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Objetivo: Describir la experiencia con terapia neoadyuvante y cirugía de intervalo en cáncer de ovario irresecable, en pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Ginecología Oncológica Centro Médico Docente la Trinidad y el Instituto Medico La Floresta, entre 2015 y 2023. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal, incluyó 16 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de cirugía general, a la consulta de Ginecología Oncológica, con diagnóstico de cáncer de ovario estadio III-IV irresecable, con histología epitelial. Se evaluó la respuesta al tratamiento neoadyuvante y cirugía de intervalo y se estableció la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad. Resultados: Pretratamiento, la mediana del Ca 125 fue 25% de los pacientes tuvieron niveles normales, en todos los casos disminuyó. El tamaño tumoral se redujo de 5,0 - 7,0 cm a 3,5 cm(3- 4,8 cm) 100% de las pacientes se logró cirugía óptima, sin complicaciones intra- ni posoperatorias. La sobrevida global entre 6 meses y 1 años y entre 1 y 3 años fue 62,5%. Actualmente sobreviven 10 pacientes. La sobrevida libre de enfermedad ≤ fue 87,5%; entre 6 meses y un año 62,5%; y entre 1 y 3 años fue 56,3%. Siete pacientes 43,8% presentaron recidivas, 6 37,5% en dos localizaciones simultáneas y 1 6,25% en tres. Todas tuvieron carcinomatosis, asociada a masa pélvica, adenomegalias pélvicas y/o paraaórticas, lesión visceral u otras localizaciones. Conclusión: La respuesta al tratamiento suministardao por ARSUVE fue satisfactoria, permitiendo una resecabilidad completa en todos los casos, sin complicaciones. La sobrevida global a 3 años es elevada.

El cáncer de cuello uterino más común es el carcinoma de células escamosas, los tumores mesenquimales del cuello uterino son infrecuentes, los sarcomas cervicales son tumores malignos que se originan en el denominado tejido conectivo, que proviene del mesénquima embrionario son raros constituyen menos del 1% de todas las neoplasias malignas del cuello uterino, se dividen los sarcomas cervicales: rabdomiosarcoma, leiomiosarcoma, sarcoma endocervical indiferenciado, sarcoma alveolar de partes blandas, sarcoma de Ewing y liposarcoma, el rabdomiosarcoma es una neoplasia estromal con diferenciación muscular esquelética, siendo clasificados según la OMS como embrionario, alveolar o pleomórfico este último se presenta en mujeres posmenopáusicas con síntomas principales de sangrado vaginal, son tumores malignos muy raros del tracto genital femenino, incidencia de menos de 0,5/100.000 debido a la ineficacia de la terapia adyuvante, el resultado sigue siendo deficiente en la mayoría de los casos

La monitorización transoperatoria tiene como objetivo primordial disminuir el riesgo de lesionar cualquier estructura nerviosa que se encuentra durante una intervención quirúrgica. Se han ido desarrollando distintas técnicas aplicables en varios tipos de cirugía. En la cirugía de cabeza y cuello se ha visto con interés ya que las dimensiones desde el punto de vista anatómico son reducidas en comparación con otras partes del cuerpo. Objetivo: En esta area se comenzó el uso de estas técnicas aproximadamente en 1898 en Berlín por el Dr. Fedor Krause, su cirugía consistió en la monitorización del nervio facial, posterior a una sección del nervio coclear. Método: La técnica consistía en la estimulación del área donde se ubica la estructura nerviosa para de esta manera terminar identificándolo y determinando que no hay daño del mismo.Conclusión: Dependiendo de la estructura nerviosa su uso tendrá mayor beneficio. Su uso en las reintervenciones esta muy bien aceptado, nos puede permitir estimar cual será la evolución del paciente.

El virus SARS-CoV-2 infecta principalmente células epiteliales del tracto respiratorio. Al ingresar al organismo utiliza la proteína espiga S para unirse a la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 en la superficie de las células del huésped permitiendo el ingreso del virus en la célula, provocando una serie de respuestas inflamatorias e inmunitarias, respuesta exagerada que llevan liberación de citoquinas proinflamatorias, exacerbando la endotelitis, ocasionando daño a la integridad vascular e inflamación. La microangiopatía trombótica es secundaria tanto a la endoteliopatía como a la trombocitopatía, la respuesta inmunológica, la activación del complemento y la cascada de citocinas puede ocacionar tromboembolismo pulmonar. El tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) es considerado una enfermedad aguda y potencialmente mortal, ocupa el tercer lugar dentro de las alteraciones vasculares más comunes después de la enfermedad coronaria y accidentes cerebrovasculares. Es preocupante que se han observado aumento en la incidencia de TEP no solo en pacientes en cirugía oncológica, sino también en cualquier tipo de cirugía que en tiempo atrás no era factor de riesgo para desarrollar TEP, debemos seguir observado y buscando la causa.

El tumor de Krukenberg representa entre el 5 % y 30 % de los tumores ováricos metastasico, las principales localizaciones de metástasis al ovario fueron de origen gástrico (67 %), seguido de colon y recto (9 %), mamario (7 %), vesícula y vía biliar. El tumor de Krukenberg se define como un adenocarcinoma metástasico al ovario que contenga células en anillo de sello productoras de mucina, los adenocarcinomas con células en anillo de sello están 4 veces más asociados a metástasis ováricas que cualquier otra malignidad, generalmente se presenta en la quinta década de sus vida con un promedio de edad de 45 años, La patogenia del tumor de Krukenberg es un ejemplo de la propagación selectiva de los carcinomas, en este caso, en el eje gastro-ovárico, éste eje de propagación tumoral ha llamado la atención, en especial cuando se descubrió que las neoplasias gástricas hace metástasis selectivamente a los ovarios, existen varias evidencias que apoyan la propagación linfática retrógrada como la ruta más probable.

La metástasis en el sitio del puerto abdominal (MSP), se define como la implantación de células tumorales en el sitio de inserción del trócar después de la resección laparoscópica de un tumor maligno. Se ha notificado que las metástasis en el sitio de puerto son escasos presentando incidencia de 1-2% de todos los procedimientos laparoscópicos en cirugía ginecológica. En cuanto a su patogénesis se establece factores de riesgo identificables para el desarrollo de MSP es un desafío. Las principales hipótesis de su causa son la respuesta inmune, el neumoperitoneo, la contaminación de la herida y el método quirúrgico, se asocia con un mal pronóstico. Las formas de prevenir el MSP se han actualizado constantemente, pero son controvertidas. El cumplimiento estricto de los principios oncológicos es la base de los buenos resultados quirúrgicos y la más importante la selección adecuada del paciente.

Chartier, R. (2022). Cartografías imaginarias (Siglos XVI-XVIII). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Ampersand, (Colección Fuera de Serie: 8). Traducción Horacio Pons. 166 pp. ISBN 978-987-4161-88-8

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the result of complex pathophysiological processes in the tissues comprising the heart and blood vessels. Inflammation is the main culprit for the development of cardiovascular dysfunction, and it may be traced to cellular stress events including apoptosis, oxidative and shear stress, and cellular and humoral immune responses, all of which impair the system's structure and function. An intracellular chaperone, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is an intriguing example of a protein that may both be an ally and a foe for cardiovascular homeostasis; on one hand providing protection against cellular injury, and on the other triggering damaging responses through innate and adaptive immunity. In this review we will discuss the functions of HSP60 and its effects on cells and the immune system regulation, only to later address its implications in the development and progression of CVD. Lastly, we summarize the outcome of various studies targeting HSP60 as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular and other diseases.

A common challenge among educators who enroll in graduate school is the balancing of their dual roles as teachers and graduate students. This exposes them to potential mental health concerns, such as anxiety. This cross-sectional study examined the role of professional self-care practices in alleviating anxiety among Filipino teachers enrolled in graduate studies. A survey was administered among 134 Filipino teachers enrolled in a Master's degree program in education. Findings suggest that the majority of respondents had low levels of anxiety. Younger teachers, with less teaching experience, had higher anxiety scores. Moreover, younger male teachers exhibited significantly higher daily balance self-care, while teachers assigned in senior high school exhibited higher cognitive strategies self-care. Lastly, teachers who frequently practiced all dimensions of self-care were more likely to have lowered anxiety levels. These results signal the need for schools to implement programs to promote self-care among teachers, especially those pursuing graduate studies.

Introduction: Optisol-GS is the most widely used corneal preservation medium worldwide, there is little evidence to compare it against Eusol-C as a corneal preservation medium. Objectives: To evaluate the viability of endothelial cells between two different corneal preservation media. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective, longitudinal, and comparative study, which was carried out in the eye bank of Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, from where the corneas of suitable donors were collected, the right cornea was preserved in Optisol-GS and the left in Eusol-C. Two evaluations were carried out on day 1 and 5. Endothelial cell density, coefficient of cell variation and hexagonality were analysed. Results: The decrease in endothelial cells on day 5 after collection of the corneoscleral tissue was 8.149% in the corneas stored in Optisol-GS and 7.614% in Eusol-C p=0.006. Cell variation increased 1.634% in Optisol-GS and 8.942% in Eusol-C p=0.948. Cell hexagonality decreased 6.988% in Optisol-GS and 9.480% in Eusol-C p=0.936. Conclusions: No superiority was found when comparing these two media, which shows that Eusol-C is as effective as Optisol-GS for corneal preservation for at least five days.

In this report, we present the results on the physicochemical characterization of cadmium telluride quantum dots (QDs) stabilized with glutathione and prepared by optimizing the synthesis conditions. An excellent control of emissions and the composition of the nanocrystal surface for its potential application in monoclonal antibody and biomarker testing was achieved. Two samples (QDYellow, QDOrange, corresponding to their emission colors) were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and their hydrodynamic sizes were 6.7 nm and 19.4 nm, respectively. Optical characterization by UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy showed excitonic peaks at 517 nm and 554 nm. Photoluminescence spectroscopy indicated that the samples have a maximum intensity emission at 570 and 606 nm, respectively, within the visible range from yellow to orange. Infrared spectroscopy showed vibrational modes corresponding to the functional groups OH-C-H, C-N, C=C, C-O, C-OH, and COOH, which allows for the formation of functionalized QDs for the manufacture of biomarkers. In addition, the hydrodynamic radius, zeta potential, and approximate molecular weight were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), and static light scattering (SLS) techniques. Size dispersion and the structure of nanoparticles was obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and by X-ray diffraction. In the same way, we calculated the concentration of Cd2+ ions expressed in mg/L by using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). In addition to the characterization of the nanoparticles, the labeling of murine myeloid cells was carried out with both samples of quantum dots, where it was demonstrated that quantum dots can diffuse into these cells and connect mostly with the cell nucleus.

In the following article, stable nanohydrogels (NHGs) of poly (acrylamide- coacrylic acid) (PAAm-co-PAA) were synthesized by batch polymerization (BP) and semicontinuous (SP) polymerization processes. As crosslinking agents, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBAM) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were used; docusate sodium salt (AOT) was used as a surfactant. The initiators employed in this work were 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (V-50), potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS), peroxydisulfuric acid diammonium salt (APS), and dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO). The compositions of acrylamide/acrylic acid (AAm/AA) (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, w/w), the type of a crosslinking agent, and the type of initiator on pH response of water- dispersed NHGs were investigated. The NHGs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Latexes with average particle size (Dpz) from 53 to 125 nm were obtained using NMBAM and EGDMA by BP polymerization processes. In contrast, NHGs synthesized by SP polymerization processes showed a Dpz ranging from 73 to 125 nm using NMBAM and EGDMA. On the other hand, the Dpz of the NHGs dispersed in water was found to be from 126 to 302 nm with NMBAM and EGDMA, respectively. Furthermore, the Dpz of the NHGs depended on the pH; higher pH values produced high Dpz values. The spherical morphology was maintained at the studied pH. KEYWORDS copolymer, crosslinked, microemulsion, nanohydrogels, pH-responsive, water-dispersible, 1 | INTRODUCTION The term nanohydrogel (NHG) refers to nanosized particles, which consist of a three-dimensional network formed by cross-linked polymer chains, which swell in contact with a liquid reaching [...]

Objectives Integration of oral health into primary care has been proposed as a primary healthcare approach for efficient and sustainable delivery of oral health services, and the effective management of oral diseases. This paper aimed to synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of strategies to integrate oral health into primary care.Design Systematic review.Data sources MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane and Google Scholar were searched without date limits until the third week of June 2022. Reference lists of eligible studies were also searched. Experts in the field and existing professional networks were consulted.Eligibility criteria Only studies that evaluated integration strategies were included in the review. Eligibility was restricted to English language studies published in academic peer-reviewed journals.Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers independently extracted data and performed the risk of bias assessments. A narrative synthesis approach was used to report review findings. Heterogeneity among included studies precluded a meta-analysis.Results The search identified 8731 unique articles, of which 49 were included in the review. Majority of the studies explored provision of oral healthcare by primary care professionals in primary care settings, where integration was primarily via training/education and/or policy changes. Most studies reported results favouring the integration strategy, such as improvements in referral pathways, documentation processes, operating efficiencies, number of available health staff, number of visits to non-dental primary care professionals for oral health issues, proportion of children receiving fluoride varnish applications/other preventive treatment, proportion of visits to an oral health professional and dental caries estimates.Conclusion The findings from this review demonstrate that the majority of identified strategies were associated with improved outcomes and can be used to inform decision-making on strategy selection. However, more research and evaluation are required to identify best practice models of service integration.PROSPERO registration number CRD42020203111.

Boudreau, J-A. Castillo Ramírez, G. y Hernández Chelico, J. (et. al.: 2022). El tianguis cultural del Chopo: Historia y presente de un espacio urbano. México: Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 112 pp. ISBN: 978-607-30-6638-9

This app project was aimed to remotely deliver diagnoses and disease-progression information to COVID-19 patients to help minimize risk during this and future pandemics. Data collected from chest computed tomography (CT) scans of COVID-19-infected patients were shared through the app. In this article, we focused on image preprocessing techniques to identify and highlight areas with ground glass opacity (GGO) and pulmonary infiltrates (PIs) in CT image sequences of COVID-19 cases. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were used to classify the disease progression of pneumonia. Each GGO and PI pattern was highlighted with saliency map fusion, and the resulting map was used to train and test a CNN classification scheme with three classes. In addition to patients, this information was shared between the respiratory triage/radiologist and the COVID-19 multidisciplinary teams with the application so that the severity of the disease could be understood through CT and medical diagnosis. The three-class, disease-level COVID-19 classification results exhibited a macro-precision of more than 94.89% in a two-fold cross-validation. Both the segmentation and classification results were comparable to those made by a medical specialist.

This study proposes an automated system for assessing lung damage severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients using computed tomography (CT) images. These preprocessed CT images identify the extent of pulmonary parenchyma (PP) and ground‐glass opacity and pulmonary infiltrates (GGO‐PIs). Two types of images—saliency (Q) image and discrete cosine transform (DCT) energy image—were generated from these images. A final fused (FF) image combining Q and DCT of PP and GGO‐PI images was then obtained. Five convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and five classic classification techniques, trained using FF and grayscale PP images, were tested. Our study is aimed at showing that a CNN model, with preprocessed images as input, has significant advantages over grayscale images. Previous work in this field primarily focused on grayscale images, which presented some limitations. This paper demonstrates how optimal results can be obtained by using the FF image rather than just the grayscale PP image. As a result, CNN models outperformed traditional artificial intelligence classification techniques. Of these, Vgg16Net performed best, delivering top‐tier classification results for COVID‐19 severity assessment, with a recall rate of 95.38%, precision of 96%, accuracy of 95.84%, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.9585; in addition, the Vgg16Net delivers the lowest false negative (FN) results. The dataset, comprising 44 COVID‐19 patients, was split equally, with half used for training and half for testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mimic physiological microenvironments in organ-on-a-chip systems, physiologically relevant parameters are required to precisely access drug metabolism. Oxygen level is a critical microenvironmental parameter to maintain cellular or tissue functions and modulate their behaviors. Current organ-on-a-chip setups are oftentimes subjected to the ambient incubator oxygen level at 21%, which is higher than most if not all physiological oxygen concentrations. Additionally, the physiological oxygen level in each tissue is different ranging from 0.5 to 13%. Here, a closed-loop modular multiorgan-on-chips platform is developed to enable not only real-time monitoring of the oxygen levels but, more importantly, tight control of them in the range of 4 to 20% across each connected microtissue-on-a-chip in the circulatory culture medium. This platform, which consists of microfluidic oxygen scavenger(s), an oxygen generator, a monitoring/controller system, and bioreactor(s), allows for independent, precise upregulation and downregulation of dissolved oxygen in the perfused culture medium to meet the physiological oxygen level in each modular microtissue compartment, as needed. Furthermore, drug studies using the platform demonstrate that the oxygen level affects drug metabolism in the parallelly connected liver, kidney, and arterial vessel microtissues without organ--organ interactions factored in. Overall, this platform can promote the performances of organ-on-a-chip devices in drug screening by providing more physiologically relevant and independently adjustable oxygen microenvironments for desired organ types on a single-or a multiorgan-on-chip(s) configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a genetic disorder triggered by depolarizing muscle relaxants or halogenated inhalational anesthetics in genetically predisposed individuals who have a chronic elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in their muscle cells. We have reported that the muscle dysregulation of [Ca2+]i impairs glucose uptake, leading to the development of insulin resistance in two rodent experimental models. In this study, we simultaneously measured the [Ca2+]i and glucose uptake in single enzymatically isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons from wild-type (WT) and MH-R163C mice. The [Ca2+]i was recorded using a Ca2+-selective microelectrode, and the glucose uptake was assessed utilizing the fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG. The MH-R163C hippocampal neurons exhibited elevated [Ca2+]i and impaired insulin-dependent glucose uptake compared with the WT neurons. Additionally, exposure to isoflurane exacerbated these deficiencies in the MH-R163C neurons, while the WT neurons remained unaffected. Lowering [Ca2+]i using a Ca2+-free solution, SAR7334, or dantrolene increased the glucose uptake in the MH-R163C neurons without significantly affecting the WT neurons. However, further reduction of the [Ca2+]i below the physiological level using BAPTA decreased the insulin-dependent glucose uptake in both genotypes. Furthermore, the homogenates of the MH-R163C hippocampal neurons showed an altered protein expression of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and GLUT4 compared with the WT mice. Our study demonstrated that the chronic elevation of [Ca2+]i was sufficient to compromise the insulin-dependent glucose uptake in the MH-R163C hippocampal neurons. Moreover, reducing the [Ca2+]i within a specific range (100–130 nM) could reverse insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the interest in event-driven PrEP (ED-PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) using daily PrEP in Mexico's PrEP demonstration project between 2019 and 2020. We compared participants interested or not in ED-PrEP during their first-month visit and identified associated factors. Of 1,021 MSM attending their first-month visit, 7% had previous knowledge of ED-PrEP, but 40% were interested in ED-PrEP. However, over 50% perceived the scheme as less protective than daily PrEP. Having doubts about ED-PrEP's level of protection was related to less interest in the scheme (aOR = 0.11; CI = 0.07–0.18), just like reporting perceived barriers such as having frequent sex (aOR = 0.06; CI = 0.03–0.14), unplanned sex (aOR = 0.17; CI = 0.11–0.27), forgetting the medicine (aOR = 0.06; CI = 0.03–0.12), or difficulty carrying the medicine (aOR = 0.13; CI = 0.07–0.25). Finally, reporting not taking PrEP for >20 days in the last month (aOR = 0.05; CI = 0.01–0.27) diminished interest in ED-PrEP. In conclusion, few MSM daily PrEP users knew about ED-PrEP yet many were interested in it, suggesting the importance of awareness campaigns regarding ED-PrEP's effectiveness. The lack of interest in ED-PrEP among participants with poor adherence to daily PrEP indicates that they might prefer long-acting PrEP or HIV prevention strategies without medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common disorder after general anesthesia in elderly patients, the precise mechanisms of which remain unclear. Methods: We investigated the effect of isoflurane with or without dantrolene pretreatment on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leak, calpain activity, and cognitive function using the Morris water maze test of young (3 months), middle-aged (12–13 months), and aged (24–25 months) C57BL6/J mice. Results: Aged cortical and hippocampal neurons showed chronically elevated [Ca2+]i compared to young neurons. Furthermore, aged hippocampal neurons exhibited higher ROS production, increased LDH leak, and elevated calpain activity. Exposure to isoflurane exacerbated these markers in aged neurons, contributing to increased cognitive deficits in aged mice. Dantrolene pretreatment reduced [Ca2+]i for all age groups and prevented or significantly mitigated the effects of isoflurane on [Ca2+]i, ROS production, LDH leak, and calpain activity in aged neurons. Dantrolene also normalized or improved age-associated cognitive deficits and mitigated the cognitive deficits caused by isoflurane. Conclusions: These findings suggest that isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity and cognitive decline in aging are linked to disruptions in neuronal intracellular processes, highlighting the reduction of [Ca2+]i as a potential therapeutic intervention.

A series of heterocyclic chloroquine hybrids, containing a chain of two carbon atoms at position four of the quinolinic chain and acting as a link between quinoline and several benzoyl groups, is synthesized and screened in vitro as an inhibitor of β-hematin formation and in vivo for its antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium berghei ANKA in this study. The compounds significantly reduced haeme crystallization, with IC50 values < 10 µM. The values were comparable to chloroquine’s, with an IC50 of 1.50 ± 0.01 µM. The compounds 4c and 4e prolonged the average survival time of the infected mice to 16.7 ± 2.16 and 14.4 ± 1.20 days, respectively. We also studied the effect of the compounds 4b, 4c, and 4e on another important human parasite, Leishmania mexicana, which is responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis, demonstrating a potential leishmanicidal effect against promasigotes, with an IC50 < 10 µM. Concerning the possible mechanism of action of these compounds on Lesihmania mexicana, we performed experiments demonstrating that these three compounds could induce the collapse of the parasite mitochondrial electrochemical membrane potential (Δφ). The in vitro cytotoxicity assays against mammalian cancerous and noncancerous human cell lines showed that the studied compounds exhibit low cytotoxic effects. The ADME/Tox analysis predicted moderate lipophilicity values, low unbound fraction values, and a poor distribution for these compounds. Therefore, moderate bioavailability was expected. We calculated other molecular descriptors, such as the topological polar surface area, according to Veber’s rules, and except for 2 and 4i, the rest of the compounds violated this descriptor, demonstrating the low antimalarial activity of our compounds in vivo.

This work presents a review related to the obtainment of cellulose from different structures in agro-industrial residues, both for application in the food industry and for the reinforcement of other materials. Cellulose nanofibers are produced by the heart of palm (Bactris gasipaes) industry in Brazil and are used as a stabilizer in avocado oil emulsions; conversely, cellulose nanocrystals are produced in waste from the tequila industry (Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul) in Jalisco, Mexico, and are used for reinforcement applications.

Using the prepositions in and on, Jamrozik and Gentner (2015;2014; 2011) explored a particular factor of meaning that washypothesized to serve as a metaphorical link between spatialand abstract concepts. Across several studies, these researchershave provided evidence for the idea that there is a “continuumof control” that exists for both spatial and abstract uses of inand on. Our research explores other potential meaning factorsthat might play a role in non-spatial uses of in and on. Ourresults replicate and extend Jamrozik and Gentner’s (2011)findings. We advocate using a multi-componential approach asresearch involving indirect metaphors continues movingforward.