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Background and Objectives: Domestic violence is the most common type of violence against women which leaves negative effects on the mental health of the mother, children, family, community, and the next generation directly and indirectly. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the arte of domestic violence and some related factors in married women. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out with participation of 623 married women attending health care centers of Abadan, Iran who were selected through random cluster sampling from in 2015. The data were collected by a demographic questionnaire and a women abuse scale checklist. Moreover, descriptive and analytical statistics (including T-Student Test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, One-Way Variance Analysis, Chi-Square Test, and Fisher) were used for data analysis. Results: The total prevalence of violence was 72.3%, and the porevalence of psychological, physical, life threatening, and sexual violence was 71.7%, 17.8%, 8.3%, and 7.1%, respectively. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between violence and age, marital satisfaction, family behavior, financial situation, cigarette, alcohol, disease, domicile, occupation, place of birth, and criminal records. Conclusion: Violence in the city of Abadan, eespecially psychological violence, is highly prevalent. Therefore, it is suggested that domestic violence against women be prevented using approaches such as life skills training starting before marriage such as anger management, proper communication, and problem solving.

Background & Aims of the Study: The purpose of this study, was association of environmental factors of hypothyroidism in pregnant women in Abadan during 2016. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive research, 600 women were chosen according to random – stratified sampling. For this purpose at first an information form had been made then the files of pregnant women were checked to realize whether they have Hypothyroidism or not. After this they were asked to visit health centers to fill up the questionnaire at the appointed day. After filling up the questionnaire by each person, the interviewer give a code to each questionnaire related to the person and the center she visited and the information provided by each questionnaire was entered in SPSS according to the coding. Results: The results showed that approximately environmental factors are one of the most important affects in accelerating of hypothyroidism in pregnant women. According result this study, there is a meaningful relation between hypothyroidism and factors smoking, air pollution, allergy and radiotherapy. Conclusion: finding our study showed that many of the environmental factors that are indicated in pregnancy references as risks for Hypothyroidism were seen in Abadan pregnant women and some of the factors are more common in healthy women. As result, it’s necessary to do examinations before pregnancy to control the situation.

An appropriate solid waste disposal has been a major problem in municipal environment. The use of landfills is the most economical and environmentally acceptable method for the disposal of solid waste all over the world. The analysis of spatial data and consideration of regulation and accepted criteria are part of the important elements in the site selection. The aim of this paper is to show how application of geographic information system could be used for siting solid waste disposal in Abadan city. In this paper, we consider types of soil suitable for solid waste disposals, land use/ land cover, transportation routes and proximity to surface water. Relative importance weight of each criteria in the geographic information system was determined and finally suitability map was prepared. Based on the final suitability map, appropriate solid waste landfill site was located in north east part of the study area. Select the best landfill site among the candidate ones, and the output results can enable decision makers to make appropriate decisions to reduce the costs both in economic and environmental criteria.

Introduction: Nowadays, the greatest of process type used in treatment of beverage water is conventional treatment. That it cannot remove organic matter effectively. Filtration is one of the most important treatment processes used in water treatment plant.The one of approaches, modification of conventional rapid sand filters into dual or multimedia filters. Methods: This study was results from of pilot study that with the purpose of assessment performance was using of GAC and Anthracite in dual media filter filters in Abadan water treatment plant in removal of TOC, Fe, Mn, No3-and NH4+ in Drinking Water by GAC and Anthracite in dual - media filters in Abadan water treatment plant. All parameters were measured according to sections of Standard Methods APHA et al. The t-test and regression equations were calculated. Results: Samples were collected in summer from the inlet and outlet of each pilot filter and the outlet of the filtration unit. Turbidity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Fe, Mn, NO3- and NH4+ were measured in each sample for three different low, medium, and high filtration rates. Pilot No.2 had a maximum efficiency in the removal of the parameters that removal average of turbidity, TOC, Fe, Mn, NO3-, NH4+, respectively. So, the best performance of GAC-sand filter is in EBCT=20 min during loading rate of 35 l/d. Conclusion: In general, both pilot filters performed better at low surface loading rate. More specifically, pilot scale No. 2 showed better removal of parameters and longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) in that surface loading rate.

This thesis retrieves theworking and everyday life experiences of oil workers in 1973-83, and explorestheir cultural, religious and political ideas and activities during the socialtransformations of this period that ends with the the Iranian Revolution andthe Iran-Iraq War. It analyses the historical process of class formation in theIranian oil industry and argues that a number of developments such as theexpansion of the oil industry, internal migration and the changing ideologicallandscape of the 1960s re-formed the working class in the oil industry indramatic ways, which helps to understand the mass participation of oil workersin the revolution.Looking at the oil strikes, the thesis argues that they played not only acrucial role in the downfall of the monarchy but that they also made anessential contribution to the emergence of the institutions that underpinnedthe post-revolutionary state, which in turn was challenged by the oil workersshowras (councils) in 1979-82. It is argued that although the showras wereideologically diverse and had a great democratic potential, they wereeventually repressed and integrated into the corporatist arrangements of thepopulist post-revolutionary state that consolidated its power after the startof the Iran-Iraq War.

Oil is mostly seen as a natural resource and not as a commodity, the production of which involves organisation of social relations of production. This study maps this tightly woven relations between the workers, the oil company(ies) and the state in the Iranian oil industry focusing on the period between 1951 and 1973, when the management of oil was completely transferred to the National Iranian Oil Company. Through an archival study, the 1951 nationalisation of oil, the organization of labour relations in the industry, the working and living conditions of the workers, and labour activism in the period is scrutinized. The various social class positions oil employees occupied and the specific relation the industry had with the state and thus embeddedness of the economy in social relations is discussed.

Fatty acids especially Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as more prevalent among the essential fatty acids are very important for normal physiology of marine fishes and also very beneficial to human health in particular for reducing risk of heart diseases, growth of fetal nerve tissue and infant brain and visual function (Colquhoun et al., 2008; Khoddami et al., 2009; Oksuz et al., 2011; Khoddami et al., 2012). Few studies have been conducted on fatty acid content and composition of fish carcass during the spawning season. Tziask et al., (2007) showed that the fat content of Mediterranean horse mackerel, Trachurns mediterraneus carcass reaches its lowest level during the spawning season. Also, the lipid content of two fish species Sardinella longicep and Sardinella fimbriata was found to be higher in fish sampled before sexual maturation compared to those sampled at the peak of sexual maturation (Som and Radhakrishnan, 2013). However, there was no significant difference in lipid content of mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta before sexual maturation and at the peak of sexual maturation (Ganga, 2010). Also, There were significant differences (P

Background and purpose: An appropriate solid waste (SW) disposal has been a major problem in municipal environment. The use of landfills is the most economical and environmentally acceptable method for the disposal of SWs all over the world. However, landfill leachate can cause environmental issues such as soil and ground water pollution. So, finding suitable land fill site is one of the most significant tasks in SWM. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method were used for Abadan solid waste landfill site selection. Materials and Methods: Six criteria were used in this study comprise distance from aquatic ecosystem, risk, residential, economical, geographical and social criteria. Each criterion weighted by using AHP method. After omission of inappropriate areas, the suitability examination of the residue areas was accomplished using GIS. Results: Relative importance weight of each criterion and score value of sub-criteria in the GIS environment was determined and finally suitability map was prepared. Based on the final suitability map, appropriate solid waste landfill site was located in north part of the study area. Conclusion: The combination of AHP method with GIS in our experiment proves it is a powerful tool for solid waste landfill site selection.

This investigation has been carried out to complement the previous related study, aiming the Possibility of culturing white leg shrimp (L.vannamei) at higher densities of 50, 70 and 90 indiviuals/m^2. After 122 days rearing period, the highest mean weight of shrimp obtained at density of 50 indiviuals/m^2 (16.91± 2.43 g) with no significant difference with that obtained at 90 indiviuals/m^2 density (P≤ 0.05). Mean weight gain of the shrimp in the 70 indiviuals/m^2 density (14.35 ± 2.17g) was significantly lower than that at other densities (P≤0.05). Results showed no significant (P>0.05) difference between survival rates, FCR and PER in the different treatments. The highest yield of 14008 kg/ha with the mean weight of 19.43 g/shrimp was obtained at the density of 90 indiviuals /m^2. According to the results of the present study it could be concluded that 90 indiviuals /m^2 could be adapted as suitable density for economically feasible culture of L.vannamei in earthen ponds in Chowibdeh site if the appropriate conditions are provided.

This article revisits the life and times of Indian migrant workers in Persia/Iran during the first half of the twentieth century, and discusses their contributions to the founding, development and eventual consolidation of the Persian/Iranian oil industry. A number of factors that shaped this experience are investigated. They include the geographic and ethno-religious origins of Indian labourers; the policies adopted by the oil company (APOC), labour agencies and the Government of India to recruit workers and regulate their working conditions and terms of contract; and the lived experience of the workers once they were hired and began working in the Persian/Iranian oil industry. Across nearly half a century, Indian workers in the Persian/Iranian oil industry faced a variety of labour experiences ranging from coerced recruitment as indentured workers during wartime, to wage labour with a negotiated contract and protection under colonial labour laws. I will discuss how these workers responded to the various recruitment policies, the demanding working conditions and labour discipline imposed on them, their remuneration and wage-structures, and their living conditions and housing situation. Records of the lengthy presence of Indian workers in the oil industry provide us with numerous stories of contestation, resistance and negotiations for better working and living conditions. Ultimately, the story of Indian migrant workers is also a story of accommodating within an emerging multinational corporation. I situate the history of migrant labour agencies within the framework of colonial labour practices. By examining the workers’ encounter with multiple class, ethnic and territorial identities, I survey the changing relations of both solidarity and discord between Indian migrant workers and indigenous Iranian workers.2

The formation of the wage laboring class in the Iranian oil industry during the first decades of the 20th century is studied as a tangled global-local social history. The analysis seeks to situate the oil complex in Iran within the interlinked contexts of the global transformations of World War One, the social and political-economic tumults of the interwar period, the changing geopolitics of the Persian Gulf and Anglo Iranian relations, the consequences of the 1921 coup d’état in Iran, the local transformations of the oil rich province of Khuzestan, and the urban histories of the oil mining town of Masjed Soleyman and especially the refinery and port city of Abadan. As petroleum was becoming the primary raw material of Fordism and the second industrial revolution the accumulation of capital in oil required the dismantling of existing social structures and the reassembly of resources, technical expertise, and populations in modern built environments designed for oil capitalism. The urban social history of these oil cities shed light on the contentious processes that led to the making of an industrial oil working class, as well as the formation of modern state institutions in Iran, and the Anglo Persian Oil Company

According to the white spot disease during 2002 until 2005 and the damages caused by the disease to the farmers a new species L.vannamei were introduced to the farming region of Abadan Choebdeh from 2006. Hight mortality occurred in Khuzestan province farms in 2007 and 2008 again. Probably viral agent was transferred to native shrimps or other aquatic animals, therefore it is very important that presence of viruses in local aquatic animals and its vectors detected. Detection of WSSV, TSVand IHHNV in aquatic animal from Khuzestan costal region imphasis to wild shrimp and craps is the main objectives of this study. So samples were taken from 10 active farms twice a week and 100 postlarves from 3 active breeding center befor stocking. Samples for viral detection were studied by molecular and histopathology asseys. Results was shown presence of the White spot virus in cultured and wild shrimp and TSV infection in only two cultured shrimps but there was negative result for IHHN virus. To study the pathogenesis of white spot virus isolated from wild and farmed shrimps, exposure method was used. Results of challenge showed that WSSV can be transmited from diseased cultured and wild shrimp to cultured shrimp. Mean mortality percent in the treatment that fed with infected wild shrimp was 38.33±10.4 and treatment that fed with infected cultured shrimp 61.66±7.63 and in the positive control treatment was 87.5±3.5.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum stocking density for white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in earthen ponds in Choweibdeh shrimp site Abadan southwest Iran. Six 0.5 ha. Earthen ponds were applied to survey three stocking density of this shrimp (30, 45 and 60 indviduals/m^2) with two replicates each. 15 days old postlarvae (PL15) with mean weight of 0.021 g were reared in the experimental ponds for 60 days. Results showed no significant difference (P>0.05 ) between the tested stocking densities in terms of growth (weight gain, length increment), specific growth rate (SG ), weekly growth rate, survival rate, food conversion ratio (FCR ) and protein efficiency rate (PER). Nevertheless best results were obtained in the stocking density with 30 ind./m^2 . Yield was increased by increasing the stocking density and the highest yield was obtained in the density of 60 ind./m^2 with significant difference with two other densities. Ultimately, according to the findings of the present study, stocking density of 60 ind./m^2 can be suggested as an acceptable density to be applied for white leg prawn in the region.

Following to introduce Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) into Iran aquaculture industries by fisheries organization its postlarvae were successfully reared in ponds in Bushehr and Choebdeh in Khuzestan. Due to activity of Shrimp site and importance of input and output water quality, this study was done in 11 stations including: two stations in Bahmanshir river, two station in C4 and C5 irrigation canals, six staions in active farms along C4 cannel (Yonesi, Mosavei and Salman Zadeh), and C5 cannel (Mohamadi, Khairi and Ashraf Por) and one staion in output draing were selected. Sampling were carried out from May2009 befor beginning stocking to harvest time in October 2009. Physico- chemical parameters and plankton sampled biweekly and benthic animals and heavy metals were sampled monthly. Some parameters such as pH and temperature by using portable multy parameters and others. Analyzed with standard methods. Heavy metals were measured by plarography method (797 Vamtro). Plankton and benthos samples were studied only in Bahmanshir station. According to results the maximum values for DO (11.1 ppm) PO4 (1.86 ppm) NO3 (8.4 ppm) and TSS (4992 ppm), pH (8.4) NO2 (0.18 ppm) BOD5 (9.06 ppm) were measured. In comparison to aquaculture water quality standards except for TSS in river stations others are located in allowable range. We didn’t observed any main changes in water quality from river to output drainage. The results of biotic parameters in river stations showed that diatoms were the most group of phytoplanktons. Zooplankton groups were Copepods, Rotifera and Protozoa. Tintinids and Nematoda larvae were the most abundant zooplankton. Benthic animals were included nine crustacean species and two annelid species. Isopods with 52% were the most and ant group.

The introduction of L. vannamei to Iran from Hawaii was initiated when high mortality occurred in shrimp farms of Abadan in 2002 than in Bushehr during summer of 2004. Inspection of L. vannamei for infectious agents (Bacteria , virus , fungi and parasite ) , determine total plate count and total vibrio in Bahmanshir Rivers, shrimps and farms water , examination physicochemical factors of farms water , Identification of carriers of wssv in wild shrimp and crabs , the main objectives of this study , which was held in 2007 . 540 shrimp samples (pl12 pl15) and subadults were collected from different shrimp farms in khouzestan province and then check for identity bacteria, fungi and parasite. Also 280 samples of L. vannamei , wild shrimps ( Metapenaeus af inis , Exopalaemon styliferus ) and crabs (Grapsus sp .and Sesarma sp. ) were Collected from Bahmanshir river for virology studies by PCR procedure (Iq2000 kit WSSV , IHHNV , TSV ) . 120 samples of L. vannamei for histopathology had been collected randomly and preserved in Davidson’s fixation and then transferred to 75% ethyl alcohol for storage. (Hepatopancreas gills). Physicochemical parameters of water in culture ponds comprising of pH DO, BOD, NO_3, NO_2, salinity. Total. Hardness and NH3 were measured all over culture period for 340 times. Finally it has been detected 10 genus and species of bacteria consisting of V . alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. proteolyticus , plesiomonas shigelloides ; 6 genus and species of fungi specially Aspergilus niger , Asp.fumigatus and Asp.flavus and two genus of parasites vorticella sp. And Zoothamnium sp. were isolated. Crab (Sesarma sp.) were tested by using Iq2000 diagnostic kit for WSSV that positive for WSSV. There was a positive result (three viruses TSV, IHHNV and WSSV) for postlarvae and subadults of L.vannamei by using Iq2000 kit and IFRO kit (Internal kit). Histopathological studies have shown inclusion bodies of TSV, WSSV, IHHNV, MBV and HPV in various tissues. Results demonstrated the mean of vibrio count (0. 01×103 - 1.96 ×103) and tolal plate count (0 .21 ×103 - 14.25 ×10 3). physicochemical parameters of water were measured as follows : salinity (12.3 22.5 ppt ).BOD5 ( 1.98 10.21 ppm ) , DO (3.17 11.25 ppm ) , NH3(0.02 3.45 ppm ) and temperature (20 31. 5 c) . Keywords: L.vannamei, bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite Histo pathology - physicochemical parameters of water- Abadan khouzestan province.

Possibility of rearing silver bream (Sparidentex hasta) in the earthen pond was experimented using 2 types of available artificial trout feed (FFT and GFT1). The experiment was carried out in 2 phases in Shahid-Kiani Extension Shrimp Farm in Chowibdeh Shrimp Site-Abadan Southern Iran, and earthen ponds with 0.25 ha. Area were used for both phases of the study. Juvenile fish of 3.2 g initial weight with the density of 9324 ind./ha. Were stocked for 196 days in the first phase. The initial weight, stocking density and rearing period of the fish in the second phase were 108.60 g, 9800 ind./ha. And 237 days respectively. Maximum amount of WG, FCR, PER and SVR of the fish in the first phase of the study were 100.12 g, more than 6, 0.38 and 55.32% respectively. WG and SR of the fish in the second phase respectively were 417 g and 20.74%. The Salinity of pond water was in the range between 9 and 22 ppt, and the water temperature was between 8.3 ֯C (mid December morning) and 34.8 ֯C (early Sep.....

Bahmanshir River derived from Karoon River and finally connected to Arvandrood that passed from Abadan and then flow into the Persian Gulf. Because of low slope of Bahmanshir River from Ahwaz to Abadan, tidal flow intrusion long distance in Bahmanshir, Arvandrood and Karoon. Sampling from physical and chemical parameters and phytoplankton were done by Nansen sampler, benthic sampling, heavy metals, TOM and grain size sampling were done by grab. Samplings of zooplankton were done by filtering 20 liters water in 100μ mesh size net from middepth of river water. Fish sampling were done by gill net, Trawl net, sobor gill net and stable net with 20, 27, 30, 35, 39, 40 mesh sizes. Physical and Chemical parameters were more similar from station one to four but there were some differences with station five in mouth of river in the sea. Nitrate showed same variations in all studied stations and maximum concentration of nitrite was observed in station five in June and July. The highest value of Total hardness and salinity were observed in station five. The range of pH was 7.2 to 8.5. Cd and Zn were found to be the lowest and the highest concentration in sediments respectively. Annual average following as: Cd < Co < Cu < Pb = Ni < Zn According to ISQGs and river water quality standards, chemical and physical parameters and sediment heavy metals were in acceptable range. Only Cd and Zn values were found higher than acceptable ranges. No significant difference was observed between stations for heavy metal concentrations. In general, 44 phytoplankton species were identified Bacillariophycea (77.74%), Cyanophycea( 10.39%), (Chlorophycae 8.88%) and (Dinophycea 2.99%) were the dominant phytoplankton classes in this study. Shannon index have shown the highest species diversity during one year in January and the lowest was in fourth station. 110 Phytoplankton species composition in Bahmanshir have shown that Bacillariophycea became higher from river to estuary and among zooplanktons Rotifera and Tintinida were the most frequent groups in estuary region with 83% of total abundance. Copepoda, Rotifera and Protozoa (especially Tintinida) were the most frequent zooplankton groups. The highest frequency of zooplankton with 40.6% was observed in the station one in Khoramshahr. 16 macrobenthic groups were identified during the study. Polycheate worms, Isopoda and Oligocheate worms have shown the 83.5%, 5.4% and 3% frequencies respectively. 43 fish species that included in 26 families were identified. Cyprinidae with 12 species and Clupeidae with 2 species were the highest and the lowest species frequencies respectively. Among the identified fish species Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Barbus esocinus, Crrassius auratus were exotic species and rest of them were local species. Seasonal changes were affected directly by quantitative and qualitative variations in Karoon water and planktonic species composition in estuary region were affected by tidal flow and advances of seawater. Cyprinidae and Barbus geniuses were the most frequent fresh water fish species. Migrant species like Johnius dussumeieri, Acanthophagus latus, Hilsa ilisha were captured in most stations and months, presence of these species is important for reproduction. Fish species of this river have different diet that included soft sediments, planktons, benthos, macroscopic plants, small fishes and shrimps.

Bacterial and fungal microflora of Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in Choibdeh, Abadan was studied. For this purpose, PLs before and after stocking and those shrimps persisting on food tray from June to August, 2006 were taken randomly. Live samples transferred to microbiology laboratory of South Aquaculture Research Center, Ahwaz. Special culture media (e.g. Tryptic Soy Agar + 1.5-2% Nacl & Sabouraud Dextrose Agar + 1.5-2% Nacl) were used for bacterial and fungal culture. We isolated 10 bacterial species of which Vibrio alginolyticus (36.92%) had high abundance among bacterial species. We also isolated and identified three fungal species including Aspergillus niger (66.66%) A. fumigatus (16.66%) and Fusarium sp. (16.66%). A. niger was predominant among fungal species. All bacterial and fungal species that were identified were opportunistic.

This study has been carried out to evaluate the possibility to culture shanak (yellow fin seabream: Acanthopagrus latus) fish in the ground pond. The study including two experiments. In the first experiment two commercial available feeds (403 as shrimp food and F.F.T as trout food both produced by Chineh company) are used to evaluate the growth performance of the bream Juvenile produced artificially in the Bandar Imam Mariculture Research Stationin weghing 2.72- 3.54 g. To perform the first experiment 6 ground ponds each with 0.25 ha area are used as replicates 3 ponds randomly allocated to each food. 5000 in dividual juvenile fishes are stocked in each pond. After 116 days rearing period well growth performances are achieved for both foods with no significant difference (P 0.05) between them, although better growth performances are observed for F.F.T food. The final weight (WE), SVR ,FCR and SGR of shanak for F.F.T food respectively were 23.29 ± 11.14, 95.98% ±0.78, 1.39 ±0.26 and 3.47±0.23 where for 403 food were 22.08±9.95 , 89.67%±8.75 , 1.53±0.12 and 3.25±0.33 respectively. In the second experiment in which only trout food was used the target was to examine the growth parameters of shanak juvenile in a full rearing period (198 days) in the ground pond. Juvenile fishes with 36.53 g were used with same methods adopted for the first experiment. The final weight of 206.3 g is achieved by 89.35% SVR and 1.92 of FCR. Results of this experiment showed that the growth quickly improved with fast rate along with the increment of temperature and salinity up to 25ºC and 14 ppt respectively. There after by the raising the temperature and salinity more than 25 ºC and 14ppt respectively the growth reduced.

The present study was carried out in the fishing landing center in khozestan using the commercial catch data. The data of total cutch of fishes and effort were prepared from the deputy of statistic office. Based on the pre data, the effort of gill-net fishery was being decreased from 1996 to 2000 and then had a trend to increase from 2001. The maximum and minimum of trap fishery of dhows ware observed 2005 and 1996 respectively. The maximum and minimum of total catch were observed in 2005 in Hilsha shad and Spanish mackerel with 4174.95 tones and 73.33 tons respectively. In this year the total catch of silvery pomfret and tiger tooth croaher species were recorded 323.6 tones and 1700.44 tons respectively. The growth parameters of Hilsha shad were estimated from 10071 specimens in Abadan and 4032 specimens of length frequencies from Hendijan, statistic program of t-test was used for the mean total length and the results showed the significantly different (p < 0.05) in the two areas during 12 months. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated from the FISAT II and ELEFAN.The asymptotic length (L) was estimated using the Powell – Vetheral method in Abadan and Hendijan, 42.74 cm and 37.02 cm respectively. Growth coefficient or K for both areas were 0.77 and 0.71 per year respectively. The instantaneous rotes of total mortalities (Z) were estimated from length-converted catch curves and the values were at 2.55 year^-1 for Abadan and 2.81 year^-1 for Hendijan. The instantaneous rate of natural mortalities (M) and fishing mortalities (F) for both areas, Abadan and Hendijan were 0.75 year^-1, 0.732 year^-1 and 1.8 year^-1, 2.078 year^-1 respectively. The exploitation rates (E) for both populations were 0.7 year^-1 in Abadan and 0.73 year^-1 in Hendijan. However the optimum level of E should be 0.5 and the estimated valves of E is more than 0.5 and shows the pressure of fishing effort and overexploited on the population of this stock. The instantaneous rate of total mortalities of Tiger tooth croacker was 1.95 year^-1 the instantaneous rate of natural mortality using Pauly empirical formula was estimated 0.7 year^-1 and fishing mortality were 1.52 year^-1. The exploitation rate for this species was calculated 0.62 year^-1. The values of M and F for silvery pumfret were obtained 0.91 year^-1 and 1.47 year^-1 respectively. The exploitation rate was estimated 0.61 year^-1.

For assessing management efficiency in shrimp hatcheries of Choebdeh (Abadan), we surveyed the physico-chemical properties of water in two culture periods during the years 2001-2002. Different physical and chemical factors were measured in hatcheries under Thai and Philippine management methods. We measured factors such as salinity (17.9-35.3 ppt), BOD5 (6.12-8.72 ppm), DO (10.02-13.7 ppm), COD (4-98.9 ppm), NH3 (0-811A ppb), NO2 (10421 ppb), pH (8.04 -8.68), Turbidity (1-33 NTU), Ca (400.4-620.6 ppm), Mg (1104-1968 ppm), total hardness (6000-9400 ppm) and water temperature {25.4-32.4°C) while no amount of SH2 was found in the water samples. The results of this survey were compared with standard levels and safe ranges for aquaculture activities. Most factors were in standard range with only NH3 and NO2 showing a slight excess in some cases. An ANOVA test showed significant differences in levels of oxygen and COD of the tanks at different sampling times.