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One of the alternatives to benefit the agroforestry residues is by densification processes. Thus, the goal of this analysis was to evaluate the raw material and briquettes quality produced from the remains of the sugarcane bagasse and Jatropha curcas shell. The biomass was dried and set at 12% of moisture content and, afterwards, had the treatments prepared. T1 – 100 % sugar cane bagasse; T2 – 100 % Jatropha curcas shell; T3 – 75 % sugar cane bagasse + 25 % Jatropha curcas shell; T4 – 75 % Jatropha curcas shell + 25 % sugar cane bagasse; and T5 – 50 % sugar cane bagasse + 50 % Jatropha curcas shell. The briquettes were produced with the assistance of a hydraulic briquette machine at temperature of 80 ± 2 ºC and pressure of 140 kgf cm-2, kept for a period of five minutes. The main energy and physic mechanical aspects of the briquettes were bulk density, energy density, volumetric expansion, dynamic resistance and tensile strength by diametric compression. It was confirmed that the briquettes produced from 100 % Jatropha curcas shell showed superior energy density, they were also more resistant to tensile strength by diametric compression and to the dynamic resistance test, they even presented higher volumetric expansion compared to the ones produced from 50 % sugarcane bagasse + 50 % Jatropha curcas shell., La densificación es una alternativa para aprovechar los residuos agroforestales. Así el objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la calidad de la materia prima y briquetas producidas a partir de residuos de bagazo de caña de azúcar y cáscara de piñón manso (Jatropha curcas) en diferentes proporciones. La biomasa fue secada y ajustada al 12 % de humedad y en seguida preparados los tratamientos: T1- 100 % bagazo de caña de azúcar, T2- 100 % cáscara de piñón manso, T3- 75 % de bagazo de caña de azúcar + 25 % cáscara de piñón manso, T4- 75 % cáscara de piñón manso + 25 % bagazo de caña de azúcar y T5- 50 % bagazo de caña de azúcar + 50 % de cáscara de piñón manso. Las briquetas fueron producidas con la ayuda de una briquetadera hidráulica a temperatura de 80 ± 2 ºC y presión de 140 kgf cm-2, durante cinco minutos. Se analizó densidad aparente, densidad energética, expansión volumétrica, resistencia dinámica y resistencia a la tracción por comprensión diametral. Briquetas confeccionadas con 100 % de cáscara de piñón manso presentaron mayor densidad energética, fueron más resistentes a la prueba de resistencia dinámica y a la tracción por compresión diametral, aunque presentaron mayor expansión volumétrica en relación a las briquetas con 50 % de bagazo de caña de azúcar + 50 % de cáscara de piñón manso.

The rainfall has a direct influence on the agricultural productivity, being indispensable the knowledge of its spatiotemporal behavior in order to establish trends that will assist in the management of water resources, agricultural planning, hydrological monitoring and prevention of natural disasters. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the TRMM satellite precipitation estimates in relation to the gauge-recorded precipitation. For this, the rainfall data from the weather station located in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO were used, being compared to the TRMM satellite datasets, especially, the algorithms 3B42 Version 7 (V7) and Real Time (RT), during the period from January 1998 to October 2015. The comparison of the TRMM satellite data showed that the ten-day and monthly precipitation records of the 3B42 V7 algorithm showed correlation values of 0.69 and 0.65, respectively, during the rainy season; in the dry season, the correlations were of 0.80 and 0.73. The ten-day concordance index ranged from 0.68 to 0.98 and the monthly concordance index ranged from 0.83 to 0.99. The algorithm 3B42 RT presented lower statistical results when compared to the 3B42 V7. The satellite precipitation estimates showed both trends of over estimation and underestimation; however, the satellite data can help research in the absence of information on the rainfall in the region. RESUMEN La precipitación tiene una influencia directa en la productividad agrícola, siendo indispensable el conocimiento de su comportamiento espacio-temporal para establecer tendencias que ayuden en la gestión de los recursos hídricos, la planificación agrícola, el monitoreo hidrológico y la prevención de desastres naturales. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la exactitud de las estimaciones de precipitación de satélites de TRMM en relación con la precipitación registrada. Para ello, se utilizaron los datos pluviométricos de la estación meteorológica del municipio de Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO, comparándolos con los conjuntos de datos de satélites TRMM, especialmente los algoritmos 3B42 Versión 7 (V7) y Real Time (RT), durante el período de enero de 1998 a octubre de 2015. La comparación de los datos de satélite TRMM mostró que los registros de precipitación de diez días y mensuales del algoritmo 3B42 V7 presentaron valores de correlación de 0,69 y 0,65, respectivamente, durante la temporada de lluvias. En la estación seca, las correlaciones fueron de 0,80 y 0,73. El índice de concordancia de diez días osciló entre 0,68 y 0,98 y el índice de concordancia mensual osciló entre 0,83 y 0,99. El algoritmo 3B42 RT presentó resultados estadísticos más bajos en comparación con el 3B42 V7. Las estimaciones de la precipitación por satélite mostraron tanto las tendencias de sobreestimación como de subestimación; sin embargo, los datos satelitales pueden ayudar a la investigación en ausencia de información sobre las lluvias en la región.

The rainfall has a direct influence on the agricultural productivity, being indispensable the knowledge of its spatiotemporal behavior in order to establish trends that will assist in the management of water resources, agricultural planning, hydrological monitoring and prevention of natural disasters. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the TRMM satellite precipitation estimates in relation to the recorded precipitation. For this, the rainfall data from the weather station located in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO were used, being compared to the data of the TRMM satellite, algorithms 3B42 Version 7 and Real Time, in the period from January 1998 to October 2015. The comparison of the TRMM satellite data showed that the ten-day and monthly precipitation records of the algorithm 3B42 V_7 showed correlation values of 0.69 and 0.65, respectively, in the rainy season; in the dry season, the correlations were of 0.80 and 0.73. The ten-day concordance index ranged from 0.68 to 0.98 and the monthly concordance index ranged from 0.83 to 0.99. The algorithm 3B42 Real Time presented lower statistical results when compared to the 3B42 V_7. The satellite precipitation estimates showed both trends of overestimation and underestimation; however, the satellite data can help research in the absence of information on the rainfall in the region.

Brazilian hydrological measurement networks rarely cover all places in a watershed, therefore there is a great lack of stream?ow data. This may be due to the costs for acquisition and maintenance of water level measuring devices. This work aimed to construct and validate a low cost automatic water level meter. A potentiometer coupled to a ?oat and pulley system was used, as well as an Arduino microcontroller board for data acquisition and a clock module RTC DS1307 for tracking reading times. In the Arduino environment, a program was created to signal reading from the transducer, to convert the electrical signal when in water level, to allocate the time readings and to store information in long-term memory. The equipment provided precise and accurate readings (R² = 0.99, r = 0.99, d = 0.99). The use of the Arduino platform to acquire data for stream?ow variables is a good alternative, given its low cost and easy programming. This platform is recommended for studies regarding water levels and water monitoring in channels, dams and streams, with prior calibration and studies related to the locations to be used. As redes de medições hidrológicas raramente cobrem todos os locais de interesse em uma bacia hidrográfica, havendo, então, uma grande carência de dados ?uviométricos. Isso pode ocorrer devido aos custos de aquisição e manutenção dos linígrafos existentes no mercado e/ou por demanda não atendida de pessoal especializado para a observação desses dados. Objetivou-se com este trabalho construir e validar um linígrafo automático de baixo custo, do tipo boia e contrapeso, utilizando a plataforma Arduino. Para isso, utilizou-se, como sensor, um potenciômetro acoplado a um sistema boia e contrapeso; a placa microcontroladora Arduino como sistema de aquisição de dados e o módulo relógio RTC DS1307 para localizar as leituras no tempo. No ambiente Arduino, criou-se um programa com funções de leitura do sinal proveniente do transdutor, conversão do sinal elétrico em nível de água, alocação das leituras no tempo e armazenamento dessas informações em memória de longo prazo. Observou-se que o equipamento fornece leituras acuradas e precisas (R²=0,99; r=0,99; d=0,99). O uso da plataforma Arduino na medição de variáveis ?uviométricas representa uma alternativa viável, dado seu baixo custo e facilidade de programação, sendo recomendado seu uso para estudos e monitoramento do nível da água em canais, barragens e rios, com prévia calibração e estudos referentes aos locais de instalação.

Potassium (K) can be easily lost by the leaching process. The objective of this study was to quantify K leaching in clayey and sandy soils under increasing irrigation depths. The experiment was conducted in 2014, in a protected environment, after extraction of undisturbed soil columns, with diameter of 144 mm and height of 300 mm. The columns were arranged in a randomized complete block in a factorial design with three replicates, corresponding to eight treatments: two soil types and four water depths, equivalent to 50, 100, 150 and 200% of the amount of water necessary to bring the soil moisture to field capacity. Potassium chloride, with 58% of K2O, was used as K source. Water replacement in the columns was performed every three days, for a period of 81 days. After conducting joint analysis of the data according to the factor Time, a second-degree response surface model was fitted and line charts were also used to study the factors Time and Water. After the evaluations, it was found that the higher the applied water depth, the greater the percolated amount of the K+ ion. RESUMO Neste trabalho o objetivo foi quantificar a lixiviação de K em solos argiloso e arenoso sob lâminas crescentes de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido em 2014, em ambiente protegido, após extração de colunas de solo indeformadas, com diâmetro de 144 mm e altura de 300 mm. As colunas foram arranjadas em um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial, com três repetições, constituindo oito tratamentos, sendo dois tipos de solo e quatro lâminas de água equivalentes a 50, 100, 150 e 200% da lâmina de água necessária para levar o solo à umidade na capacidade de campo. Como fonte de K utilizou-se o cloreto de potássio com 58% de K2O. A reposição da água nas colunas foi realizada a cada três dias, por um período de 81 dias. Após a realização de análise conjunta dos dados de acordo com o fator Tempo, foram ajustados um modelo de superfície de resposta de segundo grau completo e os gráficos de linhas para estudo dos fatores Tempo e Água. Após avaliações concluiu-se que quanto maior a lâmina de água aplicada maior também a quantidade percolada do íon K+.

For proper plant growth and achievement of satisfactory yield, it is essential to replenish water and nutrients, in the right amount and time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil water potential and lithothamnium doses on the growth and yield of bell pepper fruits in an organic production system. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments were five lithothamnium doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g dm-3) and four soil water potentials (-6, -24, -42 and -60 kPa). Increasing lithothamnium doses and irrigations based on increasing soil water potentials produced linear increase in plant growth and fruit production. The maximum economic efficiency of the lithothamnium fertilizer was obtained with the application of 0.54 g dm-3, corresponding to the fruit yield of 491.26 g plant-1. More frequent irrigations favor the increase in growth and yield of bell pepper in organic system. RESUMO Para o desenvolvimento adequado da planta e obtenção de produtividade satisfatória é essencial a reposição de água e nutrientes na quantidade ideal e no momento oportuno. Ante o exposto objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos de níveis de potencial de água no solo e doses de lithothamnium sobre o crescimento e a produção de frutos de pimentão cultivado em sistema de produção orgânico. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam à aplicação de cinco doses de lithothamnium (0; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 g dm-3) e quatro potenciais de água no solo (-6, -24, -42 e -60 kPa). A aplicação de doses crescentes de lithothamnium e irrigações manejadas com base em valores crescentes de potenciais de água produziram aumento linear nas características de crescimento e produção do pimentão. A máxima eficiência econômica do fertilizante lithothamnium foi obtida com a aplicação da dose de 0,54 g dm-3 correspondendo à produção de frutos de 491,26 g planta-1. Irrigações mais frequentes favorecem o aumento do crescimento e da produtividade do pimentão cultivado sob sistema orgânico.

African Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) planting is spreading in Brazil as to re-forest as to obtain hardwood. This work aimed to evaluate the growing of young African Mahogany plants to micrometeorological conditions of Goiânia-GO, without water restriction. Experiments were carried out in greenhouse (pots) and lysimeters. In greenhouse, number of leaves and leaf area showed an increase in its averages until 120 days after the first evaluation (DA1ª), tending to stabilize, however, number of leaflets, plants height and steam diameter have an increasing trend until the last evaluation. The greatest rates ware to 30 DA1ª, except to plants height rates (46 DA1ª) and leaf area (59 DA1ª). In lysimeters, the greatest rates to plants height, steam diameter and leaf area were observed after 75 DA1ª. The greatest water use per leaf area per day (ke day-1) was also determined to 35 DA1ª (1.863 L m-2 day-1). Growth variables showed positive and significant correlations with solar radiation (RG) and the total water consumption per period, and negative with the wind speed (v) and ET0 (Penman-Monteith). The ke day-1 had positive and significant correlation with RG, v, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), evaporation of the Class-A pan (ECA) and ET0, and negative for air relative humidity (RH%). It was concluded that the growth of young African Mahogany plants, without water restriction, suffer influence of micrometeorological variables of Goiânia-GO, Brazil, however, this response were smoothed due to the plants are in ideal conditions as in terms of water necessity as climatic requeriment.Keywords: evapotranspiration, growth rate, Khaya ivorensis A. Chev., Brasilian Savanna O plantio de mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) encontra-se em expansão no Brasil para fins de reflorestamento ou produção de madeira nobre. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento de plantas jovens de mogno africano nas condições micrometeorológicas da região de Goiânia-GO, cultivado sem restrição hídrica. Conduziram-se experimentos em casa-de-vegetação (vasos), durante 141 dias, e em lisímetros, por 160 dias. Em vasos ajustaram-se equações de segundo grau entre as variáveis biométricas e o tempo, exceto para o diâmetro de caule, que ajustou uma linear. Suas taxas de crescimento mostraram tendências oscilatórias no tempo, evidenciando uma rápida dinâmica de distribuição de carboidratos entre os órgãos da planta. Em lisímetros, este ajuste foi exponencial com R2>0,95. O consumo de água médio por planta por dia (CH2O d-1) foi de 2,5 L plt.-1 d-1, e o consumo por metro quadrado de área foliar ke d-1= 0,82 L m-2 d-1. As taxas de crescimento novamente mostraram comportamento oscilatório no tempo, não encontrando relações entre maiores taxas e maior consumo de água. A análise de regressão ajustou equações exponenciais entre as taxas de crescimento, as variáveis micrometeorológicas e CH2O d-1. O ke d-1 foi crescente quando relacionado à radiação solar, déficit de vapor, vento e evapotranspiração de referência, e decrescente em relação à umidade relativa. Conclui-se que, sem restrição hídrica, não existe uma tendência em termos de taxas de crescimento de plantas de mogno africano e as variáveis micrometeorológicas, mas o consumo de água pelas plantas possui forte relação com estas variáveis.

Jatropha stands out in the Brazilian agribusiness scenario as one of the most promising nuts for biodiesel production, although there are few studies on this culture's introduction, management and cultivation techniques. Through the characterization of the state of Goiás' climate based on climate, rainfall and evapotranspiration maps, this work aimed to define areas suitable for the cultivation of Jatropha by designing an agroclimatic zoning system. Rainfall climatic data from 114 stations and air temperature data related to 34 stations were used. The zoning did not show any area that was considered unsuitable for the cultivation of Jatropha in the state, with much of the territory having full culture capability and some marginal regions characterized by water deficit or thermal deficiency. Throughout the state of Goiás, 64.6% of its territory is fit for the cultivation of Jatropha, whereas 35.4% has some marginal conditions for culture development. Of the total of areas defined as marginal to the cultivation of pinion, 28.8% are considered marginal due to water deficits and 6.6% are considered marginal due to thermal deficiency.

O Estado de Goiás é o segundo maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil. Entretanto, ainda apresenta baixa produtividade, devido principalmente à falta de variedades adaptadas a esta região e ao déficit hídrico típico. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de dezesseis variedades de cana-de-açúcar submetidas à irrigação suplementar no Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido em Goianésia-GO, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico, de textura argilosa de abril de 2011 a maio de 2012. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados (Bifatorial 16x5), com 16 tratamentos (variedades): CTC2, CTC4, CTC9, CTC11, CTC15, CTC18, IAC87-3396, IAC91-1099, IACSP94-3046, IACSP94-2094, IACSP94-2101, IACSP95-5000, RB857515, RB92579, RB966928 e SP86-0042; e cinco tempos de avaliação: 113; 145; 174; 203 e 285 dias após o plantio (DAP), com quatro repetições. A irrigação suplementar, por aspersão, correspondeu a uma reposição de 50% da ETc. Os resultados, de cana- planta, apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as variedades avaliadas, destacando-se as variedades CTC9, CTC11, IAC87-3396, IAC91-1099 e SP86-0042, em termos de produtividade e de rendimento industrial. Assim, estas variedades podem ser recomendadas para o cultivo no Cerrado, em regime de irrigação suplementar. The state of Goias is the second largest producer of sugar cane in Brazil. However, it still has low productivity, mainly due to the lack of varieties adapted to the region and the typical water deficit. The experiment aimed to evaluate the performance of sixteen sugarcane varieties submitted to supplementary irrigation in the "Cerrado" (Brazilian Savanna).The experiment was carried out in Goianesia-GO (Brazil), in a Red yellow dystrophic latosol (Oxisol), from April 2011 to May 2012. Randomized blocks design was used, with bifatorials treatments, in sixteen sugar cane varieties: CTC2, CTC4, CTC9, CTC11, CTC15, CTC18, IAC87-3396, IAC91-1099, IACSP94-3046, IACSP94-2094, IACSP94-2101, IACSP95-5000, RB857515, RB92579, RB966928 and SP86-0042; and five evaluation time: 113, 145, 174, 203 and 285 days after plantation (DAP). The supplementary irrigation was of 50% water requirement using a sprinkler system. Varieties performance was evaluated through: tillering, growth, productivity and performance of industrial plants. The results showed significant differences between the varieties. The best results were obtained for varieties CTC9, CTC11, IAC87-3396, IAC91-1099 and SP86-0042, to productivity and industrial performance, which can be recommended in savannah cultivation with supplementary irrigation (50%).

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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T11:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-01 The incorporation of technologies has resulted in increased productivity and the more rational management of peach palm, with irrigation being an important tool for certain regions. Thus, studies leading to proper crop management are extremely important, such as the estimate of the effective depth of the root system, which is indispensable for proper irrigation management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation depths, as applied by drip irrigation, on the distribution of the root system of peach palm. This experiment was conducted in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil, with drip irrigation, with the two systems (flow of 0.0023 m3 h-1) consisting of four irrigation treatments corresponding to 0, 50, 100 and 150% of Class 'A' pan evaporation. After five years, an analysis of the Bactris gasipaes root system was performed at a distance of 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 meters from the trunk, collecting sampling at two depths (0.0 to 0.3 m and 0.3 to 0.6 m) via the auger method (volumetric analysis). We concluded that the effective depth of the root system used for irrigation management should be a maximum of 0.3 meters. Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rod. Aquidauana, km 12, Cx. Postal 25, 79200-000, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo