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Introduction Insulin pumps are increasingly being used as a method of insulin delivery in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of T1DM. This study aims to identify the causes of DKA in patients with T1DM on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and to compare these with patients with T1DM on multiple daily insulin injections (MDIIs).Research design and methods This is a prospective observational study between January and June 2019 at the Cleveland Clinic Fairview Hospital. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were obtained from chart review. A questionnaire to explore additional clinical data relating to DKA was administered, with additional items for patients on the insulin pump.Results Seventy-four patients were admitted with a diagnosis of DKA between the period of January and June 2019. Of these, 45 met the inclusion criteria and 43 consented. These were divided into two groups: group 1 included patients on MDII and group 2 included CSII. Overall, the most common precipitating factor for developing DKA was insulin non-adherence, seen in 51.2% of the cases. The most common cause of DKA in group 2 was pump/tubing related to 55% of the cases.Conclusion Despite non-adherence being common in both CSII and MDII, a combination of social factors, education and insulin pump malfunction, such as pump/tubing problems, might be playing a pivotal role in DKA etiology in young adults with T1DM, especially in CSII users. Continued education on pump use may reduce the rate of DKA in pump users.

Background We sought to determine (1) long‐term outcomes in patients presenting with documented Takotsubo syndrome (TS), (2) whether left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV‐GLS) provides incremental prognostic value, and (3) prognostic cutoffs of LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV‐GLS during an acute TS episode. Methods and Results We studied 650 patients with TS (aged 66±14 years, 88% women) who were diagnosed clinically and angiographically between 2006 and 2018. Baseline LVEF and LV‐GLS (using velocity vector imaging) were recorded. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality. TS triggers were unknown (34%), emotional (16%), physical (41%), and neurologic (10%). Mean LVEF and LV‐GLS were 36±10% and −11.6±0.4%; in addition, 94% patients had LVEF

Defatted mung bean meal was hydrolyzed with bromelain to obtain MPH, which was fractionated into different peptide fractions (10 kDa) using membrane ultrafiltration. The

This work was aimed at producing peptides containing calcium and iron-binding capabilities from mung bean protein extract after enzymatic hydrolysis. Mung bean protein hydrolysates were separated by ultrafiltration into eight fractions, and assayed for calcium and iron-binding properties. The

The series‐type direct current (DC) hybrid circuit breaker (S‐HCB) concept was previously reported to offer better performance than solid‐state circuit breakers (SSCB) and hybrid circuit breakers (HCB). S‐HCB offers low conduction power loss like an HCB and μs$\umu \text{s}$‐scale interruption time, which is even faster than an SSCB. It uses a pulse transformer to isolate the lower‐voltage high‐inductance power electronic circuit from the high‐voltage, low‐inductance main power loop. This paper provides analysis of the impact of the S‐HCB circuit components on the overall system performance and a scalable S‐HCB design guide for different DC system voltage and current ratings. In addition, system energy flow analysis is performed in the time domain to provide an understanding of how energy is delivered, dissipated, and released throughout the entire fault interruption process. The S‐HCB prototype was experimentally tested at 3 kV/30 A and 6 kV/150A with the results showing the interruption of the low fault current of 30 A and the high fault current of 150 A within 8 μs$\umu \text{s}$ and maintaining the fault current at a near zero value for 300μs$\nobreakspace \umu \text{s}$ to enable an arcless opening of a series mechanical switch. The key design challenges of S‐HCB at high voltage and high current ratings were discussed and possible solutions to mitigate those challenges were introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are secondary DNA and RNA structures stabilized by positive cations in a central channel formed by stacked tetrads of Hoogsteen base-paired guanines. G4s form from G-rich sequences across the genome, whose biased distribution in regulatory regions points towards a gene-regulatory role. G4s can themselves be regulated by helicases, such as DHX36 (aliases: G4R1 and RHAU), which possess the necessary activity to resolve these stable structures. G4s have been shown to both positively and negatively regulate gene expression when stabilized by ligands, or through the loss of helicase activity. Using DHX36 knockout Jurkat cell lines, we identified widespread, although often subtle, effects on gene expression that are associated with the presence or number of observed G-quadruplexes in promoters or gene regions. Genes that significantly change their expression, particularly those that show a significant increase in RNA abundance under DHX36 knockout, are associated with a range of cellular functions and processes, including numerous transcription factors and oncogenes, and are linked to several cancers. Our work highlights the direct and indirect role of DHX36 in the transcriptome of T-lymphocyte leukemia cells and the potential for DHX36 dysregulation in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for isolated seed proteins continues to increase but functionality in food systems can be greatly dependent on the extraction method. In this work, we report the physicochemical and functional properties of lentil seed proteins isolated using various protocols. Lentil flour was defatted followed by protein extraction using isoelectric pH precipitation (ISO) as well as NaOH (MEM_NaOH) and NaCl (MEM_NaCl) extractions coupled with membrane ultrafiltration. The MEM_NaCl had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein content (90.28%) than the ISO (86.13%) and MEM_NaOH (82.55%). At pH 3–5, the ISO was less soluble (2.26–11.84%) when compared to the MEM_NaOH (25.74–27.22%) and MEM_NaCl (27.78–40.98%). However, the ISO had higher yield and protein digestibility (48.45% and 89.82%) than MEM_NaOH (35.05% and 77.87%) and MEM_NaCl (13.35% and 77.61%), respectively. Near-UV circular dichroism spectra showed that the MEM_NaOH had loose tertiary conformation at pH 3, 5, 7 and 9 while ISO and MEM_NaCl had more compact structures at pH 7 and 9. The three protein isolates formed better emulsions (lower oil droplet sizes) at pH 7 and 9 when compared to pH 3 and 5. In contrast, foaming capacity was better at pH 5 than pH 3, 7, and 9.

A targeted enzymatic approach was employed for the generation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory/anti-hypertensive peptides. Porcine skin gelatin was hydrolysed with Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) to produce an hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity (mean IC50: 220.2 µg mL−1) after 4-h hydrolysis. Peptide identification was achieved by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The ACE-inhibitory activity of a selection of the identified peptides was determined. The most potent peptide was Met-Gly-Pro with an ACE IC50 of 51.11 ± 1.14 µM. Furthermore, oral administration (50 mg/kg body weight) of the hydrolysate to spontaneously hypertensive rats resulted in decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of −28.89 ± 5.11 and −22.86 ± 5.65 mm Hg, respectively. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were also reduced (−25.99 ± 5.66 mm Hg and −53.63 ± 17.67 bpm, respectively). The beneficial in vivo effects may be related to the potent C-terminal containing proline ACE-inhibitory peptides in the hydrolysate.

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a co-product of the brewing industry and is a potentially rich source of bioactive peptides. A BSG protein hydrolysate, manufactured at a semi-pilot scale, mediated significant hypotensive effects 6 h after ingestion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This hydrolysate was fractionated and further analysed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS for peptide identification. The peptides, IPY and LPY demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (0.37 ± 0.02 and 0.34 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox equivalents µM peptide−1, respectively), IPLQP and LPLQP had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 3.10 ± 0.60 and 3.17 ± 0.60 µM, respectively) while IPVP had the highest DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50: 38.67 ± 5.94 µM). Overall, peptides containing I had higher in vitro bioactivities when compared to peptides having L. Novel BSG peptides were identified with potential for application as naturally derived ingredients for the management of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Solanum macrocarpon (eggplant) leaf protein isolate (ELI) was hydrolyzed using four different enzymes to produce hydrolysates from alcalase (AH), chymotrypsin (CH) pepsin (PH) and trypsin (TH). CH had an overall stronger antioxidant property and was separated using ultrafiltration membranes into p < 0.05) scavengers of DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals, in addition to better metal-chelating and enzyme inhibition agents. The study concluded that the eggplant protein hydrolysates and the UF fractions may find applications in tackling oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions involving excessive activities of the metabolic enzymes.

The aim of this work was to characterize the antioxidant properties of some of the peptides present in bromelain mung bean meal protein hydrolysate (MMPH). The MMPH was subjected to two rounds of bioassay-guided reversed-phase HPLC separation followed by peptide identification in the most potent fractions using tandem mass spectrometry. Twelve antioxidant peptides, namely, HC, CGN, LAN, CTN, LAF, CSGD, MMGW, QFAAD, ERF, EYW, FLQL, and QFAW were identified and assayed for antioxidant properties. CTN, HC, CGN, and CSGD were the most potent (p < 0.05) DPPH radical scavengers with EC50 values of 0.30, 0.29, 0.28, and 0.30 mg/mL, respectively, which are lower than the 0.03 mg/mL obtained for reduced glutathione (GSH). CTN, HC, CGN, and CSGD exhibited the most potent (p < 0.05) scavenging activities against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals with EC50 values that are similar to those of GSH. The cysteine-containing peptides also had stronger ferric reducing antioxidant power and metal chelation activity than peptides devoid of cysteine. In contrast, MMGW, ERF, and EYW had poor radical scavenging and metal chelation activities. We conclude that the availability of the sulfhydryl group may have enhanced antioxidant potency while the presence of bulky groups such phenylalanine and tryptophan had an opposite effect.

An iron-binding mung bean protein hydrolysate (MBPH) was prepared using a continuous enzymatic membrane reactor followed by peptide separation on anion-exchange (AEC) and reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) columns. Amino acid sequences of peptides present in the RP-HPLC fraction with the strongest iron-binding capacity were identified using mass spectrometry, and ten peptides of 5–8 amino acids synthesized for antioxidant characterization. Five fractions (AF1– AF5) with higher iron-binding capacity (88.86 ± 6.43 to 153.59 ± 2.18 mg/g peptide) when compared to the MBPH (36.81 ± 0.93 mg/g peptide) were obtained from AEC. PAIDL had the significantly (p < 0.05) highest iron-binding capacity, but LLLLG and LLGIL showed the strongest metal chelating activity. However, PAIDL (46.63%) and LLGIL (81.27%) had significantly (p < 0.05) better DPPH radical scavenging activity than the other peptides. PAIDL and LLGIL were also the most effective (p < 0.05) hydroxyl radical neutralizers with an effective concentration that scavenged 50% (EC50) values of 0.09 and 0.37 mM, respectively. PAIDL and AIVIL showed the lowest EC50 values of 0.07 mM each for superoxide radical scavenging activity. We conclude that short chain length in combination with leucine as the C-terminal amino acid residue contributed to the strong antioxidant properties of peptides in this study.

The behaviour of graded acetylated pigeon pea starch during heat processing was evaluated in addition to the corresponding effect of their incorporation at 1.5% (w/v) as a stabilizer in set-type yoghurt. Acetylated starch possessed higher solubility and swelling power than native starch under the temperature regimes considered. Addition of acetylated pigeon pea starch as a stabilizer in yoghurt had positive influence on the water holding capacity (7.7% to 10.4% compared to 13.3% in yoghurt stabilized with native pigeon pea starch) and whey syneresis (approximately 15%, 12%, and 8% increase observed in yoghurt with acetylated pea starch compared to 47% in yoghurt with native pea starch stabilizer) at the end of a 28-day cold storage period. In addition, pea starch-stabilized yoghurt possessed an enhanced sensory attribute (firmness), and compared favourably with gelatin-stabilized yoghurt in terms of overall acceptability. Thus, acetylated pigeon pea starch exhibited improved physicochemical properties and showed usefulness as a stabilizer in yoghurt because it enhanced the physicochemical, storability, and sensorial quality, while improving the body and texture of the product.

The aim of the study was to determine the in vitro enzyme inhibition activities of aqueous polyphenolic extracts of nine popular Bangladeshi vegetables, namely ash gourd, bitter gourd, brinjal, Indian spinach, kangkong, okra, ridge gourd, snake gourd, and stem amaranth. Polyphenolic glycosides were the major compounds present in the extracts. Inhibition of α-amylase (up to 100% at 1 mg/mL) was stronger than α-glucosidase inhibition (up to 70.78% at 10 mg/mL). The Indian spinach extract was the strongest inhibitor of pancreatic lipase activity (IC50 = 276.77 µg/mL), which was significantly better than that of orlistat (381.16 µg/mL), a drug. Ash gourd (76.51%), brinjal (72.48%), and snake gourd (66.82%) extracts were the most effective inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an enzyme whose excessive activities have been associated with hypertension. Brinjal also had a significantly higher renin-inhibitory activity than the other vegetable extracts. We conclude that the vegetable extracts may have the ability to reduce enzyme activities that have been associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.

The aim of this work was to compare the antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties of Moringa oleifera seed protein isolate (ISO) and its enzymatic protein hydrolysates. ISO was subjected to enzymatic (alcalase, pepsin and trypsin) hydrolysis to obtain alcalase isolate, pepsin isolate and trypsin isolate hydrolysates (AIH, PIH, TIH). Amino acid composition was similar for the samples except that TIH had lower Sulphur-containing amino acids while PIH was lower in tryptophan. All the samples were tested for antioxidant properties through free radical scavenging abilities such as 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and metal ion chelation assays. The maximum percentage inhibition obtained for the samples from the different assays are: DPPH, 36% (PIH); FRAP, 0.04% (PIH); hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, 42.98% (ISO); and inhibition of metal ion chelation, 29.46% (AIH). AIH (79.3%) had the highest ACE-inhibitory activity followed by TIH (75.1%) while PIH (43.0%) had the least. Generally, the hydrolysis process produced hydrolysates with improved antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory properties when compared to the isolate. We conclude that enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase, pepsin and trypsin may be used to produce M. oleifera seed protein hydrolysates with potential to be used as ingredients for the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

This report shows the antioxidant effects of a hemp seed meal protein hydrolysate (HMH) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Defatted hemp seed meal was hydrolyzed consecutively with pepsin and pancreatin to yield HMH, which was incorporated into rat feed as a source of antioxidant peptides. Young (8-week old) SHRs were divided into three groups (8 rats/group) and fed diets that contained 0.0%, 0.5% or 1.0% (w/w) HMH for eight weeks; half of the rats were sacrificed for blood collection. After a 4-week washout period, the remaining 20-week old SHRs were fed for an additional four weeks and sacrificed for blood collection. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total peroxides (TPx) levels were determined. Results showed that plasma TAC, CAT and SOD levels decreased in the older 20-week old SHRs when compared to the young SHRs. The presence of HMH in the diets led to significant (p < 0.05) increases in plasma SOD and CAT levels in both young and adult SHR groups; these increases were accompanied by decreases in TPx levels. The results suggest that HMH contained antioxidant peptides that reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation in SHRs with enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant capacity.