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In this paper, we deal with a new approach to re*exive propertyfor rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce nil-re*exiverings. It is shown that the notion of nil-re*exivity is a generalization of thatof nil-semicommutativity. Examples are given to show that nil-re*exive ringsneed not be re*exive and vice versa, and nil-re*exive rings but not semicommutative are presented. We also proved that every ring with identity is weaklyre*exive de...ned by Zhao, Zhu and Gu. Moreover, we investigate basic properties of nil-re*exive rings and provide some source of examples for this classof rings. We consider some extensions of nil-re*exive rings, such as trivialextensions, polynomial extensions and Nagata extensions. In this paper, we deal with a new approach to re*exive propertyfor rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce nil-re*exiverings. It is shown that the notion of nil-re*exivity is a generalization of thatof nil-semicommutativity. Examples are given to show that nil-re*exive ringsneed not be re*exive and vice versa, and nil-re*exive rings but not semicommutative are presented. We also proved that every ring with identity is weaklyre*exive de...ned by Zhao, Zhu and Gu. Moreover, we investigate basic properties of nil-re*exive rings and provide some source of examples for this classof rings. We consider some extensions of nil-re*exive rings, such as trivialextensions, polynomial extensions and Nagata extensions.

Let R be a ring with identity and J(R) denote the Jacobson radical ofR. In this paper, we introduce a new class of rings called feckly reducedrings. The ring R is called feckly reduced if R/J(R) is a reduced ring.We investigate relations between feckly reduced rings and other classesof rings. We obtain some characterizations of being a feckly reducedring. It is proved that a ring R is feckly reduced if and only if everycyclic projective R-module has a feckly reduced endomorphism ring.Among others we show that every left Artinian ring is feckly reducedif and only if it is 2-primal, R is feckly reduced if and only if T(R, R)is feckly reduced if and only if R[x]/ < $x^{2}$ > is feckly reduced.

In this paper, we introduce a class of quasipolar rings which is a generalization of $J$-quasipolar rings. Let $R$ be a ring with identity. An element $a \in R$ is called {\it $\delta$-quasipolar} if there exists $p^2 = p\in comm^2(a)$ such that $a + p$ is contained in $\delta(R)$, and the ring $R$ is called {\it $\delta$-quasipolar} if every element of $R$ is $\delta$-quasipolar. We use $\delta$-quasipolar rings to extend some results of $J$-quasipolar rings. Then some of the main results of $J$-quasipolar rings are special cases of our results for this general setting. We give many characterizations and investigate general properties of $\delta$-quasipolar rings., Comment: Submitted for publication

For a ring R and a right R−module M, a submodule N of M is said to be �- small in M if, whenever N + X = M with M/X singular, we have X = M. Let } be the class of all singular simple modules. Then �(M) = P {L ≤ M | L is a �-small submodule of M } = RejM(}) = ∩{N ⊂ M : M/N ∈ }}. We call M �−coatomic module whenever N ≤ M and M/N = �(M/N) then M/N = 0. And R is called right (left) �−coatomic ring if the right (left) R−module RR(RR) is �−coatomic. In this note, we study �−coatomic modules and ring. We prove M = ⊕ n=1 Mi is �-coatomic if and only if each Mi (i = 1,...,n) is �-coatomic.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of closed versus open endotracheal suction systems on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was performed in a medical intensive care unit (MICU) of a university hospital in patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. Patients were randomized to receive endotracheal suction with either closed catheters (closed suction group; N-41) or single-use catheters (open suction group; N=37). Cultures were taken from the ventilator tubing of 42 patients to determine the rate of colonization. There was no difference between the groups in terms of the frequency of development of VAP, mortality in the MICU, length of MICU stay and duration of mechanical ventilation. Thirteen patients in the open suction group and 16 patients in the closed suction group became colonized (P=0.14). The colonization rates by Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more frequent in the closed suction group than in the open suction group (P

Let M be a right R-module, \({\cal M}\) the class of all M-small modules, and P a projective cover of M in \(\sigma\)[M]. We consider the torsion theories \(\tau_{\cal M}\) = (\({\cal T}_{\cal M}, {\cal F}_{\cal M}\)), \(\tau_V\) = (\({\cal T}_V, {\cal F}_V\)), and \(\tau_P\) = (\({\cal T}_P, {\cal F}_P\)) in \(\sigma\)[M], where \(\tau_{\cal M}\) is the torsion theory generated by \({\cal M}, \tau_V\) is the torsion theory cogenerated by \({\cal M}\), and \(\tau_P\) is the dual Lambek torsion theory. We study some conditions for \(\tau_{\cal M}\) to be cohereditary, stable, or split, and prove that Rej(M, \({\cal M}\)) = M\(\Leftrightarrow\)\({\cal F}_P\) = \({\cal M}\) (= \({\cal T}_{\cal M}\) = \({\cal F}_V\)) \(\Leftrightarrow\)\({\cal T}_P\) = \({\cal T}_V\)\(\Leftrightarrow\) GenM(P) \(\subseteq\)\({\cal T}_V\).

The management of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) presents a major challenge for the clinician. The insensitivity of current diagnostic methods and the increasing prevalence of nosocomial pathogens with multiple antibiotic resistance complicate the issue. Use of mechanical ventilation and broad-spectrum antimicrobials in the intensive care setting predipose patients to acquire HAP more frequently with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Controversy exists regarding the patients in which invasive diagnostic testing is indicated; the timing of these procedures is another subject of debate. Proper empirical therapy is fundamental to a favourable outcome, and the selection of inappropriate agents to which pathogens are resistant contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. In general, there is agreement on the requirement for a thorough knowledge of the local causative organisms and the pathogens' resistance profiles. A wide variety of antimicrobials can be used either as monotherapy or in combinations.

We continue the study of modules over a general ring R whose submodules have a unique closure relative to a hereditary torsion theory on Mod-R. It is proved that, for a given ring R and a hereditary torsion theory τ on Mod-R, every submodule of every right R-module has a unique closure with respect to τ if and only if τ is generated by projective simple right R-modules. In particular, a ring R is a right Kasch ring if and only if every submodule of every right R-module has a unique closure with respect to the Lambek torsion theory. Продовжено вивчення модулів над загальним кільцем R, субмодулі якого мають єдине замикання відносно спадкової теорії скруту на Mod-R. Доведено, що для заданих кільця R та спадкової теорії скруту τ на Mod-R кожний субмодуль кожного правого R-модуля має єдине замикання відносно τ тоді i тільки тоді, коли τ породжується проективними простими правими R-модулями. Зокрема, кільце R є правим кільцем Каша тоді i тільки тоді, коли кожний субмодуль кожного правого R-модуля має єдине замикання відносно теорії скруту за Ламбеком.

The aim of this paper is to investigate quasi-corational, comonoform, copolyform and α-(co)atomic modules. It is proved that for an ordinal α a right R-module M is α-atomic if and only if it is α-coatomic. And it is also shown that an α-atomic module M is quasi-projective if and only if M is quasi-corationally complete. Some other results are developed.

We characterize prime submodules of R × R for a principal ideal domain R and investigate the primary decomposition of any submodule into primary submodules of R × R.

Let R be a commutative domain and let M be an R-module. It is proved that to every prime submodule of M there corresponds a prime ideal of R and a set of linear equations of a certain type, and conversely. In particular, in case M is a finitely generated R-module generated by n elements, for some positive integer n, then the prime submodules of M are given by prime ideals of R and certain finite systems of equations containing at most n equations.

Let R be a ring and M a right R-module. M is called ⌖-supplemented if every submodule of M has a supplement that is a direct summand of M, and M is called completely ⌖-supplemented if every direct summand of M is ⌖-supplemented. In this paper various properties of these modules are developed. It is shown that (1) Any finite direct sum of ⌖-supplemented modules is ⌖-supplemented. (2) If M is ⌖-supplemented and (D3) then M is completely ⌖-supplemented.

Gündelik, ortalama dili; edebi, kurmaca dil seviyesine yükseltmek, edebî metnin/şiirin imkânlarını genişletmek amacıyla şair ve yazarlar tarafından sıkça başvurulan yöntemlerden birinin de "dil sapmaları" olduğu bir gerçektir. Dilin alışılmış kurallarını; yazım, ses, kelime, ifade, dilbilgisi, anlam düzeylerinde değiştirme, bozma şeklinde tanımlayabileceğimiz "dil sapmaları"ndan şiirimizde özellikle 1950'li senelerden itibaren yararlanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kimi araştırmacılara göre 1954 - 1959, kimi araştırmacılara göre ise 1953 - 1963 yılları arasında edebiyatımızda etkili olan İkinci Yeni şiiri, Garip şiir hareketinin bilinçli bir şekilde ihmal ettiği edebi sanatları, imgeli söyleyişleri, soyut dili, kapalı anlatım biçimlerini, dil deneylerini ön plana çıkarmış, dilin sınırlarını zorlamış, Türkçenin imkânlarını genişletmeye çalışmış, dolayısıyla da dil sapmalarından geniş oranda yararlanmıştır. İkinci Yeni şiirinin önemli temsilcilerinden olan Cemal Süreya da, bu yöntemleri şiirlerinde uygulamıştır. Bu makalede; İkinci Yeni şiiri ve dil sapmaları hakkında verilen teorik bilgilerin ardından, Cemal Süreya'nın tüm şiirleri taranmış, şiirlerde tespit edebildiğimiz dil sapmaları örneklenmiş ve onun şiirine dil sapmalarının ne gibi etkileri olduğu, şairin bu yönteme neden ihtiyaç duyduğu tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır. Cemal Süreya şiirinde yararlanılan sapmalar; yazım sapmaları, ses sapmaları, kelime sapmaları, dilbilgisi sapmaları, ödünç metinlere müdahaleler, anlam sapmaları ya da alışılmamış bağdaştırmalar olmak üzere yedi başlık altında incelenmeye gayret edilmiştir. It is a fact that one of the most frequently referred methods to raise colloquial language and ordinary language to the literal and fictional language level and to expand literary text/poetry opportunitiesis "language deviations" Especially, since 1950s, it was started to benefit from "language deviations" in our poetries that we may define ordinary language rules as writing, phonetic, word, expression, grammar, change in semantic levels. The Second New Poetry that has been effective in our literature for some researchers between 1954 and 1959 and for some researchers between 1953 and 1963 put the literary arts, imaginative pronunciation, abstract language, closed-form expression and language experience deliberatively ignored by the Garip Poetry Movement at forefront and pushed the limits of language. He attempted to expand opportunities of Turkish, so largely benefited from linguistic deviations. Cemal Süreya who had been one of the important representatives of the Second Poetry applied these methods in his poems. In this article, after the theoretical knowledge about the Second New Poetry and linguistic deviations, all the poems of Cemal Süreya were reviewed and linguistic deviations we determined in poetries were sampled, and it was attempted to discuss why the poet needed this method, what kind of effects of linguistic deviations have been in his poetry. Deviations used from the poetry of Cemal Süreya; were attempted to be examined under seven titles; writing deviations, phonetic deviations, word deviations, grammar deviations, interventions to borrowed texts, meaning deviations or extraordinary syncretism.

In this paper, we introduce strongly large submodules and investigate their properties. A submodule N of a right R-module M is said to be strongly large in case for any m is an element of M, s is an element of R with ms not equal 0 there exists an r is an element of R such that mr is an element of N and mrs not equal 0. In this note, we also define and study strongly large closed submodules and strongly large complement submodules.

Let R be an arbitrary ring with identity and M be a right R-module with S = End(MR). Let f ∈ S. f is called π-morphic if M/f n(M) ∼=rM(fn) for some positive integer n. A module M is called π-morphic if every f ∈ S is π-morphic. It is proved that M is π-morphic and image-projective if and only if S is right π-morphic and M generates its kernel. S is unit-π-regular if and only if M is π-morphic and π-Rickart if and only if M is π-morphic and dual π-Rickart. M is π-morphic and image-injective if and only if S is left π-morphic and M cogenerates itscokernel.

Let [Formula: see text] be an arbitrary ring with identity and [Formula: see text] a right [Formula: see text]-module with the ring [Formula: see text] End[Formula: see text] of endomorphisms of [Formula: see text]. The notion of an [Formula: see text]-inverse split module [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a fully invariant submodule of [Formula: see text], is defined and studied by the present authors. This concept produces Rickart submodules of modules in the sense of Lee, Rizvi and Roman. In this paper, we consider the submodule [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and investigate some properties of [Formula: see text]-inverse split modules and [Formula: see text]-inverse split modules [Formula: see text]. Results are applied to characterize rings [Formula: see text] for which every free (projective) right [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-inverse split for the preradicals such as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

Let $R$ be an arbitrary ring with identity and $M$ a right $R$-module with $S=$ End$_R(M)$. In this paper we introduce $\pi$-Rickart modules as a generalization of Rickart modules. $\pi$-Rickart modules are also a dual notion of dual $\pi$-Rickart modules and extends that of generalized right principally projective rings to the module theoretic setting. The module $M$ is called {\it $\pi$-Rickart} if for any $f\in S$, there exist $e^2=e\in S$ and a positive integer $n$ such that $r_M(f^n)=$ Ker$f^n=eM$. We obtain several results about generalized right principally projective rings by using $\pi$-Rickart modules. Moreover, we investigate relations between a $\pi$-Rickart module and its endomorphism ring.

A *-ring $R$ is called a strongly nil-*-clean ring if every element of $R$ is the sum of a projection and a nilpotent element that commute with each other. In this article, we show that $R$ is a strongly nil-*-clean ring if and only if every idempotent in $R$ is a projection, $R$ is periodic, and $R/J(R)$ is Boolean. For any commutative *-ring $R$, we prove that the algebraic extension $R[i]$ where $i^2=\mu i+\eta$ for some $\mu,\eta\in R$ is strongly nil-*-clean if and only if $R$ is strongly nil-*-clean and $\mu\eta$ is nilpotent. The relationships between Boolean *-rings and strongly nil-*-clean rings are also obtained.

Daha çok romancılığı ile tanınan Peyami Safa, öykü türünde de çok sayıda eser vermiştir. Peyami Safa’nın edebiyat dünyasınca adının duyulmasının gazetelerde yayımladığı öyküleriyle olduğu hatırlanırsa, yazarın öykücülüğünün onun edebi portresini daha iyi anlamamızı sağlayacak nitelikte olduğu dikkat çeker. Yıllar sonra vereceği eserlerinin çekirdeğini oluşturan öyküleri, daha çok insanların şehevi arzularını ön plana alan aşk temasına yönelmiştir. Bunun dışında, ölüm, yoksulluk, hastalık, hırsızlık, savaş, ahlaki yozlaşma gibi temalarda da öyküler yazmıştır. Makalemizde; Peyami Safa’nın öykülerinde işlediği konular yazarın metinlerinden örnekler verilerek incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Known for more than his novelist side, Peyami Safa produced many works in the short story form. If remembered that the fame of Peyami Safa in literary world is with the published writings for newspapers, it draws attention to that the author's short story has the quality to provide a better understanding of his literary portrait. The stories which make up the core of his works after years, mostly turned to the theme of love that take forth the carnal desires of people. Except for this, he has written stories about the themes of death, poverty, illness, theft, war and moral decay.In our article, the subjects that Peyami Safa dealt with in his stories will be examined with his samples of works.

R birimli bir halka, M saº g R-mod¸l ve M nin endomorÖzma halkas¨ S = EndR(M) olsun. Her f 2 S iÁin rM(f) = eM olacak biÁimde e2 = e 2 S varsa (denk olarakKerf,Mmod¸l¸n¸nbirdirekttoplanan¨ise)MyeRickartmod¸lad¨verilmi?stir[8]. BuÁal¨?smadaRickartmod¸llerinˆzellikleriincelenmeyedevamedilmi?stir. M birRickart mod¸l olmak ¸zere, M nin S-kat¨ (s¨ras¨yla S-indirgenmi?s, S-simetrik, S-yar¨ deºgi?smeli, S-Armendariz)mod¸l olmas¨ iÁin gerek ve yeter ?sart¨n S nin kat¨ (s¨ras¨yla indirgenmi?s, simetrik, yar¨ deºgi?smeli, Armendariz) halka olduºgu gˆsterilmi?stir. M[x], S[x] halkas¨na gˆre Rickart mod¸l iken M nin de Rickart mod¸l oldugu,tersinin M nin S-Armendariz olmas¨ durumunda doºgru olduºgu ispatlanm¨?st¨r. Ayrıca bir M mod¸l¸n¸n Rickart ol- mas¨iÁingerekveyeter?sart¨nhersaºgmod¸l¸nM-temelprojektifolduºgueldeedilmi?stir., Let Rbeanarbitraryringwithidentity and M aright R-module with S =EndR(M). Following [8],the module M is called Rickart if for any f 2 S, rM(f) = eM for some e2 = e 2 S, equivalently, Kerf is a direct summandofM. Inthispaper,wecontinuetoinvestigatepropertiesofRickart modules. For a Rickart module M, we prove that M is S-rigid (resp., S- reduced, S-symmetric, S-semicommutative, S-Armendariz) if and only if its endomorphism ring S is rigid (resp., reduced, symmetric, semicommutative, Armendariz). We also prove that if M[x]is a Rickart module with respect to S[x], then M is Rickart, the converse holds if M is S-Armendariz. Among others it is also shown that M is a Rickart module if and only if every right R-module is M-principally projective.

In this paper, a generalization of the class of semicommutative rings is inves- tigated. A ring R is called central semicommutative if for any a;b 2 R, ab = 0 implies arb is a central element of R for each r 2 R. We prove that some results on semicommutative rings can be extended to central semicommutative rings for this general settings.

In this paper, we study $p.q.$-Baer modules and some polynomial extensions of $p.q.$-Baer modules. In particular, we show: (1) For a reduced module $M_R$, $M_R$ is a $p.p.$-module iff $M_R$ is a $p.q.$-Baer module. (2) If $M_R$ is an $\alpha$-reduced module where $\alpha$ is an endomorphism of $R$, then $M_R$ is a $p.q.$-Baer module iff $M[x;\alpha]_{R[x;\alpha]}$ is a $p.q.$-Baer module. (3) For an arbitrary module $M_R$, $M_R$ is a $p.q.$-Baer module if and only if $M[x]_{R[x]}$ is a $p.q.$-Baer module.

Let R be a ring, M a right R-module and a hereditary torsion theory in Mod-R with associated torsion functor tau for the ring R. Then M is called tau-supplemented when for every submodule N of M there exists a direct summand K of M such that K less than or equal to N and N/K is tau-torsion module. In [4], M is called almost tau-torsion if every proper submodule of M is tau-torsion. We present here some properties of these classes of modules and look for answers to the following questions posed by the referee of the paper [4]: (1) Let a module M = M' circle plus M" be a direct sum of a semisimple module M' and tau-supplemented module M". Is M tau-supplemented? (2) Can one find a non-stable hereditary torsion theory tau and tau-supplemented modules M' and M" such that M' circle plus M" is not tau-supplemented? (3) Can one find a stable hereditary torsion theory tau and a tau-supplemented module M such that M/N is not tau-supplemented for some submodule N of M? (4) Let tau be a non-stable hereditary torsion theory and the module M be a finite direct sum of almost tau-torsion submodules. Is M tau-supplemented? (5) Do you know an example of a torsion theory tau and a tau-supplemented module M with tau-torsion submodule tau(M) such that M/tau(M) is not semisimple?

Cumhuriyet donemi edebiyatimizin one cikan yazarlarindan Haldun Taner, ozellikle tiyatro eserleri ve oykuleriyle taninmistir. Taner’in, oykulerinin belli bir kisminda, sanatcilarin dunyasina yoneldigi, onlarin kendi ic dunyalarini anlattigi gorulur. Ayrica sanatcilarin cevreleriyle, diger sanatcilarla, toplumla iliskilerini gozler onune serer. Makalemizde; Taner’in oykulerine celiskileriyle, problemleriyle, acmazlariyla yansiyan sanatcilarin dunyasi, onlarin kendileriyle ve cevreleriyle iliskileri incelenmeye calisilacaktir.

Throughout, R will denote an associative ring with center Z. For elements x, y of R and k a positive integer, we define inductively [x, y]0 = x, [x, y] = [x, y]1 = xy − yx, [x, y, y, hellip, y]k = [[x, y, y, hellip, y]k−1, y]. A ring R is said to satisfy the k-th Engel condition if [x, y, y, hellip, y]k = 0. By an integral domain we mean a nonzero ring without nontrivial zero divisors.

R will be an associative ring with identity and modules M will be unital left R- modules. In this work, extending modules and lifting modules with the SSP (or SIP) are studied. A necessary and sufficient condition for a module M to have the SSP is that for every decomposition M = A\oplus B and f\in Hom(A,B), Im(f) is a direct summand of B. Among others it is shown also that a (C3) module with the SIP has the SSP, and a (D3) module with SSP has the SIP.

This work is devoted to the investigation of module decompositions which arise from Rickart modules, socle and radical of modules. In this regard, the structure and several illustrative examples of inverse split modules relative to the socle and radical are given. It is shown that a module M has decompositions M = Soc(M) ⊕ N and M = Rad(M) ⊕ K where N and K are Rickart if and only if M is Soc(M)-inverse split and Rad(M)-inverse split, respectively. Right Soc(·)-inverse split left perfect rings and semiprimitive right hereditary rings are determined exactly. Also, some characterizations for a ring R which has a decomposition R = Soc(RR) ⊕ I with I a hereditary Rickart module are obtained.