Search

Tourism education, as we know it today, has a history going back about 50 years. There are examples of tourism being studied in higher education before this time, at the Universities of Rome in 1925, Vienna, 1936 and st. Gailen and Berne 1941 (Medlik, 1965) but it was not until the middle of the 1960s that 'tourism began to appear more generally in the academic repertoire of higher education' (Airey, Dredge, & Gross, 2015, p. 6). since then, from very small beginnings, tourism has become established as a subject of teaching and research in universities and colleges across the world, with its distinctive literature, academic community and areas of research. This paper sets out to examine the background and development of this new subject area and in doing so it explores three main themes. The first deals with the growth and maturing of tourism in higher education. This then leads to a consideration of the current tensions and pressures on the subject, which in many ways raise questions about its survival as a separate area of study. And from this the possible futures of tourism are examined with the suggestion that it is very well suited as a subject of study for a post-industrial world. The paper draws on a range of sources and in particular makes use of evidence provided by research carried out by the author and colleagues over the past decade (Airey, 2008a, 2008b, 2015; Airey, Tribe, Benckendorff, & Xiao, 2015; Dredge, Airey, & Gross, 2015).

This study uses a critical state soil mechanics perspective to understand the mechanics behind the liquefaction of metallic ores during transport by ship. These metallic ores are transported at relatively low densities and have variable gradings containing a wide range of particle sizes and fines contents. The effect of the fines content on the location of the critical state line (CSL) and the cyclic liquefaction behaviour of well-graded materials was investigated by performing saturated, standard drained and undrained monotonic and compression-only cyclic triaxial tests. Samples were prepared at four different gradings containing particle sizes from 9.5 mm to 2 [micro]m with fines ( Key words: laboratory tests, well-graded materials, silt, fabric-structure of soils, cyclic triaxial. Cette etude utilise un point de vue selon la mecanique des sols a l'etat critique pour comprendre la mecanique derriere la liquefaction de minerais metalliques pendant le deplacement en transport. Ces minerais sont transportes a des densites relativement faibles et ont un grade variable contenant une large gamme de dimensions de particules et de contenu de fine. L'effet de la teneur en particules fines sur l'emplacement de la ligne de l'etat critique (critical state line - CSL) et le comportement de liquefaction cyclique de materiaux bien grade a ete etudie en effectuant des essais triaxiaux cycliques satures, draines et non draines monophoniques et en compression uniquement. Les echantillons ont ete prepares a quatre grades differents contenant des particules de taille 9,5 mm a 2 [micro]m avec des contenues de fines ( Mots-cles: essais en laboratoire, materiaux bien grades, limon, tissus-structure des sols, triaxiaux cycliques., Introduction Between 1988 and 2014, 24 large ore carriers with cargoes of iron and nickel ores have capsized, resulting in the loss of 177 lives (Rose 2014). The most recent [...]

The objective of this study was to assess the viability and acceptability of an innovative Virtual Wound Care Command Centre where patients in the community, and their treating clinicians, have access to an expert wound specialist service that comprises a digital wound application (app) for wound analysis, decision-making, remote consultation, and monitoring. Fifty-one patients with chronic (42.6%) wounds were healed, with a median time to healing of 66 (95% CI: 56-88) days. All patients reported high satisfaction with their wound care, 86.4% of patients recommended the Virtual Wound Care Command Centre with 84.1% of patients reporting the app as easy to use. The data revealed that the Virtual Wound Care Command Centre was a viable and acceptable patient-centred expert wound consultation service for chronic wound patients in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress history and loading path can significantly influence the cyclic response of sands. It is well known that cyclic behaviour under non-symmetrical cycling is generally different from that under symmetrical loading around zero deviator stress. Anisotropic consolidation prior to cycling in triaxial apparatus changes the behaviour by exerting an initial static shear stress on critical planes. The present paper reports the results from a number of cyclic triaxial tests on anisotropically consolidated samples of Sydney beach sand. The samples are reconstituted in the laboratory and subjected to non-reversal cycling in compression only loading under undrained conditions. Typical test behaviours are described and the effects of cyclic stress ratio and initial state on the response are discussed. It is shown that the state parameter is capable of predicting the cyclic resistance and the trend of excess pore water pressure generation during one-way compressional cycling and, as has been well established for simple loading paths, critical state soil mechanics is able to provide a reliable framework to characterize the behaviour under different cyclic loading conditions.

The evolution of the creep strain component in triaxial stress space was investigated through performing a series of multistage drained compression tests on London Clay using a specially designed locally instrumented triaxial apparatus. Experiments along specifically defined stress paths showed significant rotation of the local creep strain component as the samples were sheared towards failure. The results indicate a need for a more complex plastic potential function to correctly predict incremental creep strains at different states in triaxial stress space. Creep deformations for stress path controlled drained compression tests were also found to require a reinterpretation of the classic secondary compression behaviour. Creep strain-rates were found to fall well outside the normal power decay function. Test data and previously reported drained creep test results on London Clay have been combined to provide a complete understanding of the incremental creep component. The experiments show how creep behaviour significantly depends on the stress conditions imposed and the approaching strain rate.

Measuring the volume changes of unsaturated triaxial soil samples is one of the main challenges when performing unsaturated triaxial tests. Under fully undrained conditions, Boyle's Law can be used to calculate the sample's volume changes caused by the compression of air, as Boyle's Law relates changes in volume to changes in pore air pressures within the sample. This method has been used to calculate the volumetric strains and pore air pressures in unsaturated samples tested under cyclic loading conditions. However, the volume changes calculated from using Boyle's Law and the increases in pore air pressures, have not been compared with the actual measured volume changes of unsaturated samples. This study presents the pore pressures and compares the measured and predicted volumetric strains calculated from using Boyle's Law, in unsaturated triaxial samples that were tested cyclically. In some cases, using Boyle's Law was found to be similar to the volume changes estimated from direct measurement, but sometimes the method did not appear to work. Reasons for the discrepancies will also be discussed.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to explore the rationale for teaching sustainability and engineering ethics within a decision-making paradigm, and critically appraise ways of achieving related learning outcomes. Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents the experience of the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Sydney in teaching environmental sustainability and engineering ethics to third-year undergraduate students. It discusses the objectives of the course and the merits and drawbacks of incorporating ethics and sustainability in the same teaching framework. In addition, it evaluates ways of incorporating theoretical and applied perspectives on sustainability. Findings: Ethics and sustainability overlap but do not coincide incorporating them in the same engineering course can be effective, provided that points of linkage are clearly recognized in the syllabus, a suitable combination of theory and practical applications is drawn upon and adequate teaching methods, including decision-making case problems, are used. Research limitations/implications: While environmental sustainability, economic rationality and ethical reasoning can be easily fitted into the syllabus, social sustainability is more difficult to teach because it requires a significant conceptual departure from deep-seated preconceptions on the part of students and teachers, and does not lend itself easily to conventional classroom activity, such as lectures and weekly workshops. Further research on effective ways of incorporating social sustainability in engineering curricula is therefore needed. Originality/value: The paper evaluates sustainability issues within the context of civil engineering education. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

In this paper, the volume change behaviour of Maryland clay compacted on the wet side of standard Proctor optimum water content (with lower compaction energy) is studied in reference to the saturated reconstituted state. Oedometer tests over a range of suctions and vertical stresses have been carried out, and the results have shown that the compression index reaches a peak (approximately twice that of the reconstituted material) and then gradually reduces to the reconstituted value as the stress level is increased. The results are analyzed in a framework where the degree of saturation is treated as a state parameter and controls the slope of the unsaturated normal compression line. Tests conducted under constant suction and constant water content have been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of using the degree of saturation as a state variable. Key words: suction, compressibility, partial saturation, degree of saturation. Dans cet article, le comportement associe au changement de volume d'argile du Maryland compactee du cote humide de la teneur en eau a l'optimum du Proctor (avec une energie de compactage plus faible) est etudie en comparaison avec l'etat sature reconstitue. Des essais oedometriques ont ete realises sur une gamme de succions et de contraintes verticales, et les resultats ont demontre que l'indice de compression atteint un maximum (approximativement le double de celui du materiau reconstitue) et ensuite diminue graduellement jusqu'a la valeur reconstituee a mesure que le niveau de contrainte augmente. Les resultats sont analyses dans un cadre ou le degre de saturation est traite comme un parametre d'etat et controle la pente de la ligne de compression normale non saturee. Les essais realises en succion constante et en teneur en eau constante ont ete utilises pour demontrer l'efficacite d'utiliser le degre de saturation en tant que variable d'etat. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: succion, compressibilite, saturation partielle, degre de saturation., Introduction Experimental results from tests on unsaturated soils have been found to be difficult to interpret within a consistent framework. This is particularly the case for the volume change behaviour [...]