing chlorhexidine (pre-dipping) and iodine (post-dipping) with the experimental product (pre-and post-dipping). Conducted clinical daily evaluations of the mammary gland and weekly evaluations as for the health quality, nutritional composition and production of milk in a period of six weeks. Results:the animals showed no clinical mastitis and a similarity was observed in the scores of skin integrity of teats between the groups treated during the experimental period. The subclinical mastitis presented mild, similar to the findings of the somatic cell count (SCC), attributed the morphological and physiological conditions of animals. There was not alteration in CCS and in the composition of the milk of the animals during the study period. The total bacterial counting presented punctual increase in the second week of study. Positive and significant correlation was observed between CCS and protein and negative and significant for lactose. Conclusion: the antiseptic containing essential oil of Lippia origanoide was presented as a possible alternative for disinfecting in teats in dairy cattlewithout damaging the skin and without interfering in the quality of the milk.

Outra Agência Objetivo: objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de antisséptico elaborado com óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta na higienização e integridade de tetos de vacas leiteiras e na qualidade do leite destas vacas. Metodologia: foram utilizadas vacas mestiças Holandês, multíparas com média de 150 ± 25 dias de lactação e livres de mastite clínica. Comparou-se o efeito antisséptico dos protocolos convencionais com produtos contendo clorexidine (pré-dipping) e iodo (pós-dipping) com o produto experimental (pré e pósdipping). Realizaram-se avaliações clínicas diárias da glândula mamária e avaliações semanais quanto a qualidade sanitária, composição nutricional e produção de leite em um período de seis semanas. Resultados: os animais não apresentaram mastite clínica e observou-se semelhança nos escores de integridade da pele dos tetos entre os grupos tratados, durante o período experimental. A mastite subclínica apresentou grau leve, semelhante aos achados da contagem de células somáticas (CCS), atribuída às condições fisiológicas e morfológicas dos animais. Não houve alteração na CCS e na composição do leite dos animais, durante o período de estudo. A contagem bacteriana total apresentou um aumento pontual na segunda semana de estudo. Foi observada correlação positiva e significativa entre a CCS e proteína, e, negativa e significativa para lactose. Conclusão: o antisséptico, contendo óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta, apresentou-se como uma possível alternativa para desinfecção dos tetos, não lesando a pele e sem interferência na qualidade do leite. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of antiseptic prepared with essential oil of Lippia origanoides on the hygiene and integrity of teats of dairy cows and the milk quality of these cows. . Methodology: crossbred cows were used, multiparous women with an average of 150 ± 25 days of lactation and free of clinical mastitis. Compared the antiseptic effect of conventional protocols with products containing chlorhexidine (pre-dipping) and iodine (post-dipping) with the experimental product (pre- and post-dipping). Conducted clinical daily evaluations of the mammary gland and weekly evaluations as for the health quality, nutritional composition and production of milk in a period of six weeks. Results: the animals showed no clinical mastitis and a similarity was observed in the scores of skin integrity of teats between the groups treated during the experimental period. The subclinical mastitis presented mild, similar to the findings of the somatic cell count (SCC), attributed the morphological and physiological conditions of animals. There was not alteration in CCS and in the composition of the milk of the animals during the study period. The total bacterial counting presented punctual increase in the second week of study. Positive and significant correlation was observed between CCS and protein and negative and significant for lactose. Conclusion: the antiseptic containing essential oil of Lippia origanoide was presented as a possible alternative for disinfecting in teats in dairy cattle without damaging the skin and without interfering in the quality of the milk.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência A busca por produtos naturais que apresentam atividade antimicrobiana tem se intensificado devido ao surgimento de cepas bacterianas resistentesa antibióticos. Entre os produtos que podem ser usados em substituição ao uso dos melhoradores de desempenho, encontram-se os produtos de origem vegetal como os óleos essenciais, que têm se destacado pela ação antimicrobiana. Assim o presente estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a influência dos óleos essenciais de capim-limão (Cymbopogon flexuosus) e chá-de-pedestre (Lippia aff. rotundifolia) sobre a microbiotaintestinal de frangos de corte, alimentados com dietas contendo óleos essenciais. As dietas consistiram de: ração controle (sem antimicrobiano ou melhorador de desempenho), ração controle com antibiótico (Enramicina e Salinomicina), ração controle com 120mg de óleo essencial de capim-limão e ração controle com 120mg de óleo essencial de chá-de-pedestre. Foram avaliadas a contagem de aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais e coliformes termo tolerantes e a presença de E.coli e Salmonella sp, nos seguimentos do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. Os óleos essenciais de capim-limão (Cymbopogon flexuosus) e chá-de-pedestre (Lippia aff. Rotundifolia) não promoveram alterações significativas na microbiota intestinal de frangos de corte em comparação aos grupos controle positivo e controle negativo. The search for natural products that presents antimicrobial activity has intensified due to the appearance of bacterial strains resistant to several antibiotics. Among the products that can be used in substitution for the use of performance improvement are products of plant origins such as essential oils, which have been highlighted by the antimicrobial action. Thus the present study was developed to evaluate the influence of essential oils of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and pedestrian tea (Lippia aff. Rotundifolia) on the intestinal microbiota in the content of the small intestine of the broilers in the cut-off period to 1 to 42 days, diets foods containing: ration control diet (Without antimicrobialor performance improver), ration control diet with antibiotic (Enramycin and Salinomycin), control ration with 120 mg of lemongrass essential oil, control ration with 120 mg of oil Essential of pedestrian tea. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and three replicates. The count of mesophiles and coliforms and the presence and absence of E.coli, Salmonella, were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the treatments (p

The search for new molecules that increase the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in the cancer treatment is the subject of several studies. Plant products are excellent sources of discovery and development of new antineoplastic agents. Indian clove has beneficial effects that make it a natural substance potentially suitable for fighting cancer. Thus, the present review was designed to summarize and analyze studies involving the use of clove as a radiosensitizer for neoplastic cells. The systematic review wascarried out through a bibliographic research carried out in July 2018 and included relevant studies published so far. The bibliographic search was carried out in specialized databases. A gene search was performed on the GeneCards platform using the keywords "eugenol", "cancer", radiotherapy. These genes were used as input to the STITCH platform, for elaboration of the interaction network. It has been found that studies that address the clove antineoplastic potential are well established in the literature.However, no research studies of this herbal medicine have been found as a radiosensitizer. From the GeneCards 47 genes possibly related to the selected descriptors were extracted. It has been hypothesized that Phyto therapeutic indian clove, more precisely the compound eugenol, can sensitize the neoplastic cells to the radiotherapy through the activating action of the CASP3 and inactivation of CYP1A1. This report highlights the suggestion of the potential of clove as a candidate antineoplastic drug sensitizing neoplastic cells for radiotherapy. However, functional studies should be performed to prove their potential. A busca por novas moléculas que aumentem a eficácia da radiação ionizante no tratamento do câncer é objeto de várias pesquisas. Os produtos derivados de plantas são excelentes fontes de descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos agentes antineoplásicos. O cravo da índia apresenta efeitos benéficos que o tornam uma substância natural potencialmente adequada para o combate ao câncer.Assim, a presente revisão foi delineada para resumir e analisar os estudos envolvendo o uso do cravo da índia como radiossensibilizador de células neoplásicas. A revisão sistemática foi realizada por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica realizada em julho de 2018 e incluiu estudos relevantes publicados até o momento. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada em bases de dados especializadas. Realizou-se uma busca de genes na plataforma GeneCards utilizando as palavras-chave “eugenol”, “cancer”, radiotherapy. Estes genes foram utilizados como entrada na plataforma STITCH, para elaboração da rede de interação. Verificou-se que é bem estabelecido na literatura estudos que abordam o potencial antineoplásico do cravo da índia. No entanto, não foram encontrados estudos de investigação deste fitoterápico como um radiossensibilizador. Do GeneCards extraiu-se 47 genes possivelmente relacionados com os descritores selecionados. Hipotetizou-se que o fitoterápico cravo da índia, mais precisamente o composto eugenol, pode sensibilizar as células neoplásicas para a radioterapia por meio da ação ativadora da CASP3 e inativadora do CYP1A1. Este relato destaca a sugestão do potencial do cravo da índia como candidato a droga antineoplásica sensibilizando células neoplásicas para a radioterapia. Entretanto, estudos funcionais devem ser realizados para comprovação do seu potencial

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência The direct calorimetric analysis is the most effective way to obtain caloric value provided by food. Knowing the amount of energy provided by food is essential for the composition of the individuals' diet. Therefore, this paper aimed to standardize a methodology for quantifying the number of calories present in a fermented milk drink with clove essential oil and in a fermented milk drink. Ten mL of each drink were transferred in to triplicate petri dishes and placed in a forced circulation oven 65 ° C for 24-48 hours to remove moisture to obtain the total solids. These were transferred to a previously tared crucible and inserted into the calorimetric pump until total burning. The results obtained in cal g-1 were converted to Kcal g-1 and finally the amount of Kcal ml-1 of each drink were calculated. The analyzes were submitted to analysis of variance (ANAVA) in a completely randomized design and to the Tukey test was used as means of comparison (p0.05). It can be concluded that the quantification of calories made by this methodology was effective and could later support studies in which it is necessary to calculate with precision the number of calories provided by fermented dairy drinks. A análise calorimétrica direta é forma mais eficaz de se obter o valor calórico fornecido pelo alimento. Conhecer a quantidade de energia fornecida pelo alimento é imprescindível para composição da dieta dos indivíduos. Dessa forma, esse trabalho visou padronizar uma metodologia para quantificação de calorias presentes em uma bebida láctea fermentada adicionada com óleo essencial de cravo da índia e uma bebida láctea fermentada. Dez mL de cada bebida foram transferidos para placas de petri em triplicada e colocadas em estufa de circulação forçada 65°C por 24-48 horas, para remoção da umidade a fim de obter os sólidos totais. Esses foram transferidos para um cadinho previamente tarado e inserido na bomba calorimétrica até queima total. Os resultados obtidos em cal g-1 foram convertidos em Kcal g-1 e por fim calculado a quantidade de Kcal ml-1 de cada bebida. As análises foram submetidas à análise de variância (ANOVA) em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso e ao teste Tukey de comparação de médias (p0,05). Pode-se concluir que a quantificação de calorias feita por essa metodologia foi eficaz e poderá auxiliar posteriormente estudos em que necessite calcular com precisão o número de calorias fornecidas por bebidas lácteas fermentadas.

Carne de sol e um produto obtido pela salga leve e discreta e posterior desidratacao pelo ar atmosferico dos cortes carneos debovinos, sendo um produto muito apreciado no Norte de Minas Gerais. A falta de regulamentacao tecnica e utilizacao de tecnologiaadequada para o processamento e armazenamento contribuem para baixa qualidade sanitaria e coloca em risco a saude doconsumidor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a contaminacao microbiologica entre amostras de carne bovina - chade fora (coxao duro), utilizadas no preparo da carne de sol, em diferentes locais e condicoes de armazenamento. Foram analisadas15 amostras. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa de coliformes variaram de 1100 NMP/g. Foram constatadascontagens de Staphylococcus spp., variando de 5,5 x 103 a 2,9 x 106 UFC/g. A presenca de Escherichia coli foi confirmada em66,67% e de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em 26,67% das amostras analisadas. O produto nao esta adequado para oconsumo, pois apresentou elevada contagem de micro-organismos patogenicos capazes de causar surtos alimentares, alem dapossibilidade de comprometer a qualidade do produto final.

Objetivou-se verificar a contaminacao do leite cru por micro-organismos mesofilos, psicrotroficos, coliformes a 45°C e Enterococcus spp. , produzido por rebanhos mesticos, em 30 unidades agricolas familiares produtoras de leite em Juramento e Montes Claros, na regiao Norte de Minas gerais. Houve quatro coletas de amostras durante um ano, sendo duas na epoca de chuva e duas na epoca da seca. Coletaram-se amostras de leite cru e cru refrigerado, observando-se a contagem total de micro-organismos mesofilos, psicrotroficos, Enterococcus spp. e a contagem de coliformes a 45°C. Coletaram-se tambem, amostras de Swabs de equipamentos utilizados em ordenha (baldes e latoes) utilizando-se a tecnica do esfregaco em superficie, a fim de avaliar a contagem total bacteriana presente nesses utensilios para verificar a sua higienizacao. As amostras de leite apresentaram contaminacao elevada por micro-organismos aerobios mesofilos, psicrotroficos, Enterococcus spp. ,coliformes a 45°C, comprometendo a qualidade higienico-sanitaria do produto, bem como as amostras de Swabs, queapresentaram niveis de contaminacao elevados, quanto a presenca de aerobios mesofilos. Existiu deficiencia quanto as praticas de antissepsias adotadas nos equipamentos utilizados na ordenha, levando a contaminacoes acima do permitido por mesofilos aerobios, tornando-se evidente a necessidade de adocao de boas praticas agropecuarias e maiores investimentos em treinamentos e assistencia tecnica de qualidade com o intuito de provocar melhorias na qualidade microbiologica do leite produzido nessa regiao.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of lemon grass essential oil on the performance and yield of organs and commercial cuts of broiler chickens. Seventy-two one-day-old broiler chicks of the lineage Cobb 500 were evaluated for 42 days. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with three treatments of six broiler chicks and four replications. The treatments consisted of negative control diet (NCD), composed of basal feed, without antimicrobial; positive control diet (PCD), composed of basal feed with antimicrobial (zinc bacitracin) and anticoccidial; and lemon grass diet (LGD), composed of NCD with lemon grass essential oil. The performance of the broilers was lower with the use of lemon grass oil, compared with those in the treatment PCD. The broiler chickens in the treatment LGD had the lowest gizzard and drumstick weights and their commercial cuts were negatively affected by this treatment. Therefore, the use of lemon grass essential oil in the chicken broiler diet negatively affects their productive characteristics.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior This study investigated the effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Lippia rotundifolia microencapsulated essential oils on broiler performance and carcass yield. One hundred and fifty mixed-sex Cobb broiler chicks were used, from one day up to 42 days of age, in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and three replicates of ten birds each. The treatments were: negative control (basal diet), positive control (diet with enramycin and salinomycin), and three diets with microencapsulated essential oils from lemongrass, L. rotundifolia, and combination with 50% of both. The performance and carcass yield were not affected by the treatments. The intestine absolute weight was lower in the combination treatment compared with the negative control treatment and the lemongrass essential oil. The intestine relative weight was higher in the treatments with lemongrass and L. rotundifolia essential oils in relation to the combination. The liver relative weight was lower with the lemongrass essential oil and the combination compared with the treatment with the L. rotundifolia essential oil. The trial could not find results enough to recommend the use of the lemongrass and L. rotundifolia essential oils as an additive in broiler diets.

Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos de barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) e carqueja (Baccharis thimera) e os óleos da castanha de pequi (Caryocar brasiliensis), copaíba (Copaifera landesdorff) e alecrim-pimenta (Lippia origanoides), frente a bactérias isoladas de ovelhas com mastite da região Norte de Minas Gerais. Metodologia: A atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos e extratos frente a cepas de Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. foi determinada utilizando-se a técnica de macrodiluição em caldo e de difusão em disco. O efeito microbicida dos óleos e extratos que apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana nos testes anteriores também foi determinado. Resultados: O óleo essencial da copaíba, óleo da castanha do pequi, extrato hidro-alcoólico da casca da aroeira e decocto das folhas da carqueja, não se mostraram eficientes na inibição do crescimento das bactérias utilizadas. O extrato de barbatimão apresentou atividade bacteriostática frente a bactérias isoladas de ovinos com mastite e efeito microbicida do óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta após 5 minutos de ação. Conclusão: Stryphnodendron adstringens e Lippia sidoides apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana sobre patógenos isolados de leite de ovinos com mastite. O óleo de alecrim-pimenta ainda apresentou efeito microbicida sobre as bactérias no tempo de cinco minutos, sendo promissores na utilização como alternativa aos antibióticos comumente utilizados. Evalution of in vitro antimicrobial activity of barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) and carqueja (Baccharis thimera) extracts and oils of pequi nut (Caryocar brasiliensis), copaíba (Copaifera landesdorff) and rosemary pepper (Lippia origanoides), against bacteria isolated from sheep with mastitis from the Northern region of Minas Gerais state. Methodology: The antimicrobial activity of oils and extracts against strains of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. was determined using the broth macrodilution and disk diffusion technique. The microbicidal effect of the oils and extracts that showed antimicrobial activity in the previous tests was also determined. Results: The essential oil of copaiba, pequi nut oil, hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of the aroeira and decoction of the leaves of carqueja, were not efficient in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria used. The barbatimão extract presented bacteriostatic activity against bacteria isolated from sheep with mastitis and microbicidal effect of rosemary essential oil after 5 minutes of action. Conclusion: Stryphnodendron adstringens and Lippia origanoides presented antimicrobial activity on pathogens isolated from sheep milk with mastitis. Lippia origanoides oil also had a microbicidal effect on the bacteria in five minutes, promising in use as an alternative to the commonly used antibiotics.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Avaliar a sensibilidade de cepas de Staphylococcus sp. oxacilina resistentes ao óleo essencial de capim-limão (Cymbopogonflexuosus (Steud) Wats), micoencapsulado. Material e Métodos: Cepas de Staphylococcus sp., de origem animal e identificadas como resistentes à oxacilina foram analisadas quanto à sensibilidade ao óleo essencial de capim-limão microencapsulado. As analises foram realizadas utilizando-se metodologia de macrodiluição em tubos e definiu-se a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) .Os testes foram realizados em triplicatas e os resultados foram analisados por meio da análise de regressão, pelo modelo Probit, utilizando o programa estatístico R. Resultados e Discussão: O óleo essencial de capim-limão no teste CIM, frente aos microrganismos em estudo, apresentou 100% de eficácia na concentração de 160µL/mL e 80% na concentração de 80µL/mL. Observou-se a CBM em 25% das cepas na concentração de 160µL/mL. Observou-se que para o capim limão no CIM e CBM, houve confiabilidade de 98% e 99% pela equação do modelo estatístico, respectivamente. Conclusão: O óleo de Cymbopogonflexuosus (Steud) Wats microencapsulado apresentou atividade inibitória e bactericida frente a Staphylococcus sp. oxacilina resistente. To evaluate the sensitivity of Staphylococcus sp. oxacillin strains resistant to the essential oil of micoencapsulated lemon grass (Cymbopogonflexuosus (Steud) Wats). Material and Methods: Strains of Staphylococcus sp., of animal origin and identified as resistant to oxacillin were analyzed for sensitivity to the essential oil of microencapsulated lemon grass. The analyzes were performed using a macrodilution method in tubes and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were defined. The tests were performed in triplicates and the results were analyzed by regression analysis, by the Model Probit, using the statistical program R. Results and Discussion: Lemon grass essential oil in the MIC test, reacting winth the microorganisms in study, showed 100% efficacy at the concentration of 160μL / mL and 80% at the concentration of 80μL / mL. The CBM was observed in 25% of the strains at the concentration of 160 μL / mL. It was observed that for lemongrass in the CIM and CBM, there was 98% and 99% reliability by the equation of the statistical model, respectively. Conclusion: Microencapsulated Cymbopogonflexuosus (Steud) Wats oil showed inhibitory and bactericidal activity against resistant Staphylococcus sp.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência The antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil of the Lippia origanoides was held in the presence of organic matter in teats of dairy cows and milking utensils. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 were in contact with the oil by 5 min in suspension test with sterile powered milk used as organic matter. Spray containing solution 120 μL/mL of the oil was applied to teats and milking utensils and the results compared with the control group. In suspension test the essential oil showed activity in the presence of organic matter, being able to eliminate bacteria after 5 min of contact. The oil solution was able to significantly reduce the count of coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp and fecal coliforms in the teats (p

A cisticercose é uma parasitose cosmopolita relevante para a saúde pública, animal e economia. Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar dados epidemiológicos da ocorrência da cisticercose bovina em diferentes continentes. Promoveu-se revisão bibliográfica em artigos científicos, dissertações e teses sobre aspectos epidemiológicos e distribuição espacial da cisticercose bovina. Observa-se que a ocorrência dessa parasitose relaciona-se com diversos fatores de natureza socioeconômica, cultural e práticas de manejo empregues em distintos sistemas de produção animal. Baseada principalmente em dados de inspeção de carnes, a ocorrência dessa parasitose tende a ser subestimada, entretanto, muitos dos casos reportados da parasitose apontam ocorrência de forma endêmica em algumas regiões da África e América Latina. A heterogeneidade na distribuição espacial da parasitose, associada a variações de fontes de infecção dos animais, justifica a necessidade de implantação de práticas de vigilância sanitária e informações adicionais referentes às práticas de criação dos animais aos frigoríficos, possibilitando identificar riscos epidemiológicos e desenvolver medidas alternativas de controle do complexo teníase cisticercose. Cysticercosis is relevant cosmopolitan parasite to animal, economic and public health. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis on epidemiologic data in varied mainland. A bibliographical review was performed in scientific articles, dissertations and theses concerning epidemiological aspects and spatial distribution of bovine cysticercosis. It is observed that the occurrence of this parasitosis is related to several socio-economic, cultural factors and management practices employed in different animal production systems. Mainly based on meat inspection data, the occurrence of this parasitosis tend to be underestimated, nevertheless, several of the reported cases show an endemic occurrence in some regions of Africa and Latin America. The heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of the parasitosis associated with variations in the sources of the animals infection, justifies the relevance to implement sanitary surveillance practices and to aggregate additional informa tion referring to the animals breeding practices, making it possible to identify epidemiological risks and to develop alternative measures of the cysticercosis complex control.

Objetivou-se no trabalho avaliar a ação antibacteriana do óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides frente à isolados de Staphylococcus sp. de alimentos de origem animal. Para tanto, realizou-se análise química da composição do óleo, teste de sensibilidade das bactérias frente a dez antibióticos de uso terapêutico e ao óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides, além da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e da concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). A análise cromatográfica do óleo apresentou o timol como composto majoritário (48,70%), além de pequena quantidade de carvacrol (1,14%). No teste de sensibilidade frente aos antibióticos, 75% dos isolados apresentaram resistência a, no mínimo, três antibióticos. Em relação ao óleo essencial, os isolados de Staphylococcus sp oriundos de leite bovino mostraram-se mais resistentes e os isolados de carne ovina apresentaram-se mais sensíveis. A CIM foi maior para os Staphylococcus sp. isolados de leite bovino e leite ovino (60µL/mL). Enquanto que para os isolados de carcaça de ovinos e queijo, a CIM foi de 15µL/mL e 30µL/mL respectivamente. A CBM, consequentemente, foi maior para os isolados de leite bovino e leite ovino, sendo de 240µL/mL e 120µL/mL respectivamente. O óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides apresenta atividade antimicrobiana sobre Staphylococcus sp. isolados de alimentos. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides in relation to Staphylococcus sp. isolated from food of animal origin. For this purpose, we performed the chemical analysis to determine the oil composition, evaluated the bacteria sensibility to ten antibiotics of therapeutic use and determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The chromatographic analysis showed that tymol was the main compound (48.70%) and that carvacrol was present in a small amount (1.14%). In the test of antibiotic susceptibility, 75% of the microorganism isolates were resistant to at least three of the ten antibiotics tested. The Staphylococcus sp isolated from bovine milk was more resistant to the essential oil of Lippia origanoides, and the microorganism isolated from sheep meat was more susceptible to this oil. The Staphylococcus sp. isolated from bovine or sheep milk showed a MIC of 60µL/mL and for those isolated from sheep carcass and cheese the MIC was 15µL/mL and 30µL/mL, respectively. Consequently, the MBC was higher for isolates from cow's (240µL/mL) and sheep's milk (120µL/mL) when compared with other food sources. These results suggest that the essential oil of Lippia origanoides has antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus sp. isolated from food.

Outra Agência Métodos genotípicos asseguram a identificação dos micro-organismos ao nível de espécie. O gene femA (Factor Essential for Methicillin resistance) tem sido utilizado como marcador espécie específico para Staphylococcus aureus resistentes ou não a meticilina. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o uso do gene femA como ferramenta para a confirmação da espécie Staphylococcus aureusdentre os isolados de animais de produção. Para tal, amostras coletadas da superfície de tetos e de leite bovino foram utilizadas para isolamento, seleção e identificação de micro-organismos por métodos microbiológicos padrão. Isolados previamente identificados como S. aureus e resistentes a oxacilina foram submetidos à extração de DNA genômico de acordo com recomendações do fabricante do kit KAPA Extract. Os DNAs foram quantificados e posteriormente submetidos à reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) para detecção do gene femA. Os amplicons foram visualizados em gel de agarose a 1,5% e fotodocumentados. Todos os isolados presuntivamente identificados por métodos padrão microbiológicos (14/14) e cepa S. aureus ATCC 25923 (controle positivo) amplificaram um fragmento de 132 pares de bases correspondente ao gene parcial femA. A presença do gene femA em todos os isolados verificados pela analise molecular confirmou a identificação presuntiva microbiológica dos isolados como S. aureus Identification of microorganisms at the species level is ensured by genotypic methods analyses. The femA gene (Factor Essential for Methicillin resistance) has been used as marker specie specific of Sta-phylococcus aureus, independently if it is methicillin-resistant or not. This study aimed to verify the use of femA gene as a tool for confirmation of the Staphylococcus aureus species in production animals. Samples harvested from the ceiling surface e of cattle’s milk were used for isolation, selection and identification of microorganisms by microbiological standard methods. All isolates previously identified as S. aureus and resistant to oxacillin were submitted to genomic DNA extraction according to the KAPA Ex-tract kit manufacturer’s recommendations. The DNAs were quantified and then submitted to Polimerase Chain reaction (PCR) to detection of the femA gene. The amplicons were visualized on 1.5% agarose gel and photodocumented. All isolates presumptively identified by microbiological standard methods (14/14) and S. aureus strain ATCC 25923 (positive control) amplified a fragment of 132 base pairs cor-responding to the partial femA gene. The presence of the femA gene in all isolates by molecular analysis confirmed the microbiological method presumptive identification as S. aureus.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de regressão logística, a relação entre composição físico-química do leite in natura e probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite em fêmeas mestiças Holandês, Gir e Jersey. O resultado do teste de CMT (positivo=1 e negativo=0) foi utilizado para estudo da probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite que foi modelada por meio de regressão logística. O modelo final composto por teor de gordura, lactose e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foi escolhido por meio do procedimento Stepwise, disponível em SAS® , a partir das variáveis regressoras fazenda, teores de proteína, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), gordura, lactose, e CCS. Observou-se que 53,86% dos animais apresentaram mastite subclínica. As variáveis CCS e teores de gordura e lactose influenciaram a probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite e incrementos de uma unidade de CCS, gordura e lactose possibilitam aumento de 0,4% e 52,8% e redução de 96,5%, respectivamente na probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. A contagem de célula somática é a variável de maior impacto sendo que 600.000 células/mL resulta em 28% de probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. O modelo de regressão logística permitiu quantificar o impacto da presença de mastite no rebanho e a composição físico-química do leite in natura. This study aimed to evaluation, through logistic regression model, the relationship between physical-chemistry composition of bovine milk in natura and probability of occurrence of mastitis in crossbred female cattle from Hostein, Gyr and Jersey breed. The result of the CMT (positive =1 and negative = 0) was used to study the probability of occurrence of mastitis that was modeled using logistic regression. The final model consists of fat, lactose and somatic cell count (SCC) was selected by the Stepwise procedure available in SAS®, from the regressive variables farm, protein, degreased dry extract, fat, lactose, and SCC. It was observed that 53.86% of the animals had subclinical mastitis. The CCS, fat and lactose influenced the probability of incidence of mastitis and an increase in one unit of these variables is associated with an increase of 0.4% and 52.8% and reduction of 96.5%, respectively in the probability of incidence of mastitis. The CCS is the variable with the greatest impact on probability of mastitis, and the count of 600.000 cells/mL result in the 28% of probability of incidence of mastitis. The logistic regression model to quantify the impact from mastitis in the physical-chemistry composition of milk in natura in the dairy herd.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Objetivou-se determinar atividade antisséptica do óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides na presença de leite bovino. A composição química do óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), sendo detectados 53 compostos, dos quais 16 foram identificados (>0,1% área total). O carvacrol (32,7%), p-cimeno (23%), timilmetil éter, cariofileno (7,98%) e o γ-terpineno (5,40%) foram os componentes mais abundantes. A concentração inibitória mínima para Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 e E. coli ATCC 8739 foi de 60μL/mL, enquanto para Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 35640 foi de 90μL/mL. A concentração bactericida mínima foi de 120μL/mL para as três bactérias. Avaliou-se a atividade antisséptica do óleo essencial na concentração de 120μL/mL na presença de leite bovino sobre as mesmas cepas bacterianas. O óleo em estudo apresentou efeito inibitório do crescimento das cepas em diferentes tempos de ação (p0.1% total area). The carvacrol (32.7%), p-cymene (23%), thymil methyl ether (10.03%), caryophyllene (7.98 %) and γ-terpinene (5.40%) were the most abundant components. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 was 60uL/mL, as for this Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 35640 was 90uL/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentration was 120μL/mL for all three bacteria. We evaluated the antiseptic activity of the essential oil in the concentration of 120μL/mL in the presence of bovine milk for the same bacterial strains. The oil under study It showed an inhibitory effect of growth of the strains in different action times (p

Outra Agência A caracterização genética das espécies é essencial quando se deseja eleger uma estirpe vacinal ou controlar a propagação de focos de uma doença em uma região. O 16S rRNA e genes que codificam phospolipase D (PLD) de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis desempenham um papel importante como marcadores para identificação de genótipo bacteriano. O objetivo deste estudo foi validar um “in house” metodologia molecular para identificação genética de Corynebacterium spp. isolado a partir de amostras clínicas mantidos em laboratório. Para este efeito, onze isolados foram reativados em caldo de infusão de cérebro e coração. As colônias cultivadas identificados como bacilos Gram-posi-tivas foram submetidas à extração do DNA cromossômico com kit KAPAExtract® de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. O DNA cromossômico extraído foi quantificado por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 1,5% e, em seguida, submetidos a PCR duplex com os iniciadores específicos para o gênero e espécie de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Os produtos de amplificação gerados foram analisados por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2,0%. Nenhum dos isolados amplificou os genes-al-vo para gênero e espécie específicos esperados para C. pseudotuberculosis. O controlo positivo, C. pseudotuberculosis CIP102968, teve os fragmentos de 813 e 201 pares de bases que correspondem aos 16S rRNA genes (gênero específico) e PLD (espécies específicas), respectivamente, amplificado. O controlo negativo, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 não amplificado quaisquer genes alvo como espera-do. Os resultados mostraram a necessidade de melhoria nas técnicas de amostragem e identificação microbiológica anterior que antecede a etapa de identificação molecular e eles são extremamente im-portantes para a identificação do genótipo preciso de cepas de C. pseudotuberculosis. The genetic characterization of species is essential when you want to elect a vaccine strain or control the spread of outbreaks of a disease in a region. The 16S rRNA and pld Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis genes play an important role as markers for bacterial genotype identification. The aim of this study was to validate an “in house” molecular methodology for genetic identification of Corynebacterium spp. isolated from clinical samples maintained in the laboratory. For this purpose, eleven isolates were reactivated in Brain Heart Infusion broth. The grown colonies identified as Gram-positive bacilli were submitted to chromosomal DNA extraction with KAPAExtract® kit according to manufacturer's recommendations. The extracted chromosomal DNA was quantified by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and then subjected to duplex PCR with specific primers for the genus and species of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The amplicons generated were analyzed by 2.0% agarose gel electrophoresis. None of the isolated amplified the target genes for genus and specific species for those expected to be C. pseudotuberculosis. The positive control, C. pseudotuberculosis CIP102968 amplified fragments of 813 and 201 base pairs which corresponding to the 16S rRNA (genus specific) and pld genes (species specific) respectively. The negative control, Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922 do not amplified any target genes as expected. The results showed the need for improvement in the sampling techniques and previous microbiological identification preceding the molecular identification step and they are extremely important for precise genotype identification of strains of C. pseudotuberculosis.

Objetivou-se realizar a pesquisa sobre o estudo dos constituintes químicos e dos princípios farmacológicos do óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia origanoides). Realizou-se a pesquisa nas bases indexadoras Science Direct, PuBmed e Periódicos Capes, utilizando as palavras chaves que se enquadravam na composição química do óleo essencial de L. sidoides e origanoides e característica farmacológica do óleo essencial de L. sidoides e origanoides, com a leitura dos artigos, para elaboração do presente trabalho. As características farmacológicas do óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta se assemelham aos compostos fenólicos na sua constituição, uma vez que os seus teores variam, conforme as condições climáticas e sazonalidade da região onde se encontra. A farmacologia da planta destina-se ao controle de pragas, microrganismos (bactérias, fungos e leveduras), ao controle de verminose e ao tratamento de lesões, o que mostrou ser eficiente, sem apresentar toxicidade aos animais e aos seres humanos.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Outra Agência A região norte de Minas Gerais caracteriza-se por ser uma entre as regiões do país que têm o leite como um dos principais geradores de renda pela agricultura familiar. Para que o leite produzido tenha competitividade no mercado e tenha maior valor agregado, a agricultura familiar deve se adequar para atender os parâmetros legais vigentes. Teve-se como objetivo caracterizar o manejo produtivo geral adotado em unidades agrícolas familiares nos municípios de Bocaiúva, Francisco Sá e Montes Claros, no norte de Minas Gerais, identificando os entraves para a produção de leite dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. O sistema de produção foi avaliado por meio de coleta de dados em questionários e listas de verificação nos diferentes ambientes envolvidos com a produção. A qualidade microbiológica foi avaliada através da enumeração de microrganismos indicadores aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Staphylococcus sp e coliformes fecais em leite cru, leite cru refrigerado, água e utensílios utilizados para produção. Os resultados da análise microbiológica associada às práticas de manejo adotadas revelaram que a principal causa da contaminação do leite era o emprego inadequado ou a ausência de boas práticas de higiene no sistema de produção, sendo este o principal entrave ao atendimento das exigências legais para o produto. The northern region of Minas Gerais State is characterized as one of the regions of the country where milk has an important economic and social role for the family farming sector. Due to legal requirements, this sector must adjust so that the product will be marketed without bringing risk to the consumers, being, therefore, competitive on the commercial market. The objective of this study was to characterize the productive management generally adopted by the family farms in the municipalities of Bocaiuva, Capitão Enéas, Francisco Sá, and Montes Claros, in northern Minas Gerais, identifying the barriers to the production of milk within the parameters established by the legislation. The production system was evaluated by collecting data from questionnaires and checklists in the different environments involved with the production. The microbiological quality was assessed by enumeration of indicator microorganisms in aerobic mesophiles, psychrotrophic, Staphylococcus sp and coliforms in raw milk, raw refrigerated milk, water and utensils used in the production. The results of microbiological analysis associated with the adopted practices revealed the main cause of milk contamination was the inadequate use or the lack of good hygiene practices in the production system, representing the main obstacle to attend the legal requirements for this product.

Aminas bioativas vêm, ao longo dos anos, despertando o interesse dos pesquisadores no que se refere aos benefícios e aos prejuízos da sua presença ou mesmo do seu uso intencional, principalmente na alimentação de aves de corte, refletindo posteriormente na qualidade da carne produzida pelas mesmas. A presença de determinadas aminas em rações de aves de corte pode beneficiar e acelerar o desenvolvimento das mesmas, no entanto, quando presente em níveis elevados pode retardar o crescimento, causar disfunções metabólicas ou mesmo a morte dos animais. Estudos vêm sendo realizados a fim de definir quantidades ideais e tipos de aminas a ser adicionada à dieta a fim de propiciar um desenvolvimento adequado às aves sem, no entanto, apresentar resíduos na carne das mesmas. Bioactive amines have, over the years, attracting the interest of researchers in relation to the benefits and harms of their presence or even their intentional use, especially in feeding broilers, later reflecting on the quality of meat produced by them. The presence of certain amines in diets of broilers can benefit and accelerate their development. However, when present at high levels may retard growth, cause metabolic 19 dysfunction or death of the animals. Studies have been conducted to define optimal amounts and types of amines to be added to the diet in order to provide adequate support for poultry development without, however, presenting the same residues in meat.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Background: Beef cattle is considered to be one of the most important economic activities, however, it presents problems in the production chain such as the occurrence of parasites that reduce the growth, performance, productivity and may cause mortalities occasionally. The chemical control is the most used alternative to reduce ectoparasites. Nevertheless, inappropriate management of insecticides has contributed to the selection of population resistant to the products available on the market. This paper aimed to evaluate the practices of management and the application of insecticides used to control horn flies in farms of dairy cattle in the North of the state of Minas Gerais. Materials, Methods & Results: It was visited 62 rural properties, which produce milk. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied in order to obtain information on the characteristics of the properties (location, size and type of the cattle), on the knowledge about the epidemiology of the horn flies, and on the practices adopted to the control of those parasites. The practices adopted include the moment of application of the insecticides, frequency of the cattle treatment, used products, method of application, number of animals treated, and choice and substitution criteria of insecticides. The data collected were tabulated in contingency tables, and they were analyzed using the chi-square test, considering a significance of 5%. The racial composition of the cattle in the farms was mainly mixed-race of unknown origin, representing 77% of the animals evaluated. In this research, it was reported a greater incidence of horn flies infestation on adult beef herd, and 23.6% of the producers reported occurrences of infestation in the whole herd, not differing by categories. The infestation peaks of the fly occurred from November to March. It was also found a greater frequency of pyrethroid use in the region (P < 0.001), where 43.1% of the producers used associations of pyrethroid or organophosphate to control the flies, high efficiency being reported. From the properties assessed, 92% presented inadequacy in the practices of control of horn flies, for instance, the lack of using cattle manure tank, the accumulation of open waste, the lack of rotation of insecticides, which can favor the selection of resistant flies. Discussion: In this paper, it was reported 77.19% of predominance of Haematobia irritans infestation from November to March mainly in animals with a higher percentage of European or mixed-race genetics. Such results corroborate with the literature, because it was verified the influence of race and hair color in the level of infestation in the animals, although, in the same race, each individual presents different susceptibilities. Taurine beef cattle are more susceptible to infestation by horn flies than zebu cattle. Thus, the lower the proportion of zebu cattle genetics in the herd, the greater the infestation. Taurine beef cattle are more infested because shows a greater number of sebaceous glands and greater concentration of testosterone being attractive before the calves castrated, cows, and after, young animals. Cypermethrin was predominant in most part of the commercial insecticides used in the properties to control this ectoparasite, which could be justified by the large number of products available on the market with such compound in the formulations. The high efficiency of the associations of the insecticides reported by the producers could justify itself by the presence of active ingredients with different mechanisms of action. However, the limitation on the use of these associations is that not always the chemical compounds contained in the drug act simultaneously, being able to favor the selection of parasites resistant to different insecticides present in these formulations.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Outra Agência Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de antimicrobianos em rebanhos bovinos do Norte de Minas Gerais. Em 15 propriedades de Icaraí de Minas (n=5), Juramento (n=5) e Montes Claros (n=5) aplicou-se questionário semi-estruturado abordando doenças tratadas, identificação da mastite, aquisição e acompanhamento da bula do produto e o destino do leite com resíduos de medicamento. Os antibióticos foram mais utilizados contra a mastite e o California Mastitis Test foi a técnica mais usada em Icaraí de Minas. Para comprar antimicrobianos dez entrevistados consultaram o veterinário; 40%, o balconista; 13%, o vizinho e 7% usaram por experiência própria. A maioria relatou acompanhar a bula e alguns fornecem o leite com resíduos aos animais. Os entrevistados acreditam que o leite com antibióticos faz mal à saúde, porém desconhecem a razão. Conclui-se ser necessário capacitar os produtores para o uso racional de antibióticos. Antimicrobials are widely recommended for treatment or prevention of diseases in dairy herds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics in cattle herds in Northern of Minas Gerais. Thus, a structured questionnaire addressing diseases treated, identification of mastitis, acquisition and monitor-ing of the product package leaflet and the destination of milk with residue of medication was appliedin15 properties of Icaraí de Minas (n=5), Juramento (n=5) and Montes Claros (n=5). Antibiotics were mostly applied against mastitis, and California Mastitis Test was the most used technique in Icaraí de Minas. All producers reported presence of clots in milk, which is a clinical symptom of the disease.Tamis test was used by three (60%) in Icaraí de Minas, one (20%) in Juramento and two (40%) in Montes Claros. In or-der to buy antimicrobials, interviewed people declared they consulted a veterinarian (40%), a salesclerk (40%), a neighbor (13.33%) or their own experience (6.66%). The majority of people reported to follow leaflet directions and some of them revealed to provide milk with residual antimicrobials to animals. The respondents understand the risks of milk with antibiotics to human health, although they do not know the reason. In conclusion, it is crucial training the producers concerning the rational use of antibiotics.

The antibacterial effect of Lippia sidoides (rosemary pepper) essential oil was tested against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from homemade Minas cheese produced in Brazil. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determined in the Dilution Test was 13 µL oil mL-1 for both bacteria, which characterizes inhibitory action in broth for a 24-hour interaction period. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) determined in the Suspension Test, with one minute of contact, was 25 µL oil mL-1 for both tested bacteria, obtaining at this concentration a bactericidal effect of 99.9% on the viable bacterial cells from each sample. Results demonstrated the bacterial activity of Lippia sidoides essential oil against S. aureus and E. coli, suggesting its use as an antibacterial agent in foods.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and standardize the ToBI test in vitro as a substitute for the serum neutralization test in mice for quality control of clostridial vaccines. The ToBI test in vitro was used to evaluate 40 serum samples of known antibody content, obtained from rabbits immunized against clostridiosis with experimental vaccine. The correlation between epsilon antitoxin titers in rabbit sera, determined by the ToBI test and serum neutralization in mice, ranged from 0.222% to 0.452% in polyvalent vaccines and from 0.154% to 0.387% in monovalent vaccines. Interplate coefficients of variation were not significant, reaching 0.350% in polyvalent vaccines and 0.400% in monovalent vaccines, indicating high homogeneity. In conclusion, the ToBI test in vitro is suitable for assessing the potency of clostridial vaccines and may be used as an alternative method able to replace current in vivo tests.

A verminose é um dos principais problemas sanitários da criação de pequenos ruminantes no Brasil e no mundo. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre a variação sazonal da contaminação parasitária e os efeitos da associação de um controle estratégico com um tático sobre ovinos criados em condições do Semiárido no norte de Minas. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a variação sazonal da contaminação por helmintos gastrintestinais em borregos e matrizes ovinas em um sistema de controle integrado no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Durante um ano, mensalmente, foram coletadas amostras de 30 borregos e 30 matrizes de uma propriedade. Durante o mês de abril de 2007, foram também avaliados 68 ovinos em uma segunda propriedade, período esse que correspondeu à época de parição nas duas fazendas. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas diretamente da ampola retal para determinação do número de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG) e os dados submetidos à análise de variância. Os valores médios do OPG das matrizes apresentaram aumento significativo nos meses de maio e outubro de 2007, meses de parição na propriedade. Já para os borregos, ocorreu aumento significativo no OPG médio em março de 2007, coincidindo com o final da estação chuvosa. O controle integrado adotado foi eficiente na redução da contaminação após esses períodos relatados. Após o cultivo das larvas, os gêneros mais observados foram Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus e Strongyloides, tanto para o período seco, quanto para o chuvoso. A comparação das contaminações das matrizes das duas propriedades no mês de abril de 2007 indicou uma média de OPG significativamente maior na segunda propriedade, que não tratou esses animais antes do parto. The verminosis is one of the principal sanitary problems in ovine herds in Brazil and around the world. However, little is known about the seasonal variation of the helminth contamination and the effects of the combination of a strategy control and a tactical control in sheep raised under in the Northern Minas semiarid conditions. In this study, the objective was to evaluate the seasonal helminth contaminations in lambs and ewes under an integrated control in the North of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The research was carried through during December 2006 to November 2007. Monthly faecal samples from 30 lambs and 30 ewes of one farm were collected. During April 2007, 68 sheep of a second farm were also evaluated, corresponding to the peri-partum time to both farms. The samples were collected directly from the recto and the faecal egg count (FEC) was determined and evaluated by variance analysis. The ewe FEC increased significantly in May and October ,which were peri-partum periods. Lamb FEC increased significantly in March , which coincided with the rainy season end. The integrated control was efficient to reduce the contaminations after these related periods. After the larvae culture, the genus Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus and Strongyloides were the most observed to both dry and rainy periods. During April 2007 the ewe contamination was significantly higher in the second farm that did not treat these animals in the pre-partum.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils on enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry fecal samples in the cloaca from 49 laying hens. To analyze the antimicrobial sensibility an agar diffusion susceptibility test was performed and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericida Concentration (MBC) of Lippia origanoides and Lippia rotundifolia essential oils was determined. The concentrations used were 160, 80 and 40 μL/mL. The L. origanoides essential oil showed antimicrobial effect from 40 μL/mL dose against both microorganisms, with larger efficiency in E. coli. The L.rotundifolia essential oil was more efficient at the concentration of 160μL/mL. Its effect was observed in all microorganisms. These results suggest that L. origanoides oil is more effective than L. rotundifolia oil in inhibiting the growth of microorganism isolated from poultry, although it also has a satisfactory antimicrobial effect. Results indicate the potential use of these plant's essential oils in poultry feed as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial products.

Currently, there is a growing interest in medicinal plants, because of an increased demand for alternate therapies. In this study, the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides (L. origanoides) were investigated. The essential oil of L. origanoides was extracted by steam-dragging distillation and its constituents were identified by chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Among the 15 compounds identified, the most abundant were carvacrol (29.00%), o-cymene (25.57%), and thymol methyl ether (11.50%). The essential oil was studied in antimicrobial assays to determine the MIC and MBC. The results indicated that a concentration of 120μL/mL of oil was sufficient to inhibit the growth of the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Salmonella cholerasuis (ATCC 10708). Acute and chronic toxic effects of orally administered oil were investigated in Wistar rats by using standard methods. Doses of 30, 60 and 120mg/kg of the essential oil did not induce significant changes in weight, behavior or hematological and biochemical parameters in the animals. There were no signs of any histopathological changes to the liver, kidneys or heart of the treated rats, suggesting that Lippia origanoides oil is non-toxic after oral administration in acute or chronic toxicity studies. The results obtained in this study show that the essential oil of L. origanoides has a high safety margin, with no detectable toxic effects in rats treated with doses to 120mg/kg. In addition, L. origanoides oil demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and S. cholerasuis. Based on these findings, this essential oil may have practical application as a veterinary antimicrobial. Atualmente nota-se um aumento do interesse pelas plantas medicinais, fruto da grande procura por terapias alternativas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a atividade antimicrobiana e a toxicidade do óleo essencial da Lippia origanoides (alecrim-pimenta). O óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta foi obtido por arraste com vapor d’água e seus constituintes foram identificados por cromatografia acoplada a espectrofotômetro de massa (GC/MS). Entre os 15 compostos identificados os mais abundantes foram o carvacrol (29%), o-cimeno (25,57%) e metil timol éter (11,50%). Os óleos foram submetidos a ensaios antimicrobianos para determinação da CIM e da CBM. Os resultados mostraram que a dose de 120μl/mL de qualquer um dos óleos testados foi eficiente em inibir o crescimento dos micro-organismos Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Salmonella cholerasuis (ATTCC 10708). Os efeitos tóxicos agudos e crônicos foram verificados em animais segundo método de classes - Toxicidade aguda oral (dose fixas) - OECD 420. As concentrações de 30, 60 e 120 mg/kg de óleo essencial não induziram alterações significativas no peso, no comportamento dos animais e nem nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. Também não houve presença de alterações histopatológicas no fígado, rins e coração sugerindo que o óleo de alecrim-pimenta é atóxico após administração oral em condições agudas ou crônicas. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho levam a concluir que o óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta possui uma margem elevada de segurança, com efeitos tóxicos inexistentes além de apresentar atividade antimicrobiana eficaz contra os micro-organimos S. aureus, E. coli e S. cholerasuis. Sua utilização na medicina veterinária deve ser considerada como uma grande viabilidade econômica e sustentável.

This study aimed to assess and standardize the ELISA and modified ToBI test in vitro methods in order to verify the potency of epsilon toxicoid in comparison with the in vivo TCP method. The following epsilon toxoids were used: NIBSC standard from batches 375/07, 532/08, 551/08, 373/07 and 378/07. These were evaluated using a TCP test, ELISA and ToBI tests. The results indicate that the correlation ratio between the dilutions of standard NIBSC toxicoid and absorbance values of 89.44% obtained with the ELISA method support the use of the curve to evaluate epsilon toxoids. However, it was observed that the absorbance values were similar for all toxoids, thus presenting no significant difference between higher and lower concentration toxoids. For the ToBI test, the correlation ratio of 96.76, obtained in the curve pattern, demonstrates the effectiveness of the curve to be used in the epsilon toxoid evaluation. The correlation ratio between the titration degrees of toxoids obtained through TCP and ToBI tests was higher than 90%. It is concluded that the type of ELISA test used does present discriminative power for toxoids with different concentrations, which does not support the use of this technique for such a purpose. The ToBI test can be used as a screening method for it is sensitive and effective to detect epsilon toxicoid produced by C. perfringens type D.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características morfológicas como densidade numérica e espessura do pelame e comprimento dos pelos de vacas Holandesas predominantemente negras, puras por cruza em lactação na região de Montes Claros no norte de Minas Gerais. O estudo foi conduzido em duas fases, A: julho/agosto e B: outubro/novembro de 2010, utilizando 12 fêmeas Holandesas em lactação, puras por cruza de pelame predominante negro. Foram medidas as características de densidade numérica (nº pelos/cm²), espessura (mm), comprimento (mm) e a temperatura da superfície do pelame (TPE). Os resultados mostraram que o pelame foi menos denso, com pelos mais curtos na fase B, no entanto a espessura não variou entre as duas fases. No período em que ocorreu maior densidade numérica houve menor TPE. As características do pelame das vacas Holandesas puras por cruza observadas indicam uma boa adequação às condições ambientais da região em estudo. The aim of this work was to evaluate the morphological characteristics such as number density, coat thickness and length of predominantly black lactating graded Holstein cows, in the region of Montes Claros in the north of Minas Gerais. The study was conducted in two phases, A: July/August and B: October/November 2010, using 12 lactating female Holstein crossbred dairy cows with predominant black coat. We measured the characteristics of numerical density (number of hair/cm²), thickness (mm) length (mm) and coat surface temperature (CST). Three samples of hair of each animal were taken at each stage through adjusted pliers. The results showed that the coat was less dense, with shorter hair in phase B, and the thickness did not change in the two phases. In the period when the coat was denser, that is, phase A, there was lower CTS. The observed coat characteristics of graded Holstein cows indicate good adaptation to environmental conditions in the region.

The intensive process of creating confined pigs generates large amounts of waste, character‐ ized as polluters of great impact to the environment. According to the Brazilian environ‐ mental legislation, Law No. 9.605/98, the amount of effluent produced by swine requires appropriate destination, and the producer may be held criminally responsible for damage caused to the environment, human health and animals.

Background: Beef cattle is considered to be one of the most important economic activities, however, it presents problems in the production chain such as the occurrence of parasites that reduce the growth, performance, productivity and may cause mortalities occasionally. The chemical control is the most used alternative to reduce ectoparasites. Nevertheless, inappropriate management of insecticides has contributed to the selection of population resistant to the products available on the market. This paper aimed to evaluate the practices of management and the application of insecticides used to control horn flies in farms of dairy cattle in the North of the state of Minas Gerais.Materials, Methods & Results: It was visited 62 rural properties, which produce milk. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied in order to obtain information on the characteristics of the properties (location, size and type of the cattle), on the knowledge about the epidemiology of the horn flies, and on the practices adopted to the control of those parasites. The practices adopted include the moment of application of the insecticides, frequency of the cattle treatment, used products, method of application, number of animals treated, and choice and substitution criteria of insecticides. The data collected were tabulated in contingency tables, and they were analyzed using the chi-square test, considering a significance of 5%. The racial composition of the cattle in the farms was mainly mixed-race of unknown origin, representing 77% of the animals evaluated. In this research, it was reported a greater incidence of horn flies infestation on adult beef herd, and 23.6% of the producers reported occurrences of infestation in the whole herd, not differing by categories. The infestation peaks of the fly occurred from November to March. It was also found a greater frequency of pyrethroid use in the region (P < 0.001), where 43.1% of the producers used associations of pyrethroid or organophosphate to control the flies, high efficiency being reported. From the properties assessed, 92% presented inadequacy in the practices of control of horn flies, for instance, the lack of using cattle manure tank, the accumulation of open waste, the lack of rotation of insecticides, which can favor the selection of resistant flies.Discussion: In this paper, it was reported 77.19% of predominance of Haematobia irritans infestation from November to March mainly in animals with a higher percentage of European or mixed-race genetics. Such results corroborate with the literature, because it was verified the influence of race and hair color in the level of infestation in the animals, although, in the same race, each individual presents different susceptibilities. Taurine beef cattle are more susceptible to infestation by horn flies than zebu cattle. Thus, the lower the proportion of zebu cattle genetics in the herd, the greater the infestation. Taurine beef cattle are more infested because shows a greater number of sebaceous glands and greater concentration of testosterone being attractive before the calves castrated, cows, and after, young animals. Cypermethrin was predominant in most part of the commercial insecticides used in the properties to control this ectoparasite, which could be justified by the large number of products available on the market with such compound in the formulations. The high efficiency of the associations of the insecticides reported by the producers could justify itself by the presence of active ingredients with different mechanisms of action. However, the limitation on the use of these associations is that not always the chemical compounds contained in the drug act simultaneously, being able to favor the selection of parasites resistant to different insecticides present in these formulations.

A ocorrência de miíases cutâneas foi verificada em 10 diferentes criatórios de ovinos no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil, durante o período de um ano, onde foram analisados os fatores relacionados a essas parasitoses. Os rebanhos possuíam predominantemente animais mestiços Santa Inês, criados em sistemas semiextensivo. Foram registrados 50 casos e a maior incidência foi observada nos meses de março (22%) e abril (18%), períodos de maiores temperaturas e umidade relativa do ar. As patas foram as regiões mais frequentemente acometidas (34% dos casos). As lesões por pododermatites (38% dos casos), onfaloflebites (10%), linfadenite (6%) e dermatobiose (6%) foram os fatores mais frequentemente relacionados às miíases. As taxas de ocorrência não diferiram quanto ao sexo e idade dos animais. Foi constatado que a maioria dos proprietários não realizava o tratamento das miíases de forma correta, sendo que após a implantação de uma terapia preconizada nesta pesquisa, 92% das lesões apresentaram cura entre sete e trinta dias. Os resultados apontam a importância de estratégias para prevenção baseadas nos fatores relacionados neste estudo. A inspeção constante dos ovinos, identificando-se os ferimentos e tratando-se as lesões precocemente, devem constituir práticas rotineiras, principalmente no período chuvoso e quando estão presentes nas patas dos animais. Cutaneous myiasis was investigated in 10 sheep herds during one year in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, and factors related to its occurrence were analyzed. The sheep were predominantly hybrid Saint Inês, bred in semi-extensive systems. A total of 50 cases were registered and the highest incidence occurred during March (22%) and April (18%), months with high temperatures and high relative humidity of the air. There was no influence of sex and age for the occurrence of myiasis. The lesions were mostly found on the legs (34% of the cases). Pododermatitis (38% of the cases), omphalophlebitis (10%), lymphadenitis (6%) and dermatobiosis (6%) were the predisposing factors more frequently associated with myiasis. The myiasis was not correctly treated by the owners, but after implantation of a correct therapy, 92% of the lesions presented cure within 7 to 30 days. The results show the importance of preventive strategies based on the predisposing factors identified in this study. The constant inspection, identifying wounds and precociously treating the lesions, should be routine especially at the end of rainy season and when predisposing factors are present.