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BACKGROUND: Modern dentistry is not without advanced technologies, and intraoral scanning is becoming an increasingly important element of diagnosis and treatment. This technology is constantly evolving, offering new possibilities. The fundamental principles underlying the functionality of the intraoral scanner are light-measuring technology and photogrammetry. Light-emitting diodes integrated into the scanner body emit light onto the surface of the teeth, and sensors subsequently record the reflected signals, thereby creating an accurate three-dimensional model. The data is then processed by software that generates detailed digital models of the patient's jaws that are compatible with 3D CT data [1]. AIM: The study aimed to assess the potential of three-dimensional scanning for the planning and implementation of a single-stage dental implant protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient M., aged 41, presented to the dental clinic with complaints of a fractured tooth on the upper jaw (1.2). A decision was made to perform a single-stage implantation with the extraction of tooth 1.2 and the placement of a temporary crown based on the results of the examination. Intraoral scanning of the jaws was performed for the fabrication of the crown, as the cutting edge of the tooth was destroyed by two-thirds and the tooth fragment was lost. In order to create a model of the crown, the horizontal inversion technique was used. Tooth 2.2 was extracted from the scan of the upper jaw and inverted horizontally, resulting in a copy of tooth 1.2 in the expanded state. This was done to reproduce the exact shape of the future crown. The design of the crown was modeled in the program in conjunction with the loaded model of the temporary abutment (implant suprastructure for the fixation of the artificial crown). This approach enabled the accurate contour of the crown eruption and correct positioning relative to the gingival cuff and the abutment shaft to be obtained. RESULTS: The implementation of the technique permitted the creation of an accurate and anatomically correct model of the crown of the replaced tooth without its introduction into occlusion, thereby reducing the risk of functional overload of the implant during the period of osseointegration (engraftment) [2]. The applied method enables the exclusion of the stage of crown correction at the moment of its fixation and the combination of 3D scans with data from computed tomography for the detailed planning of the surgery. Furthermore, the use of 3D scans permitted the visualization of the projected position of the future temporary crown, thereby enabling the precise positioning of the implant in an anatomically correct location. CONCLUSIONS: This case study illustrates the efficacy of planning and implementing single-stage implantation with the aid of intraoral jaw scanning, as it reduces treatment duration, eliminates the necessity for implant loading, and ensures the attainment of a predictable treatment outcome. These technologies are currently being actively implemented in Russian dentistry, with new treatment options continually emerging.

As a person ages, usually after age 50, knee joint bone damage caused by osteoarthritis can occur. It is to cause pain in the knee joint so that its function moves abnormally. The knee joint bone damage could be replaced with a prosthesis (Total Knee Replacement, TKR) to restore the knee joint's normal movement function. However, orthopaedic doctors sometimes have difficulty choosing standard implant designs available for patients' knees when performing TKR surgery, especially for Asian patients, including Indonesians. It is due to the geometry of the standard implant being different from the patient's knee anatomical shape. As a result, postoperative pain reactions can occur. Therefore, this study is to customize the TKR femoral implant's design according to the knee bone's geometry, especially in Indonesian patients. Reverse Engineering (RE) technology assisted by the CT-Scan and the boundary surface technique was applied for reconstructing the patient's knee bone into a femoral implant. The application of RE is initially, the patient's knee bone sample was scanned with Computer Tomography (CT) Scan. Then, the femur implant model was designed on the surface of the patient's knee bone using the boundary surface method. The 3D model of the TKR femoral implant was successfully designed to match the geometry of the patient's femur bone. It will be a reference for designing other TKR implants, namely the tibia component.

Abstract The regions of East Asia, as well as South Asia and the Middle East are rich in cultural heritage of grottoes where a large number of Buddhist niches exist. Three-dimensional (3D) semantic modelling enriches 3D geometric models with an understanding of the historical and cultural value of cultural heritage, facilitating interoperability and analysis beyond mere visualization. 3D models with semantic information act as essential digital infrastructure for heritage management, knowledge dissemination and simulation analysis in cultural heritage. However, due to the lack of standardized data model for the grotto domain, it is difficult to exchange information, share knowledge and the advancement of spatial analysis and simulation. In order to fill the above-mentioned gap, this study develops a data model for niches as a CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE) based on the CityGML 3.0 standard. In this ADE, niche components and their attributes are defined on two semantic levels, i.e., niche structural component and niche component member. A famous niche in China belonging to the World Heritage was selected as a case study to demonstrate the integration of geometries, semantics and attributes, illustrating that the extended ADE module complies with the CityGML 3.0 standard. This study provides novel insights into the 3D semantic modelling of niches as well as expands the applications scope of CityGML standard within the cultural heritage sector.

The spark plug is one of the important components in the gasoline engine's combustion chamber. To reduce vehicle emissions, the platinum spark plug is selected due to its good performance. Due to the high productivity of resistance spot welding (RSW), a micro-scale RSW process is employed to assemble the platinum tip to Inconel600 part in the production of spark plugs. In order to understand the electric-thermal-mechanics phenomena during micro resistance spot welding spark plug for controlling the welding quality and saving electric energy, a three-dimensional simulation model and the in-house finite element program JWRIAN-RSW3D were developed. The potential history and upper electrode displacement results were verified with experiments. Numerical case studies were made to investigate the influence magnitude of welding current on the electric-thermal-mechanics phenomena. The developed model reveals inside phenomena to clearly understand the welding mechanism for potential, current density, temperature, electrode displacement and their distribution/history as well as the molten zone. The comprehensive phenomena of maximum temperature distribution on both base metals and Inconel600 were clarified using a top perspective, revealing differences in distribution on the contact surface between horizontal and vertical sections. To achieve a complete welding joint, the molten zone on the contact area is required carefully in order to facilitate the bonding of both base metals. Based on simulation results for three welding conditions, the alternating current at the magnitude of 1.2 kA with the welding time of 0.1 s is recommended to obtain the welded joint with minimized energy consumption in production.

The 3D digital reproduction of panel paintings is an efficient practice through which to document their state of conservation thanks to the ability to study artwork both at the microscopic level, visualising the craquelure and the detachments of pictorial layers, and at the macroscopic level, analysing support structures and their deformations. In recent years, research has focused on new methodologies to handle multiple 3D scans acquired over time and to achieve data fusion to obtain multi-resolution products. In this paper, we present the results of the acquisition of the central panel of an earthquake-damaged triptych using two different 3D techniques (close-range photogrammetry and structured light) before and after its restoration to carry out a multi-temporal analysis of the conservation status and document the effects of the restoration. Furthermore, we performed laser scanning micro-profilometry on a small area of the painting to study the artist’s technique and identify previous restorations. Finally, we merged the two 3D datasets (obtained by structured-light projection and micro-profilometry) to produce a multi-resolution 3D model with the aim of increasing the accuracy and readability of the final product.

Abstract This paper reports results of laboratory and 3D numerical modeled pull-out tests with steel ladders and polymeric strip reinforcements. These types of reinforcement are commonly used in reinforced soil walls constructed with concrete facing elements. Laboratory pull-out tests are required to determine accurate and realistic pull-out strength values considering the interaction of specific reinforcement and backfill materials under different confining pressures (i.e., trying to simulate the different reinforcement layer arrangements and load conditions in actual reinforced soil walls). International design Codes for reinforced soil walls provide default values for pull-out strength. However, in many cases, default values are too conservative and/or are not strictly specified for particular reinforcement types. Pull-out tests can be difficult and expensive to perform, thus not being common nor worth for the vast majority of reinforced soil wall projects. Consequently, calibrated numerical models can be useful to predict pull-out response under site-specific conditions, and provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the soil-reinforcement interaction. Details of the numerical approach, including relevant aspects of the soil-reinforcement interfaces, are described. Examples of calibrated numerical predictions for pull-out loads, displacements, and soil-dilatancy effects are presented. The influence of reinforcement, soil and interface stiffnesses is shown. Numerical results provide useful insight for future modelling works of the complex interaction between type-specific backfill materials and reinforcement element, relevant for investigation and/or practical design of reinforced soil walls.

In underground metal mining, ensuring the stability of pillars considered as a principal apprehension, given the likelihood of stress increase and relief leading to dynamic pillar failure. Through a detailed analysis examining stress concentration factor (SCF), deformation and yielding surrounding crown and rib pillars, this study explores the impact of various rock mass parameters. A detailed investigation utilizing non-linear 3D numerical models, governed by Mohr–Coulomb elastoplastic failure criteria, is conducted by manipulating seven variables: working depth (D), uniaxial compressive strength (σci), modulus of elasticity (Em), geological strength index (GSI), crown pillar thickness (TC), rib pillar thickness (TR), and stope width (WS). The findings suggest that increasing D from 230 m level to 290 m level exhibits a 6.62% decrease in major SCF, a substantial 26.37% decrease in minor SCF, and a noteworthy 119.9% increases in yield around crown pillars. Also, at lower depths, the rib pillar experiences a 243.31% increase in yield zone. Present study also exhibits possible failure of pillars in terms of factor of safety (FoS). This study offers crucial insight essential for optimizing pillar design and improving safety of the mine which further benefits industry financially by altering additional operational cost.

The built heritage of the Modern Movement includes examples of structures based on ruled surfaces. One such example is the roof of the Santísima Trinidad church in Caracas, composed of four hyperbolic paraboloids with straight edges, three of which have a vertical axis and the fourth an oblique one. The objective is the architectural definition of the church and its hyperbolic paraboloids through an architectural visualisation methodology that uses a 3D model and orthogonal projections in the SolidWorks program. The methodology is proposed in three phases: first, the bibliographical and planimetric research; second, the development of the 3D model and the details; and finally, the geometric analysis of the roof and the construction details. In conclusion, a complex analysis is proposed, which has not existed until now, allowing the modelling of curved surfaces of geometric complexity and the creation of new planimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regions of East Asia, as well as South Asia and the Middle East are rich in cultural heritage of grottoes where a large number of Buddhist niches exist. Three-dimensional (3D) semantic modelling enriches 3D geometric models with an understanding of the historical and cultural value of cultural heritage, facilitating interoperability and analysis beyond mere visualization. 3D models with semantic information act as essential digital infrastructure for heritage management, knowledge dissemination and simulation analysis in cultural heritage. However, due to the lack of standardized data model for the grotto domain, it is difficult to exchange information, share knowledge and the advancement of spatial analysis and simulation. In order to fill the above-mentioned gap, this study develops a data model for niches as a CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE) based on the CityGML 3.0 standard. In this ADE, niche components and their attributes are defined on two semantic levels, i.e., niche structural component and niche component member. A famous niche in China belonging to the World Heritage was selected as a case study to demonstrate the integration of geometries, semantics and attributes, illustrating that the extended ADE module complies with the CityGML 3.0 standard. This study provides novel insights into the 3D semantic modelling of niches as well as expands the applications scope of CityGML standard within the cultural heritage sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graffiti, by their very nature, are ephemeral, sometimes even vanishing before creators finish them. This transience is part of graffiti's allure yet signifies the continuous loss of this often disputed form of cultural heritage. To counteract this, graffiti documentation efforts have steadily increased over the past decade. One of the primary challenges in any documentation endeavour is identifying and recording new creations. Image‐based change detection can greatly help in this process, effectuating more comprehensive documentation, less biased digital safeguarding and improved understanding of graffiti. This paper introduces a novel and largely automated image‐based graffiti change detection method. The methodology uses an incremental structure‐from‐motion approach and synthetic cameras to generate co‐registered graffiti images from different areas. These synthetic images are fed into a hybrid change detection pipeline combining a new pixel‐based change detection method with a feature‐based one. The approach was tested on a large and publicly available reference dataset captured along the Donaukanal (Eng. Danube Canal), one of Vienna's graffiti hotspots. With a precision of 87% and a recall of 77%, the results reveal that the proposed change detection workflow can indicate newly added graffiti in a monitored graffiti‐scape, thus supporting a more comprehensive graffiti documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delineating and modelling building roof plane structures is an active research direction in urban-related studies, as understanding roof structure provides essential information for generating highly detailed 3D building models. Traditional deep-learning models have been the main focus of most recent research endeavors aiming to extract pixel-based building roof plane areas from remote-sensing imagery. However, significant challenges arise, such as delineating complex roof boundaries and invisible boundaries. Additionally, challenges during the post-processing phase, where pixel-based building roof plane maps are vectorized, often result in polygons with irregular shapes. In order to address this issue, this study explores a state-of-the-art method for planar graph reconstruction applied to building roof plane extraction. We propose a framework for reconstructing regularized building roof plane structures using aerial imagery and cadastral information. Our framework employs a holistic edge classification architecture based on an attention-based neural network to detect corners and edges between them from aerial imagery. Our experiments focused on three distinct study areas characterized by different roof structure topologies: the Stadsveld–'t Zwering neighborhood and Oude Markt area, located in Enschede, The Netherlands, and the Lozenets district in Sofia, Bulgaria. The outcomes of our experiments revealed that a model trained with a combined dataset of two different study areas demonstrated a superior performance, capable of delineating edges obscured by shadows or canopy. Our experiment in the Oude Markt area resulted in building roof plane delineation with an F-score value of 0.43 when the model trained on the combined dataset was used. In comparison, the model trained only on the Stadsveld–'t Zwering dataset achieved an F-score value of 0.37, and the model trained only on the Lozenets dataset achieved an F-score value of 0.32. The results from the developed approach are promising and can be used for 3D city modelling in different urban settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex (hVKORC1), a key enzyme that converts vitamin K into the form necessary for blood clotting, requires for its activation the reducing equivalents supplied by its redox partner through thiol–disulphide exchange reactions. The functionally related molecular complexes assembled during this process have never been described, except for a proposed de novo model of a 'precursor' complex of hVKORC1 associated with protein disulphide isomerase (PDI). Using numerical approaches (in silico modelling and molecular dynamics simulation), we generated alternative 3D models for each molecular complex bonded either covalently or non-covalently. These models differ in the orientation of the PDI relative to hVKORC1 and in the cysteine residue involved in forming protein–protein disulphide bonds. Based on a comparative analysis of these models' shape, folding, and conformational dynamics, the most probable putative complexes, mimicking the 'precursor', 'intermediate', and 'successor' states, were suggested. In addition, we propose using these complexes to develop the 'allo-network drugs' necessary for treating blood diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and visualisation of medical imaging systems, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), become common approaches for assisting physicians with a visual representation of anatomy structures, a novelty approach adding functional elements of the human body started being explored. So, medical thermography has been used as a complementary imaging technique for diagnosis and monitoring of pathologies, based on the identification of surface temperature changes. Therefore, this paper presents a new open-source software approach to multimodal medical imaging. The proposed methodology involves the 3D reconstruction of an anatomical model and thermal model, being the latter based on a Structure from Motion (SfM) approach, and the combination of both models, providing a complete 3D multimodal model that contains inner information regarding the anatomy of the body, and outer physiological information. It showed efficient results regarding the visualisation of the multimodal model in a single coordinate system in different views (axial, coronal, and sagittal), allowing it to be inspected by physicians, whilst improving pathology assessment. The 3D multimodal models have potential to be expanded to medical applications, such as diagnosis, surgery, and follow-up care, whilst being cost effective by resorting to available open-source software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D digital reproduction of panel paintings is an efficient practice through which to document their state of conservation thanks to the ability to study artwork both at the microscopic level, visualising the craquelure and the detachments of pictorial layers, and at the macroscopic level, analysing support structures and their deformations. In recent years, research has focused on new methodologies to handle multiple 3D scans acquired over time and to achieve data fusion to obtain multi-resolution products. In this paper, we present the results of the acquisition of the central panel of an earthquake-damaged triptych using two different 3D techniques (close-range photogrammetry and structured light) before and after its restoration to carry out a multi-temporal analysis of the conservation status and document the effects of the restoration. Furthermore, we performed laser scanning micro-profilometry on a small area of the painting to study the artist's technique and identify previous restorations. Finally, we merged the two 3D datasets (obtained by structured-light projection and micro-profilometry) to produce a multi-resolution 3D model with the aim of increasing the accuracy and readability of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports results of laboratory and 3D numerical modeled pull-out tests with steel ladders and polymeric strip reinforcements. These types of reinforcement are commonly used in reinforced soil walls constructed with concrete facing elements. Laboratory pull-out tests are required to determine accurate and realistic pull-out strength values considering the interaction of specific reinforcement and backfill materials under different confining pressures (i.e., trying to simulate the different reinforcement layer arrangements and load conditions in actual reinforced soil walls). International design Codes for reinforced soil walls provide default values for pull-out strength. However, in many cases, default values are too conservative and/or are not strictly specified for particular reinforcement types. Pull-out tests can be difficult and expensive to perform, thus not being common nor worth for the vast majority of reinforced soil wall projects. Consequently, calibrated numerical models can be useful to predict pull-out response under site-specific conditions, and provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the soil-reinforcement interaction. Details of the numerical approach, including relevant aspects of the soil-reinforcement interfaces, are described. Examples of calibrated numerical predictions for pull-out loads, displacements, and soil-dilatancy effects are presented. The influence of reinforcement, soil and interface stiffnesses is shown. Numerical results provide useful insight for future modelling works of the complex interaction between type-specific backfill materials and reinforcement element, relevant for investigation and/or practical design of reinforced soil walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate quantification of the jawbone-implant interface plays a pivotal role in assessing the mechanical stability of dental implant structures. This study proposes a methodology integrating the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI)-based technique with a deep learning algorithm to autonomously monitor the bone-implant interface during the osseointegration process. We develop a 1D convolutional neural network (1D CNN) model, which automatically processes raw EMI data and extracts optimal features for predicting osseointegration ratios. To validate our approach, we conduct predictive 3D numerical modelling of the PZT-implant-bone system. This model simulates the implant's EMI response under varying degrees of osseointegration. Next, we employ traditional statistical metrics to monitor osseointegration and discuss their limitations. Finally, we apply the proposed 1D CNN model to predict bone-implant osseointegration rate. We train and test the network using the simulated EMI data with added noise to account for real-world conditions. The results show that the trained model achieves a minimal testing error of just 2.4%. Even when 60% of testing cases are not trained, the model maintains a prediction accuracy exceeding 94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open in new tab Download slide OBJECTIVES Many types of congenital heart disease are amenable to surgical repair or palliation. The procedures are often challenging and require specific surgical training, with limited real-life exposure and often costly simulation options. Our objective was to create realistic and affordable 3D simulation models of the heart and vessels to improve training. METHODS We created moulded vessel models using several materials, to identify the material that best replicated human vascular tissue. This material was then used to make more vessels to train residents in cannulation procedures. Magnetic resonance imaging views of a 23-month-old patient with double-outlet right ventricle were segmented using free open-source software. Re-usable moulds produced by 3D printing served to create a silicone model of the heart, with the same material as the vessels, which was used by a heart surgeon to simulate a Rastelli procedure. RESULTS The best material was a soft elastic silicone (Shore A hardness 8). Training on the vessel models decreased the residents' procedural time and improved their grades on a performance rating scale. The surgeon evaluated the moulded heart model as realistic and was able to perform the Rastelli procedure on it. Even if the valves were poorly represented, it was found to be useful for preintervention training. CONCLUSIONS By using free segmentation software, a relatively low-cost silicone and a technique based on re-usable moulds, the cost of obtaining heart models suitable for training in congenital heart defect surgery can be substantially decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology has developed in recent years, the use of three‐dimensional (3D) scanners and printers has become widespread in the medical field. However, since this field is new, all kinds of methodological and experimental related studies gain importance. This study aimed to identify the differences between the calliper measurements by determining the craniometric data on the models constructed by scanning the crania of New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.), preferred as experimental animals, with a three‐dimensional scanner. Therefore, a total of 12 New Zealand rabbits including 6 females and 6 males were used. After the crania that comprised the study material were macerated, they were subjected to 3D scanning. After the scanning process was completed, they were craniometrically measured both on the scanned models and by using a digital calliper. Analysis of the craniometric data of the 3D scanner showed that there was a difference between sexes at the level of p < 0.05 in widest length between the external acoustic meatus (WLBEAM), skull width and Foramen magnum height (FMH) parameters and cranial index data, and at the level of p < 0.001 in the largest nasal width (LNW) parameter. A statistical difference was found between sexes in frontal length, WLBEAM, LNW and FMH parameters and cranial index values in craniometric data collected with the digital calliper (p < 0.05). Consequently, the data collected in this study were found to be close to each other in both methods, suggesting that the 3D scanner may be used in morphometric studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the development of technology, 2D images have left their place for 3D models. The 3D modelling technique is widely used in plastic surgery, orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, traumatology, dentistry and medical education. The skull is important in terms of containing the starting parts of systems with vital functions. Objective: The aim of the study is to reveal the difference between male and female and other species by 3D (three‐dimensional) modelling and craniometric measurements of Romanov heads. Methods: In our study, skulls of Romanov sheep (10 females and 10 males) older than 1‐year‐old were used. The heads of Romanov sheep were scanned with computed tomography and modelled in 3D. Results and Conclusions: In the study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female sheep in terms of the largest nose length, facial width, molar row length, viscerocranium length, and foramen magnum height parameters (p < 0.05). It was determined that the greatest width of the foramen magnum measurement parameter and the skull index showed statistically significant differences between the genders at the p < 0.01 level. No statistically significant difference was found in other measurements (p > 0.05). The data obtained as a result of the study will help in the racial discrimination and classification of bones obtained from zoo archaeological excavations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of advanced technologies in the field of software at the stages of construction becomes one of the key tasks of designers. Creating objects using 3D printing requires the use of appropriate high-tech solutions. One of these solutions consists in the analysis of the process of converting three-dimensional models into a control code for 3D printers, in particular, the analysis of files in STL format. The efficiency of manufacturing construction structures and structures by 3D printing depends primarily on this analysis. This study aims at an in-depth analysis of STL files in light of the growth of additive manufacturing and the advancement of digital technologies in the construction industry. The purpose of the work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the basic information related to the use of this format, including methods for calculating the area and volume of the STL grid. Identification and analysis of typical errors that may occur when working with files of this format and definition of key criteria for evaluating the geometric quality of the grid. Consideration of strategies and alternative approaches to overcome possible drawbacks that may arise when using the STL format. Creation of a comprehensive view of this format and provision of appropriate recommendations for further improvement of the processes of working with it. The study of STL files plays an important role in the development of additive manufacturing and digital technologies in the construction industry. This study aims to provide a detailed overview of the basic information related to the use of this format, including methods for calculating the area and volume of an STL mesh, which are crucial for efficient modelling and production of structures. During the research, a number of errors were identified and key criteria for assessing the geometric quality of the grid were determined. This includes correctly orienting normals, detecting and correcting overlaps, intersections, and isolated faces. For further research, it is proposed to consider alternative options for overcoming some of the shortcomings of the STL format. For example, you can consider automated methods of detecting and correcting errors in the network, developing new file formats with greater functionality and support for additional model properties. Investigating such alternatives can help improve the efficiency and accuracy of file use in construction and additive manufacturing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to study the role of computer reconstruction and additive technologies in the planning of surgical treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal part of the humerus in the early post-traumatic period. Materials and methods: the results of treatment of 44 patients with fractures of the distal part of the humerus aged from 22 to 65 years were studied. All patients underwent MSCT in the preoperative period. In 45.5 % (20) cases, in order to increase the effectiveness of preoperative planning, simulation osteosynthesis was performed on an individual printed model of the damaged bone. After completion of preoperative planning, all patients underwent osseous metallo-osteosynthesis in the first week after receiving the injury. In order to assess the effectiveness of the application of visualization techniques, a survey of the operating team was carried out regarding the informativeness of the conducted instrumental studies. Results. The average duration of surgical intervention among patients in the clinical group with standard preoperative planning was 105.9 ± 9.15 minutes. The average results of the survey of the surgical team after the surgical interventions in the specified clinical group were 21.2 ± 2.8 points. The average duration of surgery among patients of the second clinical group, whose preoperative planning included not only the assessment of MSCT results of the damaged segment, but also simulated osteosynthesis with the selection and application of optimal metal fixators, was 54.6 ± 7.14 minutes. The average results of the survey of the surgical team were 31.2 ± 1.7 points. Conclusions. The use of a combination of visualization technologies and 3D printing allows to reduce the time the patient spends in the operating room and increase the effectiveness of preoperative planning. Performing simulated osteosynthesis in the preoperative period allows you to develop an individual technique of repositioning bone fragments and use the optimal standard size of the cortical metal fixator with the distribution of the most favourable compression points of bone fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, the treatment of wrist fractures has been the focus of numerous studies, particularly in the development of casts modeled on the patient's anatomy using additive manufacturing techniques. A 3D printed cast offers several advantages over traditional treatment methods, including washability, lightness, and ventilation. Objective: This work introduces an automatic procedure for designing patient-specific wrist orthoses from a 3D scan of the arm using open-source mesh-processing libraries. Methods: The procedure consists of seven steps that generate a customized orthosis model. Due to the absence of a single library capable of completing the entire modeling process, we defined the best execution strategy for each step and established a communication flow between the various blocks. Results: The resulting orthosis comprises two halves, secured by three appropriately positioned bands and perforated with ventilation holes. The modeling procedure takes approximately 5 min to complete and was evaluated on 20 scans of arms of different shapes and sizes. The process proved to be fast, reliable, and suitable for direct use by medical personnel. Conclusions: The developed automatic procedure for designing patient-specific wrist orthoses is efficient and effective, facilitating the use of 3D printed casts in medical practice.