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In this study, the effectiveness of intraventricular (IVT) antibiotic administration was evaluated in the treatment of ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt infection by comparing patients who received only systemic antibiotic treatment with patients who received antibiotics added to systemic therapy by IVT route. From July 2009 to July 2019, 78 shunt infection episodes of 74 pediatric patients with bacterial growth in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture who were treated with the diagnosis of VP shunt infection were retrospectively analyzed. The demographic data, clinical and laboratory parameters, antimicrobial management, and treatment outcomes of patients with VP shunt infections were recorded. Thirty-eight of 78 shunt episodes received only systemic antibiotic treatment, and 40 had received IV plus IVT treatment. The mean age of the entire patient group was 16.7±21.3 months (range, 1 to 95 months). There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups in terms of mean age. The most common microorganism grown in CSF culture was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. However, in the group that received IV plus IVT treatment, gram-negative bacteria were predominant (42.1% versus 20%), and this group had carbapenem-resistant and ESBL positive gram-negative bacteria growth. In the duration of CSF sterilization, hospital stay was statistically significantly shorter in the group receiving IV plus IVT treatment (p=0.000, p=0.000, respectively). Our study shows that IVT administration of antibiotics shortens the duration of CSF sterilization, duration of antibiotic use, and the duration of hospital stay. For the treatment of VP shunt infection, the usage of IVT treatment in a particular group of a pediatric age is promising. However, further efforts should be done for supporting the current results by randomized controlled studies.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and the most malignant primary intracranial tumor in adults. GBM extraneural metastases occur in only approximately 0.2-0.4% of patients. We present a case of a cervical metastasis of glioblastoma after cranial tumor resection. In concord with case presentation, we reviewed the metastatic location and metastasis time of the gliablastomas seen in the literature.

Objectives: Intradiscal ozone treatment is a minimally-invasive method that can be applied to patients who have low back pain and do not respond to conservative treatment. This retrospectively designed study aimed to evaluate its clinical efficacy, adverse effects, or complication rates. Methods: Patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDDD) who underwent intradiscal O2-O3 treatment between January 2016 and April 2018 were included in the study. Pain and disability levels were assessed at pre-injection, 1-month and 1-year post-injection periods using visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Results: A total of 520 patients (270 males and 250 females) with the mean age of 38.9±5.7 years included in the study. First-month and 1st-year post-injection VAS and ODI scores were significantly lower than pre-injection scores (p

Water pollution is a problem that people have to deal with throughout their lives. Despite developing technologies and innovations, water pollution increases day by day and this process is accelerated with the development of industry. When this issue is considered in terms of educational sciences, it is of crucial importance to develop an awareness of water pollution and to support this awareness raising process through education. In this study, it is aimed to determine the metaphorical perceptions of the prospective teachers, who have a great responsibility in the society and who will be the future teachers, of water pollution via triangulation. The research was carried out with the participation of prospective teachers in 11 different departments studying at a state university. In the study, 4 different practices of research consisting of qualitative and quantitative methods were referred to. These are metaphor study (phenomenology), semi-structured individual and focus group interviews, meta-thematic analysis and lastly survey (scale application) study. For the metaphor study a statement of open-ended nature i.e. “Water pollution is like……………………/similar to. Because …………………… ” was provided for the participants to fill in; for the interviews, the participants were expected to answer 3 given questions, and for the meta-thematic analysis relevant literature was inquired into within the framework of certain themes and sub-themes; for the survey a 5-point Likert scale whose reliability and validity studies were previously conducted was resorted to with a view to obtaining data. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative data analysis steps. The analysis process was presented in the form of tables, graphs, and direct quotations. At the end of this study that was carried out for the determination of metaphoric perceptions, the perceptions of prospective teachers were analyzed from a fair number of different perspectives and the results achieved apparently supported each other. It is believed that this current study, which made use of a frequently encountered concept in the literature; in particular in plentiful studies of different areas of education: metaphors and which concentrated upon an issue with increasing importance attached, will contribute to the existing literature., Su kirliliği insanların hayatları boyunca baş etmeleri gereken bir sorundur. Gelişen teknoloji ve yeniliklere rağmen su kirliliği gün geçtikçe artmakta ve sanayi gelişimi ile bu süreç daha da hızlanmaktadır. Bu konuya eğitim bilimleri açısından bakıldığında özellikle su kirliliği bilincinin gelişmesi ve eğitimle bu sürecin desteklenmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu araştırmada toplumda büyük bir sorumluluğu bulunan ve geleceğin öğretmenleri olacak öğretmen adaylarının, su kirliliği konusundaki metaforik algılarının veri çeşitlemesi yoluyla belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma bir devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 11 farklı bölümdeki öğretmen adaylarının katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada nitel ve nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden oluşan 4 farklı uygulama yapılmıştır. Bu uygulamalar; metafor çalışması (olgu bilim-fenomenoloji), yarı yapılandırılmış bireysel ve odak grup görüşmesi, meta-tematik analiz ve tarama (ölçek uygulama) çalışmasıdır. Metafor uygulamasında “Su kirliliği……………………gibidir/benzer. Çünkü……………………” şeklinde açık uçlu bir sorunun tamamlanması istenmiş, görüşme uygulamalarında araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilmiş 3 görüşme sorusunun cevaplandırılması beklenmiş, meta-tematik analiz sürecinde ilgili alan yazının çeşitli tema ve alt temalar çerçevesinde incelenmesi ve tarama uygulamasında daha önce geçerliği ve güvenirliği sağlanmış 5’li likert türünde bir ölçek kullanılarak veri toplanması sağlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen veriler nicel ve nitel veri analizi basamakları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Veri tablo, grafik ve doğrudan alıntılar şeklinde sunulmuştur. Metaforik algıların belirlenmesi için yapılan bu çalışma neticesinde öğretmen adaylarının algıları birçok farklı açıdan ele alınmış ve birbirini destekler nitelikte sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Son yıllarda alan yazında sıkça karşılaşılan ve özellikle eğitim-öğretimle ilgili alanlarda yapılan birçok araştırmaya temel teşkil eden metafor kavramı kullanılarak ve önemi her geçen gün daha da artan su kirliliği konusuna dikkat çekilerek yapılan bu araştırmanın alan yazına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Bu yazı, Orhan Pamuk’un düşüncesinde politika ve milliyetçilik mefhumlarının sahip olduğu içeriği ortaya koyma çabasındadır. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle, kişisel yüz yüze gelişlerinin yazarın romana ve politikaya dair düşüncelerinde yarattığı etkileri ele almaya çabalayan yazı, politikanın romancının sözlüğündeki karşılığını somutlaştırmaya çalışacaktır. Bu bağlamda, Pamuk’un düşünce dünyasında romanın politik oluşu ile romancının politikliği arasındaki farka değinilecektir. Toplumsal gerçekliğin romancıyı edilgin kıldığı geleneksel roman yazımı ile modernist roman üzerinden kurulacak olan bu ayrım, Pamuk’un lügatında politik tutumun tanımını, romanın mevcut gerçekliğe dair eleştirel bir yaklaşımla etkin bir yaratımın mekânı olması anlayışını temellendirmektedir. Bununla birlikte yazı, romancının düşüncesinde milliyetçilik ve millet kavramlarının karşılıklarını somutlaştırmaya çalışacaktır. Son kertede Pamuk’un düşüncesinde milletin, sınırlılıklarıyla tahayyül edilen, kurulan bir cemaat; milliyetçiliğin ise edilgin bir duygulanış biçimi olabileceği iddia edilecektir.

Bu makale, akademik ve entelektüel varoluşun “ne”liğine dair bir tartışma yürütmektedir. Pierre Bourdieu’nün alan kavramından ilhamla akademik ve entelektüel mantığın hüküm sürdüğü alanın karşılaştığı içsel ve dışsal tehditler, bu tehditlerin olası sonuçları ve alanın aktörlerinin bu sonuçlar karşısında yapabilecekleri ele alınmaktadır. Tartışma, akademik ve entelektüel alanın varoluşsal koşulu olarak daemonik tutkunun önemine değinmekte ve bu tutkunun yokluğunda alanın kendisi olmaktan çıktığına, tepkiselliğe gömüldüğüne ve piyasa mantığı gibi farklı mantıkların güdümüne girdiğine işaret etmektedir. Çalışma, son kertede, akademik ve entelektüel çabanın özünü ifade eden bu tutkunun kökenini, kökendeki kurucu momenti gündeme getirerek bu çabanın maruz bırakıldığı tepkiselliğin ötesine geçme noktasında yapılabileceklere dair kuramsal bir tartışma yürütmeyi hedeflemektedir.

Objective Scalp defects may occur following trauma, radiotherapy, oncologic resection, and recurrent surgeries. The hair-bearing scalp has a dual role, which consists of protecting the calvarium and contributing to aesthetic appearance. While the "reconstructive ladder" approach may be used to close small and medium-sized scalp defects, it is not the case for larger ones involving the calvarium or with a radiation therapy history. The aim of this study is to present cases operated due to complex scalp defects, analyze complications, and discuss the choice of reconstruction. Material and methods The study consists of 14 patients who were operated between December 2017 and August 2019 due to a complex scalp defect. Patient were evaluated according to age, gender, etiology, radiation therapy history, defect size and location, reconstruction steps, cranioplasty and duraplasty options, type of free flap, recipient artery, vein graft requirement, and complications. Results The mean age of patients, which consists of 11 men and three women, was 56.7 years. The etiology for scalp defects included basosquamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, giant basal cell carcinoma, atypical meningioma, glioblastoma multiforme, angiosarcoma, and anaplastic oligodendroglioma. The defect involved the full thickness of calvarium in nine cases and pericranium in five cases. Cranioplasties were made with rib graft (n=1), bone graft (n=1), and titanium mesh (n=7). Free flaps used for reconstruction were musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi (LD) (n=4), LD muscle (n=3), anterolateral thigh (ALT) (n=4), musculocutaneous ALT (n=1), vastus lateralis muscle (1), and rectus abdominis muscle (n=1). Flap loss was not observed. Complications occurred in four of the patients; include a partial graft loss, a wound dehiscence, seroma, and an unsatisfactory esthetic result. Conclusion Free tissue transfers rather than local flaps should be opted to reconstruct complex scalp defects, as failure of the latter, could create much greater defects, and worse consequences. There are many options for proper reconstruction, and it is essential to select the appropriate one, taking into account the comorbid conditions of each case.

This study aimed to examine the effect of creative personality traits on creative thinking dispositions through creative learning environments and teacher behaviors that foster creativity. Gender, department, and grade level are also defined as common variables. 1320 teacher candidates who were selected with purposeful and appropriate sampling supported the research. 726 of these individuals are females and 594 are males. Participants in the study are teacher candidates from education faculties, science, mathematics, classroom, and educational sciences departments. Whilst determining the participants, attention was paid to the selection of those who have previously taken courses that are directly or indirectly related to creative thinking, critical and analytical thinking, entrepreunership and creativity. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis of the research data. Aside from this, the mediation effect of variables was performed using Hayes' number 6 serial multiple mediation analysis models. As a result of the research, it was found that creative personality traits positively predicted creative thinking dispositions through the learning environment and teachers' fostering behaviors. The creative learning environment and teachers' fostering behaviors similarly have a positive mediating effect.

Objective: Craniosynostosis surgery in infants may require increased blood transfusions, leading to arterial blood gas variations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relation between blood transfusion and arterial blood gas changes in infants during craniosynostosis surgery. Material and Methods: Data of all children, who were operated in our neurosurgery clinic during a five-year period were screened retrospectively. Demographics, arterial blood gas sample results, transfusion requirements in children who underwent craniosynostosis surgery were recorded. Results: The mean age of 23 cases was 19.00±16.26 months, 73.9% of the patients underwent single/multiple suture correction, and the mean duration of operation was 154.13±17.49 minutes. The mean transfused materials were 152.63±61.18 mL erythrocyte suspension and 125.00±57.74 mL fresh frozen plasma. At the end of the surgery, HCO3 was higher, base deficit was decreased and ionized calcium was higher compared to beginning and perioperative values. Preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin values (10.20±1.06 / 9.91±2.42) showed no difference (p=0.583). Conclusions: Our data from this retrospective study has confirmed, that in children undergoing craniosynostosis surgery, perioperative and postoperative stable condition is related to adequate blood replacement compatible with arterial blood gas changes.

Any manipulation or resection procedures during surgery of neural system or its surrounding structures carries a high risk of causing damage to the neural tissue. Existing intraoperative imaging tools provide only information about anatomic situation. Because of this insufficiency, both physicians and patients are displeased with additional neural deficits. Using intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) that evaluate neurological function simultaneously is very important. It is also used in other surgical operations. In our article, we report importance and advantages of IONM in neurosurgical operations.

BACKGROUND Despite rapid diagnosis and aggressive neurosurgical intervention, acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is a severe type of head injury that can result in high morbidity and mortality. Although surgical procedures, such as craniotomy and decompressive craniectomy (DC), can be effective, the preferred approach for treating an ASDH remains controversial. The aim of this report was to evaluate factors associated with mortality in patients with ASDH and determinants of outcome in those with ASDH who underwent DC. METHODS The demographic details and clinical and radiological characteristics of a total of 93 patients with ASDH who underwent DC during a 60-month period from 2012 to 2017 were evaluated to determine the effect on mortality and any association with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score recorded on arrival. RESULTS Sixty-five male and 28 female subjects with a mean age of 59.82+-19.49 years (range: 16-88 years) were included in the study. Sixteen patients (17.2%) died following the surgery. Older age (p=0.007) and lower GCS scores (p=0.022) were statistically significantly associated with the mortality rate. The mean hematoma thickness was 15.46+-5.73 mm, and the mean midline shift was 9.90+-4.84 mm. The mortality rate was positively correlated with an excessive midline shift (p=0.011; r=0.262) and age (p=0.022; r=0.237) in patients with ADSH. A midline shift of ≥10 mm and a hematoma thickness of ≥15 mm was significantly associated with mortality (p=0.014; p=0.039). The etiology of the trauma; comorbidities of subarachnoid, epidural, or intracranial hemorrhage; compression fractures; or contusions were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSION The results indicated that there was a higher mortality rate among older patients and those with a GCS score of

With the decrease of fossil fuels in the world, increasing energy costs caused the countries to turn to different kinds of energy sources. One of these sources is biogas energy whic is a renewable energy source. Biogasorganic is a kind of energy resulting from the fermentation of domestic and industrial wastes in indoor environment. In this study, biogas amounts and energy analysis which can be obtained by determining the potentials of organic (animal and herbal) wastes belonging to Batman province have been made. As a result of the researches, 52% of the total wastes in the province of Batman are composed of organic wastes. According to the data obtained in the calculations; It has been found that the biogas production potential in Batman province is 115,745 m3 / day biogas and 544,000 KWh / day electrical energy from the wastes and 1.563 m3 / day biogas and 7.346 KWh / day electrical energy from the vegetable wastes. The obtained data are given in table and graph.

Goal: The olfactory region function disorders and olfactory bulb volume changes in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders are defined. In this study, the olfactory bulb values of patients diagnosed with major depression in accordance with DMS-IV criteria, are measured with MRI, and these values are compared with the values of healthy volunteers to see if there are any statistically significant changes. Method: The study was carried out with 20 healthy volunteers and 20 patients who had been diagnosed with acute major depression in accordance with ‘diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders’ (DMS) IV criteria and have been getting treatment for more than 2 years in Istanbul Education and Research Hospital. 1,5 Tesla MRI were used in 40 cases, and the olfactory bulb volume on two hemispheres were measured separately. Results: Contrary to the former studies, we found no statistically significant difference between the olfactory bulb volume measurements of the control group and the group diagnosed with major depression.

Based on a case of a 9 year old girl patient brought to the Emergency Room because of swelling of her head without a history of serious trauma but coagulopathy, we aim to discuss spontaneous subgaleal hematomas seen in association with coagulopathy disorders.

İnsanoğluyenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını araştırmaya ve geliştirmeye devam ederkendünyaya vermiş olduğu zararları en aza indirmeye çalışmaktadır. Enerji kaynağıolarak kullanılan biyogaz atık madde ve organik maddelerden üretilmektedir.Biyogazın üretilmesi ile hem enerji elde edilmekte hem de kullanılmayan atıkhale gelmiş çevreye zarar verici ürünler azaltılmış olmaktadır. Biyogazelektrik üretimi başta olmak üzere farklı kullanımlar ile tüketilmektedir. Buçalışmada biyogazın özellikleri ve Türkiye’de lisanslı biyokütle santralleriaraştırılmıştır. 2017 yılı itibariyle Türkiye’de ortalama 634MW kapasitede 122lisanslı santral bulunmaktadır. Bu santrallerde üretilen elektrik ülke elektriküretiminin yaklaşık %0.95’ini oluşturmaktadır. Birçok ilde yeni santrallerkurulmaktadır. Biyokütleden elektrik üretiminde İstanbul’da bulunan Odayeri ÇöpGazı Santrali–Biyogaz tesisi yaklaşık 34MWe kurulu gücü ile birinci sıradabulunmaktadır. Santrallerin bir kısmı ürettiği elektriğin 1wh’lik 0.1330$ fiyatile anlaşma süresince devlete satmaktadır., While human beings continue to research and developrenewable energy sources, they try to minimize the damage they have caused tothe world. Biogas used as an energy source is produced from waste materials andorganic materials. By producing the biogas, both energy is obtained and theenvironmentally harmful products which have become unused waste are reduced.Biogas is consumed with different uses, especially in electricity generation.By producing the biogas, both energy is obtained and the environmentallyharmful products which have become unused waste are reduced. Biogas is consumedwith different uses, especially in electricity generation. By producing thebiogas, both energy is obtained and the environmentally harmful products whichhave become unused waste are reduced. Biogas is consumed with different uses,especially in electricity generation. New power plants are being established inmany provinces. The Odayeri waste gas plant – biogas plant, which is located inIstanbul in the production of biomass electricity, ranks first with itsinstalled power of 34MWe. Some of the power plants sell 1kwh to the stateduring the agreement with the price of $0.1330.

Solar energy has greatimportance since it is clean, reliable and renewable. Solar-powered cars enablethe car to start with the solar energy by transforming the energy, which theyreceive from the sun, into the electrical energy by means of photovoltaic panelsand giving that energy to the engine. In this study, a solar-powered vehiclewas designed and its prototype was built. Apart from the design of thesolar-powered vehicle, the materials used, its manufacture and drivingperformance were researched by doing tests., Solar energy has great importance since it is clean, reliable and renewable. Solar-powered cars enable the car to start with the solar energy by transforming the energy, which they receive from the sun, into the electrical energy by means of photovoltaic panels and giving that energy to the engine. In this study, a solar-powered vehicle was designed and its prototype was built. Apart from the design of the solar-powered vehicle, the materials used, its manufacture and driving performance were researched by doing tests.

Objectives In this study, we aimed to share the surgical approaches and clinical experiences of cranio-orbital tumors, which are surgically difficult anatomies. Methods A total of 22 orbital tumors with extraorbital-transcranial pathology between January 2004 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Information was obtained from hospital, operation and outpatient records for this study. Preoperative demographic data, ophthalmologic examination findings, clinical and radiological findings were recorded. All patients had cranial magnetic resonance and cranial computerised tomography examinations at this time. The location of the tumor, its size and its relation to neighboring structures were recorded in the light of these examinations. Results The lateral approach was performed in 12 cases. The lateral approach was performed with frontotemporal craniotomy. Because of the lateral inferior location of the tumor in three of 12 cases, zygoma osteotomy was added to classical osteotomy. In 10 cases, the anterior approach was applied and the frontal craniotomy was found sufficient in seven cases. In three cases subfrontal craniotomy was added to classical craniotomy. Conclusion The findings obtained in this study suggest that high resection rates can be achieved with appropriate surgical intervention in orbital tumors requiring a transcranial surgical approach. The most important factor in surgical planning is the location of the tumor. The size of the tumor and the expectation of the percentage of surgical removal are the other important factors. In our series, it has reached high excision ratio in most cases with low complication rate, good visual field and eye movements results.

The aim of this study was to determine of prospective teachers’understandings related to electrochemistry. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used together in the study. A concept test consisted of 20 items for electrochemistry; interviews and focus group discussion were used as data collecting tools. Data were collected after the subject of electrochemistry was taught in the scope of general chemistry lesson. Sample of the study consisted of 95 prospective teachers studying in the first grade of elementary science teaching department in an education faculty in 2011-2012 semester. The electrochemistry concept test was given to the sample at the end of electrochemistry unit. The interviews and the focus group discussion were made with the prospective teachers chosen according to the results of concept test. Findings of the study showed that the prospective teachers’ understandings of electrochemistry were inadequate and there were many misconceptions. Many misconceptions were found different from previously detected misconceptions in literature.

AIM: To report neurological and radiological features, surgical management, and mid-term outcomes of patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) associated with ipsilateral arachnoid cyst (AC) of the middle fossa. MATERIAL and METHODS: A total of 453 patients with CSDH were treated at our clinic between August 2004 and August 2012. Of these patients, 15 had ipsilateral AC in the middle fossa. A single burr hole craniostomy was performed to drain the hematoma. The AC was left intact in 14 patients, and one patient had no surgical intervention. The follow-up period ranged from 13 to 88 months (mean 43.07 +/- 23.23 months). RESULTS: The patients with AC associated CSDH were found to be younger than the patients with CSDH alone, and the mean age of 58 patients was 13.15 +/- 13.17 years, while it was 11 +/- 14.22 years in the other patients. Eleven patients had experienced head trauma at 21-50 days before admission. Hematoma evacuation through a single burr hole with closed-system subdural drainage performed at 2-4 days after surgery improved the symptoms in all patients. Two patients developed subdural fluid collection, which was treated by subduroperitoneal shunt placement. CONCLUSION: Greater prevalence of ACs in patients with CSDHs has been reported in the literature. We recommend the drainage of the hematoma via a single craniostomy and to leave the AC intact as the first choice of treatment if the associated AC is a Galassi type I or II. Additional subduroperitoneal shunting may be performed in patients with Galassi type III cyst.

In this paper, the effects of the DC bias lines on bowtie terahertz photomixer antenna are investigated, and a method, namely resistively loaded lines (RLL), is proposed to compensate the effects of the DC bias lines. The numerical results of the bowtie antenna show that RLL almost removes the effects of the bias lines compared to that of the commonly used bias line types, such as coplanar stripline and photonic bandgap type bias lines.

AIM: Computed tomography (CT)-guided stereotactic brain biopsy has been performed in our clinic since March 1998. In this prospective study, we examined the patient data undergoing stereotactic biopsy and the results of biopsies in 500 consecutive patients. MATERIAL and METHODS: Between the dates of March 1998 and January 2015, CT-guided stereotactic biopsies were performed by using the Leksell stereotactic frame system (Elekta Instruments EU, Sweden) in 500 patients. A total of 512 procedures were performed in patients consisting of 184 females (36.8\%) and 316 males (63.2\%), ages ranging from 3 to 81 years (mean 50.40 +/- 16.67). RESULTS: Conclusive histopathological diagnosis was not achieved in 17(3.3\%) of 512 procedures. Of the others, 173 (33.8\%) were high-grade gliomas, 103 (20.1\%) were low-grade gliomas, 36 (7\%) were malignant lymphomas, 34 (6.6\%) were other types of brain tumors, 82 (16\%) were metastasis and 67 (13.1\%) were non-tumoral lesions. Complications were occurred in ten cases: 3 tumoral bleedings, 2 hypertensive cerebral hematomas, 2 peroperative convulsions, 1 epidural hematoma, 1 myocardial infarction and 1 brain edema. The patients who developed myocardial infarction and hypertensive thalamic hematoma died. The mortality was 0.4\% and morbidity was 1.6\% in 512 procedures. CONCLUSION: CT-guided stereotactic biopsy is a reliable and a safe procedure in cases with intracranial lesions when histopathological diagnosis is required for the appropriate treatment.

There are some case reports that highlight the association of Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM) with psychiatric symptoms. We assessed the association between ACM and psychiatric symptoms and risk factors in terms of psychiatric morbidity and evaluated the quality of life after surgery.This study consisted of sixteen patients who underwent decompression operation at the Department of Neurosurgery of Sisli Etfal Hospital. The MINI plus, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF-TR were administered to patients.About 43.8% of the patients had a psychiatric disorder. About 50% of the patients had co-existing syringomyelia of which 50% with syringomyelia had a psychiatric disorder. Patients with syringomyelia without any psychiatric disorder had significantly lower scores on physical domain of WHOQOL-BREF-TR (p = 0.02) than the patients without syringomyelia and psychiatric disorder. Subjects with a psychiatric disorder had lower scores on four domains of WHOQOL-BREF-TR. The patients with psychiatric diagnoses had significantly higher scores on affective pain index (p = 0.021) and total pain index (p = 0.037) than the patients without any psychiatric disorder.The presence of a psychiatric condition influences not only the physical aspect but also deteriorates the psychological and social relations and environmental aspect. Moreover the presence of a psychiatric disorder increases the perception of pain and causes more discomfort.

Background/aim: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been extensively studied and reported, but the number of studies that have investigated diabetes-related changes in the central nervous system are limited, with even fewer studies on the cerebellum. The aim of this experimental study was to perform a histologic analysis of the diabetes-related changes in the cerebellums of diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Twenty Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 200 and 220 g were included in the study. Diabetes was induced in 14 of these rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in saline, while 6 animals constituted the control group. The induction of diabetes was confirmed by measuring the blood glucose levels in the tail blood with a glucometer. Levels equal to or above 200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Induction of diabetes failed in 3 animals, who were then excluded from the study. Results: Light and electron microscopic studies revealed that the neurons and glial cells in the diabetic group had degenerative changes, irregularities and disruption in the myelin sheath, disintegration in the presynaptic vesicles, engorged axon terminals, perivascular and mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial structural changes, and fragmentation of the neurofilaments. Conclusion: Ultrastructural alterations are observed in the diabetic rat cerebellum.

WOS: 000401930000017 PubMed ID: 28007603 OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between neuron density in the stellate ganglion and the severity of basilar artery (BA) enlargement after bilateral common carotid artery ligation. METHODS: Rabbits (n = 24) were randomly divided into 3 groups: unoperated control group (n = 4), experimental group subjected to bilateral common carotid artery ligation (n [ 15), and sham-operated control group (n = 5). Histologic examination of the BAs and stellate ganglia was performed 2 months later. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery ligation was induced by ligation of common carotid arteries at prebifurcation levels as a model for steno-occlusive carotid artery disease. RESULTS: Mean BA volume and neuron density in stellate ganglia for all animals were 4200 mu m(3) +/- 240 and 8325 mu m(3) +/- 210. In sham- operated animals, the mean values were 4360 mu m(3) +/- 340 and 8250 mm(3) +/- 250. For the experimental group, mean volume and density in animals with slight dilatation of the BA (n = 6) were 4948 mu m(3) +/- 680 and 10,321 mm(3) +/- 120, whereas in animals with severe dilatation (n = 9), the values were 6728 mu m(3) +/- 440 and 6300 mm(3) +/- 730. An inverse association was observed between degree of BA enlargement and stellate ganglia neuronal density. CONCLUSIONS: High neuron density in stellate ganglia may protect against steno-occlusive carotid artery disease by preventing BA dilatation and aneurysm formation in the posterior circulatory arteries.

WOS: 000406170300015, PubMed ID: 27593803, AIM: Lumbar discectomy is a common surgical intervention in neurosurgical practice. latrogenic vascular injury during this surgery is a rare, but serious complication. In this study, our aim was to review the average safe depth of discectomy for both sexes. MATERIAL and METHODS: This study involved a total of 56 patients between 21 and 79 years old (28 male and 28 female) who had no surgical pathology as documented by lumbar magnetic resonance imaging study. Measurements at L3-4, L4-5, and L5-S1 were performed for both sexes as follows: 1St measurement, from the furthest lateral part of the dura to the end of the disc (right-left); 2nd measurement, the anteroposterior length of the cross-section passing through the midline of the disc; 3rd measurement; from the furthest lateral part of the dura to the furthest lateral part of the disc (right-left); 4th measurement, the length from right to left of the cross-section passing through the midline of the disc. RESULTS: Measurement 1 at L3-4, L4-5, and L5-S1, this value was estimated to be 35.9 and 36.7 mm, 35.9 and 36.9, and 34 and 34.9 mm in the right and left sides respectively, for female subjects. The corresponding values for males were 41.4 and 42.1, 40.6 and 40.9, and 37.4 and 37.7 mm at L3-4, L4-5, and L5-S1, respectively. Measurement 3 in L3-4, L4-5, and L5 -S1 disc spaces on the right and left sides in female subjects were 14.8 and 16.3 mm, 15.7 and 17.2 mm, and 14.9 and 17.1 mm, respectively, with corresponding figures of 18.6 and 19.5, 19.7 and 20.6, and 18.2 and 18.6 mm among male participants. Measurement 2 and 4 in females for L3-4, L4-5, and L5 -S1 were 38.4 and 52.3 mm, 38.9 and 53.4 mm, and 37 and 51.8 mm, respectively. The corresponding figures for males were 43.2 and 57.6 mm, 43.2 and 58.9 mm, and 40.1 and 56.7 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: Determination of the safe discectomy depth in both males and females, as well as the use of marking disc punches to indicate the safe margins may help clinicians to avoid this unwanted complication.

Factors affecting the development of postoperative hydrocephalus patients who underwent surgery after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were retrospectively assessed.201 cases, who underwent aneurysm surgery in our clinic after subarachnoid hemorrhage between 2008 and 2013, were retrospectively assessed. Twenty-one cases with hydrocephalus development were retrospectively examined according to their age, gender, history (hypertension, alcohol, and smoking), blood type, the number and size of aneurysms, aneurysm localization, the presence of ventricular hemorrhage, baseline-final neurological diagnosis, Fisher grading system, history of vasospasm and meningitis. The initial neurological course and Hunt-Hess, and also final neurological course of the patients were evaluated according to World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Grading Scale.Age, history of hypertension, aneurysm localization, Hunt-Hess grading, vasospasm, meningitis and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) are determinative factors in hydrocephalus development due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. It was detected that gender, alcohol and tobacco use, blood group, the size and the number of aneurysm, the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage and Fisher grading were not the determinative factors in the patients.In patients who underwent surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage, risk factors for postoperative hydrocephalus should be determined and the patients with these risk factors should be closely monitored.

Background Few studies have assessed the effect of Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) surgical decompression on cervical lordosis and range of motion (ROM). We aimed to assess the effect of expansile duraplasty on postoperative cervical mobility and spinal stability. Materials and Methods This was a single-center retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Patients were included if they underwent surgical treatment for symptomatic CM-1 between the years 1999 and 2009. Cervical ROM and lordosis were assessed before and after surgery in all patients. Collected data also included clinical improvement, as well as surgical complications after the procedure. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group underwent a posterior fossa bony decompression alone, while the second group additionally received an expansile duraplasty. Patients were further subdivided into 3 subgroups on the basis of the severity of tonsillar herniation. Results A total of 76 patients fit our selection criteria. Fifty-five patients belonged to the duraplasty group. Twenty-one patients underwent bony decompression alone. The 2 groups were statistically demographically and clinically similar. There was no difference in clinical outcome or in ROM and cervical lordosis between the groups except for patients with severe tonsillar herniation (CM-I grade 3). These patients had a statistically significant improvement in their postoperative cervical motility without compromising their spinal stability. Conclusion Adding an expansile duraplasty to craniovertebral decompression in CM-1 patients with severe tonsillar herniation may restore cervical ROM while preserving stability and alignment. This may relieve postoperative pain and improve clinical prognosis.

AIM Factors affecting the development of postoperative hydrocephalus patients who underwent surgery after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were retrospectively assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS 201 cases, who underwent aneurysm surgery in our clinic after subarachnoid hemorrhage between 2008 and 2013, were retrospectively assessed. Twenty-one cases with hydrocephalus development were retrospectively examined according to their age, gender, history (hypertension, alcohol, and smoking), blood type, the number and size of aneurysms, aneurysm localization, the presence of ventricular hemorrhage, baseline-final neurological diagnosis, Fisher grading system, history of vasospasm and meningitis. The initial neurological course and Hunt-Hess, and also final neurological course of the patients were evaluated according to World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Grading Scale. RESULTS Age, history of hypertension, aneurysm localization, Hunt-Hess grading, vasospasm, meningitis and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) are determinative factors in hydrocephalus development due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. It was detected that gender, alcohol and tobacco use, blood group, the size and the number of aneurysm, the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage and Fisher grading were not the determinative factors in the patients. CONCLUSION In patients who underwent surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage, risk factors for postoperative hydrocephalus should be determined and the patients with these risk factors should be closely monitored.

In this paper, a new design of hole array in a double-layer periodic arrangement is introduced and investigated both numerically and experimentally for the negative index of refraction. The structure shows similar behavior to that of the corresponding fishnet metamaterials. The effective constitutive parameters are revealed by using retrieval procedure to verify the negative refraction nature of the proposed structure. A relatively high figure of merit (FOM = −Re(n)/Im(n) = 70.05) is achieved at the K-band (18–26.5) frequency region.

We conducted a prospective study to investigate the clinical and radiological outcome in a surgical case series of 176 patients with 203 unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA). The success of aneurysm obliteration was assessed within 2 weeks after surgery by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Patients also underwent angiography 5 years after surgery. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). All predictors of poor surgical outcomes were assessed using an exact logistic regression. Overall, 83 % of the patients had a good outcome (mRS score 0 or 1); 10.8 % of the patients had a slight disability (mRS score 2), and 6.2 % of the patients had a moderate or moderate-severe disability (mRS score 3 or 4). The mortality rate was 0 % overall. The most important predictors of outcome were presence of history of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and postoperative stroke. Complete aneurysm occlusion was achieved in 93.5 % of all aneurysms. Sixty percent of treated aneurysms were checked with late follow-up DSA. No cases of hemorrhage from a surgically obliterated UIA were documented in this series during the 7.3 ± 1.4 (SD)-year follow-up period. If patients are carefully selected and individually assigned to their optimum treatment modality, IUAs can be obliterated by surgery with a low percentage of unfavorable outcomes.

Kanat, Ayhan/0000-0002-8189-2877 WOS: 000292816700054 PubMed: 21492735 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of duraplasty based on cerebellar tonsillar descent (CTD) grade in the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation type I (CM-I). METHODS: Medical records and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 82 patients with surgical correction of CM-I performed at the authors' clinic from 1998-2009 were reviewed. The preoperative CTD grading scale was obtained. Patients were divided two groups: duraplasty group (group 1) and nonduraplasty group (group 2). The preoperative and postoperative size of the syringomyelia cavity, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, recovery rate, and postoperative complications were determined. RESULTS: There was 58 patients in group 1, who underwent combined foramen magnum decompression, C1 (and C2 if necessary) laminectomy, and duraplasty; the 24 patients in group 2 underwent posterior fossa decompression (PFD) alone with no dural opening performed. There were no statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative size of the syringomyelia cavity and JOA scores of duraplasty (group 1) and nonduraplasty (group 2) groups in CTD grades 1 and 2; in CTD grade 3, the decrease in syrinx cavity and clinical improvement were statistically better in group 1 compared with group 2 (P < 0.05). Complications in group 1 were statistically significantly increased compared with group 2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that PFD and duraplasty for the treatment of CTD grade 3 Chiari malformation may lead to a more reliable reduction in the volume of concomitant syringomyelia and JOA scores. In CTD grade 1 and 2 patients, PFD without duraplasty may be performed.

a b s t r a c t INTRODUCTION: Nerve sheath myxomas (NSM) are rare benign soft tissue tumors. The dorsal paraverte- bral placed NMS diagnosis can be difficult. PRESENTATION OF CASE: This article presents clinical, radiological findings and treatment of the NSM of the dorsal paravertebral space in a 32-year-old man presented with a right shoulder and back pain for 4 years. DISCUSSION: NSM is a rare and benign tumor and that most often occurs in the skin of the head, neck or upper limbs of younger patients. Rare locations such as intracranial, spinal canal, trunk, lower limb and oral cavity were also reported. The appropriate treatment of NSM is surgical excision. Diagnosis is difficult in an uncommon presentation. CONCLUSION: Although the most presented case of NMS are dermal tumors, it may also be found extremely rare locations. We conclude that, the definitive treatment of NSM is surgical excision with safe margins even when it is possible.

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) Education; Is an educational approach that many countries in the world have included in their curricula that allow learners to view the knowledge they learn in science, technology, engineering and mathematics courses, aiming at transforming theoretical knowledge into practice, product and innovative inventions. It is aimed to be able to adapt easily to the qualities of the business life thanks to these skills when the STEM trained individuals enter into the business world, as well as being an approach that is based on giving the skills of STEM education, production and invention. Within the scope of the study, attempts were made to investigate the initiatives and new trends of STEM education from 2010 until the day. Document analysis and thematic content analysis (meta-synthesis) method was used in the research process. Thematic content analysis; Analyze, synthesize and interpret the findings of more than one research on the same subject, with a critical point of view, in contrast to the theme or templates specified and raw data. During the research; Articles, theses, reports and reports which are reached from various sources in the national and international literature have been examined and a wide-scale resource has been created by considering every point related to the contents of the work. The results of the research were examined under various headings and a broad framework was established and recommendations were made.

We compared two strategies for treating newborns with myeloschisis or myelomeningocele (open neural tube defect [oNTD]) and hydrocephalus. These strategies involved insertion of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) either synchronous with or sequential to surgical closure of the oNTD. We investigated shunt infection and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage rates and their effects on the duration of hospitalization for both treatments. The study involved 65 patients with hydrocephalus and open neural placodes which were covered with a thin pseudomembrane. Thirty-eight infants underwent an oNTD repair operation and shunting during the same surgical session (synchronous group [group 1]), and 27 infants underwent sequential procedures, in which shunt insertion was delayed until the thoracolumbar wound was partially healed (sequential group [group 2]). Group 1 had a mean duration of hospital stay of 15.5 days, significantly less than the average 28.8 days of group 2 (p0.05). No significant differences in CSF leakage and shunt infections occurred between the two groups (p0.05). The incidence of shunt infection due to CSF fistulas that developed postoperatively was higher for patients with CSF leakage as a result of oNTD at birth than for patients without CSF leakage (p0.05). Patients with oNTD are at significant risk of infections because of the thin pseudomembrane over the defect. In addition, newborn patients may also have a weakened immune system. Despite these disadvantages, VPS placement within a single session can be advantageous for the patient, family and physician, compared to multiple surgical procedures. It is also more cost-effective.

Objective: To evaluate the development of extraintestinal complications related to rotavirus gastroenteritis, and to determine the impact of systemic rotavirus on disease burden in children with rotavirusinduced diarrhea in our hospital. Methods: During the two-year study period, 353 children with confirmed rotavirus gastroenteritis were recruited. Results: Extraintestinal complications occurred in 9.6% (34/353) of all the children. Fourteen patients had central nervous system (CNS) complications related to rotavirus infection. Among these 14 patients, 6 patients had encephalitis; 6 patients, febrile seizures, and 2 patients, aseptic meningitis. Frequency of neutropenia was 2.54% in the study population. Six patients had severe neutropenia [absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 500]. Ten patients had secondary bacteremia after rotavirus gastroenteritis. Incidence of bacteremia was 2.83%. One patient had myocarditis, which was thought to be associated with rotavirus infection. One death (a child with metabolic disorder) occurred during 2 years. Conclusion: Our results support the plausibility of rotavirus as an etiologic factor for the clinical manifestations associated with rotavirus infection and highlight the need to pursue studies to determine the involvement of rotavirus as a cause of non-gastrointestinal diseases. The impact of systemic rotavirus on disease burden remains to be determined. (Cocuk Enf Derg 2010; 4: 48-55)

Object The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria as a cause of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infection is a disconcerting phenomenon that often requires the use of alternative antimicrobial agents due to resistance against commonly used medications. Linezolid, a member of a new class of antimicrobial agents, has good activity against virtually all important gram-positive pathogens, including multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. The object of this article is to report a single-center experience with linezolid treatment in 6 young patients with VP shunt infections caused by drug-resistant strains. Methods The authors reviewed the records of 6 pediatric patients who developed VP shunt infection and in whom initial antimicrobial treatment regimens, including vancomycin, either failed or were associated with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. All 6 patients were treated at their hospital between July 1, 2008, and June 29, 2009. The patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, underlying diseases, clinical manifestations, laboratory results, and various treatment modalities used before linezolid therapy were evaluated. Results The 6 patients included were 2 boys and 4 girls with a mean (± SD) age of 11.83 ± 12 months (range 4–36 months). Five patients had acquired an infection within 4 months (mean 7.50 ± 13.51 months, range 1–35 months) after shunt insertion. Four patients were treated with external ventricular drainage. Two patients' parents refused to allow shunt removal and placement of an external ventricular drain. The CSF was clear of bacterial growth within a mean of 3.67 ± 1.36 days (range 2–6 days) after initiation of linezolid treatment. The mean duration of linezolid treatment was 18.17 ± 3.31 days (range 14–21 days). Microbiological clearance of CSF and clinical cure were achieved in all patients. No laboratory or clinical side effects were observed during the treatment period. The mean length of hospital stay was 22.8 ± 4.96 days (range 17–28 days). Conclusions Linezolid could be an appropriate treatment alternative in children with ventriculostomy-related CSF infections caused by drug-resistant strains, including cases in which shunt removal is not an option. Well-designed prospective studies providing additional information on linezolid levels in plasma and CSF are necessary to confirm the authors' observations.

Almost 1-2% of meningiomas are lesions described as ectopic or extradural meningiomas. Primary intraosseous meningiomas are a rare form of intra-bone tumours that account for approximately 67% of extradural meningiomas. A 41-year-old male patient presented with a headache and a bulge at the right frontal region. Cranial computed tomography displayed a hyperostotic lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging showed enhancement of the bone lesion after injection of gadolinium. A burr hole was drilled at the thickest section of the lesion, and pathological examination of the bone dust extracted from this site was performed. The pathological study indicated the presence of a meningioma. Right frontal craniectomy was performed and the hyperostotic bone was resected. No invasion was observed at the dura. A calvarial defect was reconstructed during the same session with methyl methacrylate cranioplasty.

Background context Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a slowly progressive lesion of uncertain etiology that involves the synovial membrane of joints or tendon sheaths. Only rarely does PVNS affect the axial skeleton, where it arises from the vertebral articular facet joint. Its treatment and prognosis remains limited. Purpose To describe our management in a patient with PVNS and to review previously published cases. Study design Case report. Methods This is a case report of a 59-year-old woman who presented left sciatica. Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed a mixed sclerotic and lucent lesion affecting the left L4–L5 facet joint. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a diffusely infiltrative process that originated from the left inferior articular process of L4 vertebra with extension into the spinal canal. A total synovectomy with left L4 hemilaminectomy was performed. Left L5 root was decompressed with total microscopic tumor removal. Decompression of spinal canal and absence of the tumor was shown by MRI and CT scan after the operation. Results Complete resolution of the patient's complaints was achieved. Histopathological analysis was consistent with a diagnosis of PVNS. Conclusions The principle of surgical management of spinal lesions causing neurologic deficit is early surgical decompression. It is also important to totally remove the synovium, the origin of PVNS, to prevent the recurrence.

WOS: 000242341700006, PubMed ID: 17165628, Objective: To present special clinical and laboratory features of 45 cases (44 adult cases) who were intoxicated through oral route. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Patients: Forty-five patients admitted to the ICU of Cumhuriyet University Hospital. Results: Forty-five patients between 4 and 97 years of age were evaluated. Intoxication was the result of a suicide attempt in 67% of cases and accidental in 33% of cases. Unconsciousness, nausea and vomiting were the common initial symptoms. The major clinical findings in the ICU were bradycardia, myosis, hypothermia, hyperglycemia, hypotension, coma and respiratory depression. Blood glucose level was increased in 64% of cases. No problem was noted in the patient or the fetus in a pregnant, 27-year-old patient, who was intoxicated with 10 mL of 12.5% amitraz. The length of stay in the ICU was between 2 and 15 days. None of the patients died. All patients were discharged without neurological sequela. Conclusion: The prognosis of amitraz intoxications through oral route is benign and results in complete healing; however, we suggest that these cases should be well monitored and followed-up in ICUs.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of dynamic lumbar stabilization exercises in patients with lumbar microdiscectomy. Design: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. Subjects: Forty-two patients who were diagnosed as having lumbar disc herniation and had been operated on using the microdiscectomy method were divided randomly into 3 groups. Methods: Dynamic lumbar stabilization exercises were set for the first group and a home exercise programme for the second. The third group given no exercises was considered as a control group. All patients were examined twice, once before the exercise programme and once 8 weeks later. Results: Improvement in the first group was highly significant after the treatment (p 0.0001). The second group improved significantly more in some parameters (pain, functional disability, lumbar Schober, progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (neck), trunk endurance (flexion-extension)) than did the third group. The third group of patients showed some improvement in fingertip‐floor distance, functional disability, modified lumbar Schober and left rotation in 8 weeks, but there were no significant improvements in the other parameters. Conclusion: Dynamic lumbar stabilization exercises are an efficient and useful technique in the rehabilitation of patients who have undergone microdiscectomy. They relieve pain, improve functional parameters and strengthen trunk, abdominal and low back muscles.

Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a benign bone neoplasm which is seen in the long bones of appendicular skeleton. It is rarely seen in the cranium.Ethmoid bone OO has been very rarely reported so far. We report another case of giant osteoid osteoma involving the ethmoid bone with intraorbital and intracranial extension in a 3O year old female patient. This case with unusual anatomical location was presented. It is first time reporting a giant osteoid osteoma of ethmoid bone with such a large nidus.

Objective: We aimed to compare general anesthesia applied with the combination of propofoldesfluran and single-sided spinal anesthesia with regards to hemodynamic parameters and discharge criteria. in patients undergoing daily arthroscopic knee surgery Methods: Cases were divided randomly into two groups. Group 1 (n: 20) is specified as general anesthesia group and Group 2 (n: 20) is specified as spinal anesthesia group. General anesthesia with propofol-desfluran has been applied to patients of Group 1 and spinal anesthesia with 10 mg 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine has been applied to the patients of Group 2. Results: Modified Aldrete Scores related to the patients of Group 2 were statically significantly lower than Group 1 because of the ongoing motor block. PADSS and Emesis Scores were similar in both groups. Starting of pain was statistically within a longer period in patients with Group 2 when compared to group 1 due to the ongoing organoleptic block. The differences in hemodynamic parameters between two groups were in concordance with the anesthesia method applied. Conclusion: It is concluded that one-sided spinal anesthesia provided with low dosed 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecal injection may be a good alternative to general anesthesia with propfol-desfluran. in patients undergoing daily arthroscopic knee surgery when its significant contribution to analgesia in postoperative period is considered, SUMMARYObjective: We aimed to compare general anesthesia applied with the combination of propofol-desfluran and single-sided spinal anesthesia with regards to hemodynamic parameters and discharge criteria. in patients undergoing daily arthroscopic knee surgeryMethods: Cases were divided randomly into two groups. Group 1 (n: 20) is specified as general anesthesia group and Group 2 (n: 20) is specified as spinal anesthesia group. General anesthesia with propofol-desfluran has been applied to patients of Group 1 and spinal anesthesia with 10 mg 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine has been applied to the patients of Group 2.Results: Modified Aldrete Scores related to the patients of Group 2 were statically significantly lower than Group 1 because of the ongoing motor block. PADSS and Emesis Scores were similar in both groups. Starting of pain was statistically within a longer period in patients with Group 2 when compared to group 1 due to the ongoing organoleptic block. The differences in hemodynamic parameters between two groups were in concordance with the anesthesia method applied.Conclusion: It is concluded that one-sided spinal anesthesia provided with low dosed 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecal injection may be a good alternative to general anesthesia with propfol-desfluran. in patients undergoing daily arthroscopic knee surgery when its significant contribution to analgesia in postoperative period is considered.Keywords: General anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, hemodynamic parameters, discharge criteria ÖZETAmaç: Günübirlik artroskopik diz cerrahisi uygulanan hastalarda spinal anestezi ile genel anestezinin hemodinamik parametreler ve taburculuk kriterleri açısından karşılaştırılmasını amaçladık.Yöntem: Olgular randomize olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1 (n: 20) genel anestezi grubu, Grup 2 (n:20) spinal anestezi grubu olarak belirlendi. Grup 1 hastalarına propofol-desfluran ile genel anestezi, Grup 2 hastalarına ise 10 mg %0,5 hiperbarik bupivakain ile spinal anestezi uygulanmıştır.Bulgular: Grup 2’deki hastaların devam eden motor blok nedeniyle Modifiye Aldrete Skorları, Grup 1’deki hastalardan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede düşüktü. PADSS ve Emezis Skorları ise her iki grupta benzerdi. Grup 2’deki hastalarda devam eden duyusal blok nedeniyle Grup 1’deki hastalara göre ağrı başlama zamanları istatistiksel olarak ileri derecede uzundu. İki grup arasındaki hemodinamik parametrelerdeki farklılıklar uygulanan anestezi şekliyle uyumluydu.Sonuç: Günübirlik artroskopik diz cerrahisi uygulanan hastalarda düşük doz %0,5 hiperbarik bupivakainin intratekal enjeksiyonu ile sağlanan tek taraflı spinal anestezi uygulamasının özellikle postoperatif dönemdeki analjeziye olan önemli katkısı göz önünde tutulunca propofol-desfluran ile sağlanan genel anestezi uygulamasına iyi bir alternatif olabileceği kanaatine varıldı.Anahtar sözcükler: Genel anestezi, spinal anestezi, hemodinamik parametreler, taburculuk kriterleri

We present, for the first time, the design of two antennas for the terahertz photomixers that have reconfigurable operation frequency or reconfigurable input impedance as an alternative to the state-of-the-art high-impedance, narrow band or low-impedance, wide-band antennas. Both antennas have folded-dipole structures, which inherently have high radiation resistances, and the dimensions of the antennas are modified in the horizontal and vertical dimensions by means of ideal switches, changing the operation frequency of the antenna or the input impedance of the antenna at a given operation frequency. We also propose a real-life solution for the ideal switches for the antennas, namely miniature Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) switches, which have an area of 10 um × 10 um and is, to the best of our knowledge, the smallest MEMS switch reported in the literature. The first antenna is capable of operating at three different frequencies of 200, 400, and 600 GHz, whereas the input impedance of the second antenna can be adjusted between 4 kΩ and 7.5 kΩ at an operation frequency of 385 GHz. The proposed antennas can also be used as a photoconductive antenna for the terahertz frequency band.