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The phytochemical analysis of Jasminum officinale indicated the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, emodine, leucoanthcyanins, steroids, anthocyanins, phlobatinins, essential oil and saponins. Pharmacological studies revealed that the plant exerted antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, antifertility and dermatological effects. This review described and discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Jasminum officinale. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Jasminum officinale.

The phytochemical analysis of Jussiaea repens revealed that the plant contained squalene, betulonicacid, betulin, betulinicacid, a mixture of [ 2 4 R]-6β-hydroxy-stigmast-4-en-3-one and [22 E, 24 R]- 6 β -hydroxy-stigmast-4,22- dien-3-one, pteleoellagic acid 3,30,40-tri-O -methyl ellagic acid, dihydroquercetin or [+]-transtaxifolin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, afzelin, quercitrin,, methyl gallate, gallic acid and myricitrin. The previous pharmacological researches showed that Jussiaea repens possessed haematinic, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti- inflammatory, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant effects and many effects on male and female fertility. This review discussed the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Jussiaea repens. Keywords: Jussiaea repens, pharmacology, therapeutic, chemical constituents

The phytochemical analysis of Hibiscus cannabinus showed the presence of phytosterols, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, lignans, essential oils, glucosides such as cannabiscitrin, cannabiscetin and anthocyanin glycoside. The pharmacological studies revealed that Hibiscus cannabinus possessed cytotoxic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiulcer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, immunological, haematinic and hepatoprotective effects. This review will highlight the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Hibiscus cannabinus. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Hibiscus cannabinus

The phytochemical screening of extracts of Galium aparine revealed that the plant contained phenols, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, iridoids asperuloside, alkanes, flavonoids and saponins. Previous pharmacological studies showed that Galium aparine extracts possessed antimicrobial, anticancer and hepatoprotective effects. This review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Galium aparine. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Galium aparine

Chemical analysis of Fraxinus ornus revealed the presence of many compounds belonging mainly to the groups of hydroxycoumarins, secoiridoid glucosides, phenylethanoids and flavonoids, in addition to carbohydrate, trace elements and oils. Pharmacological studies showed that Fraxinus ornus possessed antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal dermatological, antioxidant and many other effects. This review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Fraxinus ornus. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Fraxinus ornus

Echium italicum contained naphthoquinone pigments such as alkannin and shikonin derivatives. However, nine shikonin pigments: shikonin, acetylshikonin, propionylshikonin, isobutyrylshikonin, tiglylshikonin, 3,3-dimethylacrylshikonin, angelylshikonin, 2-methyl-n-butyrylshikonin and isovalerylshikonin were isolated from the root epidermis of Echium italicum. The total phenolic content of the herb and root of Echium italicum was 11.46 ± 0.08 mg GA/g. The chemical analysis of three different stages (early, middle and late stage) of maturity of the seeds of Echium italicum from Turkey revealed that they contained total oil 15.22, 26.25 and 28.78 g/100 consisted of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, ϒ-Linolenic, heneicosanoic acids, while stigmasterol and brassicasterol were recorded only in the last stage. pharmacological studies showed that the plant possessed anxiolytic, sedative, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and other effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Echium italicum. Keywords: pharmacology, medicinal plant, chemical constituents, Echium italicum

The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Ephedra alata indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Ephedra species contain alkaloids ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, and methylpseudoephedrine. Beside the E-type alkaloids, ephedroxane, and macrocyclic spermidines called ephedradine A-D, were isolated from some Ephedra species. The total amount of alkaloids isolated from Ephedra alata aerial parts was 0.2-0.22%. Phenolic compounds included chlorogenic acid, rutin, catechin, quercetin, coumaric acid, flavonoid (Vicenin II, lucenin III, kaempferol 3-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, herbacetin 7-glucoside, herbacetin 8-methyl ether 3-O- glucoside-7-O-rutinoside and herbacetin 7-O-6″-quinylglucoside) and furanofuran ((±)-syringaresinol, digalloylglucose, nilocitin, p-coumaric acid) were isolated from Ephedra alata. Ephedra foliata also produced ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. The total alkaloids contents of Ephedra foliata (ephedrine and psudoephedrine) were 0.04-0.2%. Previous pharmacological studies revealed that Ephedra species possessed antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects. This review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Ephedra alata and Ephedra foliata. Keywords: Ephedra alata, Ephedra foliata, pharmacology, constituents, therapy

Erodium cicutarium contained tannin, catechins, gallic and elagic acids, sugars (glucose, galactose, fructose), amino acids (glycine,alanine, proline, histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, glutamic acid), vitamins K and C. The essential oils of Erodium cicutarium contained isomenthone (11.2%), citronellol (15.4%), geraniol (16.7%) and methyl eugenol (10.6%). Erodium cicutarium possessed many pharmacological effects included antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, interferon inducing effects, antioxidant, spasmogenic effects on uterus and diaphragmtic muscles and cardiac negative ionotropic action. The current review discussed the constituents and pharmacological effects of Erodium cicutarium. Keywords: Erodium cicutarium, pharmacology, medicinal plants, constituents.

Phytochemical studies revealed that Erigeron canadensis (syn. Conyza canadensis) contained saponins, diterpenoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannin, anthraquinone, steroids and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies showed that Erigeron canadensis exerted antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, mutagenic gastric protective effect and skin depigmentation activity. The current review discussed the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Erigeron canadensis. Keywords: Erigeron canadensis, Conyza canadensis, contents, pharmacology

Phytochemical analysis of Eschscholzia californica showed that both aerial parts and roots contained alkaloids, the latter being richer than the former, it contained up to 1.6% alkaloids. The alkaloids most commonly reported in Eschscholzia californica included sanguinarine, dihydrosanguinarine chelirubine, macarpine, dihydromacarpine, californidine, chelerythrine, dihydrochelerythrine, chelilutine, dihydrochelilutine, sanguirubine, escholtzine, N-methyllaurotetanine, caryachine, O-methylcaryachine, protopine, allocryptopine, reticuline, methyl laurotetanine, hunnemanine, norsanguinarine, pavine alkaloid (6S,12S-neocaryachine-7-Omethyl ether N-metho salt), 1-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetra hydroisoquinoline, as well as the dihydro-intermediates. The plant also contained a variety of colours including orange, red and yellow due to its different carotenoid composition. Six flavonol 3-O-glycosides were isolated from the aerial parts of Eschscholtzia californica. Flavonoids, in the Eschscholzia californica, occurred mainly as quercetin isorhamnetine glycosides. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed antifungal, analgesic, anxiolytic, sedative, behavioural activities and beneficial effect in vasomotor headache with an interesting mechanisms. This review was designed to discuss the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Eschscholzia californica. Keywords: Eschscholzia californica, pharmacology, contents, chemicals, therapeutic

Phytochemical analysis showed that Daphne mucronata contained coumarins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, diterpene, sterols, lignin cumarinolignans, glucosides, daphnecin, aquillochin, daphnine and umbelliferone. Pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, analgesic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study was designed to highlight the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Daphne mucronata. Keywords: Daphne mucronata, pharmacology, therapeutic, constituents

Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea of the family Plantaginaceae were grown in Iraq. Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea contains cardiac glycosides, volatile oil, fatty matter, starch, gum and sugars. They possessed cardiovascular, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, insecticidal, immunological, hepato, neuro and cardioprotective effects. This review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea. Keywords: Digitalis lanata, Digitalis purpurea, pharmacology, phytochemica

Phytochemical analysis showed that Erodium cicutarium contained Tannin, catechins, gallic and elagic acids, sugars (glucose, galactose, fructose), amino acids (glycine,alanine, proline, histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, glutamic acid), vitamins K and C , and wide range of essential and volatile oils. Erodium cicutarium possessed many pharmacological effects included antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, interferon induction, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antiproliferative effects and affected smooth and cardiac muscles tones. This review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Erodium cicutarium. Keywords: Erodium cicutarium, contents, pharmacology

Phytochemical analysis of Eupatorium cannabinum showed that it contained volatile oil, sesqiterpene lactonesthe major one being eupatoriopicrin, polyphenols, flavonoids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins and immunoactive polysaccharides. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, immunological, choleretic, hepatoprotective, insecticidal and repellent effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Eupatorium cannabinum. Keywords: constituents , pharmacology, therapeutic, Eupatorium cannabinum

The preliminary phytochemical studies showed that Echinochloa crus-galli contained alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols/terpenes, proteins, and saponins. Nutritional analysis of plant grains showed that they contained protein 9.0-13.7%, fat 2.3-3.5%, carbohydrates 63.8-79.9%, fiber 5.2-29.9%, energy 310-364 k cal, Ca 8 mg/ 100g, Fe 2.9 mg/ 100g, thiamin 0.41 mg/ 100g, riboflavin 0.28 mg/ 100g and niacin 4.5 mg/ 100g. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Echinochloa crus-galli. Ketwords: Echinochloa crus-galli, Pharmacology, contents

The phytochemical analysis of Dactyloctenium aegyptium showed that the plant contained carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids , fixed oils and phenols. The pharmacological investigations revealed that Dactyloctenium aegyptium possessed antimicrobial, antioxidant, reproductive, cytooxic, antidiabetic and gastointestinal effects. The current review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Keywords: Dactyloctenium aegyptium, contents, pharmacology, therapeutic

Phytochemical analysis of Desmostachya bipinnata resulted in isolation of coumarins (scopoletine and umbelliferone), carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, amino acids and glycosides. Pharmacological studies revealed that the plant possessed antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, gastrointestinal, anticancer, diuretic, anti-urolithiatic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, bronchodilitation and antihistaminic effects. The current review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Desmostachya bipinnata. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Desmostachya bipinnata

The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Eryngium creticum showed that it contained alkaloids, tannins, resins, saponins, coumarin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Eryngium creticum possessed antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antileishmanial and many other effects. The current review highlights the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Eryngium creticum. Keywords: Eryngium creticum, constituents, pharmacology, therapeutic.

This experimental study was designed to determine the galactagogue action of Nigellasativaseeds. LactatingmicewereswitchedontoNigellasativacontainingdietfromthedayoflabourandfor15days. Nigellasativasignificantly (P

In our previous review we mentioned that many plants possessed antimicrobial activities including Achillea santolina, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Agrimonia eupatoria, Agropyron repens, Ailanthus altissima, Alhagi maurorum, Allium cepa, Allium porrum, Allium sativum, Allium schoenoprasum, Alpinia galangal, Althaea officinalis, Althaea rosea, Ammannia baccifera, Ammi visnaga, Anagyris foetida, Anchusa strigosa, Anethum graveolens, Anthemis nobelis, Antirrhinum majus, Apium graveolens, Arachis hypogaea, Arctium lappa, Artemisia campestris, Arundo donax, Asclepias curassavica, Asparagus officinalis, Avena sativa, Bacopa monniera, Ballota nigra, Bauhinia variegata, Bellis perenni, Benincasa hispida, Betula alba, Bidens tripartite, Brassica rapa, Bryophyllum calycinum, Caesalpinia crista, Calamintha graveolens, Calendula officinalis, Calotropis procera, Canna indica, Capparis spinosa, Capsella bursapastoris, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum carvi, Cassia occidentalis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Celosia cristata, Centaurea cyanus, Chenopodium album and Chrozophora tinctoria . This review was designed as a second part of the medicinal plants with antimicrobial activities.

In our previous paper, we reviewed the medicinal plants possessed antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, molluscicidal and insecticidal activity. These included Achillea santolina, Ailanthus altissima, Allium species, Ammi majus, Antirrhinum majus, Apium graveolens, Arachis hypogaea, Artemisia campestris, Arundo donax, Asclepias curassavica, Ballota nigra, Bauhinia variegate, Betula alba, Bidens tripartite, Brassica nigra, Bryophyllum calycinum, Caccinia crassifolia, Caesalpinia crista, Calendula officinalis, Calotropis procera, Canna indica, Capparis spinosa, Carum carvi, Cassia occidentalis, Celosia cristata and Chenopodium album. This review was designed as a second part of medicinal plants exerted antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, molluscicidal and insecticidal activity.