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Abstract With the ability of servers to remotely control and manage a mobile robot, mobile robots are becoming more widespread as a form of remote communication and human-robot interaction. Controlling these robots, however, can be challenging because of their power consumption, delays, or the challenge of selecting the right robot for a certain task. This paper introduces a novel methodology for enhancing the efficacy of a mobile robotic network. The key two contributions of our suggested methodology are: I: A recommended strategy that eliminates the unwieldy robots before selecting the ideal robot to satisfy the task. II: A suggested procedure that uses a fuzzy algorithm to schedule the robots that need to be recharged. Since multiple robots may need to be recharged at once, this process aims to manage and control the recharging of robots in order to avoid conflicts or crowding. The suggested approach aims to preserve the charging capacity, physical resources (e.g. Hardware components), and battery life of the robots by loading the application onto a remote server node instead of individual robots. Furthermore, our solution makes use of fog servers to speed up data transfers between smart devices and the cloud, it is also used to move processing from remote cloud servers closer to the robots, improving on-site access to location-based services and real-time interaction. Simulation results showed that, our method achieved a 2.4% improvement in average accuracy and a 2.2% enhancement in average power usage over the most recent methods in the same comparable settings.

Abstract The rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae is one of the primary insects that infest stored grains, causing both quantitative and qualitative losses. The use of synthetic pesticides to control it has led to the emergence of several problems related to human health and the environment, which has prompted the search for safer alternatives for their control. In this study, the effectiveness of two essential oils, cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and basil (Ocimum basilicum), was evaluated as insecticides for controlling the rice weevil at three different times intervals and various concentrations. (GC-MS) analysis revealed that both oils contain several key compounds, such as procanal (26.07%), ˠ- terpinene (15.78%), for C. cyminum and linalool (56.7%), cadinol, epi-α (11.4%) for O. basilicum, in addition to some secondary components. The results showed that, the lethal concentration (LC50) of cumin was 49%, 45%, and 33% lower than that of basil at the 24, 48, and 72-h assessment periods, respectively demonstrating the superiority of cumin over basil. Regarding the effects on the levels of certain enzymes activity, the results indicated that both oils had a significant impact on the activity of both enzymes ALP and GOT, while there was no significant effect on (GOT), α-amylase, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) compared to control. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that tested essential oils could be developed as a safe and effective alternatives for controlling rice weevil.

In this study, we introduced several novel Hardy-type inequalities with negative parameters for monotone functions within the framework of delta calculus on time scales $ \mathbb{T} $. As an application, when $ \mathbb{T = N}_{0}, $ we derived discrete inequalities with negative parameters for monotone sequences, offering fundamentally new results. When $ \mathbb{T = R}, $ we established continuous analogues of inequalities that have appeared in previous literature. Additionally, we presented inequalities for other time scales, such as $ \mathbb{T} = q^{\mathbb{N}_{0}} $ for $ q > 1, $ which, to the best of the authors' knowledge, represented largely novel contributions.

Abstract The anticancer, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities of sarcotrocheliol (1) and cholesterol (2) obtained from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (S. trocheliophorum) were intensively studied. According to this study, both compounds 1 and 2 showed potential cytotoxicity towards the human colorectal carcinomaHCT-116 (IC50 10.4, 11.8 µg/mL) and human liver carcinoma HepG2 cell lines (IC50 8.8, 12.0 µg/mL), respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated as potential inhibitors of caspase-3, a member of the cysteine protease family, which is considered a key enzyme in inducing cell apoptosis. Results showed that compounds 1 and 2 have induced apoptosis via up-regulation of caspase-3. Sarcotrocheliol (1) displayed antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa (15 mm), B. subtilis (15 mm), M. luteus (14 mm) and C. albicans (15 mm), with a MIC of 1.5 µg/mL against the reported test microorganisms. On the other hand, cholesterol (2) showed less activity towards P. aeruginosa (10 mm), B. subtilis (14 mm), S. aureus (12 mm) and C. albicans (10 mm) with MICs of 3.0, 1.5, 1.5 and 3.0 µg/mL against the tested microorganisms, respectively. Larvicidal activity revealed that compounds 1 and 2 induced remarkable toxicity against the third instar larvae of the mosquito, Culex pipiens even at concentration of 2 ppm. Adulticidal activity data showed that tested compounds are distinctly potent toxicants against the housefly, Musca domestica adult females. Overall, compound 2induced much more insecticidal activity than 1, and M. domestica adult females were more sensitive to tested compounds than C. pipiens larvae. Computationally, Density Functional Theory (DFT) analyses revealed that compound 2 had a higher dipole moment and lower band gap energy when compared to compound 1. So, compounds 2 is chemically more reactive and less stable than compound 1. According to the molecular docking study against PDB IDs: 3KJF, 5UHF and 1ACJ, compounds 1 and 2 demonstrated their activity mode as anticancer, antimicrobial, and insecticidal agents. The compounds exerted many interactions and showed high binding to the proteins, recognizing their potential as drug candidates with broad bioactivities.

Abstract This research investigates a novel nanocomposite material composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and nickel-5,15-bisdodecylporphyrin (Ni-BDP) nanoparticles for the effective removal of methyl orange (MO), a harmful synthetic dye, from water. The structure and composition of the synthesized rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The study demonstrates the material’s efficacy as both a catalyst and adsorbent for MO removal. Optimal performance was observed at pH 3.0, where the positively charged nanocomposite surface facilitated strong interactions with negatively charged MO molecules, leading to enhanced photocatalytic activity. Under these conditions, 0.01 g of the nanocomposite achieved an impressive 86.2% MO removal efficiency. Furthermore, the study explored the reusability of the rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite in repeated cycles of photocatalytic MO degradation under visible light irradiation. While exhibiting some decrease in efficiency over five cycles, the nanocomposite maintained a respectable degradation rate even after multiple uses. Finally, the antimicrobial properties of the nanocomposite were evaluated against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria exhibiting a zone of inhibition measuring 23 mm and 26, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.50 µg/ml and 1.25 µg/ml for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The results revealed significant antibacterial activity, demonstrating the broad-spectrum efficacy of the rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite. This research underscores the potential of the rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite as a versatile material for environmental remediation and antibacterial applications.

The joining of aluminum alloy 5052 (AA5052) and polypropylene (PP) by friction lap welding (FLW) was investigated under different process temperature conditions. Welding experiments were conducted at different tool rotational speeds, and the process temperatures were monitored using an infrared camera and thermocouples. The temperature distribution at the cross-section was determined using a validated numerical model. The joint quality was assessed by measuring tensile shear strength and examining the joint morphology. It was found that interfacial temperatures in the range of 156 °C–316 °C were optimal for achieving effective mechanical interlocking, attributed to the appropriate flow of molten PP into the textured aluminum alloy surface. Temperatures below 130 °C resulted in inadequate PP flow, leading to poor joint formation, while temperatures above 316 °C caused over-melting of PP, bubble formation, and approached the PP initial decomposition limit. Raman spectroscopy showed that the process temperatures did not cause significant chemical bonding and that mechanical interlocking was the main contributing joining mechanism. The results showed that dissimilar welding of metals and non-polar polymers can be optimized by the precise monitor and control of the temperature of the process.

In many different places, wind energy has the potential to solve many challenges. Reducing dependency on distant power networks increases energy security, provides an alternative to energy independence, and advances environmental sustainability as a renewable energy source. Furthermore, the development of wind energy established in these regions improves regional economies and creates possibilities for employment in manufacturing, construction, maintenance, and operation. Landowners might receive more revenue from wind farms through land leasing agreements. Furthermore, wind energy diversifies the energy mix, reducing its vulnerability to fluctuations in energy prices and environmental degradation and decreasing energy expenditures for individuals and companies. Sustainable energy sources are crucial to solving communities' unique energy problems. This study aims to assess Saudi Arabia's wind energy potential. It completes assessments of wind resource availability, site suitability, wind turbine technology, energy output, environmental impact, and economic viability. Statistical techniques such as time series analysis, regression analysis, and probability distributions are utilized to understand and improve wind farm efficiency.

Abstract Speech impairment limits a person’s capacity for oral and auditory communication. Improvements in communication between the deaf and the general public can be progressed by a real-time sign language detector. Recent studies have contributed to make progress in motion and gesture identification processes using Deep Learning (DL) methods and computer vision. But the development of static and dynamic sign language recognition (SLR) models is still a challenging area of research. The difficulty is in obtaining an appropriate model that addresses the challenges of continuous signs that are independent of the signer. Different signers’ speeds, durations, and many other factors make it challenging to create a model with high accuracy and continuity. This study mainly focused on SLR using a modified DL and hybrid optimization approach. Notably, spatial and geometric-based features are extracted via the Visual Geometry Group 16 (VGG16), and motion features are extracted using the optical flow approach. A new DL model, CNNSa-LSTM, is a combination of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Self-Attention (SA), and Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to identify sign language. This model is developed for feature extraction by combining CNNs for spatial analysis with SA mechanisms for focusing on relevant features, while LSTM effectively models temporal dependencies. The proposed CNNSa-LSTM model enhances performance in tasks involving complex, sequential data, such as sign language processing. Besides, a Hybrid Optimizer (HO) is proposed using the Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm (HOA) and the Pathfinder Algorithm (PFA). The proposed model has been implemented in Python, and it has been evaluated over the existing models in terms of accuracy (98.7%), sensitivity (98.2%), precision (98.5%), Word Error Rate (WER) (0.131), Sign Error Rate (SER) (0.114), and Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) (98%) as well. The proposed model has recorded the highest accuracy of 98.7%.

Abstract It is imperative to explore new biocompatible drugs with low toxicity for use in medicinal fields such as fighting tumors. Bovine lactoperoxidase (BLPO) stems from the most important enzymes in the bovine whey that provide a proper pattern for nano-formulation with nanomaterials. LPO is a suitable protein to be coated or adsorbed to alginate modified graphene oxide (GO-SA), which forms the modified GO-SA-LPO hybrid structure. This novel combination provides LPO stability with strong anticancer effects and boosts immunity response. The characterization results obtained from different techniques confirmed a successful LPO adsorption on the GO-SA composite surface. Moreover, nano-formulation of LPO with GO-SA composite exhibited a reduction in its size and overall charge. In addition, the experimental results showed greater LPO activity stability in the modified GO-SA-LPO nanocombination than free LPO after storage for 10 weeks at 4 °C. The in vitro study, a crucial step in the validation of our approach, demonstrated that the modified GO-SA-LPO nanocombination showed a potent anticancer selectivity toward colon cancer cell lines more than GO-SA composite or free form of LPO, which enhanced in a dose-dependent manner with high safety manner against normal cells. The apoptotic effect of this novel nanocombination was confirmed by the greatest variations in the expression of both well-known apoptosis genes (p53 and Bcl-2), severe changes in the cellular morphology, DNA fragmentation, and nuclear staining with fluorescence yellow and orange of the target cancer cells. Also, this superior efficacy of the modified GO-SA-LPO nanocombination was induced by suppressing some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), and necrosis factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB). Our observations presented that the modified nanocombination of LPO may offer a novel remedy for treating colon tumors via induced apoptosis pathway, inflammation reduction, and immune response improvement.

Abstract As a result of its high reactivity, furan-2(3H)-one derivative 2 can be selected as a versatile and suitable candidate for building of novel nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. Consequently, furan-2(3H)-one derivative 2 and some nitrogen nucleophiles were utilized as starting materials for the formation of new pyridazinone and pyrrolone derivatives bearing naphthalene moiety. The continuous buildup of insecticide resistance is the main obstacle facing pest control measures. Pyrrole-based insecticides are a favourable choice due to their unique mode of action and no cross-resistance with traditional neurotoxic insecticides. The larvicidal activities of pyrrolone derivatives were assessed against field and laboratory strains of Culex pipiens larvae in comparison with chlorfenapyr (pyrrole insecticide). Compounds 17 (21.05 µg/mL) > 9 (22.81 µg/mL) > 15 (24.39 µg/mL) > 10 (26.76 µg/mL) > 16 (32.09 µg/mL) were most effective against lab strain of C. pipiens larvae relative to chlorfenapyr (25.43 µg/mL). While in field strain, 17 and 15 were the most toxic compounds followed by 9 > 10 > 16 > 2 with LC50 of 9.87, 10.76, 11.52, 12.68, 15.32 and 18.37 µg/mL, respectively, compared with chlorfenapyr with 14.03 µg/mL. The cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities were significantly increased in treated larvae of lab and field strains relative to untreated. The great variations in toxicity of the synthesized compounds were interpreted by structure-activity relationship study. The pyrrolone derivatives are effective against field and insecticide-resistant strains. Therefore, they are considered promising compounds to be integrated into pest management programs.

Abstract Infections originating from pathogenic microorganisms can significantly impede the natural wound-healing process. To address this obstacle, innovative bio-active nanomaterials have been developed to enhance antibacterial capabilities. This study focuses on the preparation of nanocomposites from thermally reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (TRGO/ZnO). The hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize these nanocomposites, and their physicochemical properties were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. Subsequently, the potential of TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites as bio-active materials against wound infection-causing bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, was evaluated. Furthermore, the investigated samples show disrupted bacterial biofilm formation. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was conducted to investigate the mechanism of nanocomposite inhibition against bacteria and for further in-vivo determination of antimicrobial activity. The MTT assay was performed to ensure the safety and biocompatibility of nanocomposite. The results suggest that TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites have the potential to serve as effective bio-active nanomaterials for combating pathogenic microorganisms present in wounds.

In the poultry industry, the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gaining importance as an emerging opportunistic pathogen with notable clinical implications. This Gram-negative pathogen can contaminate hatcheries, resulting in a range of severe respiratory symptoms, enteritis, septicemia, keratitis, sinusitis, omphalitis, nephritis, and rapid morbidity and mortality, which indicates the diverse pathogenic potential of this pathogen within avian populations. This study collected 480 samples (120 each) from liver, lung, gallbladder, and kidney of broiler chickens of different ages and examined bacteriologically. The overall isolation rates of P. aeruginosa were ranged from 70.8 to 83.3%. Phenotypically, the antibiogram of the selected isolates (n=30) revealed that 96.66% were resistant to three or more antibiotics from different antimicrobial groups, thus indicating multidrug resistance (MRD), of which the highest resistance was to amoxicillin 100%, piperacillin 96.66%, gentamycin 86.66% ofloxacin 80%, cefepime 63.33%, ceftazidime63.33%, levofloxacin 53.3% and ciprofloxacin 53.3% followed by apramycin 36.66% and doxycycline 36.66. In comparison, 66.6% of the isolates were sensitive to the amikacin. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for determining five resistance genes in ten selected MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. The result revealed that 100% of the tested isolates harbored the mexR and ampC resistance genes. Furthermore, the prevalence of blaOXA, ermB, and arr genes were 90, 80, and 50%, respectively.

Respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary diseases in general represent some of the most pervasive health threats globally, so there is a need to develop effective diagnostic systems. Therefore, identifying COPD at an early stage may help define early therapeutic approaches and individual patient care for this condition. The epidemiological data of COPD and its grave consequences for the health of patients show the importance of the development of effective diagnostic tools. The various conventional diagnostic approaches may not possess the detail needed to identify early-stage COPD or the difference between it and other respiratory diseases. This research seeks to create an adaptive and accurate model for assessing pulmonary audio data to diagnose COPD early. The objective is to increase diagnostic accuracy and employ modern approaches to machine learning algorithms and feature extraction. In this study, the feature extraction applied in Pulmonary sound recordings is Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs). Due to issues with dimensionality and computational complexity, the relevant features are selected using Forward Feature Selection (FFS). The classification approach synthesizes two methods, support vector machines, and k-nearest neighbors, to reveal intricate patterns and boundaries in the data. The COPD disease data set is the basis for all modeling and testing. The adopted SVM-KNN fusion model integrated in Python proved to deliver a high level of performance with an accuracy of 94 %. Again, this degree of accuracy attests to the model's effectiveness in distinguishing between healthy and COPD-affected lungs. The developed framework considerably improves the identification of patients' COPD and respiratory illness risk assessment.

Abstract Motivated by certain results known from the literature, in this paper we give several new dynamic inequalities for B-monotone functions with respect to time scales nabla calculus. If the time scale represents the set of real numbers, our results reduce to integral inequalities known from the literature. On the other hand, in the setting of positive integers, we obtain new discrete inequalities for B-monotone sequences.

The effect of 10 wt% alumina, 20 wt% (10Al2O3-10MoS2), and 30 wt% (10Al2O3-10MoS2-10Ag) reinforcements on the tribological and corrosion properties of copper was investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared by the ball milling coating method and then fabricated by the cold and hot compaction technique. The copper's hardness increased gradually from 96 HV to 227 HV for the 30 wt% (Al2O3-MoS2-Ag) representing an increase of 136.48 %. Adding 30 wt% (Al2O3-MoS2-Ag) to the copper reduced the wear rate from 22 mg/min to 0.3 mg/min under 50 N applied load, owing to the presence of two types of self-lubricating materials, MoS2 and Ag. This nanocomposite recorded the lowest mean coefficient of friction of 0.166 compared with 0.23 for copper. Adding the alumina increased the copper corrosion rate to 3.83 mm/year due to increased oxidation ratio that facilitates the penetration of the electrolyte. However, the Cu/(Al2O3-MoS2-Ag) sample recorded corrosion rates of 0.467 mm/year compared with 0.446 mm/year for copper.

Abstract PMMA/PEG and PMMA/PEG doped with SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 were fabricated using the solution-casting technique. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which revealed that the amorphous nature of PMMA/PEG blend doped with Al2O3 was hindered by the crystalline nature of those doped with SiO2 and TiO2. The absorption of PMMA/PEG blend doped with Al2O3 is higher, band gap energies were decreased from 4.90 eV for PMMA/PEG blend to 4.03 eV, 3.09 eV, and 2.09 eV for SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 doped PMMA/PEG blend, respectively. The dielectric constant, ε′ has a high value (2 × 104) for samples PMMA/PEG and SiO2/PMMA/PEG. While dielectric loss $$\left( {\varepsilon ^{{\prime \prime }} } \right)$$ ε ″ -values decreased to

Abstract Background Sciatic nerve repair becomes a focus of research in neurological aspect to restore the normal physical ability of the animal to stand and walk. Tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) provide a promising alternative therapy for regeneration of large gap defects. The present study investigates the regenerative capacity of PRP, ADSCs, and PRP mixed ADSCs on a long sciatic nerve defect (40-mm) bridged by a polyglycolic polypropylene (PGA-PRL) mesh which acts as a neural scaffold. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 12 adult male mongrel dogs that were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group I (scaffold group); where the sciatic defect was bridged by a (PGA-PRL) mesh only while the mesh was injected with ADSCs in Group II (ADSCs group), PRP in Group III (PRP group). Mixture of PRP and ADSCs was allocated in Group IV (PRP + ADSCs group). Monthly, all animals were monitored for improvement in their gait and a numerical lameness score was recorded for all groups. 6 months-post surgery, the structural and functional recovery of sciatic nerve was evaluated electrophysiologically, and on the level of gene expression, and both sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle were evaluated morphometrically, histopathologically. Results Numerical lameness score showed improvement in the motor activities of both Group II and Group III followed by Group IV and the scaffold group showed mild improvement even after 6 months. Histopathologically, all treated groups showed axonal sprouting and numerous regenerated fascicles with obvious angiogenesis in proximal cut, and distal portion where Group IV exhibited a significant remyelination with the MCOOL technique. The regenerative ratio of gastrocnemius muscle was 23.81%, 56.68%, 52.06% and 40.69% for Group I, II, III and IV; respectively. The expression of NGF showed significant up regulation in the proximal portion for both Group III and Group IV (P ≤ 0.0001) while Group II showed no significant difference. PDGF-A, and VEGF expressions were up-regulated in Group II, III, and IV whereas Group I showed significant down-regulation for NGF, PDGF-A, and VEGF (P ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion ADSCs have a great role in restoring the damaged nerve fibers by secreting several types of growth factors like NGF that have a proliferative effect on Schwann cells and their migration. In addition, PRP therapy potentiates the effect of ADSCs by synthesis another growth factors such as PDGF-A, VEGF, NGF for better healing of large sciatic gap defects.