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Purpose of the study is to identify a system of factors, causes and forms of government dysfunctionality. As well as to define the idea of expediency of use of term “dysfunctionality” in the system of definitions and categories of theoretical jurisprudence, political science and political and legal psychology.

Diagnostics of the plasma electron component by the method of Thomson scattering Te(R,t) of laser radiation makes it possible to reliably measure the spatial distributions of the electron temperature and density. One of the obstacles to the implementation of TS diagnostics in thermonuclear reactors is the distortion of the spectral characteristics of the optical system due to radiation-induced absorption and contamination of optical elements with erosion products of the first wall. As a consequence, the reliability of measurements by the TS method will decrease over time. The paper describes the method of multi-laser Thomson scattering, which will solve this problem. The results of the first experiments on the Globus-M2 tokamak are also presented. Keywords: plasma diagnostic, tokamak, thomson scattering, laser diagnostic, spectroscopy.

It is shown experimentally that in photo-thermo-refractive glasses the transformation of charged silver subnanosized molecular clusters to neutral state by UV irradiation results in the increase of glass refractive index. The increment of the refractive index reaches Δn = 0.76·10−4. Computer simulation has shown that the polarizability of neutral molecular clusters is by 20–40% larger than of charged ones. The reason of this is the increase of electron density and volume of electron density surfaces during the transformation of molecular cluster to the neutral state. The transition molecular cluster from the ground state to the excited state also results in the increase of its polarizability.

ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is a nuclear fusion research and engineering project. It is supposed to be the first fusion device to test the integrated technologies, materials and operational regimes necessary for the commercial production of fusion-based electricity. Front (explored in this paper) and Back diagnostic racks are used as supporting structures of the so-called ITER Divertor Thomson Scattering (DTS) Diagnostic System that is created to measure plasma characteristics. They will be attached to the lower port walls (ITER ports are used to locate diagnostic equipment and its supporting structures) through the so-called Divertor Rails. The developed design of the Front (Diagnostic) Rack locking (e.g. Rack attachment to the rails mechanism) was analyzed in this research to be consistent with thermal stresses, electromagnetic and seismic loads taking into account some specific assembly and maintenance loads including preloading under installation. The analysis of the rack locking design's resistance to the mentioned loads should prove correspondence of the suggested common rack design with the structure integrity criterions. Construction strength under the most severe loading scenario was estimated in this research and appropriate conclusions were made. It was found out that the stress criterion was not fully satisfied, so a new rack locking design concept was proposed. Its main details are also described at the end of this article.

The LabBot Framework project is intended to implement control of experiment and data acquisition without writing special platform codes, while achieving industrial-grade results. The Framework is intended for fast and advanced development of controlling and data acquisition software for laboratory-scale experimental setups; more sophisticated software for middle-scale laboratory equipment; industrial-grade software for self-made commercial instrumentation developed by small- and middle-scale companies. The paper presents review of the Framework top-level architecture and its implementation addressing development of ITER Divertor Thomson Scattering (DTS) diagnostic. The first examples of the Framework implementation include the set-ups for vacuum heating testbench; RF cleaning of diagnostic mirrors as well as DTS equipment, which must be controlled by the ITER CODAC system.

The paper describes the digital filter polychromator developed for Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostics. The device having ultra-low noise, high-speed detection system and up to 7 spectral channels is equipped with digitizer and single board computer for system control and data processing. The data acquisition system is capable to detect very short laser pulses of few ns width with low magnitude. This feature opens up new possibilities for the TS diagnostics design in modern fusion devices, which includes: operation with high background illumination, measurement of very low electron temperature and density at the plasma edge and scrape-off layer (SOL), separation of the TS signal and the stray light coming with a delay of several ns. The analysis of the TS signal waveform also gives a possibility to distinguish the TS and Mie scattering from the dust particles that is important for measurements in SOL. Owing to compactness and ultra-low energy consumption both optical and data processing units interfaced with optical Gigabit Ethernet were combined in a stand-alone device. Such all-in-one design with optical fiber input and optical digital output provides enhanced resistance to electromagnetic disturbances and simplify operation. A set of such polychromators can be mounted in a standard 19” rack and can be integrated with outer CODAC (Control, Data Access and Communication) system. Testing of the polychromators at the Globus-M2 tokamak has shown excellent performance of the developed serial devices.

ITER is a nuclear fusion research and engineering project. It is supposed to be the first fusion device designed for testing the integrated technologies, materials, and physical aspects necessary for development of the commercially available fusion-power plant. One of the important components of the project is optical diagnostic systems with collecting mirrors. These mirrors have to provide stability of optical systems under severe loads of different types that could possibly arise in the tokamak. The collecting mirrors of several ITER diagnostics have a large scale and should be installed into diagnostic ports. Thermal stress analysis of the mirror updated design is aimed to obtain deformation and rotation values of the mirrors’ reflecting surfaces in order to conduct ray tracing analysis and to edit mirrors alignment to provide correct functioning of the optical systems. The maximum temperature values of the Divertor Thomson Scattering collecting mirrors were estimated for the normal operation mode. The FE model of the second mirror takes into account all the force boundary conditions, basic kinematic boundary conditions and constraints. Boundary conditions taken for the simulation were applied on surfaces contacting with the diagnostic rack. Thermally stressed state was calculated and corresponding displacement and rotation distributions were obtained.

The possibility of double spectral conversion of UV radiation from the spectral range of 240–280 nm to the visible spectral region using luminescent glasses and fibers with antimony ions and molecular silver clusters is shown. Planar and fiber prototypes of UV radiation dosimeters are tested. It is shown that the sensitivities of dosimeter of the first and second types are 1400 and 360 mV/W/m2, respectively.

This note is devoted to a filter polychromator combining built-in optical, data acquisition and processing subsystems designed for electron temperature and density measurements in fusion plasma by Thomson scattering (TS). Special attention is paid to assessing the accuracy of TS signals measured in the polychromator spectral channels. The potential for estimating TS error caused by background emission is demonstrated using high-pass signal. The recent polychromator tests have shown APD gain stabilization better than ± 0.5% over the ambient temperature range from 17.5 °C to 35 °C

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A complex of measures that utilize gas-dynamics effects for passive protection of optical elements, which are positioned deep in the diagnostic channels in the region of the ITER divertor, is considered. The proposed control methods are considered using an example of protection of optical elements for diagnostics of Thomson scattering at the ITER-tokamak divertor. To suppress the diffusive propagation of impurities, it is proposed to use the sorption properties of the walls of the diagnostic channels via an increase in their area. The presented experimental results are compared to the results of numerical calculations that confirm the efficiency of the proposed method. To suppress the convective propagation of impurities, it is proposed to use additional walls of the channel with a geometry that determines separation and deflection of flows and diaphragms for hydraulic deceleration of gas flows.

Thomson scattering (TS) is the most accurate and useful method of measuring plasma electron temperature and density in fusion-oriented experiments. The small power (∼10−8W) and short duration (∼10 ns and less) of scattering signal are the main technical problems of the method. That is why highest requirements are made to photodetection and recording systems. Developed by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia) fast DAQ system allows recording profiles of short duration (3-5 ns) scattered pulses in 0-200MHz bandwidth with 2GSPS rate and 12-bit resolution. The system consists of photo detector modules (with 200MHz bandwidth), fast (2GSPS) and slow (10MSPS) ADC modules and synchronization subsystem. The 48-channel version of this system was developed as a prototype for ITER (Cadarache, France) divertor Thomson scattering diagnostic. The system was tested and put into operation on GLOBUS-M tokamak (St. Petersburg, Russia).

Диагностика томсоновского рассеяния (ТР) является ключевой диагностикой при проведении экспериментальных исследований на токамаках. Изучение динамики профилей температуры и концентрации электронов, измеренных методом ТР, позволяет получать сведения о режимах удержания и термоизоляции высокотемпературной плазмы, что является одной из важнейших проблем УТС. На токамаке Глобус-М выполнена модернизация диагностики томсоновского рассеяния. Число пространственных каналов увеличено до 10, что позволило измерить профили температуры и концентрации электронов от внутренней до внешней границы плазмы. Благодаря применению новой системы сбора света и регистрации рассеянного излучения увеличена точность измерений. В статье обсуждаются особенности калибровки диагностики и обработки сигналов рассеяния, приводятся первые результаты эксперимента. К настоящему времени модернизированная система ТР задействована в программе исследований режимов с инжекцией высокоэнергетичной плазменной струи, нейтральной инжекцией и режимов с внутренними транспортными барьерами.

Implementation of an automatic process control system for the Severomuiskii tunnel is presented. Its subsystems are considered, which can be used for design of other similar control systems.

The composition of proteoglycans and their changes during malignant transformation are important factors influencing adhesive properties and mitotic activity of tumor cells. In this study, expression level of different proteoglycans (decorin, syndecan-1, lumican, glypican-1, and aggrecan) in tumors and normal human breast tissue was investigated. Multiplex RT-PCR data revealed different expression changes for different proteoglycans in human breast tumors--syndecan expression was activated compared to almost no expression in normal breast tissue, expression of decorin and lumican decreased 2-5- and 2-3-fold, respectively, and aggrecan transcription seems to be unaffected. A change of expression level of decorin correlated with expression of D-glucuronyl-C5-epimerase, a key enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of idurone-containing glycosaminoglycans, possessing antimitotic activity. The results suggest that changes in decorin, lumican, and syndecan-1 expression in tumor tissue could induce a distortion of proteoglycan composition and mitotic activity of cells in human breast tumor.

Meadow-chernozemic and dark chernozem-like meadow soils predominate on the Zeya-Bureya interfluve. The soil cover pattern of this interfluve is described in terms of elementary soil areas (ESAs) and soil combinations (SCs). The typification of elementary agricultural areas on the basis of major characteristics of the ESAs and SCs and the ways of their rational management are suggested. It is shown that most of the regional soils require phosphorus fertilizers and liming; agromeliorative and hydromeliorative drainage measures should be implemented on vast areas to improve soil productivity.

This paper describes the challenges of Thomson scattering implementation for core plasma on DEMO and evaluates the capability to measure extremely high electron temperature range 0.5-40keV. A number of solutions to be developed for ITER diagnostics are suggested in consideration of their realization for DEMO. New approaches suggested for DEMO may also be of interest to ITER and currently operating magnetic confinement devices.

As the internationalization of universities has grown in importance, there is an increasing number of cooperative programsbetweenU.S.universitiesandthoseinothercountries.To have the most effective programs, it is important to have an understanding of the differences between the respective higher education systems. With the disintegration of the former Soviet Union there has been an increasing interest in collaborating with higher education institutions in Russia and other countries of the newly independent states. A comparison of U.S. agricultural higher education and that of Russia shows substantial differences in operation and educational philosophy. Since the higher education systems of the newly independent states were modeled after the Russian system, these comparisons provide a basicunderstandingoftheagriculturalhighereducationsystem in all of the newly independent states. The objectives of this paper are to (i) compare the structure of agricultural higher education in the USA and Russia, (ii) highlight the differences in the two systems, and (iii) identify aspects of each system that couldstrengtheneachother.Althoughchangeshaveoccurredin theRussiansystem,additionalchangesmightinclude:permitindividual universities to set their own student/faculty ratios, determine student enrollment, charge tuition to all students, and grant them freedom to develop their own curricula.

Inheritance of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW GS) and gliadins was studied in the segregating progeny from several crosses between common wheat genotypes. The occurrence of a few recombinants in the F2 grains of the cross Skorospelka Uluchshennaya×Kharkovskaya 6 could be accounted for by assuming that the short arm of chromosome 1D contains two tightly linked loci each coding for at least one gliadin plus one C-type LMW GS. These loci were found to recombine at a frequency of about 2%, and to be linked to the Glu-D3 locus coding for B-type LMW GS. Some proteins showing biochemical characteristics of D-type or C-type LMW GS were found to be encoded by the Gli-B1 and Gli-B2 loci, respectively. Strongly stained B-type LMW GS in cvs Skorospelka Uluchshennaya and Richelle were assigned to the Glu-B3 locus, but recombination between this locus and Gli-B1 was not found. Analogously, in the cross Bezostaya 1×Anda, no recombination was found between Gli-A1 and Glu-A3, suggesting the maximum genetic distance between these loci to be 0.97% (P=0.05). A B-type LMW GS in cv Kharkovskaya 6 was assigned to the Glu-B2 locus, with about 25% recombination from the Gli-B1 locus. The present results suggested that alleles at Gli loci may relate to dough quality and serve as genetic markers of certain LMW GS affecting breadmaking quality.