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The three new farm laws promulgated by the Government of India in 2020 (now repealed) as agricultural marketing reforms, with the claim that they were aimed at expanding farmers’ marketing choices and increasing their incomes, have triggered massive protests by farmers. These protests have crystallized around two key demands: first, repeal the laws and second, make the minimum support price (MSP) for procuring farmers’ produce a legal right. Given that discussions between the government and farmers’ organizations continue to be at an impasse, it is critical to understand the arguments over the laws and the MSP, and the implications of these arguments for the agrarian future of India.

The need for rural land agrarian reforms has reached heightened levels in South Africa in recent years. Resultantly, the communal land use effectiveness is questioned due to persistent poor performance and declining agricultural output that fails to address rural poverty and food insecurity. This is one of the major causes of why South Africa's rural economies are generally characterized by stagnant economic growth. This points to deep-rooted and unique challenges that need urgent attention if meaningful support and resilience systems are to be built for rural agrarian land reforms to be realized. The present study investigated challenges and characterized factors that lead to the prosperity of rural agricultural projects in communal land ownership. An exploratory study design was followed, and the data was collected using interviews and focus group discussions from communal farmers and key informants. Data were analyzed thematically with the aid of Atlas. Ti version 8.1.4. “Information challenges” and “water scarcity” describe some of the common challenges faced by rural farmers. Six critical success factors were identified and found to be related. “Effective project management and control” and “improved support from and partnership with local community stakeholders” are success factors that, if targeted first, could address most challenges faced in rural agrarian reforms. The results suggest that partnership with the private sector can help farmers commercialize and move swiftly towards agro-processing. Identified threats and successes must be prioritized in designing and formulating region-specific rural agrarian support programs for communal farmers.

Современная трансформация сельскохозяйственного производства, обусловленная переходом к цифровым технологиям и масштабным обновлением материальнотехнической базы, влечет за собой необходимость разработки научно обоснованной методики планирования потребности аграрного производства в рабочей силе и ее адаптации к новым вызовам. Статья посвящена разработке методики планирования кадрового потенциала аграрного сектора экономики в условиях цифровых технологий. Разработан алгоритм планирования кадровой потребности отрасли на среднесрочную перспективу. Ключевыми показателями плановой работы по определению потребности в кадровом обеспечении согласно методике должны выступить контрольные цифры приема в образовательные учреждения и создание условий по обеспечению трудоустройства выпускников. С целью обоснования прогноза ежегодной дополнительной потребности аграрного сектора экономики в кадрах предложен расчетно-аналитический инструментарий с применением технологий стратегического форсайтинга, который позволяет в условиях формирования аграрной экономики инновационного типа сформировать новую парадигму прогнозирования кадровой потребности для сельскохозяйственного производства, демонстрирующую переход от сценарного (вариативного) подхода к подходу «тройная спираль». Подход «тройная спираль» не только позволит прогнозировать качественную динамику кадрового потенциала сельского хозяйства, учитывающую изменение условий труда, тенденции масштабной модернизации производственных фондов, применение современных технологий, достигнув максимального соответствия между ресурсным потенциалом отрасли и ее ежегодными кадровыми потребностями, но и будет способствовать созданию системы объективного государственного регулирования общего профессионального и дополнительного аграрного образования на региональном уровне. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в разработке организационно-экономического механизма государственного регулирования вопроса кадрового обеспечения на основе проектных методов управления в сельском хозяйстве, позволяющего сбалансировать ситуацию на аграрном рынке труда. The modern transformation of agricultural production, due to the transition to digital technologies and large-scale modernization of the material and technical base, entails the need to develop a scientifically based methodology for planning the needs of agricultural production in the labor force and its adaptation to new challenges. The article is devoted to the development of a methodology for planning the personnel potential of the agricultural sector of the economy in the context of digital technologies. An algorithm for planning the personnel needs of the industry for the medium-term perspective has been developed. The key indicators of the planned work to determine the need for personnel support according to the methodology should be the control figures for admission to educational institutions and the creation of conditions for ensuring the employment of graduates. In order to justify the forecast of the annual additional demand for personnel in the agricultural sector of the economy, a calculation and analytical tool is proposed with the use of strategic foresight technologies, which allows, in the conditions of the formation of an innovative agricultural economy, to form a new paradigm for predicting the personnel need for agricultural production, demonstrating the transition from a scenario (variable) approach to the «triple helix» approach. The «Triple Helix» approach will not only predict the qualitative dynamics of the human resource potential of agriculture, taking into account changes in working conditions, trends in large-scale modernization of production assets, the use of modern technologies, achieving maximum compliance between the resource potential of the industry and its annual human resource needs, but will also contribute to the creation of a system of objective state regulation of general professional and additional agricultural education at the regional level. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of an organizational and economic mechanism for state regulation of the issue of labor security on the basis of project management methods in agriculture, which allows to balance the situation in the agricultural labor market.

This article examines the implications of the land and agrarian reforms on ‘aliens’ and its multiplying effects on citizenship and their rights in Zimbabwe. It also interrogates the contested nature of citizenship in relation to land, agriculture and the rights of aliens. This is premised on a background where a frosty relationship has existed between aliens and the government, making them victims of the country’s land reform programme. Settler colonialism is shown as having partly contributed to contemporary challenges and despite its demise, it continues to influence land and agrarian disputes between the government, indigenous Zimbabweans and aliens. It is against this background that this article interrogates and tells a unique story of inclusion and exclusion in rural Zimbabwe. The country’s land reform programme is shown as having had deep seated socio-cultural, political and economic implications some which are now only becoming evident now. The paper uses strong field based empirical evidence, adopts an interpretive life history research approach and uses the conceptual lenses of T.H. Marshall’s distinction of social citizenship (civil political and economic) to show how land reform has reconfigured rural social and economic relations. The article shows that in post land reform Zimbabwe, citizenship remains a contested issue and socially, economically and politically aliens are at a disadvantage and are failing to enjoy the rights and privileges which are due to them as enshrined in the country’s laws. The article concludes that despite the politics of inclusion and exclusion in rural Zimbabwe, aliens continue to positively contribute to socio-economic and political processes in the resettlement areas.

The author notes that modern agricultural production has the character of specific entrepreneurial activity in special conditions, with a unique membership, whose activities are regulated by special legislation, which is structurally an institution of agrarian legislation. The author believes that the new agribusiness relations will be followed by the formation of a new specific legal institution of agrarian law - the institution of legal regulation of agrarian entrepreneurship with its own subject, principles, methods and content of statutory acts aimed to ensure the efficiency of commercial agricultural production under new and constantly changing conditions, as well as food and environmental security of the State.

Focusing on Jats of Western Uttar Pradesh (UP), North India, this commentary on India's farmers' protests provides an ethnographic and historical grounded picture of the larger political economic t...

The article discusses the influence of human capital on the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex. The purpose of the study is to analyze the use and management of human capital from the standpoint of practice, the development of systems that are used to manage and develop employees of an organization. Results. The article reveals the results of the analysis of the development level of the agro-industrial complex and the state of the social infrastructure of the region as the most important conditions for the formation of human capital, functioning within a particular region. On the basis of theoretical generalizations, the analysis of statistical data, the desired dependencies and the rating of countries according to the human development index were obtained. The state and development of human capital is based on the initial data of Russian agricultural organizations for 2017–2019. As a result of the analysis, two types of models were proposed – linear and nonlinear models; correlation and regression analysis of statistical data was carried out. The main importance is the setting of the prospects for the development of human capital and, on this basis, the possibility of creating and strengthening food self-sufficiency. In the formation of human capital, the topical issue is the qualifications of specialists and its constant growth. The article presents in the most detail the results of processing the theory of statistical information on the example of correlation-regression analysis. Scientific novelty. The results obtained in the process of work have theoretical novelty and practical value, because, first of all, in the context of a pandemic, the formation of the importance of an emphasis on the progressiveness of the regulatory and legal framework and the improvement of stimulating the demand for highly qualified specialists in rural areas has been accomplished. Achieving competitive advantages is possible on the basis of sustainable development as a factor in ensuring economic stability. The structure of the process of using human capital includes progressive elements based on a balance between the increase and depletion of available resources. The results of the study confirmed the significance of the proposed indicators of human capital, however, they refuted the hypothesis of a direct relationship between the number of employees with higher education and the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex.

En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, impulsada por el gobierno ilustrado de Carlos III, se puso en marcha en el sur de la Península Ibérica una experiencia de colonización agraria en la que se empleó, fundamentalmente, a familias procedentes de Centroeuropa. Estos individuos, en los momentos iniciales, solo hablaban sus lenguas maternas (alemán, francés e italiano, sobre todo) por lo que la figura del intérprete de lenguas fue imprescindible para facilitar la comunicación. Sin embargo, esta función, al igual que aquellos que la desempeñaron, no ha sido estudiada hasta ahora; de ahí que nuestro objetivo en este trabajo consista en aproximarnos a la figura del intérprete en esas nuevas poblaciones durante sus primeros años de existencia.

The interlacustrine states and kingdoms were some of the most influential African kingdoms that arose during the Late Iron Age, after AD 1000. As agrarian tribal units, they evolved into chiefdoms, some becoming powerful centralized kingdoms engaged in interregional trade, warfare, and colonial expansion. The Rwandan political elite developed and manipulated complex royal rituals to sustain the state. We draw from archaeological, ethnographic, historical, and oral traditions to contextualize results from our recent excavations at Rubengera, the royal capital of King Kigeri Rwabugiri IV, who ruled Rwanda in 1874–1895. The study aims to understand how ritual knowledge and the technical expertise of various actors were collectively and collaboratively organized. This understanding is crucial for explaining how power dynamics between stakeholders were negotiated for or against the state’s sustenance.

Indonesia as an agrarian country faces several obstacles to achieving food sovereignty, due to the limited number of the younger generation involved in the agricultural sector. Most of the farmers are elderly with limited capacity. Therefore, as early as possible, it is necessary to make efforts to increase interest in farming among elementary school students through School Garden activities. The introduction of the School Garden becomes an interesting lesson because students can carry out farming activities independently. This community service program was carried out at SD Model located in Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This program aims to introduce the School Garden through urban farming so that it can foster interest in agriculture. The methods used include presentations with video tutorials and giving farming modules. The results of the implementation of the community service program showed that 97.7% of students liked the introduction of the School Garden activity and 81.4% of students felt that these activities foster their interest in agriculture.

Amidst growing concern about the displacement of rural populations exposed to climate change, new financial instruments are increasingly being presented as key tools for the management of climate risks. Index-based agricultural insurance (IBAI) is a particularly key example. Recent critical work has pointed to the deeply neoliberal character of IBAI and like interventions. However, the promotion of new financial instruments in response to crises of agrarian production has a much longer history in Africa and elsewhere. This article draws on Marx’s concept of ‘latent’ surplus populations to trace out and explain parallels between IBAI and colonial interventions in Senegal’s groundnut basin. Approaching the question in this way, the article highlights the long-run historical co-production and interdependence of the Senegalese state and a political ecology of groundnut production in which relations of indebtedness and the exposure to variable rainfall of a fragile relative surplus population has often been crucial to the mobilization of cheap labour for groundnut production. IBAI is thus positioned as part of a recurrent trajectory of emergency financial interventions aimed at smoothing out the contradictions implicit in this socio-ecological configuration.

Efficiency in farming productivity and optimum utilization of resources in the agriculture sector in developing countries is a challenge that can be addressed with technological advancement. There is also a strong need to work on the farming community’s engagement to make better farming decisions. This study aims to create an expert knowledge-based system (KBS) in a mobile application to help Indian farmers improve their agricultural practices and increase crop productivity. A prototype mobile application, ‘Farm-n-Pedia,’ is designed and used to fulfill the farmers’ informational and engagement needs. It provides a tool for agriculture management using a single platform. The expert KBS incorporates a crowdsourcing system as part of the knowledge base and interface design. The mobile application enables the users to access the worldwide information they want, get personalized expert guidance, interact with the local agrarian community, know about the latest farming techniques and technology, crowdsource data collection and increase agricultural productivity.

Agritourism has often been framed as a means to revitalize a declining rural economy by improving and diversifying household incomes, forestalling rural flight, and preserving agrarian cultures. We argue, however, that it can also have the propensity to create a different kind of rural revitalization, one that accentuates the production of spectacle, at times at the expense of food production. We draw from qualitative field research to examine the growing agritourism movement in the Philippines, a country with a struggling rural sector. We observe that agritourism sites in the Philippines negotiate space and work in multiple ways and highlight the tensions that farmers increasingly perceive on the ground. Some farmers persist in maintaining the production of food, while others shift more towards the staging of experience and spectacle to serve urbanite imaginations of the rural. We present various tendencies in the process of transitioning from farm to agritourism and argue that attention to the production of rural spectacle is important in understanding agrarian transitions at the farm and community level, and ultimately agritourism’s implications on rural revitalization.

How did the telegraph improve market integration in late imperial China? We exploit differences in the exogenous timing of telegraph construction in different prefectures from 1870 to 1911. The empirical results show that the arrival of the telegraph within a prefecture pair reduced the ratio of the two prefectures’ monthly high-grade rice prices by 6.6 percentage points in 9 southern Chinese provinces, or 17.2% of the mean of the dependent variable. The main results are robust to controlling for institutional or transportation changes occurring during the same period, to using an alternative measure of market integration, to using prices of mid-grade and low-grade rice, and to excluding outliers with low data quality. In addition, the effect of the telegraph was stronger for prefecture pairs in which information transmission was more costly, and traditional long-distance traders played an important role in the telegraph’s promotion of market integration. In conclusion, our findings help us understand how a new information technology enhanced market integration in a premodern agrarian society with an established commercial network.

Studies of projected agro-climatic variability on the productivity of small-holding farming livelihoods have been evaluated by indirect methods using simulation models on country or regional basis but few have been done at the community level. This study explores direct observation of the impact of soil and climate factors on crop and livestock livelihood systems in the three major agro-ecological zones of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It also analyzed their influence on small farmers’ choices of agrarian livelihood activities and the lessons learned for the suitability of agro-ecologically integrated agriculture as part of agrarian and food security reforms needed among small farming households in rural communities of South Africa. The impact of soil and rainfall on the crop and livestock livelihood choices of small-holders in the three major agro-ecological zones were explored. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 223 small-holding farming households during the harvesting period of rain-fed farming season. Data on household livelihood activities were processed in monetary terms and subjected to gross margin and cost/benefit analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping and statistical analysis were used to determine the association of small-holder maize revenue with agro-climatic variation. The results indicated that crop-based activities performed better in the Grassland zone, while livestock activities performed better in the Savanna zone. Small farms in the Karoo can only productively engage in livestock production. The results also showed that farming activities that combined more vegetable crops yielded greater profits than other field crops. Furthermore, the results indicate that the mixed cropping method remains one of the strategies for breaking-even and risk-bearing effort used by the small-holder farmers considering its cost-sharing benefits. Geographical information system (GIS) mapping further indicates that small-holders’ farming activity was not only affected by soil-climatic factors but by their management skills as well. We recommend agro-ecologically adapted policies and incentives for agriculture-based livelihood activities and intensified mixing of cropping systems among the small-holder farming households in the study area.

The article analyses the farm laws struggle in India which, at the time of writing (September 2021), has lasted more than a year. It aims to explain its unusually broad support base and to discuss the potential wider impact of the new social coalition that is emerging. It argues that the unity of the movement is forced upon the concerned social groups by the threat that the farm laws and, ultimately, the oppressive Hindu fundamentalist government poses to all of them. The involvement of the different social groups is analysed with a focus on exploitation and oppression along inextricably linked lines of class, caste, ethnicity and gender. This also includes a focus on the ongoing structural change in Indian agriculture and – at least as importantly – in the Indian economy at large. It is shown that this has exacerbated their predicament but also enabled the broad alliance. The article concludes that there are a number of different reasons why the farm laws struggle is important for exploited and oppressed groups as well as for capitalist farmers and that an important progressive aspect is its potential to disrupt the present government’s political oppression well beyond the agricultural sector. However, there is little evidence that the broad-based unity will persist beyond the farm laws struggle, as the alliance is crosscut by exploitation and oppression between its constituent parts, based on class, caste, ethnicity and gender.

In Nigeria, agriculture plays a critical role in the economy and remains the key to the country’s economic diversification plan. However, the agricultural sector is facing numerous challenges such as climate change, widespread insecurity, price volatility, poor government policies and the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the already existing problems. This paper reviews the state of the COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria and its effects on the agricultural sector and outlines the role of commissioners of agriculture in mitigating the effects of the pandemic on farmers with a view to catalyzing sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. When the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February, 2020, the Federal government of Nigeria took some measures to help curb the spread of the virus. Although, these measures were critical to saving lives, they also significantly caused a disruption in agricultural activities and food systems in several ways such as decline in availability of farm labour and mechanization, limited availability of agricultural inputs, decline in food imports and exports, reduction in food supply, decline in household income and food consumption, increased food insecurity, panic buying and sharp price spikes. This paper suggests that commissioners of agriculture have important roles to play to help mitigate these negative impacts on agricultural livelihoods and food systems. These include a push for a bill to integrate social protection mechanisms into the Nigerian legal framework, lobby for increased budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector, formulation of good agricultural policies and provision of adequate infrastructures, organization of these farmers into farming clusters to help stimulate agglomeration economies by integrating agricultural value chains and development strategies, and frameworks and initiatives that will ensure a seamless transition from emergency response to resilience building. Key words: Coronavirus disease, government interventions, agrarian development, food production

The article presents a theoretical–methodological proposal to research movements and its connections based on the associations they establish. The first investigation focuses on the transformations of the South African Landless People’s Movement, the second on interactions between Brazilian rural movements and the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform, the third focuses on the transnational ties of the Brazilian National Confederation of Agricultural Workers. We produce an ontological definition of movements and the state as collectives whose existence is defined by continuous assemblages of heterogeneous and unstable elements. Those collectives are not enclosed analytical units, but contingent and contextual. Methodologically, we suggest the observation of the processes in the long term to grasp the continuous constructions of those collectives, even before they reach public expression. Controversies are analytical categories for understanding which elements allow things to take the course we analyze.

Метою статті є осмислення аграристського дискурсу революційної публіцистики М. Грушевського. Методологічне підґрунтя становить міждисциплінарний підхід. Особливий акцент зроблено на структурно-функціональному системному аналізі історіографічних фактів та методі критичного аналізу документального матеріалу. Наукова новизна статті полягає у спробі спеціального аналізу концептуально-ідейних засад та проблемно-тематичного розмаїття публіцистики М. Грушевського революційної доби. Висновки. З’ясовано, що найбільше уваги в своїй публіцистиці М. Грушевський зосередив на подоланні атомізації лідерів та учасників українського руху. З огляду на це він оперативно виробляє нову об’єднавчу ідеологію для українства, котра повинна була відповідати вимогам моменту, багато в чому пориваючи зі старими культурницькими гаслами. Водночас історик доклав чимало зусиль для розбудови мережі українських засобів масової інформації, розуміючи, що без них не вдасться поширити ідеологію нового українства поза Київ. Тож на шпальтах відновлених та новостворених часописів він ділився з громадськістю власним розумінням актуальних викликів і пропонував для обговорення рецепти їхнього розв’язання. Доведено, що пишучи про потребу мобілізації українства, М. Грушевський закликає до свідомої та динамічної самоорганізації саме селянства як кількісно панівної верстви, котра в його розумінні була головною соціокультурною підставою розбудови української державності. З’ясовано, що публіцистика М. Грушевського виконувала ідейно-виховні, інформаційні та мобілізаційні функції. Доведено, що завдяки діалогічно сконструйованому дискурсу і зосередженості на проблемах народу, публіцистичні дописи голови Центральної Ради мали чималий резонанс, сприяючи зростанню політичної культури в широких селянських колах.

This systematic review analyzes all 260 studies published in the Web of Science on gender and climate change in Africa. While there is no strong methodological bias, comparative case studies and sex disaggregated analyses predominate from a limited set of countries. Many articles covered the agrarian sector by comparing women’s and men’s on-farm vulnerability to a changing climate based on their adaptation behaviours. Though this literature recognizes women’s important conservation, farming, and food responsibilities, it oftentimes generalized these contributions without providing evidence. A number of themes were covered by a very limited number of articles, including coastal areas, conflict, education, energy, migration, urban areas, and water. Overall, more justice-oriented research is needed into the socioeconomic structures that intersect with social identities to make certain people, places, and institutions more vulnerable. Investigations into the power dynamics between (social) scientists and African institutions are also needed as most articles reviewed stem from North America and Europe and are locked beyond paywalls. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01631-w.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the process of creating opportunities for training fish farmers in the Kyrgyz Republic. Now fish farming is developing successfully in the country, the issue of training specialists in this economic sector is relevant, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland provides financial support, and the specialists from the University of Eastern Finland participate in resolving this issue. The article outlines the problems of opening a new direction of training “Fisheries and Aquaculture” at the K. I. Skryabin Kyrgyz National Agrarian University (KNAU). For this, curricula have been developed to train specialists on two directions: specialists with a bachelor’s degree in fisheries and aquaculture management, and fish breeder technicians, whose training will be carried out by the college. The curriculum includes cycles of subjects for the study of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, mathematical and natural science disciplines of the professional cycle; it defines goals, course content, a form of study and assessment for each subject; the complexity (number of credits) of the subject is determined. The article shows the process of formation of the direction and training of specialists in the field of fish farming. The authors of the article are members of a team of teachers who have been trained as future teachers of fish farming subjects. The article highlights the process of interaction of specialists of the University of Eastern Finland with the administration and teachers of KNAU in the FishEdu project. The result of this interaction was the opening of the direction “Fishing and Aquaculture” at KNAU and the specialty “Fish Breeder Technician” (in college).

Country-specific national pathways to sustainable food systems, reinforce how the ‘transformation’ of food systems envisaged by the United Nations Food Systems Summit is about endorsing hegemonic agribusiness capitalist markets control of global food systems. Using India as the site of analysis, the article argues that radical transformation is about dismantling and rebuilding a food system where social justice is central to Food Sovereignty. This is foremost a project of liberation from systemic structures of enslavement, and in the case of India these are capitalism, Brahminism and Brahminical patriarchy. It is an historic moment for movements (farmers, anti-caste, adivasi) to re-imagine, revision, and collectively act to create a democratic, egalitarian and just food system, core elements of which are redistributive agrarian land reforms and democratic territorial relocalizing of food farming systems.

This article argues that, till date, a single paradigm dominates the discourse on agrarian crisis and farmers’ movement against the anti-farmer dictates of the Indian state. There is a pressing need for the organic intellectuals of the masses to build an alternative discourse to examine the agrarian crisis and its roots. To this end, the present article reasons that the neoliberal resolution of the agrarian crisis that the authoritarian-corporate nexus has imposed on the farming community will produce mass dispossession and displacement in India. It exposes the misery of traditional consciousness that rules over the current farmers’ movement in India. The article concludes that the agrarian crisis which is actually a crisis of small farmers and agricultural labourers requires modern consciousness for egalitarian and long-term resolution.

The purpose of this study was to instill the character values of Love for the Homeland and Mutual Cooperation in the local wisdom of Manugal as a source of social studies learning. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques are observation, interview and document study. Data analysis techniques used are reduction, display and conclusion drawing. The results show that the value of the character of manugal wisdom in the form of love for the homeland can be integrated as a socialstudies learning resource in Class IV in Basic Competence (KD) 3.2 Identifying social, economic, cultural, ethnic and religious diversity in the local province as the identity of the Indonesian nation, as well as its relationship with space characteristics. Teachers use local wisdom as a source of learning so that students easily understand the value of love for the homeland through local wisdom by loving their own culture that still exists to be maintained and preserved as the younger generation. The value of gotong royong can be integrated with social studies learning resources for class V in Basic Competencies 3.1 Identifying the geographical characteristics of Indonesia as an archipelagic/maritime and agrarian country and their influence on economic, social, cultural, communication and transportation life. The teacher instills the value of gotong royong through a rice seed planting event that is done together.

In this paper examines the economic assessment of the investment funds in agriculture, sources and toward of public capital to agricultural activities, forestry and fisheries in Uzbekistan. Also, analyzed a profit taken from farm activity and the assessed public investment funds spent to agricultural activity. Factors impact to farm activity benefits have also been studied. The analysis used data from a social survey conducted on 44 farms in terms of distance not far from each other. It was found that investment funds at a rate of 1% (p

The article is devoted to an actual pedagogical problem such as technological support of the ecological competence development process of future professionals in the agrarian area. The purpose of the article is to analyze modern didactic approaches to the environmental competence development of future professionals in the agricultural sector in terms of their professional training as a holistic pedagogical process of managing the educational and creative activities of students. The methodological basis of the study is the use of systematic, competency, activity, personal development and other modern methodological approaches. The experimental study was conducted at Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture during 2019-2021 on the example of disciplines that develop the environmental competence of future professionals in bachelor's and master's degrees in specialties 201 "Agronomy" and 208 "Agroengineering". A model of ecological competence of future professionals in the agricultural sector is proposed. It is represented by a set of integrated components (emotional-value, cognitive, activity, personal-developmental). The initial peaks of this model are the requirements of educational and qualification characteristics, and the final peak is a set of criteria of environmental competence. Achieving educational results is carried out in the conditions of pedagogical technology of educational and creative activity management of students. The process of ecological competence development in the conditions of the offered pedagogical technology is presented by elements of management, co-management and self-management of educational and creative activity of students. The functional model of the environmental competence development in the management system of educational and creative activities of students is defined by the following functions: planning, organization, motivation, control and analysis, coordination and regulation. The results of the study confirmed the adequacy of the model of the ecological competence development process of future professionals of the agricultural profile during their professional training. Implementation of the functional management model of the ecological competence development process of future professionals in the agricultural sector will provide visualization of pedagogical conditions for activating didactic processes and organizational and technological algorithms and, as a consequence, improving the quality of training.

The Indian government’s latest series of farm laws (a set of three acts) have sparked protests by farmers around the country. This viewpoint argues that the new farm laws are designed to deepen capitalism within the countryside by liberalising agricultural trade in the country. It highlights the political economic logics of the new farm laws and outlines the contradictions inherent in these laws. It also argues that the agrarian dissent is fractured around the class lines and that we need broad movements for social justice to address growing socio-economic inequalities in the country.

espanolTras el motin de Esquilache, que puso en jaque el gobierno de Carlos III en la urbe capitolina y en numerosos puntos de la geografia, comenzo la militarizacion del orden publico peninsular. El estudio de la asonada jerezana es un ejemplo de protesta cotidiana resultado de factores muy particulares que desangraban a la plebe de la ciudad. Empero, las logicas encontradas en el mundo agrario jerezano tambien son similares a aquellas que subyacian en la protesta contra el ministro italiano. EnglishAfter the Esquilache mutiny, which put the government of Carlos III in check in the capital city and in many parts of the country, the militarization of the peninsular public order began. The study of the Jerez riot is an example of daily protest because of very particular factors that bled the city’s populace to death. However, the logics found in the Jerez agrarian world are also like those underlying the protest against the Italian minister.

In response to an agrarian crisis, small-scale farmers in South India are experimenting with the application of agricultural ferments to their degraded soils. This article focuses on the Nectar of ...

Key moments of the American Civil War and the 1899–1902 South African War and their tragic immediate aftermaths remain powerful features of national memory in both countries. Over the past century, vengeful politicians and ideologues in both have transformed them into formidable stock-in-trade. Second-, third-, and fourth-hand accounts of the alleged churlish manner of the victorious armies, especially soldiers of African descent, were made into combustible timber for reactionary political campaigns. The perceived cruel turns of fate have made their way into literature, stage, and screen. The two wars afforded people of various races and social conditions opportunity to act upon their conceptions of a just society, albeit amid terrible carnage and loss. They also underscored the permanence of the industrial transformation of both countries. In the decades following these two wars most of the black and white agrarian populations discovered that state and agrarian elites had cynically manipulated and then extinguished their aspirations. Most often, for black agrarians, violence was the preferred instrument to pursue desired outcomes. Reconstruction in the American South was a paradox. The Civil War emancipated the slaves but left the entire South, especially upland cotton regions, economically backward. In Louisiana, especially, politicized violence to coerce black labor was pervasive. After the South African War, white violence against rural black people was widespread. Lord Milner’s Reconstruction Administration was more concerned to bring South Africa’s gold mines back into production than to stem the violence. The low-intensity violence of the postwar countryside became the backland route to apartheid.

Livelihood insecurity emerges from the interaction of factors and pressures affecting people’s ability to cope with change. Yet, the effects of interactive stressors on the dynamic nature of livelihoods and their underlying gendered relationships are still unexplored. We evaluated a case study in Maria La Baja, a municipality in the Colombian Caribbean severely affected by the Colombian armed conflict and oil palm expansion. With the pacification of the conflict in the late 2000s, traditional inhabitants aimed to reconstruct their livelihoods amidst a context of reduced access to resources. We assessed how local livelihood strategies have been affected by the interplay of socio-political distress, agrarian change, agrobiodiversity loss, seasonality, and unequal access to resources for men and women. We conducted surveys and interviews to 1) characterize local livelihoods and their transformations; 2) evaluate current livelihood insecurity and pressures; and 3) assess whether disruptions in local livelihoods have equally affected men and women, and influenced their mechanisms to cope with change. Current livelihoods in Maria La Baja have been largely characterized by months with water, crop and income scarcity. These effects have been shaped by the reduced access to resources and social control that resulted from the armed conflict and oil palm expansion. Such pressures also induced the spatial segregation of women. Diversification of livelihood activities was a coping strategy to overcome the effects of resource scarcity. Despite segregation by gender, diversification was greatly conducted by women. Women-led diversification may become more important in contexts of increasing socio-ecological change.

This article examines the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of widows and other single women farmers from the most backward districts of Maharashtra, a state in western India. COVID-19 led to food insecurity, loss of farm incomes, decline in employment opportunities and increased debt traps for single women farmers. The paper highlights how agrarian distress and pre-existing inequalities of class, caste and gender in access to food, incomes, credit, land, markets, and decision making, were exacerbated during the pandemic, further impoverishing these women farmers. To trace these effects, the paper draws on two types of evidence gathered in Maharashtra by MAKAAM, an informal all-India women farmer’s forum: observations during multiple rounds of interactions with over a hundred women farmers during the COVID-support work of providing ration and seeds undertaken by MAKAAM during India’s national lockdown in 2020, and a subsequent large-scale survey covering about a thousand women. The paper also focuses on the inadequacy of state response, both in terms of providing relief and in its ability to partner with women’s collectives and grassroots organisations for better outcomes. The article makes a case for strengthening social security measures for women farmers and enhancing their access to productive resources, agricultural programmes and decision-making spaces in relevant institutions.

The relevance of the topic of the article - the issues of innovative development of agroindustrial complex of Kazakhstan, which provides large-scale production, require detailed study. The goal - is to consider the positive aspects of the best practices of foreign countries regarding this problem and develop practical recommendations. Methods - generalization, quantitative and qualitative analysis, abstract logical. Results - in order to apply high technologies in agricultural sector, economically developed countries use subsidy systems, price support (USA), government assistance in obtaining income per hectare and payments for livestock (EU countries), income support through payments (Canada) and concessional lending (Brazil). In addition to financial assistance, agricultural producers in the USA, Canada and other countries are provided with information, legal, innovation, marketing, insurance and other types of support. Conclusions - innovative processes, expansion of the competitive environment in the AIC presuppose the effective use of scientific and technical potential, integration of science, education and production, technological modernization of the economy based on progressive methods. Innovation is reflected in the implementation of the strategic objectives of ensuring food security and effective regulation of the domestic food market in order to stimulate labor productivity in agriculture, increase export potential of agricultural sector. It is necessary to combine innovative activity in domestic agro-industrial production with international practice, which will increase production capacity of agrarian sector of the republic. The development trends of the world market convincingly show that there can be no other way in Kazakhstan than the formation of a new type of economy, widespread innovation.

This research is entitled Analysis of Small Business and Cooperative’s Growth in Tourism Area Integrated with Nurmilad Islamic Boarding School (NBS), Lempong, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the growth, constraints, and efforts in overcoming the obstacles that occur for small businesses and cooperative in tourism area integrated with Nurmilad Boarding Islamic Boarding School. This research used descriptive qualitative analysis method where data collection obtains by observation and interviews involving six informants.Based on the descriptive and analysis results, it can be concluded that the growth of small businesses and cooperatives in the sharia tourism area integrated with the Nurmilad Boarding School is very significant. The growth of the sharia tourism area has an impact on the growth of small businesses and cooperatives because of the integration policy between the tourist area management and the Nurmilad Islamic Boarding School. The obstacles found were the lack of human resources, inadequate accessibility of infrastructure, lack of maximum promotion, and the mindset of the people who were still influeced with agrarian mindset. Therefore, the efforts made are to collaborate with local governments to improve road infrastructure, maximize promotions so that more visitors come, and always analyzing consumer needs.

The goal is to determine the possibilities for development of transport component of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Methods - monitoring of indicators for assessing the infrastructure potential of the transport network of the agrarian sector of the republic, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, computational and constructive, allowing to assess the state and dynamics of its infrastructure. Results - the criteria for expanding the scale of transport and logistics system of the agro-industrial complex were considered. The geographical position of the Republic of Kazakhstan allows it to become a transport hub in trade between the States of Europe and Asia, including in terms of the movement of agricultural products, while the determining factor is the development of a modern base for increasing traffic volumes. The role of this component for agroindustrial production, an important sphere of the country's economy, which occupies a special place in a single economic mechanism, significantly influencing the efficiency and competitiveness of agricultural sectors, has been determined. Conclusions - in geographic conditions of Kazakhstan: a large territory, location in the center of Eurasia, the presence of various connections between economic regions, allowing a balanced distribution of agricultural products within the republic and exporting it, development of transport communications, namely roads and various types of structures that contribute to the effective movement of food goods. Thus, it is possible to outline a number of indicators for assessing the development potential of transport infrastructure of the AIC, among which the most important are the creation of a road network and provision of facilities necessary for the full functioning of the country's transport logistics. For this, it is advisable to increase the number of labor and material- technical resources aimed at creating economic transport entities.

India is an agrarian based country with two third of population as farming community. Wheat, ‘King of cereals’ also the second most cultivated food crop has technological gap in adoption of improved variety, hence the present study aims to understand the socio-economic profile, knowledge, attitude and adoption level of respondents to identify the technological gap and increase the adoption rate. The present study is carried out with 120 respondents from ten villages of Holgarh block of Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh. Primary data collected with the help of semi-structured interview schedule and subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that majority of the wheat growers had medium level of knowledge, attitude and adoption towards SHUATS W-6 variety. Further, it was recommended for timely availability of seeds, fertilizer, proper marketing facility and reducing the cost of critical inputs. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.008

Уперше визначено сучасне видове і кількісне представництво лікарських деревних рослин дендропарку Луганського національного аграрного університету. Встановлено, що нині на його території росте 4242 екземпляри лікарських дерев, кущів і ліан, що відносяться до 65 видів, 54 родів і 26 родин. Приведена кількість екземплярів кожного виду, зміст біологічно активних з’єднань і можливості застосування офіціальною і народною медициною. Вказано, що найбільшою таксономічною різноманітністю і кількістю рослин, що ростуть, характеризується родина Rosaceae. Домінуючим видом на території дендропарку є Aesculus hippocastanum. Лікарські деревні рослини можуть бути використані для попередження і лікування широкого кола захворювань, а також стати основою для створення «аптекарського городу» на території університету.

Natural resource conflicts in Mali in the last decade represent an important case to visualise the interconnection between land and climate issues. The country has received significant international attention in recent years both due to the announcement of large-scale land deals and due to its perceived vulnerability to climate stress. At the same time, Malian peasant movements have formed important networks of resistance and have been leading the pilot implementation of village land commissions to recognise and manage community resources, based on a new Agricultural Land Law. This paper explores emerging trends in natural resource politics through the lens of interactions between land and climate policies and discourses. We analyse the growing use of the frame of ‘climate security’ to associate climate change, conflict and migration in relation to countries such as Mali, by looking into the possibilities that this frame could shift focus and blame towards conflicts between marginalised groups and further close space for bottom-up participation. As an alternative, we explore the relevance of a platform of agrarian climate justice and the possibilities and challenges of enacting some of its principles through the implementation of the village land commissions.

The objective of this research is to analyze the frameworks and views on the peasant question in Soviet Russia over the examined period. Using the historical, descriptive narrative, comparative, and typological methods, the authors look into the 1917 land reform, attempts to organize large-scale socialist agriculture in 1918–1920, the specific features of the temporary solutions to the peasant question in the period of the New Economic Policy, and the subsequent focus on industrialization and forced collectivization of agriculture. The authors conclude that the Bolshevik doctrine evolutionized and preserved full strategic continuity, having undergone several timely tactical adjustments. Each of these stages represented the Bolsheviks’ attempts to retain political control over the predominantly agrarian country, for which purpose the “leading” (in other words, the commanding, dictating, or domineering) role of the working class and the poorest layers of countrymen was persistently proclaimed in relation to peasants who produced surplus goods and had a different system of value (worldview) priorities.

The aim of the work is to establish effective state instruments of development of entrepreneurial activity in the agrarian sector of Ukraine. For the realization of the purpose was used a number of economic-mathematical methods of analysis by panel data of EU and OECD countries for the period 1986-2020: regression modeling of relationships between the total value of agrarian production and total support, rendered to agrarian sector, types and structural volumes of such support; regression dependence statistics, methods of comparative analysis and graphics analysis. The results allowed us to establish that the change in the total production value of the agrarian sector by 96,79% is determined by the types and structural volumes of state support provided to the agrarian sector. For the development of entrepreneurial activity in the agrarian sector of Ukraine it is advisable to activate state support of knowledge and innovation system, infrastructure of agrarian sphere and optimize measures of inspection and control, significantly prevail among the tools of domestic regulation of the agrarian sphere.

Maternal mortality is still unacceptably high in Kenya. The Kenyan Government introduced a free maternity service to overcome financial barriers to access. This policy led to a substantial increase in women’s delivery options. This increase in coverage might have led to a reduction in quality of care. This study explores women’s perceptions of quality of delivery services in the context of the free policy and how the perceptions lead to the choice of a place for delivery. Our study site was Naivasha sub-County in Kenya, a rural context, whose geography encompasses pastoralists, rural agrarian, and high population density informal settlements near flower farms. Women from this area are from the lowest wealth quintile in Kenya. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the women’s perceptions of quality of care based on their experiences during maternity care. The participants were women of reproductive age (18–49 years) attending antenatal care clinics at six health facilities in the sub-county. Six focus group discussions with 55 respondents were used. For inclusion, the women needed to have delivered a baby within the six months preceding the study. Interviews were recorded with consent, translated and transcribed. The interviews were analyzed using a thematic content approach. Four broad themes that determined the choice of health facility for delivery were identified: women’s perceptions of clinical quality of care; the cost of delivery; distance to the health facility and management of primary health facilities. An unexpected theme was the presence of home deliveries amongst pastoralist women. These findings suggest that in this setting both process and structural dimensions of quality of care and financial and physical accessibility influence women’s choices for place of delivery. This study expands our understanding of how women make choices regarding place of delivery. Understanding women’s perceptions can provide useful insights to policy makers and facility managers on providing high quality patient centered maternity care necessary to sustain the increased utilization of maternity services at health facilities under the free maternity policy and further reductions in maternal mortality.

Goal. To analyze the dynamics of land use of scientific institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Academy during the years of independence of Ukraine, as well as the legislative regulation of the use and protection of academic land, substantiation of directions and ways of legal protection, preservation, and improvement of the use of lands of NAAS. Methods. The dialectical method of scientific cognition — to study the state and development of an agro-industrial complex, preservation of the environment of the agrarian and industrial complex and development of domestic agrarian science; monographic — to study the scientific papers, regulatory framework, statistical information; abstract — to form conclusions and proposals for the preparation of legislation. Results. It is established that the proposed redistribution of land under the draft laws №№ 30121 and 30122 violates the current legislation on the transfer to private ownership of land of scientific and educational institutions, which have been in force since January 1992. Their rules may lead to the elimination of experimental and educational bases of agrarian scientific institutions and educational establishments. The right to a land share (share) can conditionally apply only to 20% of the total area of agricultural land, and not the entire area (100%), i.e. 80% of citizens have no relation to shares or units, and the essence of the law does not correspond to its name. The law violates the requirements of Art. 22 of the Constitution of Ukraine on the social right to work of 15 thousand employees of the research base of NAAS. Conclusions. It is proposed that the norms on land privatization of state institutions and enterprises of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and national branch academies of sciences should be removed from the bill.

Climate change is a major concern the world over; more for a predominantly agrarian country like India. In this paper we analyze the time horizon dynamics of crop and climate variables at the regional level in India. We also analyze the co-movements between crop yields and temperature and rainfall to observe the coherence across heterogenous time horizons. We employ Bai-Perron structural break and Continuous wavelet transform methods on yearly data of seven crop yields and climate variables. Observed variables are analyzed over a period of 55 years from 1956-2011 for the un-divided state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The study shows that there is a steady and constant increase of around 1.00 in annual average, maximum and minimum temperatures in the state, with two observed break points at 1978 and 2002. Rainfall depicts no systematic change with fluctuations being largely random. Wavelet based coherence analysis that map time-horizon specific dynamics of climate and crops with time periods exhibited significant co-movement between climatic and crop variable. Given shifts in climate patterns and subsequent shifts in co-movements across time horizons at the regional level, policy makers and crop scientists should design time specific and locally viable adaption and mitigation policies to tackle the impact of climate on crops and livelihoods.JEL Classification: C13, Q10, Q15, Q50, Q54