Search

ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: Mild tra u ma tic bra in in jury (MTBI) is one of the most fre qu ent ne u ro lo gi cal da ma ge types in which comp lex physi o lo gi cal and bi oc he mi cal events oc cur in tra u ma ti zed are a. Re gi o nal isc he mi a can oc cur in the acu te pha se af ter tra u ma. Re cently, both cli ni cal and ex pe ri men tal stu di es ha ve shown that isc he mi a mo di fi ed al bu min (IMA) is one of the most pro mi sing blo od mar kers of isc he mi a. In this study, whet her se rum IMA va lu es can be used in rats as a mar ker for in trac ra ni al isc he mi a ca u sed by tra u ma is investigated. Ma te ri al and Met hods: Wis taral bi no adult rats we re uti li zed in this study. Rats we re ex po sed to MTBI by using a tra u ma de vi ce. Fron tal and pa ri e tal bra in tis su es we re ta ken for his to pat ho lo gi cal in ves ti ga ti on. Se rum IMA va lu es of tra u ma ti sed and con trol rats we re me a su red with the ACB (al bu min co balt bin ding) test. Re sults: Whi le the ab so lu te IMA va lu es we re 0.576 ± 0.048 for tra u ma gro up, it was iden ti fi ed as 0.568 ± 0.055 for con trol gro up. The re was no sta tis ti cally sig ni fi cant dif fe ren ce bet we en tra u ma and con trol gro ups in the me an va lu e of the IMA. In our his to pat ho lo gi cal analy sis, nec ro sis as so ci a ted with hypo xi a in the ou ter la yers of bra in cor tex as a re sult of the tra u ma app li ed to rats, and ne u ron da ma ge in the in ner la yers of the cor tex we re ob ser ved. In ad di ti on, red ne u rons we re de tec ted in the bra in cor tex as a re sult of early sta ge ne u ron da ma ge as so ci a ted with isc he mi a. Conc lu si on: We fo und that the re is no sig ni fi cant in cre a se in IMA le vels in rats with tra u ma sug ges ting that this bi o mar ker wo uld not be use ful in de tec ting early isc he mic chan ges in MTBI.

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the lifetime risk (LTR) of febrile convulsion and the effects of socioeconomic factors affecting this risk among school children in Izmir province, Turkey. Methods: Information was collected from school children aged 7–17 years in a school-based cross-sectional study. Stratified cluster sampling technique was used to define the study population, which represents the schools located in the metropolitan area of Izmir. Data were collected through a standard questionnaire from the parents. Results: LTR was 9.7% (girls, 9.3%; boys, 10.1%, P > 0.05). The risk of febrile convulsion for children whose fathers’ education level was equal to or less than primary school was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–4.0) and, for children whose fathers were blue collar workers it was 1.4 (95%CI: 1.0–1.8). Conclusion: LTR for febrile convulsion was relatively high in this population, consistent with studies from other developing countries. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of knowledge about febrile convulsions were main factors related to this risk.

Twenty-eight subjects with and 46 subjects without sleep-related violence (VBS) were evaluated regarding the presence of self-mutilative behaviors (SMBs). The subjects with and without VBS were compared using dissociative experiences scale (DES). The subjects with VBS had higher mean DES score and more frequent SMBs than those without VBS. These findings suggest that dissociation may be related to both daytime SMBs and violent behaviors during sleep in young population.

WOS: 000351851100017, PubMed: 28360682, Introduction: Sleep deprivation is a method, which has being used in order to comprehend the functions of sleep both in healthy individuals and for the patients of depression with in treatment, for a long time. The objective of our present study is to examine the relation between hormonal values, which are known for being related to the effects of these said changes determined in the mood, dissociation and thought suppression in healthy individuals after one night of sleep deprivation implementation. Methods: One night sleep deprivation was performed on a total of thirty-two healthy volunteers (16 males and 16 females) who were included in the study. Blood samples were taken from the individuals before and after sleep deprivation implementation in order to determine cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and Thyroid Functions' Levels tests. In order to evaluate the effects of the sleep deprivation on moods, "White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI)" has been conducted, with an aim of evaluating thought suppression, "Profile of Mood States (POMS)", "Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES)" with a purpose of realizing any dissociation tendency. Results: On the individuals who have been implemented for sleep deprivation, a decrease on depression and vigor-activity sub-scales values was detected, and an increase was determined on fatigue sub-scales values of "POMS". While the values of DES were found to have been statistically increased after sleep deprivation, also a significant decrease was determined on WBSI values. Even if there hasn't been any significant statistical change determined on cortisol levels after sleep deprivation, yet there had been some significant changes detected on Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), fT3, fT4, and DHEA-S levels. Decrease in "POMS" depression sub-scale values and increase on fatigue sub-scale values were determined on the individuals whose sT4 levels were found to be increased significantly in statistic manner after the sleep deprivation. Conclusion: According to the results of our study, sleep deprivation for one night was determined to cause decrease on depressive mood, increase on dissociative symptoms and to lower the tendency of suppressing the unwanted thoughts, consciously. The fact of being obtained lower depression values, on the individuals with the increased DHEA-S levels after the sleep deprivation meets with the information claiming that the high DHEA-S levels may be deemed as protectors against the negative effects of the stress., Yuzuncu Yil University Scientific Research ProjectYuzuncu Yil University [2010 TF U143], The authors declared that this study has received financial support from Yuzuncu Yil University Scientific Research Project (Project No: 2010 TF U143).

INTRODUCTION Although putative subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been gradually more recognized, there is no generally accepted subtype discrimination. It has been suggested that autogenous and reactive obsessions stem from different cognitive process. This study aimed to assess existence of gender, age at onset of illness, and comorbidity differences in OCD patients suffering from autogenous and reactive obsessions. METHODS The medical records of 177 OCD patients were evaluated retrospectively for gender, age at onset, comorbid diagnoses, and predisposing life events. Obsessions and compulsions were coded according to the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. All patients were grouped as the patients with autogenous (autogenous group [AG] n=32), reactive (reactive group [RG] n=77) and mixed obsessions (mixed group [MG] n=68). RESULTS AG patients were significantly more likely to be male, compared with the RG and MG patients. They also had significantly later onset of illness. Dissociative disorders were less common among AG patients compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the discrimination between autogenous and reactive obsessions are not only based on their development and maintenance mechanism through different cognitive process but that there also clinical manifestations of this discrimination.

A 4-year-old male presented with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with seizures and transient amaurosis after initial symptoms of a flulike febrile infection 1 week earlier. Immunoglobulin M type antibody titers against Mycoplasma pneumoniae were significantly increased in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The patient improved appreciably on immunosuppressive therapy with immunoglobulin. This patient exemplifies a rare case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis presenting with bilateral transient amaurosis as a complication of M. pneumoniae infection. Aydin A, Atasever S, Cakmakci H. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis presenting with bilateral transient amaurosis.

Fever is a common cause of presenting to emergency departments in children. Furthermore when there is no reason for fever; it is a reason for anxiety for parents and clinicians. The most common cause of fever is infections for all ages. The clinicians should investigate the most common areas and causes to determine the origin of the fever. If the origin of fever cannot be detected with routine examination, intraabdominal and perianal areas should be investigated for abscess. Subdural empyema is a very rare condition in children. Fever, altered mental status, headache, seizure and focal neurological defects can be seen in most of the patients with subdural empyema. The predisposition factors such as trauma, sinusitis or history of intracranial operation are usually determined. We present a 13-year-old male patient in this report, who had fever of unknown origin without neurological defects or predisposition factor and who was diagnosed with subdural empyema.

Objective. There are limited comparative studies on classic and new-generation antihistamines that affect sleep quality and mood. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effects of classic and new-generation antihistamines on sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, dream anxiety, and mood. Methods. Ninety-two patients with chronic pruritus completed study in the dermatology outpatient clinic. Treatments with regular recommended therapeutic doses were administered. The effects of antihistaminic drugs on mood, daytime sleepiness, dream anxiety, and sleep quality were assessed on the first day and 1 month aft er. Results. Outpatients who received cetirizine and hydroxyzine treatments reported higher scores on the depression, anxiety, and fatigue sub-scales than those who received desloratadine, levocetirizine, and rupatadine. Pheniramine and rupatadine were found to be associated with daytime sleepiness and better sleep quality. UKU side effects scale scores were significantly elevated among outpatients receiving pheniramine. Classic antihistamines increased daytime sleepiness and decreased the sleep quality scores. New-generation antihistamines reduced sleep latency and dream anxiety, and increased daytime sleepiness and sleep quality. Conclusion. Both antihistamines, significantly increased daytime sleepiness and nocturnal sleep quality. Daytime sleepiness was significantly predicted by rupadatine and pheniramine treatment. Cetirizine and hydroxyzine, seem to have negative influences on mood states. Given the extensive use of antihistamines in clinical settings, these results should be more elaborately examined in further studies.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable seizures. It is associated with an increased risk of developing mental disorders. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most important diagnostic tool for this disease; however, a normal EEG cannot exclude the diagnosis of epileptic seizures, so EEG performed under sleep deprivation was performed in two case examples treated in the psychiatry clinic, in order to prove that sleep deprivation may increase epileptiform discharges.

Introduction: The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) is a widely used self-report instrument developed to overcome the problems with the available instruments. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the revised Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R) in Turkish sample. Methods: The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) were assessed in clinical samples (n44 for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and n44 for patients with major depression (MD) and a non-clinical student sample (n287). Results: The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the original six-factor structure was valid in the Turkish sample. The overall and each of the subscales showed moderate to good internal consistency and convergent validity as well as test-retest reliability. However, the Cronbachs alpha was excessively low for the hoarding subscale in the OCD group. The total and subscale scores of the OCI-R satisfied at discriminating patients with OCD from both patients with MD and healthy controls, with an exception of the neutralizing subscale. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the OCI-R did not reveal sound psychometric properties. Findings are discussed in the light of current theoretical considerations., Giriş: Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revize (OKE-R) varolan ölçme araçlarındaki sorunların üstesinden gelebilmek amacıyla geliştirilmiş yaygın olarak kullanılan bir öz değerlendirme aracıdır. Bu çalışmada, Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanterinin revize edilmiş formunun Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revizenin Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri klinik örneklemlerde (obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk tanısı alan hastalarda n44 ve major depresyon tanısı alan hastalarda n44) ve klinik olmayan öğrenci örnekleminde (n287) ele alınmıştır. Bulgular: Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda orijinal altı faktörlü yapının Türk örnekleminde geçerli olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin tümü ve alt ölçekler için orta düzeyden yükseğe doğru değişen düzeylerde iç tutarlılık, birlikte geçerlik ve test tekrar test geçerliği değerleri elde edilmiştir. İstifleme alt ölçeği için obsesif kompulsif grupta çok düşük Cronbach alfa değeri elde edilmiştir. Nötürleştirme alt ölçeği dışında toplam puanların ve alt ölçeklerin genel olarak obsesif kompulsif bozukluğu olan hastaları sağlıklı kontrollerden ve major depresyon hastalarından başarıyla ayırt edebildiği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revizenin Türkçe formu için yeterli psikometrik özellikler saptanmamıştır. Bulgular konuya ilişkin kuramsal tartışmaların ışığında ele alınmıştır.

We have investigated if biological rhythms, which affect many physiological and pathological events, influence the time of birth. Two hundred and sixty-three cases who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of active labor and who delivered vaginally were enrolled in the study. Information about the age, gravidity, parity, gestational age on admission, and time of onset of labor and birth was registered. A Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was administered for determining the patients’ chronotypes and dividing them into a morning- or evening-type group. While 20 (35%) of the morning-types delivered between 18:00 and 24:00 h, only 11 (19%) of them delivered between 06:00 and 12:00 h. From the evening types, 6 (33%) delivered between 18:00 and 24:00 h and 3 (17%) between 06:00 and 12:00 h. We conclude that there was no statistically significant difference between the chronotypes in terms of delivery time.

Estrogen is the major sex steroid affecting the growth, remodeling, and homeostasis of the female skeleton. Estrogen loss in postmenopausal women leads to osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the early and long- term effects of estrogen loss on bones, tendons, muscles, and menisci in ovariectomized rats. Fifteen rats were randomized into three groups of five animals each. The first group was the control group with no additional surgical procedure, but the rest (groups 2 and 3) were bilaterally ovariectomized . All animals in the group 2 were sacrificed at 14th week to evaluate the short- term effect, and all of other animals in the groups 1 and 3 were sacrificed at 28th week to analyze the long- term effect of estrogen loss in the ovariectomized group and to control with the group 1. Quadriceps muscles, Achilles tendons, menisci, and femur cortical bones from both lower extremities were taken. The amount of apoptosis was measured.There was a significant increase in cell apoptosis in bones, muscles, and tendons with insignificant increase in cell apoptosis in menisci at early and late periods in rats with ovariectomies than the control. The results indicated that estrogen loss after ovariectomy does not only affect bones; it may also increase cell apoptosis in different tissues such as muscles, tendons, and menisci.

Drug-induced urinary incontinence is involuntary leakage of urine, not life-threatening but adversely affecting the quality of life. Despite urinary incontinence is reported as one of the side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), there have only been few cases of urinary incontinence associated with SSRIs reported in literature. We present a case report of urinary incontinence associated with sertraline with possible underlying mechanisms which resolved with sertraline discontinuation and switch to fluoxetine. Therefore, clinicians should be awake and question side effects of urinary incontinence that occurs rarely but adversely affect the quality of life.

We document herein the prevalence and serotype distribution among Salmonella enterica strains isolated from children treated for diarrhea over two seven-year periods spanning 14 years. Four hundred and eight (1.38%) S. enterica cases were isolated among 29,601 diarrheal admissions. Among the Salmonella isolates, 63.7% were serogroup D and 29.9% were serogroup B. Overall, 21.7% of cases were under one year of age, with 2.1% being younger than three months. Bloody diarrhea was found in 18.8% of the cases. The resistance rates were 25.8%, 18.2%, 7.0%, 4.7%, and 0.3%, to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. In conclusion, our study has revealed that the predominance of Salmonella serogroup D continues. The clinical features of our patients were mostly mild, with no deaths or severe complications. While resistance to antimicrobial agents changes constantly, it is important to keep these strains under surveillance in order to formulate policies for the rational use of antimicrobial agents.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent, severely debilitating, and often recurrent. The majority of individuals with MDD experience sleep disturbances. MDD is also over-represented in populations with a variety of sleep disorders. Although sleep disturbances are typical features of MDD, such symptoms sometimes appear prior to an episode of MDD. The bidirectional association between sleep disturbance, especially insomnia and MDD, increases the difficulty of differentiating cause-and-effect relationship between them. Longitudinal studies have consistently identified insomnia as a risk factor for the development of a new-onset or recurrent MDD, and this association has been identified in young, middle-aged, and even older adults. Researches have also observed that the combination of insomnia and depression influences the trajectory of MDD, increasing episode severity and duration, as well as relapse rates. Fortunately, recent studies have demonstrated that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia may favourably reduce and possibly prevent MDD. Together, these findings suggest that sleep-related symptoms that are present before, during, and/or after a major depressive episode are potentially modifiable factors that may play an important role in achieving and maintaining remission of depression.

Shift work influences health, performance, activity, and social relationships, and it causes impairment in cognitive functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of shift work on participants' cognitive functions in terms of memory, attention, and learning, and we measured the effects on oxidative stress. Additionally, we investigated whether there were significant relationships between cognitive functions and whole blood oxidant/antioxidant status of participants. A total of 90 health care workers participated in the study, of whom 45 subjects were night-shift workers. Neuropsychological tests were administered to the participants to assess cognitive function, and blood samples were taken to detect total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status at 08:00. Differences in anxiety, depression, and chronotype characteristics between shift work groups were not significant. Shift workers achieved significantly lower scores on verbal memory, attention concentration, and the digit span forward sub-scales of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), as well as on the immediate memory and total learning sub-scales of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Oxidative stress parameters were significantly associated with some types of cognitive function, including attention concentration, recognition, and long-term memory. These findings suggest that night shift work may result in significantly poorer cognitive performance, particularly working memory. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Shift work influences health, performance, activity, and social relationships, and it causes impairment in cognitive functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of shift work on participants' cognitive functions in terms of memory, attention, and learning, and we measured the effects on oxidative stress. Additionally, we investigated whether there were significant relationships between cognitive functions and whole blood oxidant/antioxidant status of participants. A total of 90 health care workers participated in the study, of whom 45 subjects were night-shift workers. Neuropsychological tests were administered to the participants to assess cognitive function, and blood samples were taken to detect total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status at 08:00. Differences in anxiety, depression, and chronotype characteristics between shift work groups were not significant. Shift workers achieved significantly lower scores on verbal memory, attention–concentration, and the digit span forward sub-scales of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), as well as on the immediate memory and total learning sub-scales of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Oxidative stress parameters were significantly associated with some types of cognitive function, including attention–concentration, recognition, and long-term memory. These findings suggest that night shift work may result in significantly poorer cognitive performance, particularly working memory.

It has been commonly recognized that circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycle are causally involved in bipolar disorder. There has been a paucity of systematic research considering the relations between sleep and mood states in bipolar disorder. The current study examines the possible influences of sleep deprivation on mood states and endocrine functions among first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Blood samples were taken at two time points in the consecutive mornings at predeprivation and postdeprivation periods. Participants simultaneously completed the Profiles of Mood States at two time points after giving blood samples. Plasma T3 and TSH levels increased after total sleep deprivation in both groups. Sleep deprivation induced TSH levels were reversely associated with depression-dejection among healthy controls. A paradoxical effect was defected for only the first-degree relatives of the patients that changes in plasma cortisol levels negatively linked to depression-dejection and anger-hostility scores after total sleep deprivation. Plasma DHEA levels became correlated with vigor-activity scores after sleep deprivation among first-degree relatives of bipolar patients. On the contrary, significant associations of depression-dejection, anger-hostility, and confusion-bewilderment with the baseline plasma DHEA levels became statistically trivial in the postdeprivation period. Findings suggested that first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder had completely distinct characteristics with respect to sleep deprivation induced responses in terms of associations between endocrine Functions and mood states as compared to individuals whose relatives had no psychiatric problems. Considering the relationships between endocrine functions and mood states among relatives of the patients, it appears like sleep deprivation changes the receptor sensitivity which probably plays a pivotal role on mood outcomes among the first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Complex and persistant neuropsychiatric symptoms may appear due to different causes affecting certain parts of the brain. They may sometimes present as a psychiatric disorder without neurological symptoms. Organic personality disorder is one of the psychiatric disorder following traumatic brain injury. Affective instability, impulsivity, agression, apathy or paranoid thoughts are basic symptoms. In this paper, we report a case with psychiatric symptoms developed 2 months after the middle cerebral artery aneurysm surgery and considered due to the possible damage of the right medial temporal lobe.

Objective Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) consists of controlled convulsive seizure by electric stimulation of the brain. Although various electrocardiographic (ECG) changes have been reported during ECT, atrial conduction has not been studied extensively. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of ECT on systemic arterial blood pressure and ECG parameters (P wave duration, P wave dispersion and heart rate). Methods Thirty depressive patients undergoing ECT were included. Echocardiographic examination was performed on all patients before ECT sessions to exclude systolic heart failure and diastolic dysfunction which may affect P wave duration and dispersion. Twelve-lead ECG records were obtained before the first ECT and after the third session of ECT. Blood pressure was measured before and after convulsive therapy session. Results Compared to baseline values, maximum P wave duration (99.3±14.6 to 111.3±8.2 ms, P =.001), P wave dispersion (50±14.8 to 63.3±10.3 ms, P =.001), and systolic (110.7±12 to 116±12.2 mmHg, P =.043) and diastolic blood pressures (70.7±9.4 to 75.3±8.2 mmHg, P =.028) were significantly increased after convulsive therapy session. Conclusions We proposed that ECT alone or in combination with atypical antipsychotics or antidepressants may influence atrial conduction as evidenced by the significantly prolonged maximum P wave duration and P wave dispersion. Longer-term follow-up of patients undergoing ECT may be appropriate to evaluate the possible long-term outcomes of our short-term results.

Objective: There is mounting evidence indicating that oxidative and inflammatory processes may have an important role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder (PD). PD is a heterogeneous disease, and panic attacks are divided according to the different symptom clusters as respiratory, nocturnal, non-fearful, cognitive, or vestibular subtypes. The aim of this study was to compare whole-blood and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and adenosine deaminase activities in PD patients with/without nocturnal, respiratory subtypes and healthy subjects. Methods: The study was conducted including 60 patients with PD and 30 healthy control subjects. The Panic Attack Symptom Checklist, Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered to the patients. Biochemical analyses were performed after all the blood samples were collected. Results: We found that whole-blood SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities of patients were significantly lower and adenosine deaminase activities of patients were higher than those of healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences between respiratory and nocturnal subtypes. In addition, there were no marked relationships between the duration of illness and panic-agoraphobia scores of patients with nocturnal subtypes. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores of patients with the nocturnal subtype were markedly higher than those of patients without the nocturnal subtype. Conclusion: The results suggest that oxidative and inflammatory processes may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD. These findings may support the idea that both nocturnal and respiratory subtypes of PD have different symptom clusters of the same disease. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel Objective: There is mounting evidence indicating that oxidative and inflammatory processes may have an important role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder (PD). PD is a heterogeneous disease, and panic attacks are divided according to the different symptom clusters as respiratory, nocturnal, non-fearful, cognitive, or vestibular subtypes. The aim of this study was to compare whole-blood and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and adenosine deaminase activities in PD patients with/without nocturnal, respiratory subtypes and healthy subjects. Methods: The study was conducted including 60 patients with PD and 30 healthy control subjects. The Panic Attack Symptom Checklist, Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered to the patients. Biochemical analyses were performed after all the blood samples were collected. Results: We found that whole-blood SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities of patients were significantly lower and adenosine deaminase activities of patients were higher than those of healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences between respiratory and nocturnal subtypes. In addition, there were no marked relationships between the duration of illness and panic-agoraphobia scores of patients with nocturnal subtypes. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores of patients with the nocturnal subtype were markedly higher than those of patients without the nocturnal subtype. Conclusion: The results suggest that oxidative and inflammatory processes may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD. These findings may support the idea that both nocturnal and respiratory subtypes of PD have different symptom clusters of the same disease.

The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) is a widely used self-report instrument developed to overcome the problems with the available instruments. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the revised Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R) in Turkish sample.The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) were assessed in clinical samples (n=44 for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and n=44 for patients with major depression (MD) and a non-clinical student sample (n=287).The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the original six-factor structure was valid in the Turkish sample. The overall and each of the subscales showed moderate to good internal consistency and convergent validity as well as test-retest reliability. However, the Cronbach's alpha was excessively low for the hoarding subscale in the OCD group. The total and subscale scores of the OCI-R satisfied at discriminating patients with OCD from both patients with MD and healthy controls, with an exception of the neutralizing subscale.The Turkish version of the OCI-R did not reveal sound psychometric properties. Findings are discussed in the light of current theoretical considerations.Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revize (OKE-R) varolan ölçme araçlarındaki sorunların üstesinden gelebilmek amacıyla geliştirilmiş yaygın olarak kullanılan bir öz değerlendirme aracıdır. Bu çalışmada, Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri’nin revize edilmiş formunun Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revize’nin Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri klinik örneklemlerde (obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk tanısı alan hastalarda n=44 ve major depresyon tanısı alan hastalarda n=44) ve klinik olmayan öğrenci örnekleminde (n=287) ele alınmıştır.Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda orijinal altı faktörlü yapının Türk örnekleminde geçerli olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin tümü ve alt ölçekler için orta düzeyden yükseğe doğru değişen düzeylerde iç tutarlılık, birlikte geçerlik ve test tekrar test geçerliği değerleri elde edilmiştir. İstifleme alt ölçeği için obsesif kompulsif grupta çok düşük Cronbach alfa değeri elde edilmiştir. Nötürleştirme alt ölçeği dışında toplam puanların ve alt ölçeklerin genel olarak obsesif kompulsif bozukluğu olan hastaları sağlıklı kontrollerden ve major depresyon hastalarından başarıyla ayırt edebildiği görülmüştür.Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revize’nin Türkçe formu için yeterli psikometrik özellikler saptanmamıştır. Bulgular konuya ilişkin kuramsal tartışmaların ışığında ele alınmıştır.

Objective: Many physiological and pathological processes, such as infections, environmental toxins, and ionizing radiation increase bodily concentrations of oxidizing substances, known as free radicals, which lead to neuro-degenerative disorders. Sleep is one of the most important factors contributing to health; however, insomnia is among the most prevalent health complaints. Objective: Many physiological and pathological processes, such as infections, environmental toxins, and ionizing radiation increase bodily concentrations of oxidizing substances, known as free radicals, which lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Sleep is one of the most important factors contributing to health; however, insomnia is among the most prevalent health complaints.Methods: In this study, for the first time in the literature,we investigated the effects of primary insomnia on certain oxidative stress biomarkers. For this purpose, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in 30 patients with primary insomnia and 30 healthy volunteersResults: Our results show that the patients with primary insomnia had significantly lower GSH-Px activity and higher MDA levels compared with the controls.Conclusion: These results may indicate the important role of sleep in attenuating oxidative stress.

Objective. Previous studies have indicated that obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with childhood traumatic experiences and higher levels of dissociation. Dissociative tendency may arise when individual attempt to incorporate adverse experiences into cognitive schema. Methods. We investigated the possible links among childhood trauma, dissociation, and cognitive processes. We evaluated 95 patients with OCD using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Thought-Action Fusion Scale (TAFS), Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30), White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28). Results. The CTQ-28 total scores were not associated with Y-BOCS total, Y-BOCS insight, BDI, TAFS, MCQ-30, and WBSI scores. The TAFS Total, MCQ-30, WBSI, and BDI scores were significantly associated with DES scores. Regression analysis revealed that MCQ-30 and WBSI scores significantly predicted the DES scores. Conclusions. These results suggest that in spite of pathological connotation of dissociative experiences, dissociation may primarily constitute a cognitive trait which is strongly associated with cognitive processes.

IntroductionStudies have found that mothers normally have high sodium concentrations in their colostrum which shows a rapid decrease in the third day postpartum. A drop in breast milk sodium concentration is highly predictive for successful lactation.Objectives and aimsIn this study, the relationship between mammary gland permeability and the factors related to mothers and their babies were aimed to be investigated.MethodThe case group consisted of 150 consecutive healthy babies at postpartum 8–15 days. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and Relationship Scale Questionnaire were applied to the mothers. Milk samples from all mothers were collected. Weights of babies at first month were recorded.ResultsIn babies with higher Na concentrations and Na/K ratio in their mothers’ milk, were found to gain less weight at the end of first month and also they were the first babies of the families included in the study. Mothers with higher concentrations of Na in their milk thought they were not appropriate to have a child, had poorer relationships with their own mothers, stated that they had no close friendships and had a past history of mental disorders at significance limits. The EPDS and STAI-I scores of mothers with elevated milk Na concentrations found to be higher.ConclusionRegarding this study's results, the risk factors causing an increase in the permeability of the mammary glands were determined as thoughts of not being suitable for motherhood, symptoms of postpartum depression and high levels of anxiety for the mothers.

IntroductionCognitive models hypothesize that certain dysfunctional beliefs leading to misinterpretation of the significance of intrusions are important in the etiology and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There is no consensus about which characteristics of OCD patients more likely to be associated with better treatment response.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate whether obsessive beliefs change over time in the OCD patients receiving Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. We also investigated the effect of change in obsessive beliefs on psychopharmacological treatment response.MethodsA sample of 75 patients with OCD were interviewed the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). To measure dysfunctional beliefs, they were administered the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) which contains three subscales; threat overestimation and responsibility, importance and control of intrusive thoughts, and perfectionism and need for certainty.ResultsThe seventy-six percent (n=57) patients completed the treatment period and they were reassessed after 12 weeks with the Y-BOCS, HDRS and OBQ-44. The mean change scores of responders for OBQ-44 Responsibility/Threat Estimation and OBQ-44 Perfectionism/Certainty were not significantly differing from those of non-responders. The mean change in responders for OBQ-44 Importance/Control of Thoughts and HDRS were significantly higher than non responders.ConclusionsOur results suggest that treatment response to pharmacotherapy in OCD is negatively associated with the obsessive beliefs about perfectionism and certainty. The alleviation of negative mood by SRIs may not allow the sufferer disengages from dysfunctional appraisals.

Objective To investigate the comparative efficacy of aripiprazole and risperidone as augmenting agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who did not show a ≥35% decrease in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) after 12-week monotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Methods The study consists of two different periods of treatment: a 12-week prospective period to determine resistance to SSRI treatment and an 8-week single-blind addition period for refractory patients only. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the SSRI treatments. Sixty-nine patients (76.6%) completed the 12-week SSRI monotherapy period. Forty-one patients (59.4%) were considered refractory and were randomised to receive either risperidone (20 patients, 3 mgr daily) or aripiprazole (21 patients, 15 mgr daily) as augmentation to SSRI treatment. Sixteen patients (76.2%) in the aripiprazole group and 18 patients (84%) in the risperidone group completed the 8-week treatment period. Results Eight patients (50%) in aripiprazole and 13 patients (72.2%) in risperidone group met response criteria of Y-BOCS decrease ≥35% at the end of the study. The risperidone group showed a significant improvement in Y-BOCS obsession scores compared with aripiprazole. Conclusions The present findings suggest that risperidone may be more effective than aripiprazole. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem affecting both adults and children. Effective prevention and treatment modalities can be achieved by understanding the pathogenesis of obesity better. This review addresses some of the issues related to the hormones and cytokines taking part in the pathogenesis of obesity, energy balance and inflammation. We reviewed current literature on this broad subject especially concentrating on the functions of the hormones and cytokines taking part in the pathogenesis of the childhood obesity. Using the key words “obesity, children, hormones, cytokines” publications and cross references were evaluated from PubMed database between 1957 and 2009. In children, leptin and ghrelin are two hormones which have major influence on energy balance. Leptin is responsible from long term regulation of energy balance and ghrelin functions as an appetite stimulatory signal. In contrast to ghrelin, obestatin acts as an anorexigenic hormone by suppressing food intake. Adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are the key regulators of inflammation in obesity. Increased TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels but decreased levels of adiponectin and IL-10 are associated with increased inflammation, tissue injury and complications of obesity. Development, pathogenesis and complications of childhood obesity consist of complex mechanisms including numerous cytokines and hormones. New treatment modalities depend on understanding these complex mechanisms.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an illness that considerably influences the family, academic, occupational and social functioning of patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of psychopharmacological treatment on quality of life in patients with OCD.Using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Measurement Instrument Short Form, Turkish Version (WHOQOL-Bref TR) we assessed 53 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for OCD to establish baseline values. The patients were consecutively assigned to receive either sertraline (100-200 mg/day), fluvoxamine (200-300 mg/day) or paroxetine (40-80 mg/day). We reassessed 36 (68%) of the initial group after 12 weeks.The scores of obsession, compulsion and depression severity at follow-up were significantly lower than those of baseline scores. There is no significant difference between the pre and post-treatment quality of life domain scores. While psychological health scores at follow-up was significantly associated with baseline HDRS scores (r=-0.35, p0.05), social relationship scores at follow-up was significantly associated with baseline social relationship scores (r=0.63, p0.001) and compulsion scores (r=-0.37, p0.05). Regression analyses revealed that social relationship scores at follow-up was associated with baseline compulsion severity whereas other follow-up quality of life domain scores were not predicted by any baseline variable.Clinical viewpoint and objective evaluations should be essential in the evaluation of treatment outcome, and quality of life researches may be important complement to clinical researches.

Summary Purpose: Continuous midazolam infusion is commonly used for the management of status epilepticus (SE). The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of midazolam and mortality in childhood refractory generalized convulsive SE. Methods: We included 27 children with refractory generalized convulsive SE. Midazolam was given 0.2mg/kg as bolus, followed by 1–5μg/kg/min as continuous infusion. Clinical data and response to treatment were recorded for each patient. Results: Acute symptomatic SE accounted for 52%, and central nervous system (CNS) infections were the most frequently associated etiologic condition (44%). Complete control of seizures was achieved with midazolam infusion in the 26 (96%) children within 65min; at a mean midazolam infusion rate of 3.1μg/kg/min. Adverse effects such as hypotension, bradycardia or respiratory depression did not occur during midazolam infusion. In one (4%) patient with acute meningoencephalitis, SE could not be controlled. Five (19%) patients died; four had acute symptomatic aetiology and one had progressive encephalopathy. Conclusion: Midazolam is effective and safe in the control of refractory generalized convulsive SE. The response to treatment and mortality were related to the underlying aetiology.

Ya z›fl ma Ad re si/Cor res pon den ce Ad dress: Dr. Osman Ozdemir, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Dursun Odabas Tip Merkezi, Psikiyatri Bolumu, Van, Turkiye Gsm: +90 505 816 66 68 E-pos ta: drosmanozdemir@yahoo.com Ge lis ta ri hi/Re cei ved: 04.12.2012 Ka bul ta ri hi/Ac cep ted: 06.12.2012 © No rop si ki yat ri Ar si vi Der gi si, Ga le nos Ya yi ne vi ta ra f›n dan ba s›l m›fl t›r. / © Arc hi ves of Neu ropsy chi atry, pub lis hed by Ga le nos Pub lis hing. DOI: 10.4274/Npa.y 6923

Thyroxine-induced epilepsy is a very rare condition occurring in epileptic patients. Here we report a boy with thyroxine-induced hypermotor seizure (HMS) following thyroxine administration for his central hypothyroidism secondary to surgery and cranial radiation for his brain tumor. After 3 years seizure-free period, he had repeated HMS, seven to eight attacks per day, after initiation L-thyroxine treatment. Following reduction of the daily thyroxine dose, his seizures decreased in frequency. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of HMS associated with L-thyroxine administration. (C) 2003 BEA Trading Ltd. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy seen in survivors of perinatal asphyxia is a frequently encountered and a major clinical problem for which there is currently no effective treatment. Hematopoietic neuroprotective agents, such as erythropoietin (EPO) may rescue neurons from cell death in this setting. EPO is a cytokine hormone that has neuroprotective effect in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the effect of posthypoxic EPO administration in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Our results show that a single intracerebroventricular injection of EPO immediately after hypoxic-ischemic insult in neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemia reduced the extent of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. The mean infarct volume assessed 7 days after hypoxia was significantly smaller in EPO-treated group than in the control group. These findings suggest that EPO may provide benefit after hypoxic-ischemic events in the developing brain, a major contributor to static encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Objective . The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of epilepsy among school children between the ages of 7–17 in Izmir province, in Turkey. Methods . A cross sectional study was conducted. Sample size is calculated as 4654, from the target population of 420 054 students. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select the schools located in Izmir Metropolitan area. For the 130 (2.8%) students whose families gave a positive ‘epilepsy history' a telephone interview was conducted in order to verify the diagnosis and to evaluate a etiological factors. Results . Response rate was 90.5% (4216 students). Out of the 130 students who had a positive epilepsy history, 47 (36.2%) were accepted as epilepsy ‘cases'. The crude prevalence rates for females, males and the total study population were found respectively to the 11.3, 11.1 and 11.2 per thousand. Prevalence of active epilepsy rates for females, males and total study population were found respectively to be 4.5, 7.0 and 5.6 per thousand. Conclusion . The prevalence of epilepsy is higher in school-age children in Izmir province compared to that in developed countries.

The occurence of respiratory failure in progressive neuromuscular disorders is well recognized, This failure is observed most commonly in Duchenne dystrophy but sometimes occurs in Becker's, limb-girdle, and facioscapulohumeral dystrophies. Patients usually present acutely or subacutely with cyanosis and cor pulmonale, with severe decompensation often being precipitated by an acute intercurrent infection, However, cardiopulmonary arrest is an uncommon presentation. A male diagnosed with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A who presented with cardiopulmonary arrest that was precipitated by an upper respiratory tract infection is presented. The nocturnal application of noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation with a bilevel positive airway pressure (Bi-PAP) device improved his symptoms and quality of life without resorting to more-invasive and more-restrictive forms of support. This report demonstrates an unusual presentation of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and documents that nocturnal nasal administration of continuous airway pressure using the Bi-PAP device may be sufficient to maintain adequate ventilation in such patients. (C) 2001 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

An 11-month-old patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome with the absence of facial angioma and normal mental development is presented. Noncontrast computed tomography revealed left parieto-occipital atrophy with heavy gyriform calcifications, Axial T-2-weighed magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of low-signal areas corresponding to the gyral calcifications evident on computed tomography, Contrast-enhanced T-1-weighted axial and coronal images exhibited high signals in the left parieto-occipital cortical and subcortical areas, representing angiomatous malformations, The clinical appearance and pathologic features of the reported patient were compared with those of similar patients described in published reports. (C) 2000 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Fetal cord blood IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP- 3 levels of appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) babies are studied and followed up for 6–9 months, reevaluated for anthropometric measures and the effects of IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 on fetal growth and early catch-up growth is investigated. 23 AGA and 21 IUGR babies, totally 44 newborns, were included in the study protocol. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were found to be high in AGAs with respect to IUGR babies and IGFBP-1 is found to be high in IUGR with respect to AGAs. IGF-I was significantly lower in IUGR babies without catch-up growth (group 2b) with respect to AGAs (group 1) and neonates with IUGR and catch-up growth (group 2a) and group 2a infants had higher IGF-I values than group 2b infants (p < 0.05). IGFBP-3 levels in group 1 were significantly higher than in the other two groups (p < 0.05), but not significantly different in group 2a with respect to group 2b (p > 0.05). IGFBP-1 values showed no statistically significant difference with respect to the three different groups (p > 0.05). A good correlation was found between birth weight, postnatal weight and postnatal height and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels (p < 0.05) but not with IGFBP-1 levels. Aside from the height of the 3 groups of infants which were similar to each other after the follow-up period, IGF-I was significantly high in IUGR infants with catch-up growth with respect to IUGR infants without catch-up growth, indicating its importance in early catch-up growth of IUGR babies.

Introduction The shift work has various negative influences on health, performance, activity, and social relationships as well as causing impairment in cognitive functions. Objective We aimed to investigate the effects of shift work on participants’ cognitive functions in terms of memory, attention and learning, and on oxidative stress indicated by total oxidant status, total antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress index. Methods 90 health workers participated in the study (45 subjects were night shift workers). The neuropsychological tests were applied to the participants for assessing the cognitive functions and blood samples were taken to detect their total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant at 8.00 in the morning. Depression, anxiety, chronobiological characteristics, cognitive functions were assessed by using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Morningness- Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Wechsler Memory Scale- Revised (WMS-R), Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and Stroop Test. Results Night shift workers reported significantly lower scores on the verbal memory, the attention-concentration, and the digit span forward sub-scales of the WMS-R as well as the immediate memory and the total learning sub-scales of the AVLT. Oxidative stress parameters were significantly associated with some types of the cognitive functions in both groups. Conclusion The findings suggest that health workers in night shift generally revealed significantly poorer performance in cognitive assessment as compared to day shift workers. The oxidative stress indicators associated with the cognitive functioning.

In this study, using flow cytometry, we investigated the autofluorescence emitted by lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils exposed to different unconjugated bilirubin concentrations and investigated the relationship between these parameters. Different unconjugated bilirubin concentrations were prepared from a newborn serum with an unconjugated bilirubin concentration of 800 µmol/l. The same concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin have been prepared from pure bilirubin. 10 µl of cord blood were incubated at room temperature for 15 min with 90-µl solutions with different bilirubin concentrations prepared from both serum and pure bilirubin. After incubation, cells were washed three times with PBS, erythrocytes were lysed by lysing buffer and run through flow cytometry immediately. Autofluorescence was measured by recording mean fluorescence channels for lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. There was a good correlation between serum concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin that cells were exposed to and the autofluorescence intensity of neutrophils (r = 0.904, p < 0.005), monocytes (r = 0.759, p < 0.05) and lymphocytes (r = 0.766, p < 0.01). Results obtained with pure bilirubin were also similar. Autofluorescence emitted by lymphocytes was lower than that of monocytes (p < 0.01) or neutrophils (p < 0.0005).

Introduction The main description of alexithymia is a personality construct characterized by difficulties in experiencing and verbalizing emotions, and a poor capacity for symbolic thought reflected as a tendency toward externally oriented thinking. Objectives The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of alexithymia on tendency of somatization and sleep quality in depressive patients. Methods Eighty-five major depression patientswere included in the study. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Toronto Alexithmia Scale, Symptom Interpretation Questionairre (SIQ) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used for assesments and measurements. Results Patients with major depression were divided into two groups that alexithymic and non-alexithymic according to the aim of the study. There were significant differences in the BDI scores, the number of somatizating symptoms and psychologizing and somatizing scale scores in the SIQ, and daytime functionality scores in PSQI between alexithmic and non-alexithymic depressive patients. Conclusions Alexithymia seems to be related with depressive symptomatology. Depressive patients with alexithymia may display abnormal health belief and difficulty in expressing their complaints. Therefore, alexithymia is a feature that affects the pattern of depressive symptoms. This present study confirmed that depressive patients have high prevalence of alexithymia, somatization and difficulty in expressing the feelings. Because of the loss of daytime functionality in the alexithymic depressive patients, clinicians should consider alexithymia in clinical practices.

Introduction Unfortunately, many patients who remit fully or partially from an episode of major depression continue to have difficulty in achieving the recovery. Objectives Our study assesses the effect of some probable risk factors on the non-recovery in a group of major depressive patients. Methods Sixty patients, 18 to 65 years of age, with current major depressive disorder defined using DSM-IV-TR criteria were participated in the study. They began a 24-week course of open-label acute plus continuation phase treatment mainly with SSRIs, especially escitalopram. Maintenance treatment was not planned for not affecting the natural course. All participants were evaluated by CGI-S, BDI, HAMD-17, PSQI, and ISI at weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, and 52. Results Logistic regression analysis was done to predict the effect of some probable risk factors that obtained from 1st evaluation (at week 0) on the non-recovery (at week 52) and current age, number of previous episodes, age of first depressive episode, and episode type (first-episode versus double or chronic or recurrent) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions Early recognition of the socio-demographic and clinical risk factors impairing the recovery process of the major depressive disorder may be important for developing an individualised treatment plan.

Identification, description and therapeutic management of impulsivity, which underlies the mechanism and coexistence of many neurological and psychiatric diseases, are considered to be very crucial. Treatment can be applied in two ways; either for the disorder that occurs with impulsivity or for the treatment of the impulsive behavior itself. Disorders associated with or accompanied by impulsivity can be classified as borderline and antisocial personality disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, substance use disorders. In addition, impulsivity can manifest itself within the context of diagnostic criteria implicated in the impulse control disorders which include pathological gambling, intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania and trichotillomania. Behavioral and pharmacological interventions that are effective in treatment plans for these disorders should be integrated. These can be listed as insight-oriented psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies, contingency management, and pharmacotherapy. The aim of the current review is to understand impulsivity and discuss its relation to other psychiatric disorders and to focus on the treatment of impulsivity., BBirçok nörolojik ve psikiyatrik hastalığın temelinde yer alan ya da beraberinde seyreden dürtüselliğin tanımlanması ve tedavisinin düzenlenmesi oldukça önemlidir. Tedavide ya dürtüsellik ile ortaya çıkan hastalığın tedavisi ya da dürtüsel davranışın kendisinin tedavi edilmesi şeklinde iki yola başvurulabilir. Dürtüselliğin eşlik ettiği bozukluklar arasında antisosyal ve borderline kişilik bozuklukları, şizofreni, bipolar bozukluk, dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu, yeme bozuklukları, madde kullanım bozuklukları sayılabilir. Ayrıca dürtü kontrol bozuklukları olan patolojik kumar oynama, aralıklı patlayıcı bozukluk, piromani, kleptomani ve trikotillomani tanı ölçütleri içerisinde bir ölçüt olarak bulunur. Bu bozuklukların tedavi planında etkin olan davranışsal ve farmakolojik müdahalelerin bütünleştirilmesi gerekir. Bunlar içgörü yönelimli ve bilişsel-davranışçı psikoterapiler, beklenmedik olayların yönetimi ve farmakoterapi olarak sıralanabilir. Bu yazıda, dürtüselliğin tanımı, diğer psikiyatrik bozukluklarla birlikteliği ve tedavisi aktarılmıştır.