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(1) Background: It has been identified that schools that adopt at least two hours a week of physical education and plan specific contents and activities can achieve development goals related to physical level, such as promoting health, well-being, and healthy lifestyles, on a personal level, including bodily awareness and confidence in physical skills, as well as a general sense of well-being, greater security and self-esteem, sense of responsibility, patience, courage, and mental balance. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of physical education programs on the physical activity and emotional well-being of primary school children. (2) Methods: The experimental group comprised 45 girls and 44 boys aged 6–7 years (First Grade) and 48 girls and 46 boys aged 8–9 years (Second Grade), while the control group comprised 43 girls and 46 boys aged 6–7 years (First Grade) and 47 girls and 45 boys aged 8–9 years (Second Grade). All children attended the same school. The Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire was used, which is based on the Children’s Leisure Activities Study Survey questionnaire, which includes activities specific to young children (e.g., “playing in a playhouse”). Emotional well-being status was explored by estimating three main dimensions: somatic anxiety, personality anxiety, and social anxiety. The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) was used. (3) Results: When analysing the pre-test results of physical activity of the 6–7- and 8–9-year-old children, it turned out that both the First Grade (92.15 MET, min/week) and Second Grade (97.50 MET, min/week) participants in the experimental group were physically active during physical education lessons. When exploring the results of somatic anxiety in EG (4.95 ± 1.10 points), both before and after the experiment, we established that somatic anxiety in EG was 4.55 ± 1.00 points after the intervention program, demonstrating lower levels of depression, seclusion, somatic complaints, aggression, and delinquent behaviours (F = 4.785, p &lt, 0.05, P = 0.540). (4) Conclusions: We established that the properly constructed and purposefully applied eight-month physical education program had positive effects on the physical activity and emotional well-being of primary school children (6–7 and 8–9 years) in three main dimensions: somatic anxiety, personality anxiety, and social anxiety. Our findings suggest that the eight-month physical education program intervention was effective at increasing levels of physical activity. Changes in these activities may require more intensive behavioural interventions with children or upstream interventions at the family and societal levels, as well as at the school environment level. These findings have relevance for researchers, policy makers, public health practitioners, and doctors who are involved in health promotion, policy making, and commissioning services.

The family Microstigmatidae is composed of two subfamilies, Microstigmatinae and Micromygalinae, seven genera and 16 species. Micromygalinae is monotypic, comprising the species Micromygalediblemma Platnick & Forster, 1982 from Panama. A new genus, Tonton is described as a new member of the Micromygalinae. Masteriaemboaba Pedroso, Baptista & Bertani, 2015, is transferred to the new genus and six new species from Brazil are described and attributed to Tontongen. n.: the type species, T.itabiritosp. n., T.quecasp. n., T.matodentrosp. n. and T.sapalosp. n., all from the state of Minas Gerais; T.ipiausp. n. from the state of Bahia and T.quiteriasp. n. from the state of Maranhão. Among the cavernicolous species, only T.itabiritosp. n. is considered troglobitic by the total absence of eyes.

Genetic screens provide a mechanism to identify genes involved with different cellular and organismal processes. Using a Flp/FRT screen in the Drosophila eye we identified mutations that result in alterations and de-regulation of cell growth and division. From this screen a group of undergraduate researchers part of the Fly-CURE consortium mapped and characterized a new allele of the gene Hippo, HpoN.1.2.

The first two anophthalmic species of spiders of the genus Ochyrocera Simon, 1892, are described for caves located in the iron formation of Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Carajás in southeastern Pará State, Brazil. The caves are located in the municipalities of Parauapebas and Canaã dos Carajás, in the eastern portion of the Amazon Forest domain. Ochyrocera ritxocosp. nov. and O. ritxoosp. nov. are described based on males and females. The species have similar body characteristics with the total absence of eyes and complete depigmentation, characteristics that indicate possible evolution in subterranean environments , and thus are classified as troglobites. Each species is associated with a single geomorphological unit (mountain range), with Ochyrocera ritxocosp. nov. being restricted to caves of Serra Norte (North Mountain) and O. ritxoosp. nov. to caves of Serra Sul (South Mountain). Both species were collected in aphotic zones of the caves. Small and tangled webs of O. ritxocosp. nov. were observed under blocks of stone in the soil or in cracks of the walls.

Background and objectives: ultrasound is considered to be the primary tool for preoperative assessment of ovarian masses, however, the discrimination of borderline ovarian tumours (BOTs) is challenging, and depends highly on the experience of the sonographer. The Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) model is considered to be a valuable diagnostic tool for preoperative assessment of ovarian masses, however, its performance for BOTs has not been widely studied, due to the low prevalence of these tumours. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of ADNEX model for preoperative diagnosis of BOTs. Methods: retrospective analysis of preoperative ultrasound datasets of patients diagnosed with BOTs on the final histology after performed surgery was done at a tertiary oncogynaecology centre during the period of 2012&ndash, 2018. Results: 85 patients were included in the study. The performance of ADNEX model based on absolute risk (AR) improved with the selection of a more inclusive cut-off value, varying from 47 (60.3%) correctly classified cases of BOTs, with the selected cut-off of 20%, up to 67 (85.9%) correctly classified cases of BOTs with the cut-off value of 3%. When relative risk (RR) was used to classify the tumours, 59 (75.6%) cases were identified correctly. Forty (70.2%) cases of serous and 16 (72.7%) cases of mucinous BOTs were identified when AR with a 10% cut-off value was applied, compared to 44 (77.2%) and 15 (68.2%) cases of serous and mucinous BOTs, correctly classified by RR. The addition of Ca125 improved the performance of ADNEX model for all BOTs in general, and for different subtypes of BOTs. However, the differences were insignificant. Conclusions: The International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) ADNEX model performs well in discriminating BOTs from other ovarian tumours irrespective of the subtype. The calculation based on RR or AR with the cut-off value of at least 10% should be used when evaluating for BOTs.

Currently, there is great interest in the correlation between children&rsquo, s physical activity and their academic performance. In this study, a pre-test/mid-test/post-test experimental strategy was used to avoid any disruption of educational activities, due to the random selection of children in each group. The experimental group was tested for eight months. We developed a methodology for innovative physical education classes and created a model of educational factors that encourage physical activity for children. The experimental group comprised 45 girls and 44 boys aged 6&ndash, 7 years. The control group included 43 girls and 46 boys aged 6&ndash, 7. Methods: Mathematical diagnostic progress tests were divided into two sections: tasks were allocated according to performance levels and the content as well as fields of activity and cognitive skills. The assessment of all areas of activity was based on student performance (unsatisfactory, satisfactory, basic, and advanced). Distribution of mathematical learning achievements by curriculum content: mathematical diagnosis was used to evaluate first-grade children&rsquo, s mathematical knowledge and skills according to the five areas of the mathematics education curriculum: numbers and calculations, phenomena, equations, and inequalities, geometry, measures, and measurements, statistics and communication, and general problem-solving skills. The differences between the pre-test and mid-test results indicated that the number of children performing at a satisfactory level decreased (p = 0.035). The differences between the pre-test and post-test advanced (p = 0.038) and basic (p = 0.018) levels were found to be increased. Applying an innovative physical education program to first graders demonstrated a higher-level mathematics program in the areas of geometry, measures, and measurements, statistics, and communication and general problem-solving skills. Based on the interface between an innovative primary school physical education program and mathematics learning achievements, a research tool was developed that can be used in a quantitative research strategy.

A new monotypic genus of Prodidominae, Indiani gen. nov., is proposed to include one cave species collected in limestone caves from Minas Gerais, Brazil: Indiani gaspar sp. nov. (♂♀). Based on a recent phylogenetic analysis of Prodidominae, the new genus is closely to other Neotropical Prodidominae, such as Lygromma, Brasilomma and Moreno by sharing a classic claw tuft clasper. Indiani gen. nov. is characterized by a ventral parallel rows of strong spines on tibia and metatarsus I–II, male palp with sclerotized conductor and the robust median apophysis is curved retrolaterally; the female epigyne has an anterior atrium and a posterior extension of the epigynal plate. As other cave Prodidominae, Indiani gen. nov. has morphological characteristics, such as loss or reduction of eyes and weak pigmentation, that indicate an adaptation for living in subterranean environments.

Indiani gen. nov. Etymology. The generic name is in honor of the two Brazilian arachnologists, R. P. Indicati and D. F. Candiani, and is a contraction of both names. Type species. Indiani gaspar sp. nov. Diagnosis. Indiani gen.nov. resemble those of Brasilomma and Chileomma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 by having two ventral parallel rows of strong spines on tibia and metatarsus I���II (Fig. 1C), but are distinguished by the male palp with conductor sclerotized and median apophysis robust and sclerotized, curved retrolaterally (Figs 3 A���D); females are distinguished by the atrium in anterior position and a posterior extension of the epigynal plate, extending beyond the epigastric furrow (Figs 3E, F). Description. Spiders with carapace and legs pale yellow, and abdomen weakly pigmented (Figs 1A, B). Carapace longer than wide, narrower at cephalic region. Fovea present as a narrow dark longitudinal line on posterior half of carapace (Fig. 1A). Males eyeless and female with only the ALE (Fig. 1E). Chilum present (Fig. 1E). Chelicerae relatively long (0.25���0.26) with a convex boss (Fig. 1E); promargin with 4 small teeth and retromargin with 6 teeth. Endites slightly convergent anteriorly (Fig. 1D); serrula present in single row; labium longer than wide (Fig. 1D). Sternum anteriorly straight, longer than wide, rebordered anteriorly and laterally; posterior region strongly protruding between coxae IV, with numerous long and erect setae (Fig. 1D); precoxal triangles absent. Pedicel with ventral sclerite triangular. Leg formula 4123. Two ventral parallel rows of strong spines on tibia and metatarsus I���II (Fig. 1C). Only tarsus I���II with scopulae of tenent setae. Trichobothria present on dorsum of tibia, metatarsi and tarsi, arranged in two rows on tarsi (Figs 2A, D); bothrium with 3 deep ridges (Fig. 2D). Tarsal organ capsulate with oval opening, located dorsally on tarsi (Fig. 2D). Two pectinate tarsal claws (Fig. 2B); claw tufts composed of slightly widened tenent setae (Fig. 2B); claws with classic claw tuft clasper (Fig. 2C). Abdomen oval, longer than wide (Figs 1A, B); dorsum of abdomen anteriorly with long, dark, posteriorly curved setae (Fig. 1B); postepigastric invaginations present. Six spinnerets; ALS elongated (0.15), separated from each other by one diameter or more (Fig. 1F), piriform gland spigots elongated with few associated setae; PLS and PMS conical and short, PLS larger than PMS (Fig. 1F). Female pedipalp with one pectinate claw. Male palp: femur with two dorsal spines, one median and one posterior; tibia short with RTA single, directed apically; cymbium oval without apical scopula; bulb rounded; embolus prolateral, filiform and inserted at 6 o���clock position; conductor sclerotized, curved retrolaterally and inserted prolaterally; robust and sclerotized median apopohysis with terminal hook, inserted distally and curved retrolaterally in straight angle (Figs 3 A���D). Epigyne: atrium extremely sclerotized; posterior extension medially projected; folds of copulatory duct ventrally visible (Figs 3E, F). Vulva: copulatory duct with proximal part laterad; median part of duct with three lateral folds; secondary spermathecae apparently absent; primary spermathecae inconspicuous; fertilization duct long, directed laterally and well advanced from the epigastric furrow (Fig. 3G). Distribution. Known only from caves in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 4). Composition. Monotypic., Published as part of Rodrigues, Bruno V. B., Cizauskas, Igor & Lemos, Yuji, 2020, A new genus of cave spider from Neotropical region (Gnaphosidae: Prodidominae), pp. 77-83 in Zootaxa 4722 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4722.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3603724

Seasonal fluctuations in infectious disease incidence are common, and have been observed for many infectious agents. Immune condition can also change seasonally due to such pathogen fluctuations, a well as to changes in other stress-inducing and immunomodulatory factors such as reproduction and lactation. In addition, most vertebrate hosts are concurrently infected with multiple pathogens, and such coinfections can interact with each other, with the immune system, and with other physiological factors to affect both the individual hosts and population dynamics. While many studies regarding the effects of coinfections and immune trade-offs have been conducted in laboratory settings, similar studies in wildlife are as yet very rare. Fewer studies have been conducted regarding disease and immune seasonality, as these are difficult to model in laboratory settings and require difficult, longitudinal studies in natural systems. In addition, most research regarding disease seasonality in natural systems that has been done has focused on the impacts of abiotic factors on pathogen and vector survival and abundance, or on population-wide dynamics, rather than on physiological mechanisms of host susceptibility. To fully understand the ecology of infectious diseases and the reasons for disease outbreaks, it is necessary to extend laboratory studies into natural hosts in natural systems, as well as to extend wildlife studies to incorporate the complex interactions between environmental, physiological, and coinfection factors. My dissertation research thus focused on the ecological immunology of infectious disease in a natural system, from physiological, seasonal, and coinfection perspectives. I examined the ability of plains zebra (Equus quagga), springbok (Antidocas marsupialis), and African elephant (Loxodonta africana) to respond immunologically to regular anthrax outbreaks in an endemic anthrax system (Etosha National Park, ENP, Namibia). I also examined how zebra and springbok macroparasite coinfections varied with and affected changes in immune parameters, stress, reproductive hormone levels, and seasonal timing of anthrax outbreaks. Despite the fact that anthrax is an ancient disease known to affect wildlife, livestock, and humans on nearly every continent, its natural ecology is not well understood. In particular, little is known about the adaptive immune responses of wild herbivore hosts against Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. Thus, I worked to determine the extent to which natural anthrax hosts can fight off sublethal anthrax doses via adaptive immunity. I used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and developed new assay mensuration rules to determine serum antibody titers against the anthrax protective antigen (PA) toxin, an important, potentially protective aspect of adaptive immunity against anthrax. I found that more than 60% of all zebra, up to 15% of springbok, and up to 50% of elephants had measurable anti-PA antibody titers, indicating that these hosts experience and survive sublethal anthrax infections, likely encounter more anthrax in the wet season compared to in the dry, and can partially booster their immunity to B. anthracis over time. Most pathogen-pathogen interactions occur indirectly through the host immune system, and are particularly strong in mixed micro-macroparasite infections because of the strong immunomodulatory effects of helminth parasites. As pathogen transmission changes with season, host immunity may be more strongly influenced by coinfection immunomodulatory effects than by external factors such as changing dietary and demographic patterns. I thus examined the seasonality of immune functionality, pathogen infectivity, and interactions between concurrent infections and immunity in wild zebra in ENP, a system with strongly seasonal patterns of gastrointestinal (GI) helminth infection intensity and concurrent anthrax outbreaks. I found evidence that wet seasons in ENP are characterized by Th2-type immune skewing driven by GI helminth infections, and that these trade-offs make hosts less capable of mounting effective Th1-type immune responses against anthrax infections at this time. I also found evidence that coinfections and immune tradeoffs affect long-term host survival, and that GI parasites likely exert more selection pressure on zebra hosts than do ectoparasites and anthrax, but may actually be a stabilizing force in this host-pathogen system. Stress and reproductive hormones can modulate each other and the immune system, and can affect disease incidence. Pathogens can also cause host stress, as well as exploit host niches exposed by stress and reproductive hormone-induced immunomodulation. Therefore, I examined seasonal correlations between host stress, reproduction, and GI parasite coinfections in zebra and springbok in ENP. All three macroparasites examined (strongyle helminths, Strongyloides helminths, and Eimeria coccidia) had strongly seasonal signals, with hosts experiencing the highest parasite infection intensities during times of highest rainfall and highest anthrax outbreaks. Strongyles appeared to be perhaps most potent immunomodulating pathogen in this system, influencing zebra immune responses to anthrax and susceptibility to tick infestations, as well as springbok susceptibility to Strongyloides infections. However, helminths were mostly negatively associated with stress hormone concentrations and Eimeria had almost no interaction with stress, indicating that most hosts have developed tolerance toward even high macroparasite loads. Stress hormone concentrations were nearly uniformly higher in drier times than in wetter ones, and were positively affected by estrogen concentrations in females, likely indicating that seasonal nutritional and water stressors, as well as pregnancy stress during the dry season trumped the effects of pathogen infection intensities in causing host stress. In addition, adult animals had higher stress levels than did yearlings, despite yearlings being the largest aggregator of parasites, corroborating the idea that reproductive status is more influential in determining host stress than are pathogens in this system and that mechanisms of tolerance to GI parasites are substantial. In conclusion, my results indicate that GI parasites play a large role in determining host immune status and susceptibility to micro- and macroparasite coinfections. While ENP herbivores survive anthrax infections with regularity, host immunomodulation by GI parasites likely determines whether a host will mount a successful immune response against this potentially deadly pathogen. GI parasites modulate these coinfection interactions despite causing hosts little direct stress; thus, these coinfection interactions likely take place mostly through direct immunomodulatory effects rather than indirectly through host pathology, nutritional depletion, and other potentially stress-inducing sequelae. ENP zebra and springbok appear to be tolerant of their macroparasite loads, trading off parasite immunomodulatory and pathological effects in favor of balancing resource allocation toward reproductive efforts.

Ochyrocera brumadinho n. sp. is described from Brumadinho, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This species has morphological affinities with males of O. ibitipoca Baptista, Gonzalez & Tourinho, 2008, in having a cymbial apophysis of the palp enlarged subdistally, and this feature may be a putative synapomorphy that groups these species. It was collected inside caves in the Iron Quadrangle region and compared to Ochyrocera ibitipoca, which also inhabits caves in another region of the same state. Although both species were found in this type of habitat, neither present troglomorphic features.

Environmentally transmitted diseases are comparatively poorly understood and managed, and their ecology is particularly understudied. Here we identify challenges of studying environmental transmission and persistence with a six-sided interdisciplinary review of the biology of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). Anthrax is a zoonotic disease capable of maintaining infectious spore banks in soil for decades (or even potentially centuries), and the mechanisms of its environmental persistence have been the topic of significant research and controversy. Where anthrax is endemic, it plays an important ecological role, shaping the dynamics of entire herbivore communities. The complex eco-epidemiology of anthrax, and the mysterious biology of Bacillus anthracis during its environmental stage, have necessitated an interdisciplinary approach to pathogen research. Here, we illustrate different disciplinary perspectives through key advances made by researchers working in Etosha National Park, a long-term ecological research site in Namibia that has exemplified the complexities of the enzootic process of anthrax over decades of surveillance. In Etosha, the role of scavengers and alternative routes (waterborne transmission and flies) has proved unimportant relative to the long-term persistence of anthrax spores in soil and their infection of herbivore hosts. Carcass deposition facilitates green-ups of vegetation to attract herbivores, potentially facilitated by the role of anthrax spores in the rhizosphere. The underlying seasonal pattern of vegetation, and herbivores' immune and behavioural responses to anthrax risk, interact to produce regular 'anthrax seasons' that appear to be a stable feature of the Etosha ecosystem. Through the lens of microbiologists, geneticists, immunologists, ecologists, epidemiologists, and clinicians, we discuss how anthrax dynamics are shaped at the smallest scale by population genetics and interactions within the bacterial communities up to the broadest scales of ecosystem structure. We illustrate the benefits and challenges of this interdisciplinary approach to disease ecology, and suggest ways anthrax might offer insights into the biology of other important pathogens. Bacillus anthracis, and the more recently emerged Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis, share key features with other environmentally transmitted pathogens, including several zoonoses and panzootics of special interest for global health and conservation efforts. Understanding the dynamics of anthrax, and developing interdisciplinary research programs that explore environmental persistence, is a critical step forward for understanding these emerging threats.

Three new species of the genusPlatofrom caves in the states of Pará and Minas Gerais, Brazil, are described.P.novalimasp. n., from Minas Gerais, is the first record of the genus in the southeastern region of Brazil.P.ferriferussp. n.andP.striatussp. n., from Carajás, Pará, north of Brazil, are also described. The former is an extremely abundant species, whereas the latter has only one known male specimen.Cuacubagen. n.is proposed and represented by two new species,C.marianasp. n.(type species) andC.morrodopilarsp. n., both from the state of Minas Gerais. Morphology of genitalia inCuacubagen. n.is similar to other Theridiosomatidae genera and is herein discussed. None of the proposed species presents troglomorphic adaptations. They are widespread, abundant inside caves in different and large karst areas, and each genus prefers different lithologies.

Seven new species of the spider genus Ochyrocera from cave areas in Floresta Nacional de Carajás (state of Pará, northern Brazil) are described: Ochyrocera varys sp. n., Ochyrocera atlachnacha sp. n., Ochyrocera laracna sp. n., Ochyrocera aragogue sp. n., Ochyrocera misspider sp. n., Ochyrocera charlotte sp. n., and Ochyrocera ungoliant sp. n. Two groups of the species are discussed, the quinquivittata group that include specimens with an apparently bifid retrolateral apophysis in the cymbium of the male palp and the arietina group, here proposed, that include those specimens with an entire cymbium, with no retrolateral apophysis, in the male palp. Although these species were abundant inside caves, the examined specimens do not have troglomorphic characteristics and can be classified as edaphic troglophile species, capable of completing its life cycle in soil, shallow subterranean habitats, or caves.

Tackling the pressing sustainability needs of society will require the development and application of new technologies. Biotechnology, emboldened by recent advances in synthetic biology, offers to generate sustainable biologically-based routes to chemicals and materials as alternatives to fossil-derived incumbents. Yet, the sustainability potential of biotechnology is not without trade-offs. Here, we probe this capacity for sustainability for the case of bio-based nylon using both deliberative and analytical approaches within a framework of Constructive Sustainability Assessment. We highlight the potential for life cycle CO2 and N2O savings with bio-based processes, but report mixed results in other environmental and social impact categories. Importantly, we demonstrate how this knowledge can be generated collaboratively and constructively within companies at an early stage to anticipate consequences and to inform the modification of designs and applications. Application of the approach demonstrated here provides an avenue for technological actors to better understand and become responsive to the sustainability implications of their products, systems and actions.

Cryptachaea benivia Rodrigues & Poeta, 2015 Fig. 32 New record. BRAZIL. S��o Paulo, Mau��, Jardim Itapeva, Cave Gruta de Santa Luzia (23��40'17''S; 46��23'49''W), 9 F, A. Macedo coll., 2004 (IBSP 62693). Distribution. Bol��via (Beni) and cave in the state of S��o Paulo, Brazil (Fig. 32)., Published as part of Santanna, Manoela, Rodrigues, Everton Nei Lopes, Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2019, On the spider genus Cryptachaea from Peru, Bolivia and cave environments in Brazil: a new species, additional descriptions and new records (Araneae, Theridiidae), pp. 271-292 in Zootaxa 4646 (2) on page 285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3349449, {"references":["Rodrigues, E. N. L. & Poeta, M. R. M. (2015) Twelve new Neotropical species of the spider genus Cryptachaea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Journal of Arachnology, 43, 26 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / K 14 - 47.1"]}

Cryptachaea jequirituba (Levi, 1963) Fig. 33 New record. BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, Matozinhos, Mocambeiros, Cave MOC-105 (19°32'56''S; 44°01'05''W), 1 F, F. P. Franco & C. A. R. Souza et al. coll., 04–15.IV.2011 (IBSP 180252). Distribution. Argentina (Misiones) and Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) (Fig. 33)., Published as part of Santanna, Manoela, Rodrigues, Everton Nei Lopes, Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2019, On the spider genus Cryptachaea from Peru, Bolivia and cave environments in Brazil: a new species, additional descriptions and new records (Araneae, Theridiidae), pp. 271-292 in Zootaxa 4646 (2) on page 285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3349449, {"references":["Levi, H. W. (1963) American spiders of the genus Achaearanea and the new genus Echinotheridion (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 129, 187 - 240."]}

Cryptachaea migrans (Keyserling, 1884) Figs. 15–19, 26–31, 33 Theridium migrans Keyserling, 1884: 18, pl. 1, fig. 6, female lectotype from Lechugal, Tumbes, Peru, in the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, examined. Tidarren fordum luctuosum Caporiacco, 1954: 77, female holotype from St. Jean du Maroni, French Guiana, in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (synonymized by Levi, 1963: 225). Achaearanea migrans: Levi, 1963: 225 (transferred from Theridion). Cryptachaea migrans: Yoshida, 2008: 39 (transferred from Achaearanea). Achaearanea uviana Levi, 1963: 218, fig. 44, male holotype from Utcuyacu, Junín, 1600–2200m elev., Peru, 4 April 1948, F. Woytkowski leg., in the American Museum of Natural History, examined. New Synonymy. Cryptachaea uviana: Yoshida, 2008: 39 (transferred from Achaearanea). Note. Keyserling (1884) described Cryptachaea migrans based on the female from Peru and Levi (1963) described Cryptachaea uviana based on the male from Peru too. From the examination of the types, the drawings by Levi (1963) and the examination of some males and females collected together in many localities in Brazil (Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro, in Canaã dos Carajás, state of Pará and Antonina, state of Paraná), and Bolivia (Beni) and male and female have the same color pattern, made it clear that these names are synonyms. Here we present for the first time SEM images of the male palp (Figs. 26–30) and of the epigynum (Fig. 31) of this species, illustrations of the male and female (Figs. 15–17), and photos of the both sexes (Figs. 18, 19). Diagnosis. The male palpus of Cryptachaea migrans resembles that of Cryptachaea altiventer (Keyserling, 1884) (see Levi, 1963: fig. 45), by the shape of cymbium, with projected apex and conductor which follows the path of the embolus to the apex (Figs. 15, 26–29), but differs by the curved embolus and slender conductor, apex of the cymbium elongated, hood-shaped (hat) (Fig. 15, 26–29). The epigynum has a pair of oval spermathecae (Fig. 17), two copulatory openings located in the medial region of the epigynal plate (Fig. 16) and copulatory ducts forming a loop (Fig. 17) as in Cryptachaea anastema (Levi, 1963) (see, Levi, 1963: fig. 57,58), but differs by having the copulatory ducts longer and fertilizations ducts longer, forming a loop (Fig. 17). Description. Male (IBSP 174281): Total length 1.36. Carapace: length 0.64, width 0.51. Clypeus height: 0.13. Sternum: length 0.40, width 0.37. Chelicerae: length 0.17, width 0.06. Abdomen: length: 0.71, width 0.51, height 0.61. Leg formula IV/II/I/III. Segment length (I/II/III/IV): femora 0.85/0.51/0.40/0.64; patellae+tibiae 0.78/0.54/0.37/0.54; metatarsi+tarsi-/0.71/0.37/0.71; total: 1.63/1.77/1.15/1.90. Palp: femora 0.03, patellae 0.06, tibiae 0.03, cymbium 0.37. AME are the largest. Eyes with dark borders (Fig. 18). Carapace oval, dark brown with dark borders (Fig. 18). Clypeus brown, laterally concave. Chelicerae yellow with brown spots. Labium yellow, subquadrangular. Endites yellow, subquadrangular. Sternum brown. Legs grayish brown, except femora yellow. Abdomen oval (Fig. 18), black with a white stripe going down on each side and a pair of white spots side by side on venter, ventrally brown. Spinnerets yellow. The male palpus have the cymbium long, expanded at its tip (Figs. 15, 26–29), tarsal organ developed (Fig. 30), conductor with laminar shape and pointed distal end (Figs. 15, 26–28), embolus with strong base (Figs. 15, 26, 27) and the tegulum subcircular and larger (Figs. 15, 26–28), with light sinuous ducts (Fig. 15). Cymbium with many long macrosetae (Figs. 26–30). Female (IBSP 174282). Total length 3.84. Carapace: length 1.49, width 1.22. Clypeus height: 0.23. Sternum: length 0.81, width 0.78. Chelicerae: length 0.44, width 0.17. Abdomen: length: 2.17, width 1.87, height 1.80. Leg formula I/IV/II/III. Segment length (I/II/III/IV): femora 1.84/1.56/1.15/1.87; patellae+tibiae 2.41/1.42/1.02/1.66; metatarsi+tarsi 2.89/1.80/1.36/2.14; total: 7.15/4.79/3.53/5.67. Palp: femora 0.27, patellae 0.17, tibiae 0.20, tarsi 0.37. All eyes with the same size. Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum as in male. Legs yellow, except distally brown (Fig. 19). Femur I presence of a comb of bristles distributed serially in ventral view. Abdomen oval (Fig. 19), dark brown with white stripes on dorsum, ventrally brown with a white spot on the venter. Epigynum (Fig. 16, 17, 31) with spermathecae oval, copulatory ducts non-sinuous (Fig. 17), and curved fertilization ducts (Fig. 17). Variation. The color pattern is quite variable in both sexes from dark brown to brown in carapace. The white spots in the abdomen can be further dispersed. The legs may be lighter, light yellow to brown. Males (n=5): Total length 1.15–1.36. Carapace: length 0.61–0.64, width 0.47–0.51. Femur leg I 0.85–0.91. Females (n= 8): Total length 3.29–4.11. Carapace: length 1.32–1.49, width 1.15–1.22. Femur leg I 1.84–2.55. Distribution. Venezuela, British Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil (states of Amazonas, Pará, Alagoas, Espírito Santo, and Paraná), Peru and Bolivia (Fig. 33). Material examined. Epigean material: PERU: Madre de Dios, Zona Reservada Tambopata (12°55'57''S; 69°16'50''W), 1M, D. Silva coll., 19.V.1988 (MCN 17802); BOLÍVIA: Beni, Beni Biological Station (14°38'34''S; 66°17'54''W), 1 M, H. Höfer & A. D. Brescovit coll., 27–29.VII.1997 (MCN 24676), 1M (MCN 24686); BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, Fazenda Esteio Km 41 (2°54'1''S; 60°7'7'W'), 1 F, A. D. Brescovit coll., I.1994 (MCN 25133); Cave material: Pará, Parauapebas, FLONA de Carajás, Cave N4E_0089 (GEM-1562) (6°1'59''S; 50°9'6''W), 1M, 24–30.VII.2009 (IBSP 175378); Cave S11D_0059 (705) (6°24'27702''S; 50°18'46''W), 1F, 01–14.VII.2010 (IBSP 174297); Cave S11D_0074 (720) (6°23'33576''S; 50°19'7''W), 1F, 13–30.I.2010 (IBSP 175825); Cave S11_0008 (S11-08) (6°25'14304''S; 50°17'12''W), 1F, 03–19.VIII.2010 (IBSP 175865); Cave S11_0022 (S11-22) (6°25'3''S; 50°18'7''W), 1F, 03–19.VIII.2010 (IBSP 175867); Cave S11_0023 (S11-23) (6°25'24''S; 50°18'0''W), 1F, 24.II–04.III.2010 (IBSP 174278); Cave S11_0025 (S11-25) (6°25'19''S; 50°18'20''W), 1F, 24.II–04.III.2010 (IBSP 175836), 1M, 03–19.VIII.2010 (IBSP 174279); Cave CAV_0025 (CAV-25) (6°24'56''S; 50°21'40''W), 1F, 22–31.V.2010 (IBSP 175847); Cave CAV_0028 (CAV-28) (6°24'32”S; 50°22'9''W), 1F, 22–31.V.2010 (IBSP 175849); Cave CAV_0032 (CAV-32) (6°25'36''S; 50°19'26''W), 1F, 22–31.V.2010 (IBSP 175850); Cave CAV_0009 (CAV _09) (6°25'21''S; 50°19'32''W), 1F, 22–28.IX.2010 (IBSP 175857) all collected by R. Andrade & I. Cizauskas et al.; Serra da Bocaina, Cave SB_0011 (GEM-1431) (6°17'7''S; 49°55'35''W), 1F, 29.VIII–27.IX.2012 (IBSP 183367); Cave SB_0021 (GEM-1441) (6°19'29''S; 49°58'24''W), 1F, 01.IV.2011 (IBSP 183365); Cave SB_0090 (GEM-1506) (6°18'38''S; 49°54'40''W), 1F, 10–31.I.2013 (IBSP 183368); Cave SB_0094 (GEM-1510) (6°18'1''S; 49°57'9''W), 1F, 29.VIII–27.IX.2012 (IBSP 174280); Cave SB_0109 (6°21192'0''S; 49°58'35''W), 1M, 10–31.I.2013 (IBSP 174281); Cave SB_0112 (GEM-1525) (6°21'11''S; 49°58'35''W), 1F, 20–26.VI.2013 (IBSP 183577); Cave SB_0114 (GEM-1527) (6°21'10''S; 49°58'37''W), 2F, 20–26.VI.2013 (IBSP 174282), 2F, 10–31.I.2013 (IBSP 183371), 1F (IBSP 183372); Cave SB_0115 (GEM-1528) (6°21'12''S; 49°58'37''W), 1F, 20.IX–01.X.2011 (IBSP 183366); Cave SB_0119 (GEM-1539) (6°21'12''S; 49°58'43''W), 1F, 10–31.I.2013 (IBSP 183370); Cave SB_0124 (GEM-1592) (6°21'15''S; 49°59'8''W), 2F, 10–31.I.2013 (IBSP 183369); Cave SB_0170 (6°18'36''S; 50°0'10''W), 1F, 08–22.V.2013 (IBSP 183573), 1M, 10–20.IX.2013 (IBSP 174283); Cave SB_0185 (6°20'39156''S; 49°58'15''W), 1F, 08–22.V.2013 (IBSP 183574), 1M (IBSP 183575); Cave SB_0220 (6°18'3''S; 49°57'56''W), 1F, 08–22.V.2013 (IBSP 183576); Cave SB_0231 (6°20'31''S; 49°59'43''W), 1M, 13–23.II.2014 (IBSP 183579); Cave SB_0234 (6°20'27''S; 49°54'17''W), 1M, 12–22.X.2013 (IBSP 183578) all collected by C. A. R. Souza & J. Mascarenhas et al. coll.; Alagoas, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici (9°15'S; 35°51''W), 1M, Equipe Biota coll., 13–22.IX.2003 (MCN 43784); Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Cicuta (2°12'S; 43°16'W), 1M, Equipe Biota coll., 11–18.VI.2001 (MCN 42346), 1M (MCN 42381), 1M (MCN 42382); Paraná, Antonina, Reserva Natural do Rio Cachoeira (25°25'53''S; 48°44'39''W), 1M, 2 F, E. Alvares coll., 23.IX.2005 (MCN 45899)., Published as part of Santanna, Manoela, Rodrigues, Everton Nei Lopes, Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2019, On the spider genus Cryptachaea from Peru, Bolivia and cave environments in Brazil: a new species, additional descriptions and new records (Araneae, Theridiidae), pp. 271-292 in Zootaxa 4646 (2) on pages 280-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3349449, {"references":["Keyserling, E. (1884). Die Spinnen Amerikas II. Theridiidae. Nurnberg, 1, 1 - 222.","Caporiacco, L. di (1954) Araignees de la Guyane Francaise du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Commentationes Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 16, 45 - 193","Levi, H. W. (1963) American spiders of the genus Achaearanea and the new genus Echinotheridion (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 129, 187 - 240.","Yoshida, H. (2008) A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 1, 37 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 57.37"]}

Cryptachaea Archer, 1946 Type species. Cryptachaea porteri (Banks, 1896) Diagnosis. Cryptachaea species lack the theridiid tegular apophysis, and as other members of the subfamily, also lack a colulus (Agnarsson, 2004; Buckup et al., 2012; Rodrigues & Poeta, 2015). The genus is similar to Achaearanea Strand, 1929, Hentziectypus Archer, 1946 and Parasteatoda Archer, 1946, however can be distinguished from these genera by the male palp with a medium to short embolus, which is not articulated and not supported on the back of the cymbium; the base is fused to the median apophysis lodged in the cymbial hood (Agnarsson, 2004; Yoshida, 2008; Buckup et al., 2012; Rodrigues & Poeta, 2015). The epigynum of Cryptachaea has simple, uncoiled copulatory ducts leading to a pair of simple subcircular spermathecae and a slightly sclerotized epigynal plate (Agnarsson, 2004; Buckup et al., 2012; Rodrigues & Poeta, 2015). Composition and distribution. 90 species, including the new species described here. Cryptachaea includes 73 species exclusive from Neotropical Region, seven species exclusive to the Nearctic Region, five species exclusive to the Palearctic Region, three species exclusive to the Australian Region, one species shared between Neotropical Region and Nearctic Region, and one species shared between Neotropical Region, Nearctic Region, Palearctic Region, Afrotropical Region and Australian Region., Published as part of Santanna, Manoela, Rodrigues, Everton Nei Lopes, Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2019, On the spider genus Cryptachaea from Peru, Bolivia and cave environments in Brazil: a new species, additional descriptions and new records (Araneae, Theridiidae), pp. 271-292 in Zootaxa 4646 (2) on page 272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3349449, {"references":["Agnarsson, I. (2004) Morphological phylogeny of combweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 447 - 626. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00120. x","Buckup, E. H., Marques, M. A. L. & Rodrigues, E. N. L. (2012) Tres novas especies sul-americanas de Cryptachaea e acrescimos taxonomicos em Achaearanea (Araneae, Theridiidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 102, 206 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212012000200013","Rodrigues, E. N. L. & Poeta, M. R. M. (2015) Twelve new Neotropical species of the spider genus Cryptachaea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Journal of Arachnology, 43, 26 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / K 14 - 47.1","Yoshida, H. (2008) A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 1, 37 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 57.37"]}

In this paper a new species of Cryptachaea Archer, 1946 based on males and females is described from Brazilian caves: Cryptachaea pilar Santanna & Rodrigues, new species from the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The females of Cryptachaea parana (Levi, 1963) and C. schneirlai (Levi, 1959) are described and illustrated for the first time. Cryptachaea uviana (Levi, 1963) is synonymized with C. migrans (Keyserling, 1884). The species Cryptachaea alacris (Keyserling, 1884), C. benivia Rodrigues & Poeta, 2015, C. parana (Levi, 1963) and C. schneirlai (Levi, 1959) are recorded for the first from Brazil; and C. migrans for the first time from Bolivia. Additionally, new records from Brazilian caves are provided for Cryptachaea parana, from the states of Tocantins, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo; C. schneirlai and C. alacris from the state of Pará; C. dea (Buckup & Marques, 2006) and C. rioensis (Levi, 1963) from Pará and Minas Gerais, C. jequirituba (Levi, 1963) from Minas Gerais and C. benivia from São Paulo.

Family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 Theridiinae Sundevall, 1833, Published as part of Santanna, Manoela, Rodrigues, Everton Nei Lopes, Cizauskas, Igor & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2019, On the spider genus Cryptachaea from Peru, Bolivia and cave environments in Brazil: a new species, additional descriptions and new records (Araneae, Theridiidae), pp. 271-292 in Zootaxa 4646 (2) on page 272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3349449

How a disease is transmitted affects our ability to determine R₀, the average number of new cases caused by an infectious host at the onset of an epidemic. R₀ becomes progressively more difficult to compute as transmission varies from directly transmitted diseases to diseases that are vector-borne to environmentally transmitted diseases. Pathogens responsible for diseases with environmental transmission are typically maintained in environmental reservoirs that exhibit a complex spatial distribution of local infectious zones (LIZs). Understanding host encounters with LIZs and pathogen persistence within LIZs is required for an accurate R₀ and modeling these contacts requires an integrated geospatial and dynamical systems approach. Here we review how interactions between host and pathogen populations and environmental reservoirs are driven by landscape-level variables, and synthesize the quantitative framework needed to formulate outbreak response and disease control.

Studies of museum publics are relatively recent, and studies of child visitors are even more recent. In this paper we summarize the types of exhibition evaluations mentioned in the literature and present an evaluation process for an exhibition about microbiology developed for and with input from 4-to-6-year-old children. As a case study we analyzed an exhibition entitled “The Giant World of Microbes.” Audio and video interviews were recorded with child visitors, and the stimulated recall technique was also employed. The data indicate the importance of interactive activities in enhancing child motivation and providing pertinent routes to follow when preparing an exhibition geared toward children. Resumo Os estudos sobre exibições em museus são relativamente recentes, e estudos sobre crianças visitantes são mais recentes ainda. Este trabalho faz um resumo dos tipos de avaliações de exibição mencionados na literatura e apresenta um processo de avaliação para uma exibição de microbiologia desenvolvida para, e com o auxilio de, crianças entre 4 e 6 anos. Como estudo de caso analisamos uma exibição intitulada “O Mundo Gigante dos Micróbios”. Foram gravadas entrevistas de áudio e vídeo com os visitantes mirins, e também se utilizou a técnica de estimulação da memória. Os dados indicam a importância das atividades interativas no fortalecimento da motivação das crianças e oferecem caminhos pertinentes a seguir na elaboração de exibições focadas no público infantil.