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In order to avoid, double link failure in the optical network, we proposed a rapid connection recovery scheme for the survivable double link in elastic optical network (EON). The elastic optical network provides very high and flexible bandwidth as per the user’s requirement. Larger network have more number of failure probability. To control such failure, our proposed strategy provides a alternate backup light path by using minimum resources. Our proposed recovery scheme (PRS) provide better results in terms of recovery time, bandwidth blocking probability (BBP), and bandwidth provisioning ratio, when compared with the existing shared path protection (SPP) and dedicated path protection (DPP) schemes. ARPANET and COST239 topologies are considered for simulation.

Le lecteur pourra non seulement suivre l’évolution du traitement de l’histoire d’ARPANET − et en filigrane la manière dont celle de l’informatique et du numérique a connu des tournants, mais aussi peut-être poursuivre par la lecture des auteurs cités un parcours qui sort des narrations linéaires et témoigne de la complexité de l’histoire d’ARPANET et de son actualité.

Today to access high end applications, there is need of high bandwidth which can be contented through a switching paradigm, optical burst switched networks. Optical burst switched (OBS) networks are buffer less in nature hence there is more probability of congestion. It rapidly degrades the performance of the network due to burst loss during medium and high traffic load. Thus, it is essential to minimize the congestion in OBS network to improve the performance and quality of service (QoS) .In this paper, swarm based Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO) is presented for QoS aware routing and wavelength allocation (RWA) to minimize congestion in OBS network. The performance of the network is evaluated on various network scenarios such as ARPANET, NFSNET, RANDOM12 and TORUS9 on the basis of hop count, congested links and burst loss probability and it is found that our proposed method outperforms the existing methods and improves the quality of service of OBS network.

In this interview, the man who first managed the ARPANET project and made the network come in to existence, Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts, gives his account of how the ARPANET came to be. He contributes his perspective on the many other innovations made to computer science by ARPA in the 1960s and 1970s, and shares his view on the contentious origin narratives surrounding the Internet, ARPANET and packet switching. He also talks about his life-long friendship and collaboration with another Internet/ARPANET pioneer, Leonard Kleinrock.

The end of Moore's law has been proclaimed on many occasions and it's probably safe to say that we are now working in the post-Moore era. But no one is ready to slow down just yet. We can view Gordon Moore's observation on transistor densification as just one aspect of a longer-term underlying technological trend - the Law of Accelerating Returns articulated by Kurzweil. Arguably, companies became somewhat complacent in the Moore era, happy to settle for the gains brought by each new process node. Although we can expect scaling to continue, albeit at a slower pace, the end of Moore's Law delivers a stronger incentive to push other trends of technology progress harder. Some exciting new technologies are now emerging such as multi-chip 3D integration and the introduction of new technologies such as storage-class memory and silicon photonics. Moreover, we are also entering a golden age of computer architecture innovation. One of the key drivers is the pursuit of domain-specific architectures as proclaimed by Turing award winners John Hennessy and David Patterson. A good example is the Xilinx's AI Engine, one of the important features of the Versal? ACAP (adaptive compute acceleration platform) [1]. Today, the explosion of AI workloads is one of the most powerful drivers shifting our attention to find faster ways of moving data into, across, and out of accelerators. Features such as massive parallel processing elements, the use of domain specific accelerators, the dense interconnect between distributed on-chip memories and processing elements, are examples of the ways chip makers are looking beyond scaling to achieve next-generation performance gains. Next, the growing demands of scaling-out hyperscale datacenter applications drive much of the new architecture developments. Given a high diversification of workloads that invoke massive compute and data movement, datacenter architectures are moving away from rigid CPU-centric structures and instead prioritize adaptability and configurability to optimize resources such as memory and connectivity of accelerators assigned to individual workloads. There is no longer a single figure of merit. It's not all about Tera-OPS. Other metrics such as transfers-per-second and latency come to the fore as demands become more real-time; autonomous vehicles being an obvious and important example. Moreover, the transition to 5G will result in solutions that operate across the traditional boundaries between the cloud and edge and embedded platforms that are obviously power-conscious and cost-sensitive. Future workloads will require agile software flows that accommodate the spread of functions across edge and cloud. Another industry megatrend that will drive technology requirements especially in encryption, data storage and communication, is Blockchain. To some, it may already have a bad reputation, tarnished by association with the anarchy of cryptocurrency, but it will be more widely relevant than many of us realize. Who could have foreseen the development of today's Internet when ARPANET first appeared as a simple platform for distributed computing and sending email? Through projects such as the open-source Hyperledger, Blockchain technology could be game-changing as a platform for building trust in transactions executed over the Internet. We may soon be talking in terms of the Trusted Internet. The predictability of Moore's law may have become rather too comfortable and slow. The future requires maximizing the flexibility, agility, and efficiency of new technologies. With Moore's Law now mostly behind us, new adaptable and scalable architectures will allow us to further provide exponential return from technology in order to create a more adaptable and intelligent world.

Our paper focuses on the Interface Message Processor (IMP), an important device in the history of ARPANET. Designed as the interface between ARPANET nodes and the common carrier telephone system, t...

The Internet as we currently recognise it was institutionally established in 1983 when all hosts connected to the then ARPANET were required to have adopted the relatively new Transmission Control ...

In December of 2010, I visited Professor Leonard Kleinrock in his office at UCLA. It was not the first time I had done so. I had already completed a round of interviews in 2004 with several ARPANET...

More than 40 years ago, on 3 May 1978, a computer vendor in the US sent the first spam email in history. It was sent by marketing manager Gary Thuerk to a list of 320 people who were active at that time on Arpanet, a predecessor of today's Internet, and was to invite them to the launch of a new computer in Los Angeles and San Mateo.

Reports on the celebration of the ARPANET 50th Anniversary that was recognized at the AAAS Annual Meeting.

In this paper, a reactive defragmentation rerouting and spectrum assignment (RDRSA) strategy when existing connection requests terminated and network resources released is presented. In RDRSA with spectrum conversion (SC), the existing connections are re-established to new route or reassigned to new frequency slots. Defragmentation has three advantages over the conventional RSA: (1) at the time of connection setup, shorter routes may be unavailable, but after the termination of the existing requests; possibility of re-assignment of shorter route becomes high, (2) fragmentation of network also reduces which results load balancing over the entire network, (3) network resource utilization increases due to more connection acceptance. The performance of RDRSA-SC is compared with the conventional RSA with spectrum conversion (SC), and non spectrum conversion (NSC). The simulation results on NSFNET and ARPANET network topologies show that the proposed RDRSA-SC has lower fragmentation and bandwidth blocking probability, and more utilization of network capacity than the existing RSA-SC and RSA-NSC.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the emerging challenges of cybersecurity governance by analyzing the internet’s early history. Design/methodology/approach Tracing the design and management of early internet and network security technologies in the USA in the 1970s and 1980s. Findings The US Department of Defense separated the research and management regimes for networks and network security, with the latter restricted to military networks. As such, the absence of cybersecurity technologies on the early internet was not an oversight, but a necessary compromise. This ordering of networks and security had enduring technological, political and even cultural consequences, which are breaking down today. Social implications Political, technological and metaphoric distinctions between networks and security should be challenged; cybersecurity will transform internet governance. Originality/value New historical sources and analysis provide a novel perspective on contemporary challenges of cybersecurity governance.

The engineers who built routers for the fledgling ARPANET in 1969 never dreamed that networking technology would upend journalism. Nor did anyone guess that cellular communication would make people ignore one another at the dinner table. Early users of email had no idea of spam. Henry Ford did not foresee the traffic jam. . Technology has unintended consequences. Sometimes they are large and tumultuous. It is often well worth the trouble of trying to figure them out ahead of time.

Hitherto, several algorithms have been proposed for routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem on single or multifiber wavelength routed optical network (WRON) with or without wavelength converters. However, due to budget limit, we may equip only a few links in the network with multi fibers, and hence we have a sparse multifiber WRON (SM-WRON). Here, we consider the RWA problem on an SM-WRON without wavelength conversion. Different number of links are considered to equip with multi fibers to make an SM-WRON. Two basic techniques to select the required links to make them multifiber are random-choice and first-choice. The earlier one selects some links randomly and the later one selects the first numbered links. Here, in order to propose an improved algorithm, we define a cost for every link in the network, and then equip the most expensive links with multi fibers. The numerical results made on the well known benchmark networks, i.e., ARPANET and NSF topologies, show the proposed technique to be more efficient than the basic ones taking the blocking probability into account.

Before understanding and making sense of the pharmakon character of cyber media as well as the phenomenon of jihad, we would like to begin by describing the technology of the Internet, which is an important phenomenon in the development of the Western world in terms of communication sociology. This is because the West created a curious development in its quest for growth and founded and improved ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which is the premise of the Internet. This network became more popular and widespread and also became the topic of democratic public spaces. In fact, it was intended to be a "defense project". There was no way for the West to know that this new defense project would be used by mujahids when they were creating it. Yet, there was a production similar to the chimeric living things which carry multiple DNA profiles in the same body together. The Internet is a tool which is almost impossible to supervise and determine who, how, and for what purposes it will be used. The most controversial example of this is the announcement of jihad against the Western world by the radical Islamic terrorist organization ISIS.The Internet came into existence as a defense project funded by the West, and it has been used by some radical (Eastern) Islamic organizations for a very long time. However, ISIS is the first organization that followed an Internet policy including having their mujahids develop software programs to increase the number of tweets they send; that is, they transformed this tool of defense into an attacking tool which is as competent and sufficient as it was intended to be. They see the Internet as a battlefield where the disbelievers can fight against them (e.g. do their propaganda and make an anti-Islam lifestyle attractive through movies and websites), and as an area of Dar al-Harb (House of War) which should become Dar ai-Islam (House of Islam). ISIS have discovered an area in cyber media where they can fight with the state authorities and even the "big Western evil allies" they oppose to in the world as an Islamic organization and as equals practically without leaving their geography for the first time in history.The Roots of the Cyber Media: "The Internet: From a Defense Project to an Antagonistic Weapon"There are two fundamental approaches to the intentions and circumstances of the creation of the Internet. These approaches both deny each other and bring us closer to the dualist character of the Internet. The first approach indicates that the ARPANET, which is the premise of the Internet, was started as a defense project against nuclear attacks when the intercontinental ballistic missiles were developed. The second approach, which was claimed by the multiple writers of the article "A Brief History of the Internet", is that the ARPANET was not designed to resist to a nuclear attack. Accordingly, the main intention of the ARPANET was to solve the problems related to the loss of capacity created by the geographic disconnection between the researchers in the country. In other words, it is completely addressed to the civil targets of civil researchers.What and who these researchers were that were struggling with these crucial disconnections and losses is also controversial, because the efforts to prevent the crucial disconnections and losses can also be seen as defensive and/or protective. The purposes and circumstances of the development of the Internet have been discussed. Another discussion emphasizes the dualist character of the Internet and its relation to freedom of expression, participation, and equality, which are the core qualities of democracy.The arguments that the Internet, in contrast with other types of media, eliminated the inequalities between gender and age groups, classes of income, urban and rural areas, developed and under-developed parts of cities, and the inequalities between cities, regions, countries, and continents thanks to the equal access facility it provides has created a debate in communication and sociology that brought technological determinists to the concept of a "global village". …

This interview is based on two conversations the author had with Paul Baran in 2004 and 2010. The 2010 conversation represents one of last times Baran participated in an interview before his death in March 2011. Topics discussed include how Baran drew upon inspiration from Warren McCulloch's work on neural networks to bring distributedness to communication networks and how this led to Hot Potato Routing, which later became known as packet switching. The latter, being an foundational part of Internet technology, has placed Paul Baran firmly in the histories of networking and the Internet, even if the origins of packet switching are hotly contested – a topic that is also discussed in the conversations. Finally, Baran also shares his views on technological development and determinism and what the future for the Internet holds.

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a trade-off between optical packet switching (OPS) and optical circuit switching (OCS). OBS is different than these two concepts which allow transmission of control packet separately over reserved optical channel. The most challenging task in OBS is congestion which varies as per the traffic load. In this paper, differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm is presented for congestion control in OBS network. The performance of DE is evaluated primarily for the total number of congested links against total load and second for the total number of hops against load in the network. This was evaluated on the basis of reduction in the number of congested links. These simulations were carried out for different sparse and dense network like ARPANET, NSFNET, RANDOM-12, and TORUS-9 topology. The results of the same were compared with conventional Dijkstra’s shortest path (SP) algorithm, which is widely used as a routing technique and DE exhibits better result.

This essay examines how the US government intelligence community (IC) as well as the public and commercial sectors contributed demand-pull, in different ways, for an unregulated, privatized Internet. Demand-pull entails more demand than supply, or a shortage in supply (such as a shortage in networks and thus a demand-pull for them). It is argued that an excessive supply of Cold War era IC spy data, which required high-speed data processing, incentivized ARPANET expansion. In the public sector, people wanted expanded networks for personal computing and in the commercial sector there was demand-pull for unregulated networks that bootlegged and gifted PROMIS derived software could be harnessed to. The IC demand pulled for their own cloned and separate networks, while the public demand pulled for their own networks and commercial interests demand pulled for unregulated, privatized and expanded networks. Together these different demand-pull scenarios incentivized a speedy and unchallenged privatization of an Internet that was neither owned nor regulated by any one government or company.

Today, the internet has become a very fragmented research object that can be understood differently depending on contexts, research goals and methods. However, the internet [in this text, we write “internet” with a lower case “i”, following the process of decapitalisation of this term. The logic behind this process is that we understand internet as “computer network connecting a number of smaller networks” rather than as “the global network that evolved out of ARPANET, the early Pentagon network” (Herring S. Should you be capitalizing the word “internet”? Wired, 2015)] of a particular country is often treated by researchers as an umbrella term combining heterogeneous phenomena and practices. In this chapter we propose an alternative way of analysing the internet in Russia’s regions. Contrary to the concept of RuNet as common space, we explore diversity of what the internet is in different localities in Russia. The cases of five cities aim to illustrate the variety of histories and usage patterns of the internet in particular locations, such as in cities in Russia’s regions. Qualitative data consisting of interviews, observations, digital ethnography and archival documents have paved an additional (to more conventional quantitative data) way to explore the internet as a complex phenomenon rooted in previous development, local cultural and societal norms and political and economic situations. In particular, we stress the significance of the early internet, the diversity of basic and alternative platforms, the access and infrastructure divide as objects that are important to understand the development of the internet in a particular location.

The present research seeks to expound the effective of Internet marketing in increasing the read and awareness of consumers. Impatient the research conducted a good review about the privies literature related to the study. It leads a brief idea of the study before articulating the statement of the problem. From the statement of the problem deducting the researcher found that the social media , mobile apps and internet marketing have Promina impact with the effectiveness and in cornering the awareness of the consumer .hence the research subdivided the research problem into four different objective such translates the formation of the study states that these is no significant relationship between level of effectiveness and level of utilization of internet marketing on consumer in kingdom of Bahrain . Further the research employs multiple methodologies to a new conclusion on the particular issue, the study used convening sampling method combined with the spss software for data analyse. The study aims to assess the Effectiveness of Internet in Business to increase reach and awareness among consumers in Bahrain. Data and correspondence innovation has changed quickly in the previous 20 years with a key advancement being the development of online networking. Business, which does not utilize internet-based life, tends to lose on key client base. The rise of social media means it’s unusual to find an organization that does not reach its customers and prospects through one social media platform or another. Companies see the importance of using social media to connect with customers and build revenue. Businesses have realized they can use social media to generate insights, stimulate demand, and create targeted product offerings. This is important in traditional brick-and-motor businesses, and, obviously, in the world of e-commerce. In this research, to adequately address the research questions a variety of data collection methods and instruments were used such as questionnaire survey and t-test. From the study, the researcher concluded that there is no significant relationship between the Level of utilization & Effectiveness of Internet marketing among consumers in Bahrain. Therefore, the researchers accept the null hypothesis. The problems faced by the respondents on the Level of utilization & Effectiveness of Internet marketing among consumers in Bahrain is privacy, censorship and online security. The Internet, social media, online advertising, mobile apps etc. as a whole, can be seen as technology that has greatly enhanced our lives but should be done responsibly.

Developed around 1973 by BBN under contract from DARPA, the private line interface (PLI), a cryptographic cybersecurity device used on the Arpanet, operated with minimal modification of the existing network infrastructure, sitting at the "edge" of the network between the network switches and the connected host computers. As a result of the developmental and infrastructural trajectory set in motion by the PLI, significant cryptographic resources remain at the edges (or ends) of the networks that constitute the Internet today. This study of the PLI is an entry into the historical relationship between cryptography and packet-switched computer networks.

Raymond (Ray) Tomlinson was a computer engineer best known for developing the TENEX operating system and implemented the first email program on the Arpanet system in 1971. In its official biography, the Internet Hall of Fame states that "Tomlinson's email program brought about a complete revolution, fundamentally changing the way people communicate." This interview is the second in a two-part Annals series based on an oral history conducted by Marc Weber and Gardner Hendrie for the Computer History Museum (CHM) in June 2009.

Raymond (Ray) Tomlinson was a computer engineer best known for developing the TENEX operating system and implemented the first email program on the Arpanet system in 1971. In its official biography, the Internet Hall of Fame states that "Tomlinson's email program brought about a complete revolution, fundamentally changing the way people communicate." This interview is the first in a two-part Annals series based on an oral history conducted by Marc Weber and Gardner Hendrie for the Computer History Museum (CHM) in June 2009.

Network researchers know that packets are not always evenly spaced, they sometimes arrive in bursts. This burstiness is also present in history. Important events sometimes occur almost simultaneously even if there is no direct relationship between them. Fifty years ago, several historical events took place within a period of a few months. In July, after years of efforts, NASA engineers successfully launched Apollo 13 and the Eagle landed on the Moon. The first footsteps of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin have opened the era of space exploration and maybe another human will land on another planet during this century. One month later, hundreds of thousands of music fans gathered at the Woodstock festival. In parallel, a few computer scientists and engineers started to deploy prototype nodes of the ARPANET network. The first packets that they exchanged have initiated the revolution that brought the Internet and today's connected society. At that time, research in computer networks had already started and several members of this emerging community gathered in an interest group that later became ACM SIGCOMM.

Traduction en anglais d’une partie de la conclusion de la thèse "Aux sources d'Internet : l'émergence d'Arpanet"; International audience; Alexandre Serres’ PhD, “Aux sources d’Internet: l’émergence d’ARPANET” (“The origins of the Internet: the Emergence of ARPANET”), defended in 2000, is quite influential in Francophone research literature and discourse on Internet histories. However, yet untranslated, it has remained little known in Anglophone scholarly circles. The results of this thesis, which strongly echoes other articles and interviews, that are part of this special issue on ARPANET, remain still relevant and valid and we have chosen to introduce the reader to the final part of Serres’ research – an inevitable choice within the 600 pages of this work

In the world of communication technology, two of the events that hold special significance are the invention of ARPANET, a computer network allowing computers to exchange data even when being geographically separate, and the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT). The latter, however, was an evolving process instead of a single event. The earliest implementations of the IoT concept occurred when a couple of Carnegie Mellon University students found a way to monitor the number of cans remaining in a vending machine by allowing devices to communicate with the external world. They did this by adding a photosensor to the device that would count every time a can left the vending machine, and thus, the number of remaining cans was calculated. These days IoT devices are capable of monitoring your heart rate, and even controlling it if required in the case of an adverse event. Moreover, some IoT devices can now serve as a source of evidence during trials in court, as seen in late 2015, when the FitBit data of a woman was used in a murder trial. Other incidents include usage of pacemaker data and Amazon Echo recordings in various court trials. The journey of IoT devices from a university dorm room to being present inside human beings is fascinating, to say the least.

The Internet is a split civilian and military entity in physical and social construction. Investigating this split entity in all its manifestations is an important venture, but this study explores the split social construction of the ARPANET’s reported history. ARPANET/Internet literature shows a division between literature that does and does not include the history of the intelligence communities (IC) working relationship with the pre-privatized ARPANET. Two different genres of literature are discussed, charted in a Table and compared to aspects of the ARPANET’s known and reported developmental and privatization history. Different origin stories are discussed in a general way; then a pattern in the literature is explored, namely, how illegally and libelous spy data gathered in 1960s intelligence community (IC) operations and processed through the pre-privatized ARPANET, is acknowledged in indirect or secondhand ways, when ARPA demonstrated feasibility of the ARPANET ; while after pyritization the literature acknowledges IC spying through the commercialized Internet in firsthand and direct ways. The study examines how earlier and contemporary literature continues contesting the role that 1960s IC spy data played in demonstrating the feasibility of the ARPANET; a prerequisite test for the privatization of the ARPANET. Findings indicate ARPANET histories have excluded direct reporting about how ARPA and the IC demonstrated ARPANET’s feasibility prior to privatization. The conclusion is that understanding history about how ARPA and the IC demonstrated ARPANET’s feasibility, makes it easier to comprehend reports about how the Internet serves counterinsurgency purposes. The study confirms ongoing debates about the social construction of Internet history.

Popular and scholarly histories of computer networking often focus on technical innovation and the social impact of those innovations. These histories are marked by a contradiction, namely, failing to explain the existence of the infrastructure that they must ultimately use as evidence for the success of innovation, and the conduit of its social impact. The story of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Agency's (DARPA's) Arpanet, and the role of both in the invention of the modern Internet, is a central archetype of this genre. Taking our lead from recent work in infrastructure and maintenance studies, we propose a methodological and ontological inversion of Internet historiography-centering our explanation around the infrastructure that is assumed but not explained in innovation-centric accounts. We do so by focusing on the U.S. Defense Communications Agency (DCA; now the Defense Information Systems Agency), which is traditionally cast, contra DARPA, as a conservative enemy of innovation. We explore its maintenance of the financial and administrative infrastructure necessary for the Arpanet to function as a contribution to broader histories of network infrastructure.