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The reaction of [Cp*Ir(bzpy)NO3 ] (1; bzpy=2-benzoylpyridine, Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion), a competent water-oxidation catalyst, with several oxidants (H2 O2 , NaIO4 , cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN)) was studied to intercept and characterize possible intermediates of the oxidative transformation. NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS techniques provided evidence for the formation of many species that all had the intact Ir-bzpy moiety and a gradually more oxidized Cp* ligand. Initially, an oxygen atom is trapped in between two carbon atoms of Cp* and iridium, which gives an oxygen-Ir coordinated epoxide, whereas the remaining three carbon atoms of Cp* are involved in a η(3) interaction with iridium (2 a). Formal addition of H2 O to 2 a or H2 O2 to 1 leads to 2 b, in which a double MeCOH functionalization of Cp* is present with one MeCOH engaged in an interaction with iridium. The structure of 2 b was unambiguously determined in the solid state and in solution by X-ray single-crystal diffractometry and advanced NMR spectroscopic techniques, respectively. Further oxidation led to the opening of Cp* and transformation of the diol into a diketone with one carbonyl coordinated at the metal (2 c). A η(3) interaction between the three non-oxygenated carbons of "ex-Cp*" and iridium is also present in both 2 b and 2 c. Isolated 2 b and mixtures of 2 a-c species were tested in water-oxidation catalysis by using CAN as sacrificial oxidant. They showed substantially the same activity than 1 (turnover frequency values ranged from 9 to 14 min(-1) ).

This paper investigates the relationship between per-capita human capital investment and the birth rate. Since the consequences of higher fertility (birth rate) on per-capita human capital accumulation (the so-called dilution effect) are not the same (in sign and magnitude) across different groups of countries with different birth rates, we analyze the growth impact of a non-linear dilution-effect. The main predictions of the model (concerning the relationship between population and economic growth rates) are then compared with those of a standard model in which the exogenous birth rate affects linearly and negatively (as postulated by most of the existing theoretical literature) human capital investment at the individual level. By using non-parametric techniques, we find evidence of strong nonlinearities in the total effect of fertility on human capital accumulation. This supports the idea that fertility plays a non-monotonic role in the accumulation of human capital and hence in the growth rate of an economy. The non-monotonic effect of fertility on human capital appears to be valid for OECD, as well as non-OECD countries according to our empirical results.

This paper analyzes how population and product market competition (PMC) may interact with each other in affecting the pace of economic growth. The impact of a change in population (size or growth) and in the degree of PMC on productivity growth may vary depending on the presence of human versus physical capital investment, the way in which individuals may purposefully invest in human capital, the type of input used in the uncompetitive sector, the form of households’ intertemporal utility, and whether PMC (measured by the degree of substitutability between differentiated intermediates) is disentangled or not from the input shares in aggregate income. It is found that a growth model with human capital accumulation a la Lucas (J Monet Econ 22(1):3–42, 1988) and a continuum of degrees of intertemporal altruism can predict an ambiguous link between population and economic growth rates, in line with the available empirical evidence. The article also analyzes the conditions under which market structure (monopoly power) and population (size or growth) may be complementary to each other in the process of long-run economic growth.

Using an expanding-variety endogenous growth model with purposive human capital accumulation, this paper provides an alternative explanation of why we may observe an ambiguous correlation between product market competition (PMC) and economic growth, and between population and economic growth rates. Our explanation is based on the notion of ‘returns to specialization’. Under the model's assumptions, PMC and economic growth are ambiguously correlated when returns to specialization are decreasing, whereas population growth and productivity growth are ambiguously correlated when returns to specialization are increasing. From a theoretical point of view, these results are explained by the presence or absence of an ‘increasing production-complexity’ effect associated to the use of a larger number of intermediate-input varieties in the same production process.

The reactions of three iridium water‐oxidation catalysts {[Cp*IrL1L2L3]Xn; 1: L1, L2 = 2,2‐bipyridine (bpy), L3 = Cl, n = 1, X = Cl; 2: L1, L2 = 2‐benzoylpyridine (bzpy), L3 = NO3; 3: L1 = L2 = L3 = H2O, n = 2, X = NO3; Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl} with cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and NaIO4 (sacrificial oxidants, SOs) have been studied by Clark electrode measurements (both in solution and in the gas phase), on‐line mass spectrometry, manometry and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry has been applied to evaluate the relative tendency of 1 and 2 to be oxidized. The turnover frequency (TOF) increases as the ratio (R) between the concentration of the SO and that of the catalyst increases. O2 production with CAN is observed in experiments with R = 20 for 1 and 3, whereas O2 becomes detectable with 2 only when R = 40. Catalyst 2 has the highest tendency to be oxidized to IrIV and forms a blue intermediate I characterized by a UV/Vis band at 574 nm. The formation of I occurs with the same velocity as that of the production of O2, which indicates that I is a species directly involved in the catalytic cycle. The disappearance of I, when O2 evolution is finished, is a second‐order process more than one order of magnitude slower than O2 production and is strongly accelerated by the presence of benzyl alcohol. This suggests that I is a molecular species that slowly undergoes disproportion when catalysis is over. Experiments in which multiple aliquots of SO (CAN) were added (R = 20 and 40) indicate that catalysts 1–3 can reinitiate the catalytic cycle once they have been kept in a dormant state for 0–9 min; the TOFs of the second and third additions are approximately equal and higher than that of the first addition. By combining manometry and on‐line mass spectrometry measurements, it was found that O2 evolution is parallel to the production of a small amount of CO2 owing to catalyst degradation. The TOFs of the experiments performed with NaIO4 as the SO are about 2–3 times lower than those with CAN, but the same reactivity order is found 3 > 2 > 1. The activation parameters were evaluated with NaIO4 for all catalysts and with CAN for 2 at 10–45 °C. ΔG# is practically the same in all situations (25–26 kcal mol–1), whereas ΔH# is appreciably lower for 2 (13.1 kcal mol–1 with CAN and 13.3 kcal mol–1 with NaIO4) than for 1 (16 kcal mol–1) and 3 (16.9 kcal mol–1). The lowest enthalpic cost with 2 is balanced by the highest entropic cost (–41 cal mol–1 K–1) that approaches that typical for an associative bimolecular process.

An efficient heterogenized water oxidation catalyst (2_TiO2) has been synthesized by immobilizing the Kläui-type organometallic precursor [Cp*Ir{P(O)(OH)2}3]Na (2, Cp*=1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand) onto rutile TiO2. Iridium is homogeneously distributed at the molecular and atomic/small cluster level in 2_TiO2 and 2'_TiO2 (solid catalyst recovered after the first catalytic run), respectively, as indicated by STEM-HAADF (scanning transmission electron microscopy - high angle annular dark field) studies. 2'_TiO2 exhibits TOF values up to 23.7 min-1 in the oxidation of water to O2 driven by NaIO4 at nearly neutral pH, and a TON only limited by the amount of NaIO4 used, as indicated by multiple run experiments. Furthermore, while roughly 40¿% leaching is observed during the first catalytic run, 2'_TiO2 does not undergo any further leaching even when in contact with strongly basic solutions and completely maintains its activity for thousands of cycles. NMR studies, in combination with ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry), indicate that the activation of 2_TiO2 occurs through the initial oxidative dissociation of PO43-, ultimately leading to active centers in which a 1:1 P/Ir ratio is present (derived from the removal of two PO43- units) likely missing the Cp* ligand.

We develop a two-sector model of monopolistic competition with a differentiated intermediate good and variable elasticity of technological substitution. This setting proves to be well-suited to studying the nature and origins of external increasing returns. We disentangle two sources of scale economies: specialization and competition. The former depends only on how TFP varies with input diversity, while the latter is fully captured by the behavior of the elasticity of substitution across inputs. This distinction gives rise to a full characterization of the rich array of competition regimes in our model. The necessary and sufficient conditions for each regime to occur are expressed in terms of the relationships between TFP and the elasticity of substitution as functions of the input diversity. Moreover, we demonstrate that, despite the folk wisdom resting on CES models, specialization economies are in general neither necessary nor sufficient for external increasing returns to emerge. This highlights the profound and non-trivial role of market competition in generating agglomeration economies, endogenous growth, and other phenomena driven by scale economies.

Organometallic compounds [Cp*Ir(κ2-N,O)X] (κ2-N,O = 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, ion(−1) (1), 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, ion(−1) (2), 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, ion(−1) (3); X– = Cl– (a), NO3– (b)) and [Ir(κ3-N,O,O)(1-κ-4,5-η2-C8H13)(MeOH)] (κ3-N,O,O = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, ion(−2) (4)) are effective catalysts for the oxidative splitting of water to O2 driven by Ce4+. They show similar TOFLT values (long-term TOF, 2.6–7.4 min–1) while TOFIN values (initial TOF) strongly depend on the catalyst (1 ≫ 2 > 3 > 4), reaching a maximum value of 287 min–1 (4.8 s–1) for 1a, which is the highest TOF value ever reported for an iridium catalyst. Voltammetric measurements indicate that the oxidative processes of compounds 1–4 are located at values substantially less positive than that of [Cp*Ir(bzpy)NO3] (bzpy = 2-benzoylpyridine; ΔE ≈ 0.2–0.3 V), taken as reference catalyst for water oxidation. In particular, compound 3, having a pendant −COOH moiety in close proximity to an iridium coordination site, a...

We report on the determination of primary products and their branching ratios for the combustion relevant O(3P)+allene reaction by the crossed molecular beams method with soft electron-ionization mass-spectrometric detection at a collision energy of 39.3 kJ/mol. We have explored the reaction dynamics of the open channels leading to C2H4+CO, C2H2+H2CO, C2H3+HCO, CH2CCHO+H, and CH2CO+CH2. Because some of the observed products can only be formed via intersystem crossing (ISC) from triplet to singlet potential energy surfaces, from the product branching ratios we have inferred the extent of ISC. The conclusion is that the O(3P)+allene reaction proceeds mostly (>90%) via ISC. This observation poses the question of how important it is to consider nonadiabatic effects for this and other similar systems involved in combustion chemistry. Another important conclusion is that the interaction of atomic oxygen with allene breaks apart the three-carbon atom chain, mostly producing CO and ethylene.

Recent literature in the field of cultural economics highlights a possible inversion in the usual causality relation (from economic growth to culture) and points out that culture may represent an important driver of economic growth. By viewing culture in line with Throsby’s (2001) definition of cultural capital (i.e., an asset of tangible and intangible cultural expressions), in this article we analyze one possible channel through which culture may positively affect economic growth, namely the existence of a relationship of complementarity between cultural and human capital investments. Using a two-sector endogenous growth model, we find that in the long run a higher growth rate of real per-capita income can be attained the more cultural and human capital investments are complementary for each other in the process leading to agents’ skill acquisition. We also analyze the conditions under which an increase of the cultural capital share in total GDP can be conducive to a rise of real per-capita income.

This paper introduces two forms of interaction between private and public capital in an endogenous growth model in which productive government expenditure takes the form of a stock-variable and public capital is used in part as an input in the production of final output and in part to increase its own supply. While the first form of interaction involves the stocks of the two capital-goods and takes place within the final output sector through the specification of the aggregate production function (Cobb–Douglas vs. CES), the second one concerns the rates of investment in the two kinds of capital. The share of productive public expenditure devoted to output production can be either exogenous or endogenous. Our results suggest that when this share is exogenous, along the balanced growth path the optimal growth rate of the economy is a positive function of the degree of complementarity between the two forms of investment. When the share of productive public expenditure devoted to output production is endogenous, the public capital share in GDP becomes, along with the model’s preference parameters, an important determinant of the economy’s long run growth. We also find that the optimal growth rate is an increasing function of the elasticity of substitution between public and private capital inputs in goods production, and is independent of the complementarity/substitutability between the two forms of investment.

Using a balanced-growth model with physical and human capital accumulation, we analyze quantitatively the long-run effects of changes in the savings rate and in income distribution (i.e. the shares of physical and human capital in income) on investment in skill acquisition, income growth, and the ratio of human to physical capital. In the long run, the ratio of physical to human capital is constant, so that these two factor inputs can grow at the same rate. This rate is a function of the economy's exogenous technological and preference parameters and depends positively on the share of skills invested in human capital formation. We also find that population growth is neither necessary nor conducive to economic growth, that the level of real income depends linearly on the level of human capital and that it is independent of population size.

The influence of the intensity of competition in the product market on economic growth is analyzed by developing an endogenous growth model with horizontal innovation. Product market competition is measured by (1 − Lerner index) and depends on both the share of factor inputs in total income and the degree of substitutability across goods. We find that the shape of the relationship between competition and growth can change dramatically according to which proxy of competition is used. We explain our results in terms of the interplay between the resource allocation and the profit incentive effects.

We present a two-sector endogenous growth model with human and physical capital accumulation to analyze the long-run relationship between population growth and real per capita income growth. Formal education and investment in physical capital are assumed to be two separate components of human capital production. Along the balanced growth path equilibrium, population change may have a positive, negative, or else neutral effect on economic growth depending on whether physical and human capital are complementary/substitutes for each other in the formation of new human capital and on their degree of complementarity.

The novel phosphinine-based coordination compound [Cp∗Ir(P^C)(CH3CN)]CF3SO3 (P^C = cyclometalated 2,4,6-triphenylphosphinine) could be synthesized by chloride abstraction from [Cp∗Ir(P^C)Cl] with AgOSO2CF3 and crystallographically characterized. It turned out that this species is the first phosphorus-containing Ir(III) complex which shows a remarkable activity in the cerium ammonium nitrate driven water oxidation reaction. In situ NMR spectroscopic investigations further reveal that water is added selectively to one of the P=C double bonds with formation of four stereoisomers. Moreover, [Cp∗Ir(P^C)] species, possibly OH-functionalized but still having Cp∗ and P^C-ligands contemporary bound to iridium, are present in solution, even under catalytic conditions. (Figure Presented).

An iridium heterogenized catalyst for water oxidation (1_TiO2) was synthesized by immobilizing the molecular precursor [Ir(HEDTA)Cl]Na (1) (egg of Columbus) onto rutile TiO2 (tap the egg gently on the table). 1_TiO2 was evaluated as potential catalyst for water oxidation using CAN (cerium ammonium nitrate) as a sacrificial oxidant. 1_TiO2 exhibits TOF values between 3.5 and 17.1 min–1 and a TON >5000 cycles. Remarkably, the TOF of 1_TiO2 is almost two times higher than that of the molecular catalytic precursor 1, under very similar experimental conditions. The reusability of 1_TiO2 is also remarkable. As a matter of fact, it remains active after 10 catalytic runs. Despite 1_TiO2 being tested under necessarily oxidative and acidic (pH 1, 0.1 M HNO3) experimental conditions, it proved to be capable of completing more than 5000 cycles with a constant TOF of 12.8 min–1, when a single aliquot of CAN was added. Some leaching of iridium from 1_TiO2 was observed only after the first catalytic run, leading to 1′_T...

Using a balanced growth model with human capital accumulation and R&D activity, this paper examines how imperfect competition in the product market affects economic growth and the sectoral distribution of skills in the long-run. We find that steady-state growth is driven only by incentives to acquire human capital and is independent of scale effects. In the model imperfect competition in the product market has a positive growth effect, while influencing the allocation of skills to different economic activities. High R&D investment is not necessarily associated with high output growth.

A method recognizes at least one feature of fuel in an internal-combustion engine (1). The method comprises steps of: detecting, by at least one sensor, intensity (S) of vibrations generated by the internal-combustion engine (1) within a measurement-time window; determining a value of at least one synthetic index (I) by processing the intensity (S) of the vibrations generated by the internal-combustion engine (1) within the measurement-time window; comparing a synthetic index (I) with at least one predetermined comparison quantity (TH); and recognizing the feature of the fuel as a function of the comparison between the synthetic index (I) and comparison quantity (TH).

This paper studies the long-run consequences of imperfect competition oil growth and the sectoral distribution of skills within all R&D-based growth model with human capital accumulation. We find that steady-state growth is driven only by incentives to accumulate skills. In the model imperfect competition has a positive growth effect, while influencing the allocation of human capital to the different economic activities employing this factor input. Contrary to general wisdom, the share of resources invested in R&D turns out not to be monotonically increasing in the product market power and its correlation with the equilibrium output growth rate is not unambiguous.

We introduce an efficiency wage mechanism into an innovation-driven growth model. Due to asymmetric information problems the labour market is segmented and homogeneous workers may be employed either in the non-competitive intermediate sector or in the competitive research sector. We analyse the impact that the monopoly position enjoyed by intermediate firms in the product market may have on employment, wage inequality and growth, and the sectoral distribution of workers. We find that the lower the product market competition in the capital goods sector, the higher the research employment, the lower the intermediate sector employment and the higher the growth rate. The relationships between growth and inequality, on the one hand, and between growth and employment, on the other, are both negative.

O presente trabalho visa mostrar a possibilidade de se implantar o monitoramento remoto dos dados de OBD tais como: coeficiente de desempenho dos monitores (In Use Monitor Performance Ratios, IUMPR), status da LIM (Lâmpada Indicadora de Mau Funcionamento) e dos codigos de falha armazenados na memoria de avarias. Tais dados seriam enviados diretamente aos orgaos governamentais interessados e utilizados como uma inspecao veicular remota, uma alternativa as inspecoes veiculares periodicas, e que possibilitaria a abrangencia de todo o territorio nacional.

Purpose – Despite the growing literature aimed at explaining how cultural and artistic production feeds economic growth, the causal relationships and interplays are not investigated in depth. In the attempt of filling this gap, the purpose of this paper is to examine arts, culture, and education within the framework of the New Growth Theory. Design/methodology/approach – Starting from the analysis of how culture may be at the root of a specific engine of economic growth, the paper presents a theoretical endogenous growth model driven by the combination of the investments in human and cultural capital. Findings – The paper shows that cultural investment has a positive impact on economic growth and on the level of income provided that the economy is sufficiently “culture-intensive”, and that this effect is further magnified the more total factor productivity (TFP) is sensitive to the stock of cultural capital. Research limitations/implications – The paper figures out the possibility of a cultural poverty tr...

The hill start in manual or automated manual transmission vehicles is faced by most users as inconvenient situation. In the time interval between brake pedal releasing and gas pedal pressing, the car might roll backwards, causing an unsafe or at least uncomfortable situation. The device currently presented offers a simple solution that assists the driver in such situation, keeping the vehicle stopped while the driver releases the brake pedal and requests enough engine torque to safely start in hill condition. The simplicity of the device allows its assembly in manual, automated manual or even automatic transmission cars, with or without anti-lock brake system and it also ensures its use from the lowest to the top range of vehicles. The operation principle is based on a directional valve assembled in the brake line which is only activated when all the logic conditions are redundantly checked on a hill start situation. An accelerometer is used to identify the exact hill inclination in which is the vehicle and calculate the required engine torque for a safe start. INTRODUCTION A complex arrangement of factors defines whether or not a new vehicle will become a market success. The continuously more restrictive emission regulation and the increasing concernment regarding fuel consumption have been pushing the powertrain development for new standards on every vehicle launch. Aiming efficiency, several innovative technologies have reached production lines such as downsized engines, hybrid cars and large variety of gearboxes with different principles and several gear ratios. Safety technologies have equally been largely spread over the past few years. In Brazil, the use of anti-lock brake system is defined as obligatory for all vehicles manufactured after January 1st 2014 [1]. The same definition applies to the use of airbags [2]. Despite the legislation, which defines the minimum requirements, the automotive market itself is even more demanding for safety matters. To ensure competitiveness, the basic rule for vehicles is to offer the larger number of features for the lowest price, ensuring the value from the costumers’ perspective. A frequent situation that causes concern for drivers is starting the car in a hill situation without any rollback. This action requires considerable expertise and concentration from the driver and may cause stress in critical hill situations such as maneuvering is tight parking spaces or heavy traffic with frequent stops and starts. If the car rolls to the unintended direction, there is the risk of accident. The vehicle parts are also exposed to abnormal wear if the driver creates excessive clutch slipping during the start. The situations listed above are more applicable to cars with manual or automated manual transmission gearboxes. Nevertheless, automatic transmission vehicles may also be submitted to rollback on hill start if the residual transmission torque is not high enough to keep the vehicle completely stopped. In order to provide assistance to the driver in hill start situation, the device herein presented was developed to prevent the vehicle from rolling in the time interval between brake pedal release and sufficient gas pedal pressing. The purpose of the development is to offer a simple – and therefore massively applicable – solution a very frequent issue faced on a frequent basis by drivers.

This paper analyzes how population and product market competition (PMC) interact with each other in affecting productivity growth. We find that only a fully endogenous growth model with purposeful investment in human capital, an input in the production of intermediate goods, can simultaneously predict (as suggested by the available theoretical/empirical literature) that the relationships between population and economic growth rates and between PMC and economic growth are non-monotonic. The trade-off between specialization-gains and complexity-costs arising from an expansion of product-variety is crucial in determining the sign of these correlations, and the possible complementarity between two key variables in economic growth.

We add stochastic technological progress, modelled as a geometric Brownian motion with drift, to an augmented Uzawa-Lucas growth model. Under a particular combination of parameters we derive a closed form solution to the model and analytical expressions which show that uncertainty reduces the optimal levels of consumption and increases the proportion of human capital devoted to producing new human capital.

This paper examines two possible sources of interaction between private and public capital in an endogenous growth model with productive public investment, which is used as an input both in the production of final output and in the production of new public capital. On the one hand ,public investment and private capital are complementary with each other in the production of goods. On the other, they can be either complementary or substitutes in the production of new productive public capital .In our model private and public capital are two reproducible productive inputs interacting with each other in goods production and in productive public capital investment. The share of public capital devoted to output production can be exogenous or endogenous, and we consider a Cobb-Douglas and a more general CES aggregate production function. Our main results are that, when the share of public capital devoted to output production is exogenous along the balanced growth path equilibrium the common growth rate is a negative function of this share and a positive function of the degree of complementarity between the two forms of capital in infrastructure capital investment. When the sectoral allocation of productive public capital is endogenous, the main determinant of the economy’s long run growth rate is, along with the model’s preferences parameters, the public capital’s share in GDP. Unlike existing literature (notably, Barro 1990), we find that the relationship linking the economy’s growth rate and the public capital’s share in GDP is U-shaped, rather than monotonically decreasing.

This paper analyzes how population and product market competition may interact with each other in affecting the pace of productivity growth. We find that the impact of a change in population (size/growth) and in the degree of market concentration on economic growth varies depending on the structure of the underlying model economy and, more precisely, depending on the presence of purposeful human (versus physical) capital investment, the type of input used in the uncompetitive sector, the form of households’ intertemporal utility and whether product market competition (measured by the elasticity of substitution between differentiated intermediates) is disentangled or not from the input-shares in total income. We also find that only a fully endogenous growth model with purposeful human capital investment at the individual level and a continuum of degrees of inter-generational altruism is simultaneously able to predict an ambiguous link between population and economic growth rates and to display no strong scale effects in economic growth, while keeping the property that positive economic growth is feasible even without any population change. The paper also examines the conditions under which population (size/growth) and product market competition/monopoly power can be complementary factors in economic growth.

This paper reconsiders the effects of population growth on per-capita income growth within a Romerian (1990)-type endogenous growth model with human capital accumulation. One important novelty of our contribution is that in the human capital accumulation equation we explicitly consider the possibility that agents’ investment in skill acquisition might be positively, negatively or not influenced at all by technological progress. We find that both the growth rate and the level of real per-capita income are independent of population size. Moreover, population growth may affect or not real per-capita income growth depending on the size of the degree of altruism of agents towards future generations and on the nature of technical progress, for given agents’ degree of altruism.

Using an integrated model of purposive R&D activity and human capital accumulation, this paper analyses the joint impact that product market competition may exert on the sectoral distribution of skills and economic growth. In a framework where innovation takes place through an R&D technology combining with constant returns to scale human capital and the existing stock of disembodied knowledge and where individuals may increase their own level of skills without employing technological capital, we find that economic growth is solely driven by human capital accumulation and is independent of knowledge spillovers from innovative activity. Product market power always positively affects R&D effort, whereas its impact on growth can be either positive or lacking depending on the way the structure of the economy is modelled. Accordingly, the paper accounts for the empirical evidence of a rising amount of resources invested in R&D and a simultaneous approximate constancy of per capita growth in the U.S. and other major industrialised countries in the second half of the last century.

Innovation, Unemployment and Policy in the Theories of Growth and Distribution increases our understanding about the more relevant economic determinants and policy aspects of the interdependence between economic growth and income distribution.

In this paper we study the economic determinants of the inter-sectoral distribution of skilled workers and the long-run consequences of imperfect competition on growth within an R&D-based growth model with human capital accumulation. We find that steady-state growth is driven only by incentives to accumulate human capital and is independent of scale effects. In the model imperfect competition has a positive growth effect, while influencing the allocation of human capital to the diferent economic activities. Contrary to general wisdom, high R&D investment is not always associated with high output growth.

In this paper we build an endogenous growth model where human capital and ideas are complements in the long-run equilibrium and technological progress takes the form of a continuous increase in the number of horizontally differentiated varieties of intermediate inputs. One peculiarity of the economy we analyse is that in the sectors where both kinds of capital are accumulated no externality (or spillover) effect does exist. Many insights arise from the model. First of all, due to the complementarity hypothesis, multiple steady states emerge. Secondly, growth does not depend on the scale of the economy, but turns out to be sensitive to the fraction of human capital devoted to research. Finally, when skilled work and ideas are perfect complements, product market competition is unambiguously bad for growth.

I build a generalised model of horizontal product innovation and economic growth taking explicitly into account the most relevant insights stemming from the recent literature on this topic. What results from the analysis is that, when innovation is both deterministic and horizontal, the relationship between market power and aggregate growth is not robust at all. It is also found that not only technology, but also the inter-sectoral competition for the same resource affects growth. This is particularly relevant in terms of public policies aimed at the strategic allocation of skilled workers to the different sectors of the economy. [D43, L16, O31, O41]

Two imidazolate-based Co-MOFs, IFP-5 and IFP-8 (imidazolate framework Potsdam), with a different peripheral group -R (-Me and -OMe, respectively) have been synthesized by a solvothermal method and tested toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Remarkably, IFP-8 presents much lower overpotentials (319 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and 490 mV at 500 mA/cm2) than IFP-5 toward OER, as confirmed by online gas chromatography measurements (Faradaic yield of O2 > 99%). Moreover, the system is extraordinarily stable during 120 h, even when used as a catalyst toward the overall water splitting reaction without any sign of fatigue. An integrated ex situ spectroscopic study, based on powder X-ray diffraction, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and attenuated total reflection, allows the identification of the active species and the factors that determine the catalytic activity. Indeed, it was found that the performances are highly affected by the nature of the -R group, because this small change strongly influences the conversion of the initial metal organic framework to the active species. As a consequence, the remarkable activity of IFP-8 can be ascribed to the formation of Co(O)OH phase with a particle size of a few nanometers (3-10 nm) during the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society., We thank the ICIQ Foundation, the European Research Foundation for project H2020-ERC-2015-CoG (J.L.-F.), H2020-FETPROACT-01-2016 A-LEAF (J.L.-F./A.B.), MINECO (CTQ2016-80038-R; J.L-F. and CTQ2017-86936-P; A.S.) and AGAUR 2017-SGR-1647 (J.L.-F.). S.S.M. thanks COFUND for postdoctoral scholarship. We would like to thank the support of the SAMBA beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron (France) for their support and time for data acquisition. We thank to Prof. H.-J Holdt (University of Potsdam) for ligand precursor supplying.

Innovation, Unemployment and Policy in the Theories of Growth and Distribution increases our understanding about the more relevant economic determinants and policy aspects of the interdependence between economic growth and income distribution.

This paper offers an alternative way, based on the logistic population growth hypothesis, to yield transitional dynamics in the standard AK model with exogenous savings rate. Within this framework, we show that the dynamics of the capital stock per person and its growth rate can be non-monotonic over time. Moreover, even in the presence of negative growth, the capital stock per-capita can converge to a strictly positive level (different from the initial level) when time goes to infinity. In general, the analysis allows us to conclude that the dynamics of the Solow-Swan model with linear technology and logistic population growth is richer than the one with exponential population growth.

International audience; This paper provides an introduction to the analysis of childlessness, first by describing the stylized facts and the relevant literature, and then by proposing a theoretical framework. We show that both poverty-driven childlessness and opportunity-driven childlessness matter and are essential to a thorough understanding of childlessness as a socioeconomic phenomenon.

Despite the increasing rate of diffusion of effective therapies, the battle against HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is far from being over. Three main challenges are that the epidemics might paralyse or reverse the fertility transition, the expansion of the resources needed to finance the fight against HIV, and the emerging resistance to anti-retroviral treatments. This research proposes a UGT-like model showing the complexity of the interplay amongst the (macro)economy, the epidemics, their endogenous feedback on mortality and fertility and the central role of policy actions aimed to fight HIV. The disease-induced increase in adult mortality can hamper economic development by its upward pressure on the precautionary demand for children and downward pressure on education. This can dramatically reduce physical and human capital accumulation.