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Peripheral pulmonary nodules are one of the most common forms of lung lesions that are detected on screening computed tomography. Verification of these lesions is a key task for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The review paper discusses modern endobronchial methods used to verify lung nudules. The PubMed system of the US National Library of Medicine was used as a search for available literature.A combination of the words: bronchoscopy and pulmonary nodule was used as keywords to search for the necessary information and sources. Despite all the technologies being developed, designed to increase the information content of bronchoscopic techniques in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules, their diagnostic significance extends within 70–80%. However, standard bronchoscopic technologies, which have been used since the second half of the 20th century, allow a sensitivity of 63% to be achieved.

Relevance. Development of nuclear technologies and their wide application in medicine, power engineering and industry is always associated with health risks both for employees of nuclear facilities and for the population living in the vicinity of such facilities. Adequate assessment of such risks is possible only on the basis of the results of health monitoring of the personnel of potentially hazardous nuclear facilities and the population living in the vicinity of such facilities. One of the topical directions of research within the framework of such monitoring is assessment of specific morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms (MN) (C00-C97 according to ICD-10). Intention. To analyze the main medico-statistical indicators of MN-related morbidity and mortality over time among the personnel of nuclear industry and nuclear power plants and the population living near such facilities, as well as the general population of Russia in 2012-2018. Methodology. We analyzed basic medical and statistical indicators of the morbidity among the personnel of potentially hazardous nuclear facilities and the population with MN living in the vicinity of such facilities; the data was obtained from the Federal Center for Information Technologies of Extreme Problems of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia. The results were compared with MN incidence in Russia using data from P.A. Herzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute, a branch of the National Medical Research Center for Radiology of the Russian Ministry of Health. Results and Discussion. There is an increase in MN primary incidence rate in the medical institutions of the FMBA and the Ministry of Health of Russia. The congruence of the trends is strongly positive and statistically significant (r = 0.932; p < 0.001), which may indicate a unidirectional influence of factors contributing to MN development in patients of FMBA and Russian Ministry of Health institutions. The average annual rates of primary morbidity (354.2 8.9) per 100,000 people, mortality (158.5 ± 4.2) per 100,000 people and one-year mortality (19.6 ± 0.5) % of patients registered in FMBA medical organizations were statistically significantly lower than those in Russia - (398.0 ± 8.5) per 100,000 population, (200.5 ± 0.6) per 100,000 population and (24.0 ± 0.6) %, respectively. The trend of MN-related mortality rate in the Russian population approached a straight horizontal line, i.e. showed a tendency to stability, in patients of FMBA indicators increased. There was a decrease in one-year MN-related mortality rate and an increase in 5-year survival rate in the departments under consideration. Conclusion. The results of the study may become the basis for developing medical and social rehabilitation measures for employees of the enterprises serviced by FMBA medical organizations, as well as for attached contingents. Continuous monitoring and analysis of oncological morbidity on a personal level using registry technologies are necessary in the areas with potentially hazardous nuclear facilities.

Relevance. The domestic cat (Felis catus) and the eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) belong to the same family — feline, predatory order. The cat was domesticated more than 10 thousand years ago. Lynx is the most promising animal for domestication. It is successfully bred in fur farms and, which is no longer uncommon, is kept by private owners as a pet. At the same time, the anatomy of these animals has not been studied to date. This makes it much more difficult to provide medical care and does not allow us to trace changes in organs with intensive anthropogenic impact on the body during domestication. In this regard, the study of the morphology of the eurasian lynx is very relevant and timely. Material for research (11 eurasian lynx corpses) wasobtained in hunting farms of the North-Western region of the Russian Federation. Corpses of a domestic cat (mestizos) were obtained from veterinary clinics of St. Petersburg (15 animals studied).Methods. A complex of modern and traditional methods was used in the study: fine anatomical dissection, angiorentgenography, computed tomography; production of corrosive and enlightened vascular preparations, morphometry and photographing.Results. The domestic cat (Felis catus) and the eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have significant differences in the topography and branching of the aortic arch and thoracic aorta, despite the close relationship in taxonomy. The eurasian lynx is characterized by the presence of a brachiocephalic trunk and a trunk of common carotid arteries. Similar vascular structures are absent in a domestic cat. For them, the presence of the brachiocephalic artery and the independent departure of the right and left common carotid arteries, without the formation of a common trunk, was established. At the same time, we state that some main arterial transport vessels and their branches in these animals have common principles of location. This pattern has been determined for the vertebral, internal and external thoracic arteries, including their branches of the first order.

Pathologies of the thoracic limb are quite widespread among domestic and wild carnivores. The study of the features of the anatomical and topographic characteristics allows the most accurate and individual approach to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the musculoskeletal system. The common fox is currently widespread not only in fur farms and fur farms, but also as a companion animal. In this regard, in the past few years, many breeds of this species have appeared which to this day have not received sufficient attention from veterinary specialists. The material for the study was five corpses of the common Bastard fox breed, aged from two to four years, obtained during forced euthanasia from internal non-communicable diseases from private farms and clinics in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy, St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. During the study, methods such as fine anatomical preparation and weighing were used. Muscles in the elbow joint of the Bastarad Fox include the triceps brachii, ulna, tensor fasciae forearm, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronators teres and quadrate, and arch support. The muscles of the elbow joint are divided into one- and two-articular, that is, those that act on only one joint and those that simultaneously act on two joints with their contraction. Also, the muscles of the elbow joint are divided according to their functions into extensors, flexors, pronators, supinators and tensors. In the course of the work, the anatomical and topographic features of the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the bastard fox breed, as well as their weight characteristics, were determined.

The morphology of the valvular apparatus of the heart in animals is currently a topical and especially important area of the anatomy of the cardiovascular system. The study of the morphology of heart valves, namely their anatomy and histology, in animals in species and breed aspect, expands the area of knowledge of veterinary cardiologists and allows you to select an individual approach to a particular animal in the treatment of heart pathologies.The purpose of our study is to study the features of the histological structure of the semilunar valve of the pulmonary trunk of the heart of the Anglo-Nubian goat breed, as well as to establish the morphometric parameters of the histostructures of this area.The material for the study was the corpses of goats of the Anglo-Nubian breed at the age of 12 months, obtained by slaughter from the farm "Gzhelskoe Podvorye" in the Moscow region of the Russian Federation.Selected samples for histological examination were stained with hematoxylin, eosin, Trichrome according to Masson, toluidine blue and Schiff-iodic acid according to McManus.As a result of the study, it was found that the cusps of the semilunar valve of the pulmonary trunk of the heart of the Anglo-Nubian goat breed are represented by the aortic (fibrous), spongy (spongiform) and ventricular layers. The aortic layer is formed by collagen and elastic fibers, the spongy layer is formed by loose small-celled connective tissue, and the ventricular layer of the cusps of the semilunar aortic valve is also formed by connective tissue and is much smaller than the aortic one. According to the results of histological examination, morphometric data for each layer of the valve are presented.

Introduction. Varicose veins disease of the lower extremities is often accompanied by edema, which persists even after the elimination of the causes of venous insufficiency. Clinically, the etiopathogenesis of edema in such patients is not always possible to differentiate. Objective. To determine the role of the lower limb lymphatic vasculature stucture variants in the development of chronic venous edema in patients with varicose veins disease. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the results of X-ray contrast lymphography and radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy of 257 patients with different stages of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Results. Pathognomonic patterns of the lymphatic vasculature structure at various stages of lymphedema in patients with C3-C5 CVI were discovered. We found that the increasing number of cases of persistent oedema could be associated with the lower limb lymphatic vasculature hypoplasia and higher classes of CVI: 43.95 % among the patients with C4 CVI and 88 % with C5 CVI. The majority (94,1 %) of patients with C3 CVI with a normal-like lymphatic system presented with transitory oedema. With CVI C5, the capacity of the groin lymph nodes was impaired in 64 %. In C4 CVI, weak contrasting was observed in 45.1 %. With C3 – in 35.1 % of cases. Conclusions. The progressing degree of chronic venous oedema could be associated with the lymphatic vasculature hypoplasia and the malfunction of the groin lymph nodes.

Pea has been hitherto considered to have strict maternal inheritance of mitochondria, as most of flowering plants. Using a CAPS marker we detected a case of paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the second generation of a cross between a wild and a cultivated representatives of the common pea (Pisum sativum L.). Heteroplasmy for mitochondrial and plastid DNA was detected in arrays of high throughput sequence reads and confirmed by analysis of CAPS markers in an accession of Pisum fulvum Sm. and probable heteroplasmy for mtDNA marker was detected in an accession of the wild P. sativum subsp, elatius. A case of mtDNA recombination in one of accessions of the same subspecies from Turkey was observed as a ca 13 km long insert originating from a distant evolutionary lineage. Thus, three phenomena described in this work, occasional paternal leakage of mitochondria, naturally occurring heteroplasmy and recombination of diverged mitochondrial genomes in pea, elucidated microevolutionary processes which shaped diversity in this important crop.

Background: Currently more than 50 mutations of the INS gene are known to affect the various stages of insulin biosynthesis in the beta cells of the pancreas. However only individual cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) associated with heterozygous mutations in the coding region of the INS gene were reported in Russian Federation. We report a group of patients with a clinical manifestation of DM caused by mutations in both coding and non-coding regions of the INS gene. The patients with a mutation in the intron of the INS gene are reported for the first time in Russian FederationMaterials and methods: 60 patients with an isolated course of neonatal DM (NDM), 52 patients with a manifestation of DM at the age of 7–12 months and the absence of the main autoimmune markers of type 1 DM, 650 patients with the MODY phenotype were included in the study. NGS technology was used for molecular genetic research. Author’s panel of primers (Custom DNA Panel) was used for multiplex PCR and sequencing using Ion Ampliseq™ technology. The author’s panel “­Diabetes Mellitus” included 28 genes (13 candidate genes of MODY and other genes associated with DM).Results: 13 heterozygous mutations were identified in 16 probands and 9 relatives. The majority of mutations were detected in patients with PNDM (18.75%) and in patients with an onset of DM at the age of 7–12 months (9.6%). Mutations in the INS gene were detected in 2 patients (0.3%) in the group with the MODY phenotype. Mutations in the INS gene were not detected in patients with transient NDM (TNDM). Analysis of clinical data in patients with PND and onset of diabetes at the age of 7–12 months did not show significant differences in the course of the disease. The clinical characteristics of the cases of MODY10 and diabetes caused by a mutation in the intron of the INS gene are reported in details.Conclusion: The role of INS gene mutations in NDM, MODY, and DM with an onset at the age of 7–12 months was analyzed in a large group of patients. The clinical characteristics of DM due to a mutation in the intron of the INS gene are reported for the first time in the Russian Federation.

Confined in the extended solid with a widespread K2NiF4 structure type, cation Dy3+ exhibits magnetic bistability under a zero field.

Solanum tuberosum L. (common potato) is one of the most important crops produced almost all over the world. Genomic sequences of potato opens the way for studying the molecular variations related to diversification. We performed a reconstruction of genomic sequences for 15 tetraploid potato cultivars grown in Russia using short reads. Protein-coding genes were identified; conserved and variable parts of pan-genome and the repertoire of the NBS-LRR genes were characterized. For comparison, we used additional genomic sequences for twelve South American potato accessions, performed analysis of genetic diversity, and identified the copy number variations (CNVs) in two these groups of potato. Genomes of Russian potato cultivars were more homogeneous by CNV characteristics and have smaller maximum deletion size in comparison with South American ones. Genes with different CNV occurrences in two these groups of potato accessions were identified. We revealed genes of immune/abiotic stress response, transport and five genes related to tuberization and photoperiod control among them. Four genes related to tuberization and photoperiod were investigated in potatoes previously (phytochrome A among them). A novel gene, homologous to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) of Arabidopsis, was identified that may be involved in circadian rhythm control and contribute to the acclimatization processes of Russian potato cultivars.

Plant surface properties are crucial determinants of resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. The outer layer of the plant cuticle consists of chemically diverse epicuticular waxes. The WAX INDUCER1/SHINE subfamily of APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORS regulates cuticle properties in plants. In this study, four barley genes homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana AtWIN1 gene were mutated using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease. Mutations in one of them, the HvWIN1 gene, caused a recessive glossy sheath phenotype associated with β-diketone deficiency. A complementation test for win1 knockout (KO) and cer-x mutants showed that Cer-X and WIN1 are allelic variants of the same genomic locus. A comparison of the transcriptome from leaf sheaths of win1 KO and wild-type plants revealed a specific and strong downregulation of a large gene cluster residing at the previously known Cer-cqu locus. Our findings allowed us to postulate that the WIN1 transcription factor in barley is a master mediator of the β-diketone biosynthesis pathway acting through developmental stage- and organ-specific transactivation of the Cer-cqu gene cluster.

The study of the musculoskeletal system in the morphology of animals, and in particular the topography and functional significance of muscles, is an urgent area among Russian morphologists. Detailed knowledge of the structure, architectonics and function of the somatic musculature greatly simplifies the work of veterinary surgeons, physiotherapists and imaging doctors. The Bastard fox is a member of the canine family and is of particular interest to fur farms because of its valuable fur color. Also, this breed of foxes is popular in private farms, where wild animals are domesticated. In connection with the above, the purpose of our study was to study the anatomical and topographic features of the structure of the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the Bastard fox.Five corpses of Bastard foxes aged from three to five years, obtained from forced euthanasia from private farms and clinics in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, were used as dated material. The study took place at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. Traditional anatomical methods such as fine anatomical preparation, weighing and morphometry were used as research methods.According to the results of the study, we found that the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the Bastard fox have a characteristic structure characteristic of carnivores, but at the same time it has a number of individual characteristics.

The pharynx is one of the first links in the respiratory and digestive systems. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the topography of the main highways of the pharynx, as well as their branches, is necessary for a veterinarian in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of pathologies of the respiratory and digestive systems.The aim of the study was to study the anatomical and topographic features of the pharyngeal blood supply in an AngloNubian goat. The studies were carried out on the basis of the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. To study the blood supply to the pharynx, 15 corpses of Anglo-Nubian goats were examined and the following techniques were used: fine anatomical dissection, vaso-radiography and the manufacture of corrosive preparations.According to the results of the study, it was found that of all parts of the pharynx, the highest intensity of vascularization in the Anglo-Nubian goat is observed in the oropharynx. The anatomical and topographic features of the arteries of different parts of the pharynx were established, it was determined that the arteries of different parts of the pharynx in their architectonics are diverse and variable both in terms of the type of branching and the breadth of the vascularization field and the degree of their tortuosity.

The legal framework for the provision of medical care, its evaluation and control of quality in Russia requires the attending physician to strictly comply with the provisions of regulatory documents. At the same time, clinical practice shows that the recommended algorithms for the provision of care do not allow in all situations to provide medical care of adequate quality. Analysis of the clinical example shows that in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to compliance with the established rules, a thorough assessment of a specific clinical situation in the dynamics of development is necessary and timely correction of treatment and diagnostic measures, including those in excess of the established requirements, are required. The methods of remote monitoring of the patients condition need to be improved, since in their current form they do not provide an objective assessment of the patients condition. Face-to-face examinations of patients with COVID-19 receiving medical care at home should be carried out at least every 72 hours, regardless of the result of the remote assessment. The absence of the effect of therapy within three days may be an indication for transferring the patient to a higher level of medical care.

BACKGROUND: One of the problems in the diagnosis and treatment of pellucid marginal degeneration of the cornea is the difficulty of systematizing its manifestations due to the lack of classification. This is due to the low frequency of pellucid marginal degeneration in the structure of primary keratectasia, the main type of which is keratoconus. The developed classifications of keratoconus cannot be fully applied to pellucid marginal degeneration. AIM: The aim was to develop a classification of pellucid marginal degeneration based on investigation of relationship between functional and refractive changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 42 people (42 eyes) with pellucid marginal degeneration. Keratometry and refractometry were performed, uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, as well as cylindrical and spherical components of subjective refraction were studied, and retinal visual acuity was determined. The 1st group 12 patients (12 eyes) with fully corrected induced ametropia (best corrected visual acuity 0.8), the 2nd group 17 patients (17 eyes) with partially corrected induced ametropia (0.8 and 0.3), the 3rd group 13 patients (13 eyes) with uncorrected induced ametropia (0.3). RESULTS: To develop a clinical classification of pellucid marginal degeneration by stages, we selected: the values of corneal astigmatism, best corrected visual acuity and Index of difference between the values of maximum and minimum keratometry (K), all of which had good separation of obtained data, and their demarcate values in groups. CONCLUSION: The study showed the presence of relationship between functional and refractive changes indices of eyes with pellucid marginal degeneration. The leading parameters of refractive status, objectively determining the value of best corrected visual acuity, are induced corneal astigmatism and K. The developed classification of pellucid marginal degeneration is easy to use and makes it possible to determine the stage of keratectasia even if there is only induced corneal astigmatism or K values.

The purpose of this research is to advance the politics of mass imprisonment literature by testing and specifying the macro-explanations of the state-level incarceration change in the United States (U.S.) between 1980 and 2010. Specifically, I account for mechanisms of inter-party competition and public electoral pressure neglected in prior research. To accomplish this goal, I utilize random coefficient models designed to control for repeated annual measures of state-level data that overwhelm traditional analytic techniques. Findings suggest that violent crime, partisan affiliation of state legislators and governors, probation rates, citizen ideology, marijuana decriminalization, and recidivist-focused laws are associated with incarceration as hypothesized, as well as the African American presence net of crime and socioeconomic disadvantage. Contributing to the theoretical debates on democracy and punishment, this paper demonstrates that inter-party competition and public electoral pressure amplify incarceration in the context of Democratic Party dominance, where no liberalizing effects of competition were found. I conclude that legal and extralegal factors are associated with incarceration and suggest that the public did not oppose criminal justice expansion via democratic feedback mechanisms, so both penal populism (Pratt, 2008) and popular punitivism (Campbell et al., 2017) are valid interpretations of imprisonment politics during the analyzed period.

The aim of the work was to study and evaluate structural changes in the economy of the regions of the North at the present stage of their development (in the period from 2015 to 2019). On the basis of the methodology previously developed by the author for assessing structural shifts, twenty types of economic activity were grouped into two large spheres: production and non-production (services), each consisting of four combined industries. For these economic spheres and industries, an assessment of sectoral and then territorial structural shifts in the period 2015–2019 was carried out. It was found that in the structure of the economy of the regions of the North during this period, the vector of development changed towards an increase in the share of the production sector and a decrease in the non-production sector by 4,4 %, whereas in the previous period 2005–2015, the opposite picture was observed. The high rates of development of the production sector in all regions of the North were revealed, while it grew most rapidly in the West Siberian region due to the extensive development of new gas fields and the construction of new largest LNG complex in the North on the Yamal Peninsula. As a result, the share of GRP in the Northern zone increased in the country from 13,2 % in 2015 to 14,5 % in 2019, and the pace of development was outstripping: 144,6 % versus 129,2 % in the Russian Federation. It is noted that the pace and volume of both sectoral and territorial structural shifts in the production sector in almost all regions of the North zone are almost entirely related to both the scale of investments directed to the development of their economy and the current situation for their resources in the world commodity markets.

This work is devoted to examining civilisation's environmental consequences and the military confrontation between civilised and barbaric societies. The authors examine antique and ancient Chinese ideas about the phenomenon of barbarism, and also highlight common cultural features inherent in the Germans and Celts and opposed to Rome, and the Far Eastern nomads who were adjacent to imperial China. Moreover, the authors seek to analyse the substantial effects of civilisation on the environment and ecosystem. Having analysed the military potential of civilised societies, the authors come to the conclusion that the victory of barbarism is possible only in the case of civilisation internal collapse. The article outlines other important aspects, including the relationships between civilisation and war and between civilisation and the environment. It concludes with a discussion about rethinking and restructuring some of our perspectives on civilisation.

BACKGROUND: The reasons for the development of postoperative reactive inflammation under optimal conditions for the operation are errors in the surgical technique and the presence of viscoelastic residues. The likelihood of developing ophthalmic hypertension exists with the use of viscoelastic of any type. Its incomplete evacuation can be explained by the difficult visualization due to its transparency. Analysis of the dependence of the postoperative period course on the quality of viscoelastic removal at phacoemulsification can be considered to be relevant and expedient. AIM: The aim was to study the type of the postoperative period course depending on the quality of viscoelastics removal at phacoemulsification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 104 eyes of randomly chosen patients who underwent femto-laser assisted phacoemulsification, divided into 2 groups according to ophthalmic viscoelastics characteristics (colored or transparent). Both groups were split into 2 subgroups each depending on method of viscoelastics removal. Tonometry and biomicroscopy were performed 3 hours after phacoemulsification and on the post-op Day 1. Patients with Tyndall effect were examined daily until its disappearance. RESULTS: At comparable preoperative IOP indices, its elevation 3 hours after surgery took place in subgroups 2a and 2b, the highest being in subgroup 2a. The greatest number of eyes with Tyndall effect, at all follow-up periods, was found in subgroup 2a, the lowest in subgroup 1b. The total number of eyes with keratopathy (as epitheliopathy) observed 3 hours after surgery was 7, four of them being from subgroup 2a. CONCLUSIONS: The conducted research showed that the type of early postoperative period course of phacoemulsification depends on visualization possibility of the viscoelastic and of the method of its removal. Minimal changes of hydrodynamics and maximal number of eyes with absence of inflammation took place when using colored viscoelastic and impulse irrigation method.

Human infertility is a complex disorder at the genetic, molecular, cellular, organ, and hormonal levels. New developing technology based on the generation of human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) might improve understanding of early germ cell development (specification, migration, gametogenesis, and epigenetic reconstitutions), as well as offering a solution for infertility and hereditary disorders. In this study, we differentiated hiPSCs with trisomy 21 into hPGCLCs. In vitro-derived germ cells from hiPSCs with Down syndrome (DS) express hPGCLC core circuitry, EOMES, SOX17, and PRDM14 at relatively low levels. TFAP2C and PRDM1 were expressed and remained elevated, whereas NANOS3 and NANOG were downregulated in BMP4-induced hiPSCs with DS. The low level of NANOG and NANOS3 expression might negatively influence hPGCLC generation in DS hiPSCs. We suggest that DS hPGCLCs could be a suitable model for studying human early germ cell development, the epigenetic and molecular mechanisms of PGC specification and formation, as well as related infertility disorders, such as azoospermia and teratozoospermia.

Mollusks are unique animals with a relatively simple central nervous system (CNS) containing giant neurons with identified functions. With such simple CNS, mollusks yet display sufficiently complex behavior, thus ideal for various studies of behavioral processes, including long-term memory (LTM) formation. For our research, we use the formation of the fear avoidance reflex in the terrestrial mollusk Helix lucorum as a learning model. We have shown previously that LTM formation in Helix requires epigenetic modifications of histones leading to both activation and inactivation of the specific genes. It is known that microRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate the expression of genes; however, the role of miRNAs in behavioral regulation has been poorly investigated. Currently, there is no miRNAs sequencing data being published on Helix lucorum, which makes it impossible to investigate the role of miRNAs in the memory formation of this mollusk. In this study, we have performed sequencing and comparative bioinformatics analysis of the miRNAs from the CNS of Helix lucorum. We have identified 95 different microRNAs, including microRNAs belonging to the MIR-9, MIR-10, MIR-22, MIR-124, MIR-137, and MIR-153 families, known to be involved in various CNS processes of vertebrates and other species, particularly, in the fear behavior and LTM. We have shown that in the CNS of Helix lucorum MIR-10 family (26 miRNAs) is the most representative one, including Hlu-Mir-10-S5-5p and Hlu-Mir-10-S9-5p as top hits. Moreover, we have shown the involvement of the MIR-10 family in LTM formation in Helix. The expression of 17 representatives of MIR-10 differentially changes during different periods of LTM consolidation in the CNS of Helix. In addition, using comparative analysis of microRNA expression upon learning in normal snails and snails with deficient learning abilities with dysfunction of the serotonergic system, we identified a number of microRNAs from several families, including MIR-10, which expression changes only in normal animals. The obtained data can be used for further fundamental and applied behavioral research.

The maternally transmitted endocellular bacteria Wolbachia is a well-known symbiont of insects, demonstrating both negative and positive effects on host fitness. The previously found Wolbachia strain wMelPlus is characterized by a positive effect on the stress-resistance of its host Drosophila melanogaster, under heat stress conditions. This investigation is dedicated to studying the genomic underpinnings of such an effect. We sequenced two closely related Wolbachia strains, wMelPlus and wMelCS112, assembled their complete genomes, and performed comparative genomic analysis engaging available Wolbachia genomes from the wMel and wMelCS groups. Despite the two strains under study sharing very close gene-composition, we discovered a large (>1/6 of total genome) chromosomal inversion in wMelPlus, spanning through the region that includes the area of the inversion earlier found in the wMel group of Wolbachia genotypes. A number of genes in unique inversion blocks of wMelPlus were identified that might be involved in the induction of a stress-resistant phenotype in the host. We hypothesize that such an inversion could rearrange established genetic regulatory-networks, causing the observed effects of such a complex fly phenotype as a modulation of heat stress resistance. Based on our findings, we propose that wMelPlus be distinguished as a separate genotype of the wMelCS group, named wMelCS3.

The maternally transmitted endocellular bacteria

A number of methods for extracting the DNA of maternally inherited obligate intracellular bacteria

The first instance of a rare-earth single-ion magnet in a robust extended solid has been found, which possesses a crystal structure different from apatite. The compound exhibits slow relaxation of magnetization in a zero field revealing simultaneously two energy barriers for magnetization reversal.

Abnormal mRNAs of the hybrid BCR-ABL gene in the majority of cases initiate the synthesis of proteins with a mass of 210 kDa (p210), 190 kDa (p190), and 230 kDa (p230). Expression of the p210 variant is most common in CML (95% of cases), while the p190 and p230 variants are less common (1-4%). On the contrary, p190 predominates in ALL. Measurement of BCR/ABL gene expression is included in clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of CML and ALL as sequential tests in accordance with their occurrence. At the same time, in the context of primary patients testing with suspected hematological malignancies with a low prevalence of BCR-ABL positive patients in the cohort of examined individuals, sequential testing is associated with low cost-effectiveness. Purpose: approbation of a parallel algorithm for detecting all three (p210, p190 and p230) using the multiplex RT-PCR format implemented in the «BCR/ABL-MULTITEST» reagent kit. We used anonymized blood samples from patients with suspected CML, as well as samples from ALL patients before starting therapy. Testing of blood samples was carried out using two variants of the algorithm: sequential determination of individual BCR-ABL transcripts and parallel determination using the developed set of reagents «BCR/ABL-MULTITEST». To detect the p210 transcript, a commercial kit «AmpliSens® Leukemia Quantum M-bcr-FRT» (Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Russia) was used. Simultaneously, a test was used to detect all three variants of BCR-ABL transcripts using the «BCR/ABL - MULTITEST» reagent kit based on a monochrome multiplex reaction «in one test tube». Reverse transcription were carried out using the REVERTA-L reagent kit (Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Russia) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Using the reagent kits «BCR/ABL-MULTITEST» and «AmpliSens® Leukemia Quantum M-bcr-FRT» there is a high level of correlation of quantitative results of determining the chimeric transcript BCR-ABL р210 (r = 0.99). When using the proposed parallel algorithm with the primary use of the «BCR/ABL-MULTITEST» reagent kit, out of 95 patients with suspected CML, 9 samples with p210 transcript were identified, one with p190 BCR / ABL, and in one case a transcript variant characteristic of chronic neutrophilic leukemia - p230 BCR / ABL. The estimated cost for detecting one positive case of BCR-ABL when using the parallel diagnostic algorithm «BCR/ABL-MULTITEST» with a focused flow of studies is reduced by about 2 times due to a decrease in the amount of laboratory plastic used and the volume of the reaction mixture, as well as the absence of the need for repeated separate tests to detect p190 and p230. The use of the multiplex PCR-RT test system «BCR/ABL-MULTITEST» allows detecting in one test tube all three main variants of BCR-ABL transcripts - p210, p190, p230 and achieving significant resource savings when examining a cohort of patients with suspected CML and ALL and low frequency of positive samples.

An object of investigation is pointed - the metal articles being in water and exposed to pulse laser treating. The purpose of research was the investigation of the processes occurring near the metal target treated by pulse laser radiation with flux density ∼106 W/cm–2. The results of the experimental investigation of the pulse laser treating of a led target being in water are described. The process of steam and gas plume generation on the surface of the irradiated metal was investigated experimentally. The features of steam and gas plume form and dimensions evolution on different stages of the process (even after completion of laser treating of the material) were investigated. It is shown that when using GOR-100M operating in free oscillating regime (pulse duration 1.2 ms, laser radiation flux density ∼106 W/cm–2), the form of a crater developed on the irradiated target surface being in water essentially differs from the topography of the crater developed on the analogical target surrounded by air at normal pressure (105 Pa). It is pointed in the conclusions that the substantial difference of the forms of crater surfaces developed as a result of processing of the identical targets being in water or air by laser pulses with the identical parameters , determines by principally different character of plasma and steam and gas mixture flow in the mentioned cases.

Introduction. The development of machine learning methods has given a new impulse to solving inverse problems in mechanics. Many studies show that along with well-behaved techniques of ultrasonic, magnetic, and thermal nondestructive testing, the latest methods are used, including those based on neural network models. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential application of machine learning methods in the problem of two-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Materials and Methods. We have developed an experimental model of acoustic ultrasonic non-destructive testing, in which the probing of the object under study takes place, followed by the recording of the response signals. The propagation of an ultrasonic wave is modeled by the finite difference method in the time domain. An ultrasonic signal received at the internal points of the control object is applied to the input of the convolutional neural network. At the output, an image that visualizes the internal defect is generated. Results. In the course of the performed complex of numerical experiments, a data set was generated for training a convolutional neural network. A convolutional neural network model, which is developed to solve the problem of visualizing internal defects based on methods of ultrasonic nondestructive testing, is presented. This model has a small size, which is 3.8 million parameters. Its simplicity and versatility provide high-speed learning and a wide range of applications in the class of related problems. The presented results show a high degree of information content of the ultrasonic response and its correspondence to the real form of an internal defect located inside the test object. The effect of geometric parameters of defects on the accuracy of the neural network model is investigated. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained have established that the proposed model shows a high operating accuracy (F1 > 0.95) in cases when the wavelength of the probe pulse is tens of times less than the size of the defect. We believe that the combination of the proposed methods in this approach can serve as a good starting point for future research in solving flaw defection problems and inverse problems in general.

The article deals with the problem of stability of an infinitely long cylindrical shell, located in an absolutely rigid medium, compressing the shell so that it can lose stability only by deforming into an inner cavity. Using the equations of the nonlinear theory of shells, which takes into account from nonlinear effects only changes in the radii of curvature of the middle surface of the shell during deformation, an exact solution is obtained that determines the critical pressure or the limiting value of the subcritical deformation of the shell. It was found that the critical pressure and deformation largely depend on the connection between the shell and the external environment in the annular direction. Two limiting cases are investigated: a shell rigidly bound to the medium and a shell free from tangential annular surface load. The solution obtained is compared with the results of an experiment carried out on composite shells with a metal and polymer inner layer.

Background. In accordance with the World health organization clinical guidelines, the analysis of somatic mutations in the CALR gene, as well as mutations in the JAK2 and MPL genes, are included in the list of criteria for the Ph-myeloproliferative neoplasms diagnosis.More than 50 different mutation variants have been found in the CALR gene, among which the most frequent are a 52 bp deletion (c.1092_1143del), also called type 1, and a 5 bp insertion (c.1154_1155insTTGTC), also called type 2 (88 %).The remaining 12 % are other type less frequent indels or combinations thereof.It is most convenient to use sequencing methods to identify all possible variants of CALR mutations. It is also important to develop inexpensive screening test that can detect any mutations in the analyzed DNA fragment of CALR gene. This method can be heteroduplex analysis followed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel (PAGE).The objective: to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of using heteroduplex analysis with separation of the PCR product by electrophoresis on non-denaturing PAGE for the CALR exon 9 mutations detection as the screening test. Materials and methods. DNA samples of 13 CALR-positive patients with different phenotypic variants of Ph-myeloproliferative neoplasms were screened by heteroduplex analysis. For the most common variants of CALR mutations (c.1092_1143del and c.1154_1155insTTGTC), a threshold determination of the mutant allele presence was analyzed.Nucleotide sequence of exon 9 fragment was determined using Sanger sequencing. Also, all 13 samples were analyzed using the pyrosequencing method to assess the allelic burden level.Results. Heteroduplex analysis revealed mutations in exon 9 of the CALR gene in all 13 patients. The threshold determinations of the method in the case of the c.1154_1155insTTGTC and c.1092_1143del analysis are 6.25 % and 3.13 % of the mutant allele presence in the patient sample, respectively.Conclusion. The proposed variant of the heteroduplex analysis with separation of the PCR product by electrophoresis on non-denaturing PAGE can be recommended for use as the preliminary screening test which is carried out before the confirming sequencing methods for the different indels (or combinations thereof) CALR mutations determine.The presence of heteroduplexes indicates the presence of a mutation, even if the mutant product is not visualized (in case of small mutations).

In current review, we consider the Russian and, mainly, international experience of the “digital core» technology, namely – the possibility of creating a numerical models of internal structure of the cores and multiphase flow at pore space scale. Moreover, our paper try to gives an answer on a key question for the industry: if digital core technology really allows effective to solve the problems of the oil and gas field, then why does it still not do this despite the abundance of scientific work in this area? In particular, the analysis presented in the review allows us to clarify the generally skeptical attitude to technology, as well as errors in R&D work that led to such an opinion within the oil and gas companies. In conclusion, we give a brief assessment of the development of technology in the near future.

Active development of the "anti-aging medicine", attempts to slow down biological (including vascular) aging led to the creation of new pharmaceuticals including menopausal hormone therapy. The vascular wall protective mechanism of the hormones is not completely clear, but it was shown that natural estrogens are able to control the condition of the vascular wall, prevent platelet adhesion, control a range of metabolic and trophic and energy processes in the endothelium of the vascular wall, producing antithrombogenic factors, namely their inhibition contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. It is known that standard and low-dose estrogen may restore the impaired antithrombogenic potential of the vascular wall, provided its initial reduction does not exceed 20%. The issue of the role and possibilities of correction of the antithrombogenic activity of the vascular wall with ultra-low dose estradiol remained unresolved. As a "clinical model" for the study of this issue, we formed 2 groups of patients: in the study group patients received ultra-low dose estradiol plus dydrogesterone, subjects from the control group received beta-alanine. Three-year follow-up showed a decrease in antithrombogenic activity of the vascular wall in control subjects after 2 and 3 years of follow-up according to the M.V. Baluda's test versus subjects treated with ultra-low dose estrogen plus dydrogesterone. The decrease of the relative risk of reduction of the antithrombogenic activity of the vascular wall with the use of ultra-low dose estrogen plus dydrogesterone during the first two years was 2.3 times, and during the 3 years of follow-up 3.8 times versus control. Thus, prescribing only ultra-low dose estradiol plus dydrogesterone for patients with normal antithrombogenic activity of the vessel wall at baseline reliably lowers the risk of long-term reduction of antithrombogenic potential of the vascular wall.

Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty (central) is a condition resulting from the early (up to 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys) reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. An increase in the secretion of sex steroids by the gonads in this form is a consequence of the stimulation of the sex glands by gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland. In the absence of central nervous system abnormalities, CPP is classified as idiopathic and as familial in some cases, emphasizing the genetic origin of this disorder. Loss-of-function mutations in Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3) are the most common identified genetic cause of central precocious puberty compared to sporadic cases. In the present study we performed the first descrition of 3 family cases of central precocious puberty duo to novel MKRN3 gene mutation detected by NGS in the Russian Federation.

The review article presents data on extracellular vesicles (EV), bilayer phospholipid membrane structures which are secreted by different cell types and contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The features of their structure, biogenesis, and mechanisms of interaction with the recipient cell are considered. The properties of extracellular vesicles of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their role in the regulation of developmental processes are also considered. Special attention is paid to the vesicles of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), their role in maintaining pluripotency, and the properties of the vesicles of cells obtained during the directed differentiation of iPSCs.

The article presents a new interpretation of the basic geometric concept of general theory of relativity, according to which gravity is associated not with the curvature of the Riemannian space generated by it, but with deformations of this space. Using such a formulation, the linearized equations of the general theory of relativity for empty space turn out to be analogous to the compatibility equations of deformations of the linear theory of elasticity. It is essential that the operators of the equations corresponding to these two theories have the same property, namely, their divergence is identically equal to zero. In the theory of relativity, this property of equations gives rise to one of the main problems of the theory, namely, the system of equations describing the gravitational field turns out to be incomplete, since the vanishing of the divergence of the operators of these equations reduces the number of mutually independent field equations that turns out to be less than the number of unknown components of the metric tensor. The general form of the equations, which should be supplemented with the field equations to obtain a complete system, is still unknown in the general theory of relativity. However, in the theory of elasticity, such equations are known, namely, these are the equilibrium equations, which represent the equality to zero of the divergence of the stress tensor linearly related to the strain tensor. It is proposed to use the noted analogy to obtain equations that supplement the field equations in the general theory of relativity. A problem with spherical symmetry is considered as an application. The solution obtained does not coincide with the well-known Schwarzschild solution. It is not singular and defines a critical radius that is 2/3 of the gravitational radius.

The interannual and intraseasonal patterns of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the main commercial fishes from Lake Pskov, one of the most productive water bodies in northwestern Russia, are studied. The results of cartographic analysis of the summer–fall fish distributions in the lake are presented. The results of trawl surveys conducted in years that differed by the water level (2003, 2006, and 2008) were used as the input data. The initial data were aggregated into tables of attributes containing information on the trawling dates, trajectories, duration, average speed, water temperature, and the species and size composition of the catch. These tables were used to map the spatial distribution of seven fish species (bream, pikeperch, roach, perch, white bream, burbot, and ruff). Cartographic estimates of abundance are obtained for roach, pikeperch, bream, pike, and perch. An attempt is made to assess the reproduction efficiency of several fish species (pikeperch, perch, and pike) based on an analysis of their abundance variation from spring to autumn. Maps of the spatial distribution of the pikeperch that account for the size composition of the population are created. The discrepancy in the localization of different age groups in different seasons, along with their moving patterns, is ascertained. The patterns in the fish spatiotemporal dynamics are matched with the available hydrological characteristics.

This study focuses on the early human occupation of the arctic part of the West Siberian Plain and introduces the finds at the Paleolithic site Kushevat (Shuryshkarsky District, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), discovered in 2020. Geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Lower Ob region are provided, the chronology of the key Middle and Late Neopleistocene sequences is assessed, and criteria underlying the search for Paleolithic sites in the area are outlined. We describe the discovery and excavations at Kushevat, its stratigraphy and its faunal remains. On the basis of correlation with neighboring key Late Neopleistocene sections with a representative series of absolute dates, the age of the site is estimated at cal 50–35 ka BP. Results of a traceological study of a possibly human-modified reindeer antler are provided. Findings at Kushevat and the available information on the early peopling of northern Eurasia suggest that the boundary of the inhabited part of that region must be shifted ~200 km to the north. The Ob, therefore, is one of the last major Siberian rivers where traces of the Early Upper Paleolithic culture have been found. The discovery of a stratified site in its lower stretch is a milestone in the Paleolithic studies in the region. A large area over which faunal remains are distributed, and the presence of lithics among the surface finds, suggest that Kushevat is a highly prospective site for future archaeological studies of the early stages in the human peopling of the region.