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Aim. To study the prognostic value of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) parameters in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in risk stratification of HFpEF progression during a 12-month follow-up.Materials and methods. The study included 58 patients with non-obstructive CAD and HFpEF (LVEF 62 [58; 66]%). Dynamic CZT-SRECT was used to evaluate MFR and MBF at rest (rest-MBF) and stress (stress-MBF). NT-proBNP levels were determined by the enzyme immunoassay. Diastolic dysfunction parameters were measured using 2D transthoracic echocardiography. Left ventricular systolic global longitudinal strain (GLS) was assessed using 2D speckle tracking.Results. After a 12-month follow-up, the patients were retrospectively divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 11) included patients with an unfavorable course of HFpEF, group 2 (n = 47) encompassed patients with a favorable course of the disease. In group 1, the level of NT-proBNP was 3.8 times higher than in group 2 (284.5 [183.42; 716.73] and 1,071.4 [272.4; 2,168.1] pg / ml, respectively). MFR values in group 1 were lower by 45.4%(p < 0.001) than in group 2 (1.19 [0.86; 1.55] vs. 2.18 [1.7; 2.55], respectively). In group 1, rest-MBF levels were higher by 23.6% (p = 0.046) and stress-MBF was lower by 28.2% (p = 0.046) than in group 2. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that NT-proBNP levels (odds ratio (OR) 3.23; p = 0.008), GLS (OR 2.27; p = 0.012), and MFR (OR 8.09; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of adverse outcomes in HFpEF. Based on the ROC analysis, MFR levels ≤ 1.62 (AUC = 0.827; p < 0.001), GLS ≤–18 (AUC = 0.756; p = 0.002), and NT-proBNP≥ 760.5 pg / ml (AUC = 0.708; p = 0.040) may be considered as markers of adverse outcomes. However, the combined determination of NT-proBNP and MFR had a greater significance (AUC 0.935; p < 0.001) in risk stratification compared with the monomarker model, while the addition of GLS did not increase the significance of the analysis.Conclusion. Levels of NT-proBNP, GLS, and MFR may be used as non-invasive markers of an adverse course of HFpEF in patients with non-obstructive CAD, while the combined determination of NT-proBNP and MBF increases the prognostic value of the analysis.

Aim. To study the prognostic value of high serum concentration of soluble ST2 protein (sST2) in the development of cardiovascular events after endovascular myocardial revascularization and the possibility of using this biomarker as a target for β-blocker therapy in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with preserved (HFpEF) and mildly reduced (HFmrEF) left ventricular ejection fraction.Materials and methods. The study included 72 patients (aged 57–69 years, 81.94% were men) with class I–III CHF of ischemic etiology with HFpEF and HFmrEF. The patients were admitted to the cardiology department for endovascular myocardial revascularization. Before myocardial revascularization, serum concentrations of sST2 and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in all patients were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Doses of β-blockers used in all patients were recalculated into a total daily dose equivalent to metoprolol succinate. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the median equivalent dose of metoprolol succinate (“high” ≥ 100 mg / day and “low” < 100 mg / day).Results. In patients of group 1, the serum concentration of sST2 was 30.7% higher (p < 0.001) than in patients of group 2 (40.26 [34.39; 48.92] ng /ml and 27.9 [23.05; 35.27] ng / ml, respectively), the serum NT-proBNP level in group 1 was 22.8% higher (p = 0.049) than in group 2 (167 [129; 330] ng / ml vs. 129 [125; 147] ng / ml, respectively). In patients receiving an equivalent dose of metoprolol succinate < 100 mg / day, the incidence of cardiovascular events was 34% higher (p = 0.002) than in patients receiving an equivalent dose of metoprolol succinate ≥ 100 mg/day. The ROC analysis showed that serum sST2 level ≥ 34.18 ng / ml (sensitivity 78.0%, specificity 90.0%, area under the curve (AUC) 0.906; p < 0.0001) predicts a high risk of cardiovascular events within one year. However, the serum NT-proBNP level was not an informative predictor of cardiovascular events. Conclusion. It was confirmed that increased sST2 serum concentration has high prognostic value in the development of cardiovascular events within a year after endovascular myocardial revascularization. The possibility of using this biomarker as a target for β-blocker therapy in patients with HFpHF and HFmrEF was substantiated. Aggressive use of β-blockers in the group of patients with HFpEF and HFmrEF and sST2 overexpression is preferable in order to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events.

The impact of growth conditions on the fluorescent characteristics of the leaves of the vegetable and cultivated oilseed forms of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), which were introduced in central Russia for the first time, was studied. The following parameters of fluorescence induction were used: NPQ (nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching), qP (photochemical fluorescence quenching), Qy (actual quantum yield of photochemical reactions in photosystem II), Qymax (maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II), and Rfd (vitality coefficient). Using soybean plants in the flowering and technical ripeness phases as an example a direct relationship between nonphotochemical quenching and the Rfd indicator (r = 0.95), as well as an inverse relationship between the Fv indicator with photochemical quenching (r = –0.89 and r = –0.78 in the flowering and technical ripeness phases, respectively) was shown. The biochemical parameters were studied and their correlation with the photosynthetic parameters of the leaves of vegetable forms of soybean was analyzed. As an example, the accumulation of antioxidants had approximately the same moderate degree of correlation (r = 0.40) with Qymax, Rfd, and qRstat. At the end of the growing season, the correlation of the vitality coefficient in the technical ripeness phase with the productivity of vegetable soybean in the phase of full biological ripeness, namely, the weight of the plant (including the underground part), the number of beans per plant, and the weight of seeds per plant, were analyzed. There was a stable positive correlation between these indicators from r = 0.78 (with the mass of the plant and the mass of seeds from the plant) to 0.90 (with the number of beans per plant). The vitality coefficient has practical significance, playing the role of a quantitative characteristic of plant productivity, which makes it possible to use PAM fluorimetry in the assessment of the physiological state of a plant organism and its economic efficiency.

The paper summarizes a 3-year study of the total accumulation of phenolic compounds (PC), which represent the most important group of alcohol- and water-soluble antioxidants, in seeds and vegetative organs of vegetable soybean. The study was carried out using a Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. Oil-bearing and vegetable soybean samples were grown in a greenhouse and on the experimental field of the Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing (Moscow oblast). PC accumulation in the phases of the technical (R6) and biological (R8) ripeness of vegetable soybean varieties was first studied under conditions of the northern border of the crop cultivation zone (55° N). The PC content in vegetative organs of plants at the R6 phase significantly exceeded that in seeds (12.0 and 4.1 mg/g of dry weight, respectively). In both R6 and R8 phases, accumulation of phenolic compounds in seeds of vegetable forms exceeded that in the oilseed varieties by 36.6 and 10%, respectively; the average exceeding at the R8 phase for the 3 years of study was 26.3%. Some vegetable lines, such as Gokuwase Hayabusa Edamame, Sample A, and Tundra, were characterized by a high PC content (4.9 mg/g). The study of accumulation of such compounds in vegetable forms under conditions of the Central region of the Nonchernozem zone showed a high potential of their use for the creation of varieties characterized by a high PC content and suitable for production of functional and medicinal vegetable products.

When creating highly efficient sensitive array photodetectors, it is necessary to test them using specialized systems. A program and methodology for the primary (periodic) certification of a two-channel automated system for the synthesis of dynamic and static infrared images designed to control the characteristics of an array photodetector have been developed. The methodology of certification of the most significant characteristics of the system is described, which are: the accuracy of positioning a three-coordinate scanning device with numerical software control; the size of the linear field in the image plane of the object and background channels; operation spectral range and irradiation range; the diameter of the point object and the energy concentration factor in the object circle of confusion in the image plane of the object channel. The system implements an independent change in the irradiation levels in the optical channel of the object in the range of 10–9–10–6 W/cm2 and in the background channel in the range of 10–9–10–7 W/cm2. The minimum size of a dynamic object does not exceed 30 μm, the velocity of its displacement reaches 250 μm/s. The three-coordinate positioning system provides displacement of the object along the coordinate axes up to 200 mm with an error of less than 2 μm.

—The content of crude protein in leaves and seeds of vegetable soybean, an important legume crop used in a functional and healthy nutrition, has been evaluated by a spectrophotometric analysis. Breeding forms of soybean were grown on an experimental field and in a greenhouse of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow oblast). In this 3-year work, the crude protein accumulation in seeds of vegetable soybean at the R8-stage stage under conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem Soil Zone of Russia (55th parallel north) were first studied. No significant difference between the vegetable and oil-seed soybean forms was observed in relation to the protein content in leaves at the R6-stage phase; the average value for vegetable samples was 8.1%. At this phase, the level of protein accumulation in seeds of all samples was almost equal (27.5–28.4%). According to the data of 3-year observations, vegetable soybean accumulated the higher total protein (+15.7% in relative values) at the R8-stage phase, which may be explained by hereditary factors. The maximum crude protein content in seeds was observed in breeding lines Obrazets A, Hidaka, and Cha Kura Kake; the average value for these lines reached 47.4% in absolute units. Under studied conditions, a significant accumulation of crude protein was observed in leaves and seeds of vegetable soybean during both phases of generative development, which may provide great prospects for the use of these samples in the production of functional food products with a high protein content.

A program and methodology of the primary (periodic) certification of the two-channel automated system of synthesis of dynamic and static infrared images to control the characteristics of matrix photo reception devices has been developed. The method of appraisal of the most significant characteristics of the system is described: the accuracy of positioning of a three-coordinated scanning device with numerical software control; The size of the linear field in the plane of the image of the objects and background channels; Working spectral range and irradiation range the diameter of the point object and the energy concentration factor in the object scattering spot in the plane of the image of the object's channel. Confirmed by independent irradiance levels change in optical object channel in the range 10–9–10–6 W/cm2, and the background channel 10–9–10–7 W/cm2. The minimum size of a dynamic object does not exceed 30 μm, the speed of its displacement reaches 250 μm/s. Three-dimensional precision positioning system provides repeatability for coordinates less than 2 μm range up to 200 mm.

The presence of dermal glands is a synapomorphy in the freshwater mites-the large branch of the hyporder Parasitengonina. Dermal glands of the mite Limnesia maculata (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae) were studied using light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) for the first time. Two types of dermal glands were recognized in adult mites-14 pairs of the uniformly organized common dermal glands scattered throughout the entire body volume, and one pair of the characteristic so-called idiosomal dermal glands centrally located and stretched along the ventral body wall, supposedly corresponding to the epimeroglandularia 4. The common dermal glands are composed of a single large alveolus with the basally located columnar epithelium. An intra-alveolar lumen is positioned above the epithelium and packed with a secretion in the form of long curved electron-dense bands. These bands are directed to the excretory opening and released to the outside in the form of strongly coiled bands. The cytoplasm of the common dermal glands is filled with short RER cisterns and shows few characteristic Golgi bodies with round dense secretory granules at the distal pole. In contrast, a large elongated sac represents the idiosomal dermal glands having a relatively thin secretory epithelium on the periphery. The cuboidal epithelial cells contain areas with tightly packed RER cisterns and weakly recognized Golgi bodies. The apical cell surface bears irregular short microvilli. The large intra-alveolar lumen always contains an electron-dense secretion with myriads of small lighter particles. This kind of secretion was never seen released through the opening. The excretory opening of the common and the idiosomal dermal glands shows differences in its organization but basically is represented by a cuticular "bell" narrowing to the opening and showing a particular kind of valves at the inner side of the flaps of the orifice.

Relevance One of the basic directions of the cabbage crop breeding is the creation of F1 hybrids with a complex of economically valuable traits. This process is difficult and time-consuming as to get pure lines must be within 6-12 years hold inbreeding. Herewith not every line gives the desired heterotic effect that also requires additional verification. Methods Biotechnological method culture of isolated microspores in vitro, which allows in the first generation to receive a line with 100% homozygosity, was used to speed up the breeding process. Combination ability were performed in complete diallel cross on the basic morphological signs. Results Culture medium for cultivation of isolated microspores in vitro was optimized for each genotype of cabbage for the best embryoids regeneration. Maximum amount of embryoids was received on medium with pH 6.2 using ampicillin 100 mg/l and zeatin 1 mg/l: 466.7 ± 153.2 PCs/100 buds. A new source material for breeding – doubled haploid lines of cabbage was received. Lines – the best parents for F1 hybrids with high yield, compact rosette of leaves, with optimum inside and short outside cabbage stump was created. Studies have shown that optimization of breeding process in case of creation of pure lines of cabbage in 3 years with microspore culture requires to reduce the breeding process in 2 times.

Aim . To study the role of soluble stimulating growth factor expressed by gene 2 (sST2), at rest and after exercise at the end of six-minute walk distance (6MWD) in predicting the development of adverse cardiovascular events (CVA) in patients with coronary artery disease with chronic heart failure (CHF) for 12 months of prospective observation. Material and methods . We included 35 patients with CHF of ischemic genesis (32 men) with 44 left ventricular ejection fraction [35; 52]% (average age 62 [57; 67] years). The concentration of sST2 in serum was determined by enzyme immunoassay prior to and immediately after completion of 6MWD. Results . After 12 months of prospective observation, patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the CHF genesis. Group 1 (n=15) included patients with an unfavorable CHF course, group 2 (n=20) included patients without adverse CVA. In patients of group 1, the level of sST2 reached 39,68 [32,28; 52,32] ng/ml, which is 26,2% higher than (p=0,007) the similar parameter in patients of group 2 — 29,29 [26,34; 33,78] ng/ml. According to the ROC-analysis, the level of sST2 >33,14 ng/ml can be considered as a marker of the development of adverse CVA for 12 months of observations (sensitivity — 73,3%, specificity — 75,0%, area under the ROC curve — 0,77, p=0,002). After 6MWD patients with unfavorable CHF had a tendency (p=0,211) for an increase in sST2 level by 9,3% from 39,68 [32,28; 33,78] ng/ml to 43,75 [36,85; 54,80] ng/ml. In patients with a favorable course of CHF, the level of sST2 did not change, reaching 29,29 [26,34; 33,78] ng/ml and 29,43 [23,79; 34,79] ng/ml after 6MWD. According to the ROC-analysis, it was found that in patients with coronary artery disease and CHF, determining of sST2 concentration in the blood after 6MWD allowed to achieve higher levels of specificity and sensitivity of stratification risk method of adverse CVA — 86,7% and 85,0%, respectively (the area under the ROC curve is 0,86, p

Relevance Biotechnological methods are generally used to speed up breeding programs and to enhance genetic diversity, so the culture of isolated microspore in vitro can be regarded as one of very suitable methods. Nontraditional and uncommon vegetable crops belonging to Brassicaceae Burnett. are becoming more popular. Methods Accessions of sarepta mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) and rocket salad (Eruca sativa Mill.) were taken for the study with the aim to optimize the basic protocol for these species. Results As a result of the study the optimum cultivation conditions have been determined for the species. Sizes of buds 2.5-3.5 mm long for sarepta mustard and 7.0-7.5 long for rocket salad which were used for cultivation had been experimentally defined. It was also shown that the cold pretreatment had improved the embryo yield. The nutritional NLN-13 medium with pH 6.1 and pretreatment at 32°C during a cultivation day had been shown to be more favourable for all accessions. All conditions that had been used were suitable for embryo formation. First divisions had been seen after 4 days of cultivation, while the embryos at primary cotyledonary stage only appeared after 2 weeks of cultivation. The embryo yield per 5 buds reached 25-30 and 5-7 in the sarepta mustard and the rocket salad, respectively. It is worth noticing that the root formation and plant adaptation had passed better and faster in sarepta mustard than in rocket salad. Thus, whole process of homozygous line developing can be completed for 4-5 months, making the breeding program 3 times shorter.

The article presents the results of research on the biology of willow-carrot aphid and evaluation of varieties and hybrids of garden carrot in the Bryansk region. The aim of scientific research was to study the biological characteristics of willow-carrot aphid - Cavariella aegopodii (Scop.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), the influence of weather and climatic conditions on the pest prevalence, the degree of plant population, as well as the evaluation of varieties and hybrids of garden carrot on the complex of economically valuable traits. It was established that the average daily temperature of 18°C and above contributed to the intensive pest infestation of carrot plants in the first decade of July. The peak of the number of willow-carrot aphids was noted in I-II decades of July. With the increase of temperature increased the fecundity of females of the aphid up to 60-70 larvae. In 2017-2018 detected relatively resistant varieties and hybrids of garden carrot – Minor, Marlinka, Nantskaya 4, Nadezhda F1with an average damage score of 1.0-1.17. The variety Shantena royal is marked with plants with an average score of 2.43, which characterizes the average resistance of the variety to damage. In the Bryansk region on the basis of "mass of roots" on average, over two years of research significantly exceeded the standard (variety Nante 4) Shantena 2461, Shantena Royal, Minor, Nante, Cupar F1, Nadezhda F1, Mars F1by 6.2 - 37.1 per cent. On the basis of "marketable yield" varieties and hybrids of Mars F1, Cupar F1, Nadezhda F1, Shantena royal, Nante, Minor were distinguished. According to the results of biochemical analysis, a variety of Nante with a high content of carotene (185.1 mg/kg), dry matter (13.3%) and low nitrate accumulation (110.2 mg/kg) was isolated. During two years of research in the conditions of the Bryansk region, it was established that Minor, Nadezhda F1combined relative resistance to willow-carrot aphids damage and were distinguished on the basis of “commercial yield”.

Temperature is the main exogenous factor that determines the growth, development and productivity of agricultural plants, including seed germination. In this work, we studied the thermosensitivity of heterogeneous dill seeds (Anethum graveolens). The study aimed to study the short-term (1-5 days) effect of high temperature (40°C) on the growth of the embryo and germination of dill seeds formed on different umbels of the mother plant. The growth of the embryo had a significant effect on seed germination (r = 0.976; P < 0.001). Seeds collected from primary umbels have a more developed embryo and can overcome the effects of thermal stress. We also found that the duration of heat exposure at 40°C, leading to a decrease in viability, can vary from 1-5 days for seeds from primary umbels, to 1-2 days for seeds from secondary umbels, which, in our opinion, is due to the heteromorphism. The influence of the place of seed formation on the mother plant and the high temperature during germination is critical for embryo growth and dill seeds’ germination.

The article presents the directions and results of breeding work of FSBSI Federal Scientific Centre for Vegetable Growing for improved biochemical composition of vegetable crops. The gene pool of traditional and rare vegetable crops is evaluated by their antioxidant properties, the best samples with high content of dry matter, sugars, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, macro- and microelements are selected as the starting material for further breeding for improved biochemical composition. Especially valuable in this direction are cabbages, onions, pumpkins, nightshades, root crops, greens and low-spreading crops. It is shown that in recent years there has been considerable interest in the food use of seedlings of various vegetable crops. Scientists and breeders are increasingly turning to wild species as sources of new material to expand the genetic basis of crops to enhance their antioxidant status, adaptive potential and resistance to biotic stresses, such crops include chervil, ornamental onions, spicy-flavored crops and others. It is shown that breeding vegetable crops for improving the biochemical composition of fruits has great prospects, since the introduction into production of varieties and hybrids with high antioxidant status will increase their food and medicinal value without additional costs of irreplaceable energy sources and will serve as the basis for creating functional products. Functional foods should be obligatory on the market alongside traditional foods, as they can complement traditional ones by acting as a kind of medicinal or preventive remedy.

Aim.Development of a model for calculating of predicted values of key echocardiography (EchoCG) parameters in patients of different ages and staturelweight values.Material and methods.The study included 10604 apparently healthy patients aged from 1 day to 65 years; 5726 (54%) of them are female. In addition to the general clinical study, all patients underwent EchoCG with the measurement of standard indicators as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. We measured body surface area (BSA) and selected a regression model, which most adequately links the values of the EchoCG parameters and staturel-weight values.Results.All EchoCG parameters showed a significant correlation with BSA. The patients were divided into four groups to receive more homogeneous cohorts. We have identified newborns and adults. A group of children was additionally divided according to BSA, by less than 0,3 m2 and more than 0,3 m2. The calculated regression equations were reliable in both cases — before and after separation. Comparison of dispersion excesses showed a better dependence among the separated groups. The separation also significantly increased the prediction accuracy.Conclusion.The proposed mathematical models relevantly predict the normal values of variables. The method is well suited for calculating the Z-index of main EchoCG parameters.

Aim. To evaluate prediction role of the biomarkers soluble ST2 (sST2) and natriuretic hormone N-terminal propeptide (NT-proBNP) in risk assessment of adverse cardiovascular events (ACVE) in coronary heart disease patients (CHD) with chronic heart failure (CHF) after myocardial revascularization.Material and methods. Totally, 87 patients included (72 males) with CHD and CHF I-III functional class by NYHA with ejection fraction of the left ventricle (LVEF) 63 [55; 65]%, mean age 63 [57; 69] y.o. Levels of sST2 and NT-proBNP in plasma were measured by immune enzyme assay before myocardial revascularization.Results. In 12 months of prospective follow-up, patients were selected to 2 groups according to clinical course of CHF. To the group I the patients included (n=35) with ACVE, group II (b=52) — with none. It was found that in the group I the level of sST2 was higher by 41,5% (pConclusion. Therefore, the preprocedural level of sST2 can be regarded as non-invasive marker for prediction of ACVE. Combination of sST2 and NT-proBNP shows higher diagnostic sensitvity and specificity for prediction of adverse CHF course.

Experts of the World Health Organization (WHO) came to the conclusion that a healthy lifestyle is impossible without 7 types of vegetables: cabbage, carrots, onions, tomato, pepper, broccoli and garden cress. Their minimum consumption is 220 g/day for 1 person. This predetermines the task of increasing the production of vegetables and a significant expansion of the range of vegetable products. According to FAOSTAT, the volume of production of lettuce and leaf chicory in 2016 amounted to 24.896116 million tons, which is 2.2% of the total production of vegetables (melon is not included). The largest producer in the world is China, which produces 54.2%. In the United States, 20.5% are produced, and in the EU – 13.9% of the total volume of lettuce and leaf chicory worldwide. The article shows the experience of LLC "Vesely Agronom", which rents floodplain meadowlands in the Dmitrovsky district since 2012 and grows lettuce and leaf chicory. Their production in the open ground is carried out by seedling method with the use of film greenhouses. Analysis of the production of lettuce shows that their sown area increased from 11 hectares in 2013 to 70 hectares in 2017, and the volume of sold products – from 50 to 650 tons, respectively. The profit from sales increased over 5 years from 1.27 million rubles in 2013 to 7.8 million rubles in 2017. In the structure of costs, seeds and seedlings account for 24%, and the share of wages – 29%.

The article considers an approach to the development of a risk-based strategy model for the technical maintenance of a unique technological structure. It is proposed to use the minimum risk of the structure failure as a criterion for optimizing the technical maintenance of the structure. It is shown that this approach allows to decrease considerably and by limited means the risk of the elements failure especially those influencing the structure safety. The task of determining the strategy parameters of technical maintenance of the construction object under consideration is formulated as a Boolean mathematical programming task. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the calculation example. The solution showed the advantage concerning the risk of use of the proposed strategy in comparison with the current one.

The different forms of selenium nanoparticles include the least studied ones, both as a biofortification tool and in regards to the question of the mechanism of their accumulation. The effect of selenium nanoparticles and ionic forms of selenium on the growth and biochemical characteristics of male and female spinach plants are investigated. General properties typical both for nanoparticles and ionic forms of the element include a more intensive accumulation of selenium by male spinach forms, an increase in nitrate content in male plants and a decrease in female individuals, and the predominant accumulation of polyphenols by male forms. The effect of significant differences of nanoparticles and ionic selenium forms was demonstrated on the higher growth-promoting effect of nanoparticles when compared to selenate and selenite. The selenium fortification level decreased in the following way: selenate > nanoparticles of selenium > selenite. Differences between male and female accumulations of selenium are the largest for selenium nanoparticles and the lowest for selenate application. The increase in accumulation of ascorbic acid due to selenium biofortification is the least expressed for selenium nanoparticles. Contrary to ionic forms of selenium, nanoparticles maximally decrease the level of cadmium in female individuals. The results suggest the possibility of the participation of phytohormones (cytokinins and gibberellins) in the accumulation of selenium nanoparticles/ ionic forms and changes in biochemical characteristics of spinach plants as a result of biofortification.

Contradictory events in 1918 as a whole and its separate aspects, in particular, are devoted to a lot of literature with different approaches, conclusions and assessments. Among the newest publications,the author of the article proposes to familiarize with the book “Ukraine between self-determination and occupation: 1917-1922”. The presented research evaluates the policy, which led to drastic changes in Europe at that time. The article deals with extremely complicated processes that filled international life in 1918, the place and role of Ukraine in them. A thorough analysis was based on archival and other sources of scientific centers in Austria, Germany, Hungary, Great Britain, France, Poland, the Czech Republic, Russia and other countries. The appearance of the book has become an unusual phenomenon in historical science. Responding to its content, conclusions and assessments, historians of Ukraine can combine them with their own achievements, take into account the positive ones, reject what, from the point of view of serious scientific expertise, will be inappropriate, further consider the argumentation of doubtful moments and focus on urgent and perspective issues.

Objective : to evaluate the effectiveness of two interferon (IFN)-based antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C (IFN/RBV or PEG-IFN/RBV)depending on HCV genotype, IL-28B gene mutations and to determinethe group of patients who need treatment with direct antiviral agents. Material and methods. The study involved 844 patients with chronic hepatitis C (60.6 % men; 51.9 % with genotype 1 virus) in two infectious diseases hospitals. 324 patients received treatment with standard interferon and ribavirin (IFN/RBV), 520 patients - with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV). Polymerase chain reaction was applied to determinesingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12979860 and rs8099917 of IL-28B gene. Results. The effectiveness (sustained virologic response, SVR) of the scheme IFN/RBV in patients with HCV genotype 1 was 23.9 %, and of PEG-IFN/RBV - 48.4 %. The highest frequency rate of SVR was recorded in patients with CC variant of SNP rs12979860 - 73.3 and 82.1 % (for IFN/RBV and PEG-IFN/RBV schemes, respectively). Schemes IFN/RBV (SVR 70.8 %) and PEG-IFN/RBV (SVR 86.5 %) were highly effective for patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3. The treatment was not effective in patients with genotype 1 HCV having gene IL-28B SNPs rs12979860 CT or TT and rs8099917 TG or GG and in patientsover 40. Conclusion. It is prospectiveto use non-IFN regimens based on direct-acting antiviral agents to treat patients with 1 HCV genotype with genotype CT/TT (rs12979860) and TG/GG (rs8099917), as well as those who did not respond previously to the antiviral treatment with PEG-IFN/RBV.The implementation of the non-IFN regimens should be accelerated by means of registration or development of production of generic drugs.

Currently, Russia is one of the top five countries in terms of onion cultivation areas. It should be noted that Russia is also the largest importer of onions. Onion production in agricultural organizations and farms is increasing. High consumer demand and relatively low resource costs allow classifying this area of management as the most profitable and easy types of agribusiness. The paper shows the need to increase the economic efficiency of onion production in the central part of the Russian Federation. The necessary volume for import substitution is calculated. It is economically justified to use the technology of sowing onion seeds 90+50 cm in comparison with the traditional technology. The highest yield was obtained when seeding with an experimental machine at a seeding rate of 20 million units/ha.

Based on interspecific plant crossing of the genus Allium L., with the overcoming of species incompatibility by embryo culture invitro and sterility of F1 hybrids using polyploidy, backcrossing and inbreeding of hybrid forms, cytological analysis, selection evaluation and selection of recombinant forms, highly effective technological processes for creating initial forms of onion interspecific hybrids were developed. The aim of obtaining onion interspecific hybrids is to create resistant forms of onions to false mildew. The paper shows the possibility of growing onion interspecific hybrids that are relatively resistant to false mildew without the use of fungicides to increase the economic efficiency of onion production, as well as to obtain more environmentally friendly and high-quality products.

Further intensification of agricultural production and crop yield growth will be accompanied by an increase in the cost of non-renewable energy, including through the increasing use of fertilizers. Therefore, in the future, it is important to develop and use energy-efficient production technologies that use less energy to produce agricultural products. The paper shows the influence of reclamation norms of urban sewage sludge (USS) and their combinations with natural zeolite on the economic efficiency of growing crops of grain fallow crop rotation. Studies showed that the use of urban sewage sludge as a fertilizer and the integrated use of USS with zeolite-containing agricultural ore pay off economically. The maximum net income was provided by the combined application of urban sewage sludge at the rates of 160 and 180 t/ha in combination with zeolite. The amount of conditional net income from their application was 13.51-13.62 thousand rubles/ha.

The paper describes the characteristics of biologic preparations and their application in protected ground conditions. In the course of the work, it was revealed that at present, vegetables are becoming more and more popular on the market, the use of chemicals in the their cultivation is limited. As a result of the experiment, the effectiveness of the use of biologic preparation Alirin-B and Gamair against diseases of protected soil cucumber and tomato was studied. The effectiveness of chemical and biological protection systems was compared, and the economic effect of their use was calculated.

The comparative analysis of changes in prices for carrots with changes in prices for fruit and vegetable products and the level of inflation is given. The analysis of the structure of imports of carrots by countries is given, and the countries that have completely stopped purchasing carrots are listed. Its consumption has not reached the rational consumption standards recommended by the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation yet, which are 17 kg per year for 1 person. Reduced supplies from foreign countries allowed national vegetable producers to increase the production of carrots. Production of carrots in Russia remains profitable even without subsidies. However, the achieved profitability does not allow for extended reproduction. The average Russian consumer prices for carrots for the months of 2018 were in the range of 27.73 … 54.56 rubles/kg.

The financial and economic crisis of the last four or five years and the economic sanctions imposed on our country have had a positive impact on the development of national vegetable production, in particular, and agricultural production in general. There is a slight increase and stabilization of the gross harvest of vegetables. Greenhouse vegetable growing is developing dynamically. The area under winter greenhouses is growing by 10-15% every year, and the gross harvest of vegetables in protected soil exceeded a billion tons last year. The level of import of vegetables has sharply decreased, to 1 billion dollars, and exports of products have grown by two or three times. Unfortunately, the weak point in the industry is still seed production; the dependence on seed imports is high – up to 25%. Import substitution for seeds is slower than for vegetable products. At the same time, there is both scientific and production potential for successful national seed production. The plan has been developed to improve the situation by 2025.

In 2017, the digital revolution entered a crucial phase. Digital transformation is one of the main drivers of global economic growth. Today, Russia has a unique chance to realize its potential in the digital revolution and take its rightful place among its leaders. The paper describes the current level of digitalization on the example of agribusiness enterprises, and indicates the development path for the coming years. The forecast of the expected effect of digitalization implementation is given, as well as the need for modernization is explained. The problems that will allow agricultural producers to solve the transition to the figure are described. On the other hand, digitalization, like any change, carries risks for both companies and citizens. The paper considers the most likely of them.

Vegetable peas (Pisum sativum L.) is an important food product containing high balanced combination of protein-carbohydrate complex, biologically active and mineral substances. The need for canned green peas in our country is not satisfied due to our own production. With the increasing competitiveness of varieties, further study and use of the potential for intraspecific hybridization is necessary. To achieve breeding goals to increase the productivity of vegetable peas, to strengthen other traits, it is important to increase the recombination of gametes from several varieties, so complex crosses are becoming increasingly important. The aim of the study is to create the source material of the early and mid-ripening groups of ripening with new economically valuable traits and to produce highly productive canned peas. For the first time, using the method of complex crosses involving geographically distant and morphologically different forms, high-quality pea varieties of canned vegetable peas were created using different ripeness groups, with an optimal combination of productivity elements suitable for mechanized cultivation technologies. The created adaptive varieties of peas of intensive vegetable type with delayed polymerization of sugars and a high content of amylose fraction in starch are competitive with foreign analogues in productivity and taste: Gribovsky jubilee, Maxdon, Corsair, Triumph, Barin.

Genetic collections of plants are mainly contained in the form of seeds, the conservation of which is an important state task. To maintain the collection in a living state, it is necessary to periodically check the germination of seeds, and if necessary, carry out reseeding of seeds in order to reproduce them. The genetically determined shelf life of seeds can be significantly extended by creating optimal storage conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to search or create environmental conditions under which the seeds could remain viable for as long as possible. There are modern high-tech seed storages in the world, but in case of emergency, emergency situations, natural storages will be in a better position, one of which is located on the Taimyr Peninsula. In 1974, an experiment was begun to study the preservation of grain, seeds, and various products in different types of packaging under permafrost conditions with the participation of a number of research institutions. Grain cereals of various samples have been in long-termstorage since 1980. Intermediate seeding and analysis of seeds showed a high degree of viability and prolongation of economic suitability. In 2016, the All-Russian Research Institute for Selection and Seeding of Vegetable Crops (now the Federal Research Center for Horticulture) joined in a long experiment. The employees of breeding laboratories selected a collection of seeds of seven main types of vegetable crops, the samples were laid in three replicates, in accordance with the planned three periods of harvesting, for a long shelf life in permafrost conditions.

Regulation of financial relations in the state is first and foremost based on an understanding of the allowed extent of freedom of financial transactions. In this regard, of relevance becomes the understanding of what is a limitation or expansion of the freedom of economic thought. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that financial obligations ultimately become the tasks of state financial regulation. The authors demonstrate that the study should include the task of providing the state with a methodology and a toolkit for handling debt obligations within the state. The secondary objective is to build an understanding that legislation should also be aimed at reducing potential losses. Financial violations of a corruption nature are considered as objects of causing losses. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that due to the reduction of problematic situations in the legislation, the socio-economic stability of the state as at large increases.

1) To study the role of soluble ST2 (sST2) in evaluation of left ventricular (LV) myocardial remodeling and 2) to evaluate the predictive value of sST2 for development of adverse cardiovascular events (CVE) during 12 months following myocardial revascularization in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) with preserved LV ejection fraction (EF).The study included 55 patients (42 men) with IHD and NYHA FC I-III CHF with LV EF 63 [59; 65] % aged 65 [58; 69] who were scheduled for myocardial revascularization. Echocardiographic evaluation of myocardial stress and myocardial remodeling indexes was performed for all patients. Content of sST2 was measured using enzyme immunoassay.Group 1 included patients with sST2 overexpression (≥35 ng/ml) (n=26; sST2-43.75 ng/ml) and group 2 - patients with the sST2 expression.

The results of three-year study of density of cucumber seed-plants when using drop irrigation in condition and planting system 50+90 сm are shown. The optimal plant density for seed production purposes is 70 thousand plants on 1 hectare.