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Today, in many countries resources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas, which are defined as primary energy sources in the industry, are being used extensively. The use of these resources increases the amount of carbon emissions, which are extremely negative environmental impacts. In this context, what is the effect of energy consumption and carbon emissions on economic growth is a major problem. In this study, the relationship between energy consumption and carbon emissions with economic growth of developed and developing 81 countries is examined. That is to say, in the survey, it has been tried to determine in what direction and size the consumption amount of sources used in the electricity energy and carbon emissions emitted to the environment by energy consumption in selected countries. In the scope of the study, 81 countries were analyzed with panel data analysis period of 1995-2013. According to the results of the research, energy consumption in research countries has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. Accordingly, the increase in energy consumption has had a positive impact on economic growth by reducing consumption costs. The effect of carbon emissions on economic growth is significant and positive. According to the research, the increase in the use of primary energy resources in the industry due to the economic development in the research countries has increased the carbon emissions and hence the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, the research has been conducted in order to find the possibility level of İstanbul that is the most significant financial city of Turkey, which aims to be one of the 10 greatest economy of the World in 2023, to become regional finance center in medium term and an international finance center in long term within the frame of this goal. In this regard, it is aimed to reveal the potential position of İstanbul by comparing and contrasting the city with her rivals. As a result, it has been seen that although İstanbul has been developed in Middle Eastern and African regions for being the regional finance center, it is not possible for the city to be the leader yet and it can be stated that the leader of the region is still in the hands of Dubai. However, the chance of İstanbul to be the regional center in medium seems possible. In accordance with the results of GFCI 16 index, İstanbul is the leader center of another region of Eastern Europe and Central Asia that the city located. However, the fact that there is a little score difference between İstanbul and Almaty, which is considered as the city's closest rival, demonstrates that there will be a serious contention between these two centers later on. When similar indexes are analyzed, the toughest rival of İstanbul in Eastern Europe and Middle Asia region seems to be Moscow. In accordance with another result of the study, it is not possible yet for İstanbul to be an international finance center for now. However, it is possible for the city that displays development in comparison with last years to achieve this objective over the long run. The last results of the study as an outcome of regional polarization and specialization is that financial centers start to assertively take place in world arena each passing day. This means that in the forthcoming years it will be quite possible to see the finance centers at the top ranks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]