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the article analyzes terrorism from the point of view of the effectiveness of terrorist methods to achieve the goal and as a social phenomenon with its own laws. In general, it can be stated that although terrorism has an effect, its results are much lower than planned, and the internal principles of the phenomenon reduce the statistical probability of success in the long term.

Within the frame of a non-stationary self-consistent model, we have investigated the regimes of simultaneous oscillations at two different modes, which are resonant with the first and second cyclotron harmonics of electron oscillations, respectively. Simulations were carried out for parameters of a sub-THz gyrotron developed at FIR UF (Fukui, Japan). It was shown that the hard self-excitation at the second cyclotron harmonic is possible in the presence of generation at the first one. Simulations also predict the possibility of simultaneous generation at two harmonics in the excitation zone of the second harmonic modes at relatively high beam currents. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that in this case, the axial structure of the generated field can vary in the process of nonlinear interaction.

In the 1920s Chuvashia was developing rapidly, and the growth in the number of cultural institutions was observed. The cadres of the creative intelligentsia were in demand, but there were no field-oriented specialized educational institutions in the republic. The issue of training specialists began to be dealt with at the level of state and party bodies. One of the first to open was the theater studio, which gave the opportunity to strengthen the staff of two republican theaters. Moderate funding allocated to support the theater arts, and the entire culture as a whole, of course affected its quality. But the enthusiasm of I.S. Maksimov-Koshkinsky, I.A. Slobodsky and other people of art allowed to continue the work of personnel training. In the 1920s and 1930s, training of creative intelligentsia cadres reached a new qualitative level. Financing of cultural institutions, provision with qualified teaching staff, regulation of admission, training, and graduation in educational institutions yielded positive results. In 1935, a theater vocational school was opened in Cheboksary. In 1934, a special collective farm-state farm department was opened at the extramural department of the State Institute of Theater Arts, and a little later, in 1940, a specialized Chuvash theater studio was opened. The activity of the theater school was curtailed, but specialists training was successfully conducted by the studio under GITIS (the Russian University of Theatre Arts). In the pre-war years, 6 new theaters were opened in the republic. The national creative intelligentsia was formed.

Study design: The authors define most dangerous sections and calculate the stresses arising in the parts of the external fixation device. They configure external fixation devices taking into account the obtained results and use them in medical practice. Objective: the development of an apparatus correction technique for the treatment of spinal deformations. Summary of background data: standard methods of rigid deformation correction are technically complicated and high-costly; there are also possible formidable intraoperative complications. Authors consider a variant of apparatus external correction as an alternative to the known methods, which is devoid of the aforementioned disadvantages. Methods: The authors use theoretical and experimental research methods. The theoretical deductions are confirmed experimentally during clinical trials. Clinical studies were evaluated using ray-based diagnostic procedures, computed tomography, and patient interviewing using the Oswestry Disability Index and visual analogue scale. Results: The calculations showed that in case of one-sided point load, the stresses arising in the dangerous section of screws-rods from that load can reach 60 – 70% of the total stresses in the device nodes. During clinical testing it was established that external apparatus correction leads to normalization of anatomical relationships in the area of damaged segments, normalization of the spinal column axis, and reduction of pain; it does not preclude the use of dorsal internal puncture fixation. Conclusions: It is advisable to load the structural element of the external spinal fixation device in a skew-symmetric pattern, applying distraction and compression forces to the transverse plate on both sides along parallel straight lines in opposite directions. Apparatus external fixation makes it possible to perform a complete correction of rigid deformations without releasing the supporting structures, to control the level of neurological dis-orders, to simplify the technique of internal fixation operations, to use the minimally invasive procedure for the installation of the internal pedicle fixator.

This article presents an analysis of the survival rate of implants widely represented on the Russian market. The authors summarized the statistical material for the last 8 years.

Surface-wave oscillators driven by intense relativistic sheet electron beams can produce sub-terahertz waves at sub-gigawatt level of output power; however, evanescent nature of the operating wave hampers further radiation transmission and application. For these devices, we propose a method of efficient conversion of the surface operating wave into the output Gaussian-like wavebeam radiated in transverse direction with respect to the grating by applying an additional corrugation with a period twice larger than the main period. The analysis based both on the quasi-optical model and on the PIC simulations shows feasibility of 150-GHz surface-wave oscillator with 35 % efficiency and 100 MW output power. The transverse energy extraction significantly reduces the Ohmic losses down to 10% of the radiated power, which is essential for sub-THz range.

We review the results of theoretical and experimental studies of high-power free-electron masers (FEMs), which are performed jointly by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) and the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAPRAS), using the LIU-3000 linear induction accelerator that has a particle energy of about 0.8 MeV, a beam current of up to 200 A, and a pulse duration of 200–250 ns. Various types of Bragg resonators are compared, including two-mirror schemes and resonator cavities with a jump in the corrugation phase. The nonlinear dynamics of FEMs with the cavities of the above-specified types is studied, and the regions of realization of single-mode, single-frequency regimes, when generators are excited by relativistic electron beams moving in a helical undulator and focused by a uniform longitudinal magnetic field, are found. The results of the theoretical analysis are confirmed by experimental studies. When a Bragg cavity with a corrugation phase jump is used in the regime of the reverse guiding field in the 8-mm wavelength range, a FEM with an output power of about 20–30 MW and a radiation spectrum width of 6–7 MHz is realized, which is close to the theoretical limit. The record-breaking set of parameters obtained for this class of generators (efficiency, power, stability of the single-mode generation regime in a sequence of up to 106 pulses) made it possible to use FEM radiation in several applications, including the study of the resource of high-gradient accelerating structures under pulsed periodic thermal loads. To expand the spectrum of potential applications that require control over the frequency and phase of the radiation, the possibility to create wideband amplifying circuits of FEMs is demonstrated. In order to bring FEMs over to the short-wave part of the millimeter-wavelength range, it is proposed to use modified Bragg structures based on the coupling of traveling and quasi-critical waves. It is shown that including quasi-critical waves in the feedback circuit allows one to improve significantly the selectivity of Bragg cavities (as compared with their “conventional” analogs based on the coupling of counterpropagating wave beams with high group velocities) for the transverse dimensions that reach up to 10–20 wavelengths. Operability of novel cavities has been confirmed experimentally in prototypes of FEM oscillators operating in the Ka- to W-bands at a multimegawatt power level and having a transverse dimension of up to 5 wavelengths. Prospects for advancing the studied class of generators to the subterahertz/terahertz frequency range on the basis of new-generation linear induction accelerators, which have been developed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and form electron beams with a particle energy of 5–20 MeV and kiloampere currents, are discussed.

A quasilinear theory is developed for free-electron lasers in which intense electron beams with a significant velocity dispersion are used to implement the kinetic regime of electron–wave interaction. Under the assumption that the field is stored in a high-Q cavity, stationary distributions of the spectral density of excited cavity modes are found for various levels of the excess of the beam current above the threshold. It is shown that, if the excess is large, the energy distribution of the electrons that exit the cavity includes a plateau with the width proportional to the generation spectrum width. Parameters are estimated for long pulse free-electron lasers that can be implemented on the basis of linear induction accelerators. It is shown that the energy of high-dispersion electron beams can be efficiently converted into broadband terahertz radiation.

Calculations of the personnel irradiation dose rate were performed to assess the radiation consequences of the rupturing of a tube in the sampling line in a complex preparing samples for automated chemical monitoring of the primary loop of NPP with VVER-1000. The calculations were performed by the Monte Carlo method using the MCU-PD high-precision code based on data on the activity of fission products in the primary coolant using ICRP-developed anthropomorphic voxel-phantoms of a standard person.

The development and the main technical characteristics of a software-hardware complex (SHC) intended for the design and field-model testing of broadband radio electronic systems (RES) for radio communication, radar, and navigation of high-speed objects are presented. The software-hardware complex provides generation and processing of signals with a carrier frequency of up to 6 GHz and a bandwidth of up to 200 MHz, a refresh rate of the channel impulse response up to 60 kHz, and a maximum rays delay in channel models up to 10 μs. The complex allows one to study radio communication systems with objects that move with a relative speed difference of up to 5 M. The software part of the complex includes models of the signal formation and processing in the receiving and transmitting equipment of the radio electronic device, as well as models of radio channels for target scenarios of using the developed RES. The hardware part of the SHC is a set of digital, digital-to-analog, and analog-to-digital modules that allow full-scale and model testing of RES and their blocks in real time. Examples of studying the characteristics of a modern broadband aviation radio communication system with high-speed objects under conditions of signal multipath propagation are given. The application of the SHC may decrease the time of full-scale and model testing of RES by approximately 65 times compared to direct computer simulation.

The aim of this study is to improve the results of treating patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Materials and Methods. The study analyses the use of intratissual electric stimulation (ITES) combined with the complex of special exercises for recovery of upper extremity function at the outpatient rehabilitation stage in patients (179 persons) who underwent osteosynthesis of upper limb bones, or nerve and tendon transfer surgery. The objective pain syndrome and trophic innervation of the injured extremity assessment was performed by measuring skin surface electric potential using Gerasimov’s method. The results were interpreted according to “Personalized system of assessing the results of treating trauma and orthopedic patients”. Results. “Combination treatment in the rehabilitation of the upper extremity” proved to be effective to fight pain syndrome and trophic dysfunction of the nervous system. It allows the patient to do the complex of special exercises to prevent limb contracture if used during late rehabilitation period. It is an efficient method of preventing and treating neurotrophic dysfunction. The use of this technique leads to early mobilization and the reduction of treatment period and the period of temporary work disability. Conclusion. The pathogenetically substantiated method of treating upper extremity, the use of intratissual electric stimulation (ITES) at the outpatient rehabilitation stage of humerus fractures prove to be effective.

The influence of waveguide tubes on the signals received by remote pressure sensors measuring pressure histories in pulsed detonation engines (PDEs) and rotating detonation engines (RDEs) is studied computationally. Two types of pressure sensors are considered: low-frequency static pressure sensors and high-frequency sensors of pressure pulsations. Three approaches to solving the problem are used: based on Euler (inviscid flow), Navier–Stokes (laminar flow), and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (turbulent flow) equations. The approaches based on the inviscid and laminar flow models are shown to provide the best predictive capability. The laminar flow model is applied to analyzing the readings of pressure sensors installed remotely in the waveguide tubes attached to the hydrogen-fueled PDE, RDE, and detonation ramjet (DR). It is shown that the measurements of static pressure and pressure pulsations by remote pressure sensors do not correspond to the time-averaged mean and local instantaneous values of pressure in the combustors. The pressure time histories can be recovered based on the measurements and computational fluid dynamics calculations of the operation process. The latter is demonstrated by analyzing the results of test fires with a dual-duct DR model.

The Khrapchenko method of finding a lower bound for the complexity of binary formulas is extended to formulas in $$k$$ -ary bases. The resulting extension makes it possible to evaluate the complexity of linear Boolean functions and a majority function of $$n$$ variables when realized by formulas in the basis of all $$k$$ -ary monotone functions and negation as $$\Omega(n^{g(k)})$$ , where $$g (k)=1+\Theta(1/\ln k)$$ . For a linear function, the complexity bound in this form is unimprovable. For $$k=3$$ , the sharper lower bound $$\Omega(n^{1.53})$$ is proved.

В статье раскрывается история создания и основные функции Книжной палаты Чувашской Республики (в 2000 – 2012 гг. – Государственного архива печати), в 2013 г. вошедшей в структуру Национальной библиотеки Чувашской Республики. Цель статьи – раскрыть значение Книжной палаты Чувашской Республики как основного центра коллекционирования и хранения печатной продукции о Чувашии и чувашском народе, независимо от места издания. На основе хронологического метода исследована история организации и становления Книжной палаты Чувашской Республики. Выявлено, что Книжные палаты как учреждения с особым правовым режимом имелись в 5 пунктах Российской Федерации: в Москве, в республиках Башкортостан, Татарстан, Чувашия и Карелия. Их фонды использовались в научно-издательских разработках, подготовке материалов к публикации и для переизданий. В настоящее время основными направлениями деятельности отдела «Книжная палата» остаются комплектование, учет и обеспечение сохранности фонда печатных документов; государственная регистрация печатных документов в Чувашской Республике, подготовка государственной библиографической и статистической информации; информационно-библиографическое обслуживание пользователей; методическое обеспечение редакционно-издательской деятельности средств массовой информации, издательско-полиграфических предприятий республики; создание библиографической базы данных статей «Чувашика»; подготовка и издание государственного библиографического указателя «Летопись печати Чувашской Республики»., The article reveals the history of the creation and main functions of the Book Chamber of the Chuvash Republic (in 2000–2012 – the State Press Archive), which in 2013 became part of the National Library of the Chuvash Republic. The purpose of the article is to reveal the significance of the Book Chamber of the Chuvash Republic as the main center for collecting and storing printed materials about Chuvashia and the Chuvash people, regardless of the place of publication. On the basis of the chronological method, the role of printed materials in the Chuvash language in the preservation of the ethnic culture of the titular people has been studied. It was revealed that the Book Chambers as institutions with a special legal regime existed in 5 points of the Russian Federation: in Moscow, in the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia and Karelia. Their funds were used in scientific and publishing developments, preparation of materials for publication and for reprints. At present, the main activities of the Department of the Book Chamber are the acquisition, accounting and preservation of the fund of printed documents; state registration of printed documents in the Chuvash Republic, preparation of state bibliographic and statistical information; information and bibliographic services for users; methodological support of editorial and publishing activities of the mass media, publishing and printing enterprises of the republic; creation of a bibliographic database of articles «Chuvashik»; preparation and publication of the state bibliographic index «Chronicle of the press of the Chuvash Republic».

Solitons are a well-studied subject in many domains of nonlinear physics, including hydrodynamics, plasma physics, optics, etc. However, it has been demonstrated only recently that they can be realized in systems of microwave electronics. This review presents the results of analyzing theoretically the formation mechanisms of envelope solitons of two types. The first type is the self-induced transparency soliton, which is formed in the process of cyclotron-resonance interaction of electromagnetic pulses with initially rectilinear electron beams moving in a homogeneous magnetic field, and the relativistic dependence of the gyrofrequency on the particle energy is of fundamental importance for its formation. The second type is the soliton formed when saturable absorbers are installed in the feedback loops of electronic generators. Under such conditions, passive locking of resonator modes occurs, and the generated radiation is a periodic sequence of short pulses, which, on by analogy with laser systems, should be categorized as the class of dissipative solitons. Along with its general theoretical importance, the study of microwave solitons is of significant practical interest. In particular, experimental realization of generation of dissipative solitons in the microwave band will make it possible to create a new type of sources of ultrashort electromagnetic pulses.

It is shown that $${{\log}_{2}}(n!) + o(n)$$ pairwise comparisons is sufficient for sorting any subset of $$n$$ elements of a linearly ordered set.

Introduction.Despite the increasing importance of the vocational education and training systems in the developed countries, with rare exceptions, there are no strategic management tools adequate to the present context. The system of vocational education and training (VET), being a complex and multidimensional object, requires adequate approaches to manage its development. The present article demonstrates one of these approaches based on forecasting possible system states in the long term, identifying and comparing alternative development scenarios. The requirements for describing scenarios for the development of regional vocational education and training system, including the possible structure of the description and parameters of the scenarios, are presented and justified. The advantages of an approach to forecasting, based on a comprehensive qualitative description of possible states of the regional ecosystem of VET, are shown.The aimof the present article was to demonstrate a scientific approach to long-term forecasting of the development of vocational education and training.Methodology and research methods. The current research is based on the methodology of system analysis of social objects, using the methods of comparative analysis and modeling of social systems, scenario planning and expert methods.Results and scientific novelty.As a result of the research, a methodology for the scientific description of scenarios for the development of vocational education and training, under the influence of a set of probable factors, was developed. The novelty of the results lies in the possibility of constructing a number of alternative scenarios using relatively stable model modules.Practical significance.The research results can be applied in the process of strategic planning for the development of vocational education and training in the regions of the Russian Federation, as well as for the regional vocational education and training systems of other countries.

The article is devoted to new developments of touch devices. There are several types of smart sensors. The classification and examples of their practical application are given.

В работе предлагается способ расширения метода Храпченко нижней оценки сложности бинарных формул на формулы в $k$-арных базисах. Полученное расширение позволяет сложность линейной булевой функции и функции голосования $n$ переменных при реализации формулами в базисе из всех $k$-местных монотонных функций и отрицания оценить как $\Omega(n^{g(k)})$, где $g(k)=1+\Theta(1/\ln k)$. Для линейной функции оценка сложности в таком виде неулучшаема. При $k=3$ доказывается более аккуратная нижняя оценка $\Omega(n^{1.53})$. Библиография: 18 названий.

Objective. To study the effectiveness of using implants with a bioactive calcium-phosphate coating on the example of treating a patient with combined fractures of the acetabulum and the neck of the femur. Materials and methods. A 52-year-old patient, injured as a result of a traffic accident with multicomponent damage to the right hip joint (transcervical fracture of the femoral neck and a high two-column fracture of the acetabulum). Osteosynthesis of the femoral neck fracture is made by three cannulated screws with a calcium-phosphate coating (patent of the RU No. 81427). For the osteosynthesis of the acetabular fracture, a reconstructive plate with a calcium-phosphate coating was used (patent of the RU No. 113945). Results. Despite the heavy, multi-component destruction of the hip joint, consolidation of the fractures ensued. The remote result is tracked for 10 years. On the score scale of the functional results Harris 89 points, the result is rated as good. The conclusion. The use of imantates with bioactive calcium-phosphate coatings from hydroxyapatite promotes activation of reparative processes in the region of fractures.

The author employs contemporary Marxist theory and methodology, and its theoretical concept of finance monopoly capital in particular, to analyze the decline of the neoliberal globalization currently under way. The paper shows that offshoring and financialization that developed during the neoliberal era have reinforced monopolistic dominance by mature imperialist states (namely, the “triad” of USA, EU and Japan), leading to the new division (or recolonization) of the periphery. As a result, the geo-economic space has become rigidly structured in a hierarchy of the groups of nations, with production having become increasingly organized within global production networks controlled by transnational corporations based in the “triad”. However, mass transfer of the labor-intensive industries to low-wage countries of the periphery, and to China in particular, has resulted in geopolitical and economic rise of the latter, thus intensifying competition and struggle between national imperialisms. Deglobalization that emerged and evolved during the post-crisis period appears as a manifestation of a new redivision of the world, with unfolding redrawing of the geoeconomic map, creeping degradation of supranational institutions and spike of trade wars between the world’s largest economies.

We analyze the possibility of generating pulses of superradiance in the terahertz range during the concurrent scattering of a laser pulse by a high-current relativistic electron beam with frequency conversion downward. The scattered radiation propagates in the opposite direction (with respect to the translational velocity of the particles). When pulses with an energy of 3 kJ are used as a pump at a wavelength of ~1 μm and the laser pulse duration and the length of the interaction region are optimized, it is possible to generate pulses of scattered counterpropagating (for the translational velocity of particles) radiation with a power of approximately 580 kW and a duration of 30 ps at 100 μm.

This article considers issues of functioning of man-sized systems within the framework of the order of legal relations ensured by state administration. The research paper raises and examines issues of modernization of the process of state administration at the present day in view of modern requirements and the development prospect. The article raises and examines issues of maintenance of the stability of the system of state administration. The paper considers aspects of interaction of members of various man-sized systems that perform communication through the use of modern information technologies.

In a numerical experiment, it is found that at least three localized stationary breather type modes can exist in a chain of Rayleigh oscillators with a nonlinear coupling between them: immobile, “slow,” and “fast” dissipative breathers. The dynamics of synchronous motions of chain elements depends on the relation of characteristic time scales of the system related to the frequency of the oscillators and rigidity of the coupling between them; it is multistable.

The dynamics of chains of interacting active particles with Rayleigh-type dissipation and coupled by a Morse potential were previously studied. In this work we introduce an on-site potential to transform this system into a chain of oscillators. We study the evolution of modes previously found in a chain of active particles as a consequence of the on-site force. Beside this, a new class of modes, dissipative discrete breathers, is found. These new modes appear due to the new time scales introduced by the on-site potential. Interaction of the dissipative discrete breathers is also investigated. We find different behaviors; for short chains dissipative discrete breathers can meet during the transitory formation reaching the stationary modes including the optical one, sufficiently long chains the dissipative discrete breathers reach its stationary state without interactions and for medium lengths, the dissipative discrete breathers interact by forming a standing wave in between.

We analyze theoretically millimeter-wave surface-wave generators based on relativistic ribbon electron beams within the framework of the averaged quasioptical model, as well as using direct numerical modeling by the Particle-in-Cell method. The regime of excitation of π modes and the regime of the backward-wave oscillator based on a surface wave are studied. The possibility to achieve generation of pulsed radiation at a frequency of 75 GHz with a power of up to 100 MW on the basis of the SINUKI acceleration (IAP RAS) is demonstrated. Experiments have been performed to test experimentally the formation of a relativistic ribbon electron beam with a particle energy of 600 keV, a current of up to 1 kA, and a width of up to 2 cm, which will be used to feed the developed generator.

The project of a high-power, spatially developed, planar surface-wave W-band generator with two-dimensional distributed feedback is developed jointly by the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the basis of the ELMI accelerator (an electron beam with a particle energy of 1 MeV, a current of 2–5 kA, and a pulse duration of 5 μs). The electrodynamic system of the generator is based on the use of a two-dimensional Bragg structure that combines the properties of a slow-wave system, which ensures efficient ˇ Cerenkov interaction with a rectilinear ribbon electron beam, and a high-Q cavity, which ensures selective excitation of the operating mode in the conditions of a significant value of the oversize parameter. The paper discusses design elements and parameters of the generator and presents the modeling results that demonstrate the possibility to achieve a stable narrow-band generation regime with a gigawatt level of the output radiation power. To ensure a mainly one-directional output of the radiation, a planar Bragg reflector was designed, which is installed in the channel for transportation of the relativistic ribbon electron beam on the cathode side of the interaction space.

Based on the analysis of electron–wave interaction, we study the possibility of developing a gyrotron that is able to provide a megawatt output power in quasi-continuous (long-pulse) oscillations at both first and second gyrofrequency harmonics. For selective excitation at the second cyclotron harmonic when the operating current is significantly higher than its starting value, we propose to lock the gyrotron by a weak (several percent power) monochromatic incoming signal which suppresses spurious oscillations at the fundamental cyclotron resonance in the gyrotron start-up process. Simulations of a two-frequency gyrotron with an output power of 1 MW at the first cyclotron harmonic (19 GHz) and 0.8 MW at the second one (38 GHz) based on a nonstationary self-consistent system of equations are presented. Such a source of radiation is of interest for plasma-heating systems in spherical tokamaks.

Within the coupled wave method complemented by the quasi-optical approach, the feasibility of diffraction-mode selection over the transverse index in lasers with planar Bragg resonators is studied. Acceptable Fresnel parameters at which the diffraction losses from the Bragg-structure edges provide steady-state single-mode lasing with a narrow angular spectrum are determined. It is shown that the such stable lasing at high Fresnel parameters is achieved by shifting the operating transition frequency to the frequency of the longitudinal mode of a Bragg resonator with the highest Q-factor.

The effect of frequency multiplication was investigated for a fundamental-harmonic 0.263-THz kW-level gyrotron, in which a certain fraction of its radiation was observed experimentally at the doubled operating frequency. Accurate measurements of the power of such high-frequency generation were carried out based on cyclotron absorption of radiation in a HgTe/CdHgTe quantum-well heterostructure. The maximum power ratio of the second harmonic to the fundamental one is about 10−4 (an absolute power of 10–15 mW at a frequency of 0.526 THz), which agrees well with the results of simulations within the framework of the self-consistent averaged approach performed to describe the multimode generation in gyrotrons.

A new simpler proof of the asymptotic $$C(n)\sim\sqrt{2}\cdot 2^{n/2}$$ of the Shannon function of the circuit complexity over the basis of multi-input generalized conjunctions is obtained.

In the continental climate of the southern Urals, rapeseed compares favorably with many forage and traditional silage crops with a high protein content and adaptive properties. The cultivation of rapeseed guarantees the production of its own seeds, up to 40 percent of oil, 60 percent of cake and 98 percent of rapeseed flour. (The research purpose) The research purpose is in improving the efficiency of rapeseed cultivation and rational use of rapeseed seeds, rapeseed flour and oil in the agricultural production in the Chelyabinsk region. (Materials and methods) The influence of various forecrops on the productivity and quality of spring rape seeds in the links of grain-pair crop rotations in the Northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region were studied. Authors have analyzed the chemical composition of the soil and seeds of spring rape after various forecrops. (Results and discussion) The article proposes to reduce energy costs during pressing and reduce residual oil in the cake after pre-grinding of rapeseed by cutting method using a centrifugal-rotary shredder. The article shows that rapeseed flour has a good flowability and is easily mixed with other feeds. It was found that partial replacement of concentrates with rapeseed flour in the amount of 8-12 percent of the total weight in the diet of lactating cows contributes to an increase in milk productivity by 1.1-1.8 kilograms in terms of milk of 4 percent fat content. (Conclusions) It has been revealed that in order to increase the yield and quality of spring rape seeds, it is necessary to place them on the best forecrops. It was found that when 75 percent of rapeseed oil is mixed with 25 percent of diesel fuel, the obtained biodiesel is not inferior to diesel in terms of energy indicators. The article proves that when cultivating rapeseed for seeds on an area of 100 hectares, it is possible to produce 94.5 tons of biodiesel fuel, 106.0 tons of cake with an oil content of 5 percent and 8.4 tons of oil sludge, the estimated economic effect after sale is of 3,813,325 rubles.

Relevance. Trace elements are of great importance in plant life. Due to their catalytic action, they allow plants to more effectively use the main elements of nutrition-solar energy, water and macronutrients — nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), which in turn has a positive effect on plant productivity and crop quality. Rape is very sensitive to the lack of boron, zinc. Trace elements are currently presented in various forms, and therefore the purpose of the research was to identify the effectiveness of boronand zinc-containing trace elements in the processing of seed material.Methods. Theobjectofstudyisspringrape(Brassicanapus) variety Yubileiny. Field experiments and studies were carried out in 2015–2017 in the Birsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Tested options using micronutrient fertilizers: zinc sulfate, 21.5%; Ultramag chelate Zn, 15%; boric acid, 17.5%; Ultramag doron, 11%.Results. According to the results of studies, an increase in field germination by 6.5%, the yield of oilseeds by 37.1% and oilseeds by 1.7% when treated with Ultramag chelate Zn at a dose of 1 kg/ha was found.

We discovered a specific property of the eigenmodes of a cylindrical waveguide, due to which efficient mode excitation at ultrahigh (s=4n+1, n is integer) multiples of the gyrofrequency can be provided by a polyhelical weakly relativistic electron beam, standardly used for gyrotron operation. In the proof-of-principle experiment with a V-band gyrotron driven by a 25-keV, 2-A beam, about 100 mW radiation power at the fifth cyclotron harmonic (0.22 THz) has been detected in the cw regime. Based on the gyrotron theory, we demonstrate in simulations that, using parameters of existing gyrotrons, this method can be applied for producing cw radiation at a power level of up to several watts in the terahertz gap.