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Protected areas are important sources providing plant resources for human populations, and contributing to the livelihood and income of families. To test the ecological apparency hypothesis, that there is positive relationship between the visibility of a species and its use, we conducted an ethnobotanical survey in the protected area of the Itauna rural settlement in the municipality of Planaltina, in the state of Goias, in central Brazil. The phytosociological parameters were obtained in 5.6 ha area of the Brazilian cerrado (savanna), and the ethnobotanical survey conducted with semi-structured interviews with 75 people. There was a weak positive correlation between the use value and the phytosociological parameters. A principal component analysis showed that seven species (Pterodon pubescens, Hancornia speciosa, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Eugenia dysenterica, Annona crassiflora, Stryphnodendron adstringens and Solanum lycocarpum) have high use value, despite having low density, dominance and frequency. Nineteen species showed a positive relationship between their use value and their phytosociological parameters. The relationship between vegetation structure and use value differed among species in the protected area, indicating that more attention should be paid to those under more pressure, with low abundance. Further studies of these seven species should be conducted to determine whether human pressure is affecting populations structures and to define management strategies.

A conservação e o uso sustentável da biodiversidade requerem conhecimentos da vegetação nativa e de como as populações locais utilizam os recursos naturais disponíveis. Os objetivos deste estudo foram testar a hipótese da aparência ecológica e levantar a diversidade de uso e a distribuição do conhecimento sobre plantas úteis em uma comunidade tradicional de Geraizeiros no município de Rio Pardo de Minas, Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Caryocar brasiliense Cambess., Hancornia speciosa Gomes, Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel e Pterodon emarginatus Vogel apresentaram os maiores valores de uso (0,7 a 1,8) e maiores valores de importância fitossociológica (1,31 a 36,98). A diversidade de uso (H' = 1,13 a 1,26) e a diversidade de plantas arbóreas no ambiente (H' = 3,11) foram baixas. Os homens demonstraram conhecer mais as espécies úteis que as mulheres e não foram encontradas diferenças significativas relacionadas à idade dos entrevistados. Foi constatada relação positiva entre utilidade e disponibilidade da planta no ambiente, confirmando a hipótese da aparência ecológica. Os dados obtidos poderão contribuir para conservação do cerrado remanescente na região, do modo de vida da população local e para o estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo baseadas nas demandas locais e nas espécies prioritárias. The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity requires knowledge about the native vegetation and how local people use available natural resources. The aims of this study were to test the ecological appearance hypothesis and to survey the diversity of uses and distribution of knowledge about useful plants in a tradicional community (Geraizeiros) in the municipality of Rio Pardo de Minas, in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Caryocar brasiliense Cambess., Hancornia speciosa Gomes, Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel presented higher use (0.7 to 1.8) and phytosociological importance values (1.31 to 36.98). The use diversity (H' = 1.13 to 1.26) and plant diversity in the environment (H' = 3.11) were low. Men demonstrated more knowledge of useful species than women and there were no significant differences related to informant age. A positive relationship was found between utility and plant availability in the environment, confirming the ecological appearance hypothesis. These results may contribute to the conservation of the cerrado savanna, the livelihood of local people and the establishment of management strategies based on local demands and priority species.

O efeito da distância da borda na estrutura, composição e diversidade da comunidade de árvores, considerando todos os tamanhos de indivíduos, foi estudado em um fragmento bem preservado de Floresta Estacional Decidual no Nordeste do Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Parcelas foram sistematicamente estabelecidas em seis distâncias (0, 40, 80, 160, 280 e 400 m) da borda, ao longo de 10 transecções ortogonais na borda floresta-pastagem. Foram amostrados 602 indivíduos adultos/ha, 8.927 indivíduos juvenis/ha e 54.167 plântulas/ha distribuídas em 58 espécies. Embora a composição de plântulas e adultos tenha variado significativamente ao longo do gradiente floresta-pastagem, a variação explicada pela distância da borda foi abaixo de 4%. Entre as variáveis de estrutura da comunidade e os índices de diversidade testados houve variação significativa apenas na diversidade de plântulas e na altura de adultos entre as distâncias da borda floresta-pastagem. O fragmento de floresta estacional apresentou apenas tênue efeito de borda, considerando-se os parâmetros de comunidade avaliados. Essa conclusão contrasta com resultados encontrados em florestas tropicais úmidas, os quais indicam diferenças abruptas entre a comunidade de árvores da borda e as do interior de fragmentos florestais. The effects of edge distance on the structure, composition and diversity of tree community, considering individuals of all size classes, were studied in a well-preserved fragment of deciduous dry forest in northeastern Goiás state, Brazil. Plots were systematically established at six distances (0, 40, 80, 160, 280 and 400 m) from the edge, over 10 orthogonal transects on the forest-pasture edge. It was sampled 602 adult individuals/ha, 8,927 saplings/ha and 54,167 seedlings/ha distributed in 58 species. Although the composition of seedlings and adult individuals varied significantly over the forest-pasture gradient, the variation explained by edge distance was below 4%. Among parameters of community structure and tested diversity indexes, there was significant variation only for diversity of seedlings and height of adult trees among forest-pasture edge distances. The dry forest fragment showed only a slight edge effect on the evaluated tree community parameters. This conclusion contrasts with findings from studies on tropical rain forests which indicate sharp differences between edge and interior tree communities in forest fragments.

Este é o primeiro tratamento taxonômico de uma família de angiospermas para a fiorala da Reserva Ducke. A família está representada na Reserva por 35 espécies, distribuídas em 14 gêneros. Os gêneros com seus respectivos números de espécies são: Bactris(8), Geonoma(6), Astrocaryum(5), Attalea(3), Oenocarpus(3), Euterpe(2), Desmoncus(1), Hyospathe(1), inanella(1), Manicarla(1), Mauritia(1), Mauritiella(1), Socratea(1) e Syagrus(1). O tratamento inclui chaves para identificação dos gêneros e das espécies encontrados na Reserva, além de descrições sucintas das espécies. As chaves utilizam, principalmente caracteres encontrados em material herborizado, em estado fértil. This is the first taxomomic treatment of a family for the Fiorala of the Ducke Reserve. Fourteen genera with 35 species are treated for the palm family, with keys to all genera and species and brief descriptions of all species. The keys are based on characters found on fertile herbarium specimens. Listed by decreasing diversity, the genera are: Bactris(8), Geonoma(6), Astrocaryum(5), Attalea(3), Oenocarpus(3), Euterpe(2), Desmoncus(1), Hyospathe(1), irianella(1), Manicaria(1), Mauritia(1), Mauritiella(1), Socratea(1) and Syagrus(1).

"We studied the spatial arrangement of floristic diversity in two systems of limestone outcrops, located in two distant Neotropical sites: the region of Nizanda (S Mexico) and the Paranã Valley (Central Brazil). We addressed the question whether their vegetation could display a similar zonation, and we explored the relative effects of distance and an environmental gradient on a-, B- and y-diversities. The limestone outcrops at both sites are similar in size and in elevation, but strongly differ in between-outcrop distance by an order of magnitude. At each study site three individual limestone outcrops were selected; in each of them three plant communities along the edaphic gradient were distinguished (a xerophytic scrub and two tropical dry forests types, one of which had a more xeric character than the other), and sampled for structural variables and fl oristic composition in 100-m2 plots. At both study sites, structural variables responded similarly to the edaphic gradient. Species density was larger in Nizanda for both a- and y-diversity, but the largest value of B-diversity was obtained in Paranã. The edaphic gradient produced larger mean B-diversity values than the simple distance effect, with the interaction of both factors resulting in an even larger B-diversity. Classifi cation analyses by site showed larger fl oristic similarities between the two xerophytic communities than those existing between them and the more mesic forests. The spatial arrangement of diversity showed that both a- and y-diversity were smaller for the xerophytic communities. As hypothesized, the more extreme changes in community physiognomy were associated with larger B-diversity values."

Population structures of six tree species in three fragments of intact seasonal deciduous forest and three fragments disturbed by logging were studied in the northeastern Goiás. Forty random 400 m² plots were allocated in each fragment to survey plant population structures, number of stumps, cattle feces, burnt logs, and canopy openness. Soil cover by life forms was estimated in 1m² sub-plots. Lianas were abundant in intermediately logged fragments and invasive herbs in the most disturbed fragment. Cattle avoided dense herbaceous strata, such as liana tangles. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica and Swartzia multijuga trees occurred at very low densities in all the fragments and their seedlings were practically absent, which might endanger their future populations in these fragments. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa and Astronium fraxinifolium, the most logged species, had high density of seedlings in all the fragments. However, the highest density of saplings and juvenile individuals occurred in the most disturbed fragment.As estruturas populacionais de seis espécies de árvores foram estudadas em três fragmentos de floresta estacional decidual intactos e três fragmentos impactados pela exploração seletiva de madeira no nordeste goiano. Quarenta parcelas de 400m² foram estabelecidas em cada fragmento para a amostragem de populações, número de tocos, fezes de gado, troncos queimados e abertura de dossel. A cobertura do solo por formas de vida foi estimada em sub-parcelas de 1m². Lianas foram mais abundantes em fragmentos com perturbação intermediária, enquanto herbáceas invasoras no fragmento mais perturbado. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica e Swartzia multijuga ocorreram em densidades muito baixas em todos os fragmentos e plântulas foram praticamente ausentes, o que pode ameaçar o futuro de suas populações. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Astronium fraxinifolium, as espécies mais exploradas da região, tiveram alta densidade de plântulas em todos os fragmentos. Entretanto, a maior densidade de plântulas estabelecidas (>1 ano) e juvenis ocorreu no fragmento mais perturbado.

A bacia do rio Paraná, localizada entre os Estados de Goiás e Tocantins, com 5.940.382 ha, apresenta alta diversidade de fitofisionomias, incluindo a floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário, que ainda não foi estudada nesta região. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o levantamento quantitativo em uma floresta estacional decidual sobre afloramento calcário (13º31'11" S e 46º29'48" W; 530 m de altitude) na fazenda São Vicente, São Domingos-GO. Para o levantamento foram demarcadas cinco linhas, a intervalos de 100 m, onde foram distribuídas, aleatoriamente, 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m. Em cada parcela foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) igual ou maior que 5 cm, onde foram medidos o DAP e a altura e anotado o nome da espécie. Foram amostrados 896 indivíduos, sendo 860 vivos e 36 mortos, em 51 espécies, 41 gêneros e 25 famílias, com índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wienner de 3,18 e equabilidade de 0,81. As principais espécies em valor de importância (VI), não incluindo a categoria de indivíduos mortos, foram Pseudobombax tomentosum (36,39), Dilodendron bipinnatum (31,55), Tabebuia impetiginosa (26,66), Combretum duarteanum (18,38), Luehea divaricata (12,76), Cavanillesia arborea (12,52), Myracrodruon urundeuva (12,23), Chorisia pubiflora (12,21) e Acacia glomerosa (10,11), que juntas somaram 57,60% do VI total. A diversidade foi maior que a encontrada em outras áreas de afloramento na região. The Parana River basin (states of Goias and Tocantins, Brazil), with 5,940,382 ha, has a high diversity of phytophysiognomies, including the deciduous forest on limestone outcrops, which has not been studied yet in this region. In this paper we present the structure of an arboreal community in a deciduous forest on limestone outcrops (13º31'11" S and 46º29'48" W) in Sao Vicente Farm in the municipality of São Domingos, Goias, Brazil. Twenty-five plots of 20 m x 20 m (400 m²) were randomly allocated on lines set 100 m apart. Trees with at least 5 cm of diameter at breast height (DBH) were tagged, measured, and identified to the species level. A total of 51 tree species, belonging to 41 genera and 25 families were registered among the 860 individuals sampled. These values are higher than those found for two other limestone outcrops in this region, except for density, probably as a consequence of the improved conservational status of this area. The species with the highest importance value (IV) were: Pseudobombax tomentosum (36.39), Dilodendron bipinnatum (31.55), Tabebuia impetiginosa (26.66), Combretum duarteanum (18.38), Luehea divaricata (12.76), Cavanillesia arborea (12.52), Myracrodruon urundeuva (12.23), Chorisia pubiflora (12.21) and Acacia glomerosa (10.11), comprising together 57.6% of total. Diversity was greater than that found in other outcrop areas in the region.

A bacia do rio Paraná (GO e TO), com 5.940.382 ha, tem alta diversidade de fitofisionomias, com sua flora pouco conhecida. As atividades de extração de madeira e implantação de pastagem contribuíram decisivamente para a remoção da vegetação. Este estudo foi conduzido em uma floresta estacional decídua sobre afloramento calcário (aproximadamente 13º41'16"S e 46º44'20"W e 462 m de altitude) - fazenda Canadá (São Domingos-GO). Foram demarcadas cinco linhas paralelas, a intervalos de 100 m, onde foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m (total de 1 ha). Em cada parcela foram amostradas todas as árvores com diâmetro do caule a 1,3 m de altura do solo (DAP) > 5 cm, nos quais foi medido o DAP, estimada a altura máxima e identificada a espécie. Foram amostrados 924 indivíduos de 48 espécies, 38 gêneros e 24 famílias e obtidos o índice de Shannon-Wienner de 2,99 nats/ind. e a equabilidade de 0,77. As espécies que apresentaram maior valor de importância (VI) foram Myracrodruon urundeuva (36,09), Pseudobombax tomentosum (34,75), Dilodendron bipinnatum (26,61), Combretum duarteanum (22,19), Jacaranda brasiliana (21,57), Commiphora leptophloeos (19,18), Astronium fraxinifolium (13,84), Tabebuia impetiginosa (13,79), Pseudobombax longiflorum (11,64) e Machaerium scleroxylon (10,00), que juntas somaram 69,9% do VI total. A diversidade foi próxima à encontrada em outros trabalhos em floresta estacional decídua sobre solo e afloramento na região. The Parana River basin - an area of 5,940,382 ha located in Brazil- has a highly diverse phytophysiognomy and scarce flora information. Wood extraction and pasture activities have decisively contributed to the removal of vegetation in this area. This study was carried out in a seasonal deciduous forest on limestone outcrop (approximately 13º41'16" S and 46º44'20" W) on Canada Farm (São Domingos-GO.) Twenty -five plots of 20 m x 20m (1 ha) were randomly allocated on parallel lines 100 m apart. Trees with stem diameter at 1.3 m breast height (DBH) > 5 cm were sampled and their DBH, maximum height and species determined. In the phytosociological study, 924 individuals comprising 48 species, 38 genera and 24 families were sampled. The species with the highest importance value (IV) were Myracrodruon urundeuva (36.09%), Pseudobombax tomentosum (34.75%), Dilodendron bipinnatum (26.61%), Combretum duarteanum (22.19%), Jacaranda brasiliana (21.57%), Commiphora leptophloeos (19.18%), Astronium fraxinifolium (13.84%), Tabebuia impetiginosa (13.79%), Pseudobombax longiflorum (11.64%) and Machaerium scleroxylon (10.00%), comprising 69.9% of the total IV. Diversity was close to that found in other seasonal deciduous forest studies in the region.

A diversidade, estrutura e distribuição espacial de palmeiras em um cerrado sensu stricto foi estudada. Os dados foram coletados em 21 parcelas de 20 × 50 m distribuídas aleatoriamente em 152 ha (400 × 3800 m). Os diâmetros foram adquiridos a 0,10 m acima do nível do solo. Registraram-se o estágio reprodutivo e a altura dos indivíduos. Foram identificadas seis espécies de palmeiras, totalizando 1671 indivíduos em 2,1 ha. A densidade total das espécies foi de 795,7 palmeiras.ha-1, destacando-se Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc. (41,2%), S. petraea (Mart.) Becc. (21,7%) e S. comosa (Mart.) Mart. (11,2%). As mais freqüentes foram S. flexuosa e Allagoptera leucocalyx (Drude) O. Kuntze. A área basal total foi de 0,51 m2.ha-1. S. flexuosa teve o maior VI. A distribuição de alturas e diâmetros foi quase unimodal para todas as espécies. O coeficiente de correlação entre diâmetro e altura foi baixo (r = 0,0002 a 0,1247). Syagrus comosa apresentou a maior altura (380 cm). Butia archeri destacou-se em diâmetro (6,8-21 cm). Todas as espécies apresentaram-se férteis, destacando-se B. archeri (100%). Todas as espécies tiveram padrão de dispersão agregado. Uma classificação por TWINSPAN (autovalor 0,501), separou dois grupos: B. archeri, S. comosa e S. petraea, como preferenciais para um grupo de parcelas, e A. campestris, A. leucocalyx e S. flexuosa, como menos agregada. Conclui-se que o cerrado apresenta uma rica e abundante flora de palmeiras com diferenças morfológicas e estruturais que precisam ser melhor conhecidas para se determinarem padrões da diversidade e estrutura de palmeiras para o bioma. The diversity, structure and spatial distribution of palms in a cerrado sensu stricto was studied. Data were collected in 21 plots of 20 × 50 m distributed randomly over a 152 ha area (400 × 3800 m). The diameters were taken at 0.10 m above the level of the soil. The reproductive stage and height per individual were recorded. Six species of palms was identified and a total 1671 individuals in 2.1 ha. The total density of the species was 796 palms.ha-1, in particular Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc. (41.2%), S. petraea (Mart.) Becc. (21.7%) and S. comosa (Mart.) Mart. (11.2%). The most frequent were S. flexuosa and Allagoptera leucocalyx (Drude) O. Kuntze. The total basal area was 0.51 m2.ha-1. S. flexuosa showed the greatest VI. The height and diameter distributions were almost unimodal, with all species. The coefficient of correlation between diameter and height was low (r = 0.0002 to 0.1247). Syagrus comosa produced the largest height value (380 cm). Butia archeri stood out in diameter (6.8-21 cm). All species were fertile, particularly B. archeri (100%). The pattern of dispersal of all species was aggregated. A classification by TWINSPAN (eigenvalue 0.501) separated B. archeri, S. comosa, and S. petraea as preferential for a group of plots and A. campestris, A. leucocalyx, and S. flexuosa as indifferent. It was concluded that the cerrado contains a rich and abundant flora of palms with morphological and structural differences that requires further research to determine patterns of diversity and structure of palms for the biome.

The flowering phenology of 27 taxa of palms in a lowland moist forest in the central Amazon was recorded over a 40 month period. Phenological data were transformed into measures, of synchrony, regularity, and duration. Flowering was observed at all times of year and there was no correlation with rainfall either for the current month or for any monthly lag interval. The 27 taxa were divided into three pollination groups—weevil, bee/fly, or beetle—based on their behavior at anthesis. Phenology was significantly correlated with pollination groups. Weevilpollinated palms had higher synchrony and shorter duration of flowering than other groups. Bee/fly-pollinated palms had lower synchrony and longer duration of flowering. The beetle-pollinated palms were intermediate between the two other groups. Seasonal regularity of flowering was similar in all three groups. We suggest that, at least inBactris, taxa exhibit staggered flowering.

Phenology, floral biology, the reproductive system, and pollination of the macauba palm, Acrocomia aculeata were studied in Central Brazil. The species is arborescent, single-stemmed, and reaches heights of up to 16 m. Flowering occurs between August and December, peaking between October and November. Fruit fall (harvest) is between June and March, with a peak in November. Inflorescences are androgynous with marked protogyny. The basic pollination syndrome is by beetles, with wind playing a secondary role. The principal pollinators are Andranthobius sp. (Curculionidae), Mystrops cf mexicana (Nitidulidae) and Cyclocephala forsteri (Scarabaeidae). Cross-pollination between different individuals (xenogamy) accounts for most of the reproductive system. However, the species is self-compatible, with geitonogamy accounting for a significant percentage of fruit set. The combination of two pollination strategies (wind and insects) with a flexible reproductive system (crossand self-pollination) suggests that A. aculeata can be highly successful in the colonization of new areas, as is evidenced by the ample distribution of species in the Neotropics.

Fruit set, fruit production, and fruit fall of the arborescent palm Acrocomia aculeata were documented for the Distrito Federal in central Brazil in 1984-1986. Flowering began in August and extended to mid-December with the highest concentration of open inflorescences (>50% of the total) occurring from mid-October until mid-November. There was a significant correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficient; r = 0.69; N = 8; P = 0.05) between flowering time and fruit set over the course of the reproductive season. The inflorescences that opened in October were those that produced highest fruit set, with fruit set mean of 25.4 percent (SD = 20.9) in the first half and 28.9 percent (SD = 24.4) in the second half of October. Overall, fruit set was less than 10.0 percent, although it ranged from 0 to 85.0 percent. Each infructescence produced about 60 fruits, but it ranged from 0 to 271 fruits. Fruit fall occurred for 6 to 10 months, generally concentrated from October to January.

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