Search

For many years, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) have been treated as single-disease entities. However, there are significant histologic and molecular differences between the various types of lung cancers. Such differences influence the various chemotherapeutic agents' outcomes and side effect profiles. For instance, bevacizumab causes significant pulmonary hemorrhage in squamous cell carcinoma; hence it is not recommended to treat such histologic subtypes. SCLC is more aggressive than NSCLC; therefore, it demonstrates differences in tumor behavior and the need to approach treatments differently. To date, studies of various lung cancers have provided new insight into their molecular characteristics. The histological classification does not only focus on the morphology but can provide detailed histological characteristics that will promote targeted therapy. Can this new knowledge assist in developing more effective drugs for lung cancers? In this paper, the review shows the advancements in histological diagnosis of lung cancers and their use in the optimal treatment of lung cancers. Keywords: Small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, histological subtypes.

Multi drug resistance is increasing day by day due to misuse of antibiotics. Several potent metabolites are produced by fungi. Synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) Due to its simple, harmless, time-saving, and cost-effective characteristics, it has acquired great popularity in recent years. A variety of analytical techniques were used to synthesize AgNPs from Aspergillus fumigatus extracts, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The effect of synthesis AgNPs and crude extract noted against different bacterial pathogens. Maximum antibacterial activity were noticed against tested bacteria by both fungal crude extract and (AgNPs) Maximum antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate crude extract at 50µl concentration (12mg/1ml DMSO) showed (15mm) zone of inhibition against E.coli. While minimum antibacterial activity of Ethyl crude extract at 50µl concentration was observed against S.typhi (12mm). Highest antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate crude extract at 100µl was noted against E.coli which showed (20mm) zone of inhibition. While (17mm) zone of inhibition was observed against S.typhi at 100µl concentration Ethyl acetate crude extract and AgNPs (25mm) zone of inhibition was observed against E.coli at 100µl concentration Ethyl acetate crude extract and AgNPs respectively. During UV-visible spectroscopy, surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was observed at 432 nm, which confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The SEM micrograph demonstrated the spherical shape of AgNPs. The results of FTIR research revealed that phenolic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups played a crucial role in the reduction of Ag+ ions into AgNPs, while amide linkage and amino acids stabilized AgNPs. AgNPs synthesized were XRD peaks that revealed phase purity, size, internal crystalline structure, and nature. In the pharmaceutical and medical fields, AgNPs synthesized from Aspergillus fumigatus extract could be of great importance. While, the combination of AgNPs and crude extract Aspergillus fumigatus enhances their antimicrobial effect which increase their importance in future studies Keywords: Fungal secondary metabolites, silver nanoparticles, crude extract, MDR pathogen bacteria , SEM, TEM, UV, FTIR, XRD.

Arif Khan,1 Mohammed A Alsahli,2 Mohammad A Aljasir,2 Hamzah Maswadeh,3 Mugahid A Mobark,4,5 Faizul Azam,6 Khaled S Allemailem,2 Faris Alrumaihi,2 Fahad A Alhumaydhi,2 Ahmad A Almatroudi,2 Naif AlSuhaymi,7 Masood A Khan1 1Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kordofan, El-Obeid, Sudan; 6Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, AlQunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21912, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Arif Khan, Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 590038460, Fax +966 63801628, Email 4140@qu.edu.saPurpose: Thymoquinone (TQ), a phytoconstituent of Nigella sativa seeds, has been studied extensively in various cancer models. However, TQ’s limited water solubility restricts its therapeutic applicability. Our work aims to prepare the novel formulation of TQ and assess its chemopreventive potential in chemically induced lung cancer animal model.Methods: The polyethylene glycol coated DOPE/CHEMS incorporating TQ-loaded pH-sensitive liposomes (TQPSL) were prepared and characterized. Mice were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) thrice a week for 4 weeks to induce lung cancer. TQPSL was administered three times a week for 21 weeks, starting 2 weeks before the first dose of BaP.Results: The prepared TQPSL revealed 85% entrapment efficiency with 128 nm size and − 19.5 mv ζ-potential showing high stability of the formulation. The pretreatment of TQPSL showed the recovery in BaP-modulated relative organ weight of lungs, cancer marker enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes in the serum. The histopathological analysis of the tissues showed that TQPSL protected the malignancy in the lungs. The flow cytometry data revealed the induction of apoptosis and decreased intracellular ROS by TQPSL. Molecular docking was performed to predict the TQ’s affinity for eight possible anticancer drug targets linked to lung cancer etiology. The data assisted to identify the serine/threonine-protein kinase BRAF as the most suitable target of TQ with binding energy − 6.8 kcal/mol.Conclusion: The current findings demonstrated the potential of TQPSL and its possible therapeutic targets of lung cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first research to outline the development of TQ formulation against lung cancer considering its low solubility as well as pulmonary delivery challenges.Keywords: thymoquinone, pH-sensitive liposomes, lung cancer model, molecular docking

To measure and assess the side-effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and AstraZeneca vaccines on residents of Saudi Arabia, as well as provide a database that gives insight into the relative safety of these 2 COVID-19 vaccines.A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the side-effects of the two COVID-19 vaccines. The study was initiated on the 5th of June 2021 at Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia. The information was collected through an online survey designed on Google forms. The questionnaire was pre-tested for validity, with all information carefully reviewed.The study included 2,530 participants from different regions of Saudi Arabia, with a mean age of 26.9 ± 12.4 years old. The most common vaccine among the study group was Pfizer, which 73.8% of the population were provided; the remaining 26.2% received the AstraZeneca vaccine. Regarding the Pfizer vaccine, the common systemic side-effects followed the first dose, included headaches, followed by muscle pain, fever, and joint pain. Those who had the AstraZeneca vaccine reported a few more side-effects. For example, during the first dose fever was reported as the most common side-effect, followed by headache, muscle pain and fatigue.The present study confirmed that vaccine side-effects are more frequently reported by smokers and those who received the AstraZeneca vaccine. Further studies are needed to acquire a better understanding of the association between risk factors and the experiencing of post-vaccine side-effects.

Background: Road traffic accidents are a major non-communicable epidemic that accounts for death and morbidity in the world today. Despite considerable attention given to health statistics of road traffic accidents (RTAs), the pattern of bone fracture aspects of injuries resulting from RTAs is not fully understood in Saudi Arabia. This review aimed to study the epidemiological pattern of fractures due to RTAs in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This systematic review was based on the latest evidence of RTA fractures in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SAUDI ARABIA). All articles published during the last 12 years on road traffic accident-associated fractures in SAUDI ARABIA were analyzed. We examined 12 studies published between 2012 and 2022. Eleven included studies were cross-sectional studies and collected data retrospectively, while one study was a cohort. Results: A total of 4709 patients with fractures admitted in 2010–2022, followed by road traffic accidents, were included. Male patients accounted for 81.6% (n = 3843) of all fractures reported. The most commonly fractured body areas were the upper limb extremities (30.05%), followed by lower limb extremities (11.30%), head or skull fracture (10.53%), spine fracture (8.83%), ribs fracture (8.52%), neck fracture (8.09%), pelvis fracture (3.44%), clavicle fracture (1.89%), and sternal fracture (0.28%). Among the upper limb fractures, the femur bone was most fractured (17.06%), and the combined tibia patella and fibula accounted for 17.69% of upper limb fractures. Conclusion: Lower limb fractures, especially femur bone fractures, are prevalent in Saudi Arabia, and caused by RTAs, especially among young males. Therefore, the concerned authorities need to employ and implement stricter traffic rules to minimize the risk of RTA fractures and their subsequent increased morbidity and mortality rates

Background: Hematological values are influenced by many factors and their determination can be crucial for clinical diagnoses. This study aimed to study hematological parameters in low and high-altitude residents of the Al-Baha area, KSA. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2019 and 2020 at Al-Baha, KSA. Data were collected from the ministry of health for complete blood count of routinely investigated healthy Saudi adults. Residents were divided into low and high lands according to altitude. Results: A total of 701 individuals were analyzed of which 501 were living in high altitudes. Individuals were predominantly females (55.8%), and those of high altitude was also predominantly females (n = 391). Red blood cell, hematocrit, and hemoglobin was found to be significantly higher in males versus females, high altitude versus low altitude, high altitude males versus low altitude male, and high altitude female versus low altitude females. White blood cells were also found to be significantly higher in high altitude residents, male, and females versus low altitude residents, males, and females. Platelets were significantly lower in males versus female individuals. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the hematological reference ranges in the high-altitude provinces are significantly different from that of low altitude provinces of the Al-Baha area, other regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the western reference ranges. Our reference ranges for blood parameters can be used in clinical practice and research.

Literature search till the beginning of 2022 for all relevant studies publish in English language among different databases such as; PubMed and Embase. Many physical, emotional, and social symptoms may be present in COPD patients, necessitating a comprehensive, targeted intervention in the form of a personalized pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) program. Taking into account the disease's complexity and severity, good PR must incorporate the translation of information and evidence of recognized aspects into a multidimensional, complex intervention. In this manner, PR will increase the patient's individual autonomy and maximize the patient's autonomy and community functioning. PR is defined as a comprehensive strategy designed to sustainably enhance physical, psychological, and social outcomes in individuals with chronic respiratory problems. PR is a personalized, sophisticated health care intervention. Although exercise training has been recognized as the cornerstone of a comprehensive PR program, a profound pathophysiology understanding of the mechanisms governing exercise tolerance, particularly in COPD patients, necessitates the consideration of several training modalities.

Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a rare developmental illness caused by a ductal plate malformation, often known as ciliopathy or fibrocystic liver disease. Hepatosplenomegaly and portal hypertension are two symptoms. The disease affects 1/10000–20000 people. frequently associated with a variety of illnesses caused by genetic abnormalities, such as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) and Caroli syndrome. There hasn't been a way to stop or reverse the progression of congenital hepatic fibrosis until now. Clinical trials of anti-fibrotic medicines such as colchicine, interferon gamma, angiotensin II receptor blockers, pirfenidone, and ursodeoxycholic acid found no significant benefit. The only known cure for CHF is liver transplantation, which is recommended when the condition has progressed to the point when symptoms of liver failure have appeared. In this article we will be making overview of the disease. It’s symptoms and diagnosis, different treatment method, and we will compare some of the articles published about the disease.

Cardiac cirrhosis (congestive hepatopathy) refers to a group of hepatic abnormalities that develop as a result of right-sided heart failure. Cirrhosis of the liver can be induced by any right-sided pathology that leads to right-sided heart failure, which leads to increased venous congestion and pressure in the hepatic sinusoids. Because cardiac cirrhosis might be asymptomatic or diagnosed incorrectly due to other types of liver disease, determining its prevalence is difficult. The underlying heart disease, rather than the hepatic congestion and damage, is usually the cause of death in cardiac cirrhosis. The control of the underlying cardiac disease, as well as the optimization of cardiac output, are the mainstays of congestive hepatopathy treatment. Diuresis can help with hepatic congestion, but it must be used with caution to avoid causing hepatic ischemia. Hemodynamic therapy may be able to reverse the early stages of congestive hepatitis. The widespread use of heart transplantation (HT) and considerable breakthroughs in medical and surgical treatments have drastically altered the profile of CH patients. In this overview we will be looking at the disease cause, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

During the COVID-19 lockdown, all the courses at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) were delivered fully online, including field-training courses. Since there was no previous experience in offering field-training courses in a distance format, the current study aims to identify factors that could impact students’ behavioral intention to accept the e-training approach in teaching field training courses at IAU. In order to gather the data, the researchers designed a questionnaire based on the UTAUT model and they ensured the face, content, and construct validity of the questionnaire by sending it to five experts in the relevant field and by using exploratory factor analysis. Also, all the questionnaire’s items were reliable since the Cronbach’s alpha values were above 0.77 for all the items. A total of 397 participants provided valid responses. The result of this study indicated that Effort Expectancy (EE), Facilitating Condition (FC), Performance Expectancy (PE), and Social Influence (SI), respectively were the primary predictors for students’ intention to use e-training. These factors explained 32.1% of the variance in students’ behavioral intentions. As far as students’ gender is concerned, there were significant differences between students’ PE, FC, and SI. Based on these results, policymakers at IAU will have a clear image of the most essential factors that colleges should target to increase students’ acceptance of e-training.

Male infertility is mostly due to low sperm quality, which accounts for about 50% of the causes of infertility. The reasons for low sperm quality are still unclear. Nowadays, many drinks contain high levels of fat, and its effect on fertility is not yet known.To investigate the effect of cholesterol-containing water on male fertility.Forty BALB/c male mice were divided into 2 groups: the control group and the water-induced obesity (WIO) group. Body and testicular weights were recorded and analyzed statistically. Testicular tissues were examined. Serum contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), free testosterone (FT), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined. Motility count and morphology of sperm were analyzed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for SYCP3, VEGFA and WT1 genes.The results showed that the WIO group presented the highly significant values for mice body and testis weight, and TC, TG and LDL level in serum (p0.05), when compared to the control group. The level of FT, LH and FSH in serum was significantly decreased (p0.05) in the WIO group compared with the control group. Seminiferous tubules of testes became thin, and Sertoli cells showed mild atrophy in this group. Also, the count and motility of sperm significantly reduced while the ratio of sperm abnormalities significantly increased in the WIO group compared with the control group (p0.05). The results of RT-PCR showed that SYCP3, VEGFA and WT1 genes were significantly downregulated (p0.05) in the WIO group compared with the control group.This study indicated that drinks containing high levels of fat may have negative effects on male fertility due to the reduction of the sexual hormones level in serum, the expression of SYCP3, VEGFA and WT1 genes, count and motility of sperm, as well as an increase in sperm abnormalities and pathological changes in the testicular tissues.

Patients treated with cyclophosphamide (CP) usually suffer from severe hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Our previous study exhibited that mesna + celery cotherapy partially ameliorated HC. Therefore, there is a substantial need to seek alternative regimens to get complete protection against CP-induced HC. The current study investigated the effects of mesna + celery seed oil (MCSO) or mesna + manuka honey (MMH) cotherapy against CP-induced HC in adult male rabbits. The forty rabbits were divided into four equal groups and treated for three weeks. The control group (G1) received distilled water and the second group (G2) received CP (50 mg/kg/week). The third group (G3) received CP + MCSO (CPMCSO regimen), and the fourth group (G4) received CP + MMH (CPMMH regimen). The urinary bladder (UB) specimens were processed to evaluate UB changes through histopathological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical investigations. In G2, CP provoked HC features (urothelial necrosis, ulceration, and sloughing), UB fibrosis, and TNF-α immunoexpression. Besides, CP reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx1, SOD3, and CAT) and elevated the serum levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-6 cytokines in G2 rabbits. In contrast, the CPMMH regimen caused significant increments of UB protection against HC in G4 rabbits compared to the partial protection by the CPMCSO regimen in G3. Therefore, our study indicated for the first time that the novel CPMMH regimen resulted in complete UB protection against CP-induced HC via combined antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 13, 4, 13A4S: 1-9