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Background. The use of catalysts and adsorbents in the processing of oil and gas raw materials requires in-depth research into potential import-substituting analogues. Purpose. Study of isotherms and calculation of differential entropy of ammonia adsorption in synthetic zeolite CaA (M-22). Methodology. The studies were carried out on a universal high-vacuum installation, which allows dosing of the adsorbate using both gas-volume and volume-liquid methods with an accuracy of 0.1%. Originality. For the first time, the energy characteristics of ammonia adsorption in CaA (M-22) zeolite were determined, the differential values of free energy and entropy of adsorption were calculated, a correlation was found between the adsorption-energy characteristics and the crystallochemical structure of the adsorbent, the mechanism of formation of ion-molecular clusters of ammonia with cations in the zeolite in the region filling the pore space of the adsorbent. Findings. The stepwise nature of the entropy of ammonia adsorption was revealed. The entropy region correlates with the number of sodium and calcium cations in the zeolite structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of our work was to study the ecological plasticity and adaptability of sunflower hybrids created with the participation of IR selection sunflower maternal lines and IOK selection pollen fertility restorers, conducted in 2007-2008 in the steppe - Institute of Oilseed Crops (IOC), Luhansk Institute of Agro-Industrial Production (LIAIP) and foreststeppe Yuriev Plant Production Institute (YPPI) agro-ecological zones. Field studies of the Yuriev Plant Production Institute were conducted in the Kharkiv region, which is located in the forest-steppe zone. During trials in 2007, with 251.7 mm of rainfall during the sunflower growing season and an average maximum July temperature of 27.3 °C, five hybrid combinations showed yields above four tons per hectare and four above 3.5 tons. The most productive were Skh1006А/ZL580RF - 4.73 t/ha and Skh1010А/ZL580RF - 4.32 t/ha. Hybrid NS26А/Kh1002RF, which was used as a control, gave 3.45 t/ha. In 2008, with 201.0 mm of precipitation and an average maximum July temperature of 27.2 °C, none of the hybrids showed better results than the control, and only two hybrid combinations had a yield of four tons or more - Skh1008А/ZL580RF - 4.06 t/ha and Skh1008А/ZL201RF - 4.01 t/ha; hybrid NS26А/Kh1002RF (k.) had a yield of 4.22 t/ha. In 2007, all these hybrids weighed less than four tons. The biggest difference was in the control - the yield increase was 0.77 t/ha, or 22.3%. According to the results of two years of tests in the Kharkiv zone, the best hybrid combination was Skh1006А/ZL580RF - 4.05 t/ha, which is higher than the control by 0.21 t/ha. It has a high adaptive capacity and forms the highest stable yields on the best agricultural background and provides maximum stability. The Institute of Oilseed Crops is located in the zone of the southern part of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine, which is characterized by higher temperatures compared to the Forest Steppe. The average maximum temperature recorded in July 2007 in the IOC was 34.3 °C, and in 2008 this indicator was only 28.8 °C, that is, the difference was 5.5 °C. A significant increase in yield in 2007 was observed in two hybrid combinations - Skh1010A/ZL678RF (1.94 t/ha versus 1.40 t/ha), Skh1010A/ZL580RF (2.30 t/ha versus 1.84 t/ha), in Skh1008А/ZL678RF and Skh1006А/ZL678RF it remained almost unchanged and its decrease was observed in six, which was most significant in Skh1006А/ZL580RF (1.95 t/ha vs. 2.86 t/ha), Skh1010А/ZL201RF (1.91 t/ha vs. 2.72 t/ha), Skh1006А/ZL201RF (2.20 t/ha versus 2.98 t/ha). The control showed a yield of 2.29 t/ha. According to the results of two-year tests in selective crop rotation of IOC, hybrid Skh1006А/ZL580RF was optimal - 2.41 t/ha. The Luhansk Institute of Agro-Industrial Production is located in the east of the country in the Northern Steppe zone. During tests in 2007, when the average maximum July temperature was 31.2 °C, only one hybrid combination Skh1008A/ZL678RF showed a yield above three tons per hectare (3.14 t/ha) and three above two tons: Skh1008A/ZL201RF - 2.84 t/ha, Skh1008A/ZL580RF - 2.51 t/ha, Skh1006A/ZL201RF - 2.41 t/ha. The control had a yield of 1.67 t/ha. In 2008, the hybrid Skh1008A/ZL678RF produced the highest yield - 2.67 t/ha, three more hybrid combinations had a yield of 2.00 t/ha and above. Hybrid NS26А/Kh1002RF (k.) - 1.94 t/ha. Despite the fact that in 2007, during the sunflower growing season, it was 22.3 °C warmer and there was significantly less precipitation of 56.6 mm than in 2008 - 20.0 °C and 163.8 mm, respectively, six of the nine In 2007, some of the tested hybrids showed higher yields. High positive correlations were established between the yield of hybrids obtained with the pollen fertility restorer ZL678RF studied in 2007 in the fields of YPPI and IOC (r = 0.98) and between their yield in the Kharkiv region in 2007 and 2008 (r = 0, 85). According to the hybrids obtained with the ZL201RF line tested on the LIAIP fields, there is a very strong negative correlation with the results obtained in YPPI (r = -1.00), and with the ZL580RF line on the IOC fields (r = -1.00). The results obtained in 2008 were completely different. A high positive correlation was observed according to the results of testing hybrids obtained with the ZL201RF line on the fields of YPPI and LIAIP (r = 0.96), with ZL580RF (r = 0.80), with ZL678RF on the fields of Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia (r = 0.80) and Kharkiv and Luhansk (r = 0.77). The strongest negative correlation (r = - 0.60) was observed between the results obtained during field tests of IOC and LIAIP on hybrid combinations obtained with the ZL580RF line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogenization is a standard milk processing method used to stabilize fat emulsions against gravitational separation. In the dairy industry, high-pressure homogenization is commonly applied, which requires significant energy input to achieve optimal processing conditions. The size and composition of fat globule membranes affect the sensory and rheological properties of secondary dairy products [1]. Recently, ultrasound has been frequently used for milk homogenization [2]. Unlike ultrasound, mechanical mixing does not provide emulsion stability even after prolonged treatment, highlighting the differences between these two technologies. These differences arise due to the varying degrees of fat globule and membrane disruption. However, dairy products with different physicochemical and functional properties can be produced using both ultrasonic treatment and in combination with other traditional homogenization methods. To study the impact of ultrasonic treatment parameters of milk, specifically their different values, on the size of fat inclusions and the stability of milk emulsion over a certain period after treatment. The study employed an experimental method of milk processing using an ultrasonic cavitation unit. The impact of ultrasonic cavitation on the quality of milk homogenization in a steady volume was investigated. Optimal process parameters, specifically the power of the ultrasonic field and treatment time, were experimentally determined. The use of ultrasonic frequency greater than 33 kHz was found to be impractical. It was experimentally proven that ultrasonic cavitation treatment of milk is extremely effective for obtaining homogeneous emulsions. Given that excessive heating (> 65 °C) is undesirable in the production of dairy products from a technological standpoint, a definite advantage of this method is the low-temperature (50 °C) mode compared to traditional processing methods (75–80 °C), which also positively affects the preservation of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold spray is a solid-state deposition technique that improves the performance of part surfaces. Most scholars use the CEL framework to simulate the deposition of single particles on the substrate; Single particle depositions cannot fully characterize coating conditions. This article proposes to use the CEL method to simulate the deposition process of cold spray multi-particles on the Al6061 substrate. A multi-particle wrapped model is nested in a deposition model created by CEL to simulate the cold spray multi-particle deposition process. The Euler-Lagrangian method has the characteristics of high accuracy and robustness, and was selected as the method for multi-particle deposition model simulation; The CEL framework is a feasible method to simulate the actual cold spray multi-particle deposition process. The results show that the CEL framework can simulate the deposition of cold sprayed Al6061 multiparticles on the Al6061 substrate, observe the EVF Void value of the coating, and monitor the porosity of the coating after deposition. It is observed that the maximum substrate surface temperature after deposition is 528.2K and is located at the junction of particle and particle impact; By analyzing the temperature change curve of five points collected on the substrate over time, the curve appears multiple inflection points, indicating that heat transfer occurs between the particles and the substrate during the deposition process; the substrate first heats up and then cools down. During the multi-deposition process, the particles undergo plastic deformation and continuously squeeze the coating, thereby achieving interconnection between the particles and the substrate; Mechanical interlocking between particles forms a coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. Establishing the rational thickness of meat during conductive drying based on the obtained kinetics of moisture content and temperature, specific energy consumption and organoleptic evaluation of the quality of dried products. Methods. An experimental stand has been developed for conducting research. Standard methods of analysis were used for the research - duration of the process, output of the finished product, moisture content, etc. Statistical processing of experimental research results was carried out using standard Microsoft Office and Mathcad software packages. Results. The work developed an experimental stand and proposed methods for studying the kinetics of moisture content and temperature in experimental samples of pork meat. The kinetics of moisture content and temperature in pork meat of different thicknesses were determined experimentally. It was established that the determined kinetic dependencies during conductive drying have a common feature with other drying methods, however they are compressed in time. Theoretical models of the kinetics of moisture content in meat and the kinetics of temperature in the surface layers of meat are offered in the form of modified exponents which describe the real kinetics with a reliability up to 95 %. The quality of the finished product was evaluated by the organoleptic method, according to which the dried meat with an initial thickness of 0.003 m was the best. The specific electricity consumption for the process of drying test sample of meat of different thicknesses was studied. Conclusions. A feature of conductive drying of food products is small heat loss and speed of the process. The kinetics of the moisture content of meat during conductive drying were studied. It was established that the highest quality of finished products and the lowest specific electricity consumption can be achieved with the initial thickness of the samples of 0.003 m. It is offered to remove layers of dried meat during drying using physical and electrophysical methods in order to intensify the process of conductive drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the effects of temperature on transfer characteristics, threshold voltage, ION/IOFF ratio, drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL), and sub-threshold swing (SS) in N-Channel Gallium Phosphide (GaP) Fin Fied Effect Transistor (FinFET). GaP-FinFET's temperature properties have been studied using the (MuGFET) simulation tool. Because of the lower ION/IOFF ratio, higher DIBL, and higher SS at higher temperatures, the results show a detrimental impact of increased working temperature on the use of GaPFinFET in electronic circuits, such as digital circuits and amplifier circuits. Furthermore, the best situation for using a transistor as a temperature nano-sensor is when it is in the ON state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of experiment was to establish the influence of meteorological factors during the vegetation period of sudan grass, grown as a second crop on yield and evapotranspiration The experiment was carry out during 2014 – 2017 period, on meadow – cinnamon soil in in the experimental field of the Stara Zagora Agricultural Institute. The data from irrigated (by 75% of FC) and non irrigated Sudan grass have been used. Dependencies between yield of dry biomass and meteorological factors have been established, as well as soil layer water depletion. The value of evapotranspiration and it’s formatting have been calculated (168.3– 183.7 mm without irrigation and 264.3 – 283.8 mm by optimum irrigation). The obtained yields of the sudanka strongly depend on the climatic conditions of the individual years of research, varying from 9800 kg.ha-1 to 11250 kg.ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies of the initial structures of high temperature resistant sealing coatings with yttrium content of 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% in the composition of KNA-82 ligatures, which were previously formed by gas flame and ion plasma methods on small-sized prototypes, are presented. The changes in the physical state of the samples in terms of mass gain during the simulation of static high-temperature loading by holding them in a confined space of an electric furnace at a temperature of 1100 оC were evaluated. It is determined that the mass gain of samples with increasing yttrium content varies linearly and significantly differs from the nature of the mass gain under the conditions of modelling dynamic loading in a burning iso-octanepropane-butane gas mixture at a temperature of 950-1020 ℃. It is determined that the maximum mass increase for gas-flame coatings under static loading is 30-35% at the yttrium concentration of 0.3-0.5%. However, for ionoplasma coatings with the same yttrium concentration, the mass gain is almost 2 times less than that of gas flame coatings. Comparing the peculiarities of changes in the rate of increase in the mass of coatings under dynamic conditions of high-temperature loading, a graphical model of changes in the physical state of coatings was obtained, according to which the minimum amount of secondary compounds will occur at the gas-flame method of formation with a yttrium concentration of 0.1% to 0.47%, at the ion-plasma method of formation with a concentration of 0.25% to 0.35% (under conditions of a slight increase in oxygen in the interaction medium). It was determined that, without taking into account the time of structural-phase transformations and chemical reactions, the weight gain of coating materials under static loading is much greater than under dynamic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The subject of this study is the interaction between the engine nacelle of a three-circuit turbojet engine and a turbofan attachment. The object of this research is a model of a cylindrical engine nacelle and a fan part of the impeller of a turbofan attachment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the engine nacelle on the thrust force of the fan circuit of a three-circuit turbojet engine, taking into account the influence of the operation of the turbofan attachment. Tasks: to simulate the flow around the engine nacelle with a turbofan attachment and without a turbofan attachment; calculate the thrust force of the turbofan attachment. The studies were carried out using the method of numerical experiment. The system of Navier-Stokes equations was closed by the turbulent viscosity model SST Gamma Theta Transitional No. 4. The results of the study showed that the reactive thrust of the fan circuit of the turbofan attachment increases by 0.87-6.15% when operating at an altitude of 0 km, 9 km, 11 km and the range of Mach numbers at the input from 0.2 to 0.5. When flowing around the engine nacelle without taking into account the influence of the turbofan attachment, it is characteristic that the velocity field at the inlet is uniform, except for the zone with a boundary layer near the surface of the engine nacelle. However, during operation of the turbofan attachment, the flow pattern changes radically and the thickness of the boundary layer decreases, and the flow in front of the fan is uneven. A characteristic feature of the turbofan attachment, which is associated with the heating of the intermediate housing between the turbine and fan housings, has a positive effect on reducing the thickness of the boundary layer, wall heating contributes to an increase in the stagnant flow velocity due to viscous forces. The presence of a boundary layer on the engine nacelle does not adversely affect the flow in the fan circuit of the turbofan attachment, and the fan of the turbofan attachment does not adversely affect the engine gas generator. The scientific novelty and practical significance of this work lies in obtaining new data on the effect of the engine nacelle on the thrust force of the fan circuit of a three-circuit turbojet engine, taking into account the influence of the operation of the turbofan attachment. The results obtained can be used to optimize the turbofan attachment of a three-circuit turbojet engine.

У статті досліджуються процеси сушіння щільного шару зернових культур, таких як пшениця, ячмінь, овес, гречка при мікрохвильовому нагріванні. З метою обґрунтування вибору способу підведення мікрохвильової енергії вивчалося безперервне і переривчасте (осцилююче) підведення за однакових умов. Наведено опис експериментальної установки, що дозволяє проводити дослідження нагріву сипучих матеріалів при мікрохвильовій, мікрохвильово-конвективній та конвективній сушці. Представлено методику оцінки теплового ККД мікрохвильової камери. Встановлено зміну ходу залежності ККД від маси завантаження та вихід на граничне значення, після якого зростання маси не впливає на ККД. Наведено результати дослідження температури та вмісту вологи при сушінні зернових матеріалів у мікрохвильовому полі. Отримано залежності середньоінтегральних вмістів вологи і температур зерна від часу при різних масах зразка. Зі збільшенням маси тривалість процесу при однаковому вологозніманні зростає, а температура матеріалу знижується. Показано, що при мікрохвильовому теплопідведенні спостерігаються періоди прогріву, постійної та падаючої швидкостей сушіння, характерні і за інших способів теплопідведення. На підставі даних про розподіл температур і вмісту вологи в трьох- і чотиришарових зразках розрахований коефіцієнт ослаблення мікрохвильової енергії в шарі. Показана суттєва нерівномірність вмісту вологи і температур за товщиною зразка в умовах вологонепроникної основи експериментального осередку. Наведено результати зіставлення швидкості сушіння, питомих витрат енергії та кінцевих температур шару при мікрохвильовому та пульсуючому мікрохвильовому підведенні енергії. На підставі даних про розподіл температур і вмісту вологи в трьох- і чотиришарових зразках розрахований коефіцієнт ослаблення мікрохвильової енергії в шарі

Цеоліти широко використовуються у багатьох галузях промисловості: у водоочисних приладах у якості адсорбентів, іонообмінників, молекулярних сит, у вакуумних насосах сорбційного типу. Також цеоліти використовують у якості каталізаторів багатьох процесів нафтохімії і нафтопереробки. Інноваційним застосуванням цеолітів є термохімічна акумуляція теплоти, що дозволяє зробити внесок у вирішення питання енергозбереження та оптимального використання ресурсів. Метод акумуляції тепла із застосуванням цеолітів ґрунтується на використанні тепла, пов'язаного з адсорбцією та десорбцією. Для ефективного застосування цеолітів у термохімічних аккумуляторах теплоти необхідно вибрати не тільки правильний тип цеоліту, а й організувати їх регенерацію. Стадія регенерації безпосередньо пов'язана з видаленням вологи з цеолітів, яка здійснюється у процесі сушіння. Сорбційна здатність суттєво зростає під час мікрохвильового сушіння. Використання мікрохвильового нагріву дозволяє проводити процес набагато швидше, чистіше та з меншими енерговитратами порівняно з традиційними методами. Аналітично досліджується процес регенерації цеолітів 4А і 13Х при мікрохвильовому сушінні. На підставі аналітичного огляду літератури визначено фізичні та діелектричні характеристики цеолітів, необхідні для проведення розрахунків. Досліджено температурне поле в масиві цеоліту на різній відстані від поверхні, визначено вплив позитивного (потужність мікрохвильового поля) та негативного (зумовленого випаром вологи) джерела теплоти. Встановлено вплив типу цеоліту (NaX, NaA1, NaA2, EST-10, кліноптилоліт) на інтенсивність нагрівання. Показано вплив коефіцієнта тепловіддачі на температуру поверхні масиву. Розрахунки підтверджують, що математична модель чітко відображає вплив фізичних властивостей на розподіл температури у шарі цеоліту

Наведені результати розрахункових досліджень з визначення густини теплового потоку та температури зовнішніх поверхонь бокової та торцевої стінок печі для переплавлення алюмінієвого брухту в інтервалі температур розплаву 670 – 750 оС; на базі розрахункових даних отримана апроксимуюча залежність q = f (tст), максимальне відхилення яких не перевищує 4,6 %. Встановлена залежність температури стінки зовнішньої поверхні стінки від коефіцієнта теплопередачі, побудована залежність kр = f (tст), максимальне відхилення розрахункових даних не перевищує 5,6 %. Надані практичні рекомендації стосовно оперативного визначення температури розплаву в печі в циклі плавки алюмінієвого брухту за виміряною температурою стінки зовнішньої поверхні.

One of the many applications of CMOS technology is the design the temperature sensors. In this paper, the electrical performance of smart CMOS (Si and 4H-SiC) temperature sensor in 130 nm technology has been studied using OrCAD PSpice software. The proposed CMOS circuit is developed to provide the first smart temperature sensor based on two different semiconductor technologies (Si and 4H-SiC) integrated on the same chip. These technologies are activated separately according to the temperature range (Low and High). The study of this smart sensor have shown that they operate under a low voltage less than 0.8 V and ultra-low power of order nW. In addition, it is characterized by high sensitivity and good linearity across a temperature range from – 120 °C to 500 °C. It is expected that the use of Si and 4H-SiC technologies for both temperature ranges (low and high) respectively will increase the life of this sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is attacked by a number of enemies, of which the wheat bugs are economically important species. In this regard, during the period 2020- 2022. at the Field Crops Institute in Chirpan, the species composition of wheat bugs was studied in Enola wheat crops. Standard entomological methods were used to record the appearance and density of the bugs, which were applied throughout the growing season. The conducted studies show that wheat crops in the region of Chirpan are dominated by Eurygaster species. They occupy 90% of the total species found, and the bugs of the genus Aelia constituted only 10%. From the genus Eurygaster in the highest density and with the greatest importance is the harmful wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put). The beginning of the appearance of adult bedbugs in the spring is in the month of April, when the average day-night temperatures range from 10.3-12.2оС, and the maximum ones approach 14.6-19.6оС. The optimal temperature for the development of the larvae of the harmful grain bug in the months of June and July are average day and night temperatures above 20оС (22.5-25.3оС), and for adults 18-30оС. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers requirements to vapor permeability of membrane materials for waterproof clothing. Operational conditions of waterproof clothes are analyzed; the significance of test conditions for interpretation of research results and revealing factors that have a significant influence on the ability of membrane materials to transport water vapor from the space under the clothes to the outside, while maintaining a high level of water permeability is underlined. The analysis of conditions for tests of vapor permeability of materials by standard methods is performed, it is shown that they lack the ability to simulate operational conditions. The dependence of the vapor permeability of membrane materials with different structures on the temperature and on the velocity of outdoor air was revealed. It is shown that the value of vapor permeability of porous membrane materials is influenced by the variation of pore sizes and the size of the majority of pores, i.e., the greater these two values are, the higher the level of vapor permeability of the membrane porous material is. The values of the vapor permeability coefficient of materials used by sewing enterprises of Belarus for manufacturing waterproof outerwear for autumn-spring assortment have been determined. According to the experimental data, all the samples under study have a vapor permeability above the minimum allowable standard. Объектом исследования являются мембранные текстильные материалы, применяемые для изготовления водозащитной верхней одежды осенне-весеннего ассортимента. Предметом исследования является уровень водопаропроницаемости мембранных текстильных материалов. Цель работы – определение влияния температуры и скорости наружного воздуха на уровень паропроницаемости мембранных текстильных материалов различной структуры. В процессе работы выполнен анализ условий проведения испытаний паропроницаемости материалов по стандартным методикам, показано, что в них отсутствует возможность моделирования условий эксплуатации. Результат работы – выявлена зависимость паропроницаемости мембранных материалов различной структуры от температуры и от скорости движения наружного воздуха. Показано, что на величину паропроницаемости пористых мембранных материалов влияет разброс размеров пор и размер большинства пор. Область применения результатов – текстильная и швейная промышленность.

Актуальність. На сучасному етапі основу економіки України складає сільгоспвиробництво. Жодна інша галузь не залежить так від коливань погоди, як сільське господарство. І йому постійно доводиться пристосовуватись до змін клімату, що відбуваються. Підвищення температури, зміна кількості опадів та їх розподіл у часі, нестійкий характер погоди, поширення шкідників і хвороб є результатом зміни клімату, що загрожує сільськогосподарському виробництву гібридів соняшника. Постає питання впливу погодних факторів на формування господарських ознак як самих гібридів, так і їх батьківських форм, формування рослинами врожаю від погодних чинників – температури і опадів як за вегетацію в цілому, так і по місяцях. Мета. Вивчення впливу погодних умов на формування показників продуктивності гібридів і їх батьківських компонентів. Матеріали і методи. Дослідження були проведені на трилінійних гібридах соняшника (Helianthus annuus L.) Агент, Агрономічний, Каменяр, Маршал і Запорізький 28 та на їх батьківських компонентах – простих стерильних гібридах ЗЛ(22х102)А, ЗЛ(42х46)А, ЗЛ(42х58)А та на відновниках фертильності ЗЛ512В, ЗЛ678В і ЗЛ7034В. Результати. Коливання врожайності за роками сягали 0,90 т/га у гібрида Агент, 1,66 т/га у Агрономічного, 0,13 т/га у Маршала, 0,96 т/га у Каменяра і 0,58 т/га у Запорізького 28. Найвищі показники врожайності та вихід жиру з одиниці площі були в 2018 р. За результатами трирічних випробувань гібридів і їх батьківських форм найвищу врожайність мав гібрид Маршал – 2,64 т/га в 2016 р. при олійності насіння 50,78 %. Також у 2016 р. найвищі показники врожайності та виходу олії мали всі відновники фертильності пилку. В той же час найвищі показники врожайності та вихід жиру з одиниці площі чотири з п’яти гібридів показали в 2018 р. Найнижчий вміст жиру в насінні у представлених гібридів був 2017 р. і знаходився в межах 45,16–48,49 % у Агента та Запорізького 28, відповідно. Висновки. Встановлено, що для вирощування гібридів соняшника для південного Степу України найбільш продуктивним є гібрид Маршал, його середня врожайність склала 2,56 т/га і перевищила на 0,27–0,48 т/га цей показник у інших гібридів.

Представлена оценка изменений термического режима территории Беларуси и европейской части России. Исследованы региональные особенности трансформации климата, происходящие на фоне выявленных глобальных изменений. Отмечено, что в рассматриваемом регионе во все месяцы года температура воздуха повышается с различной скоростью. Более интенсивно потепление происходит в декабре – марте. Установлена зависимость термического режима от типа атмосферной циркуляции. Рассмотрена динамика пожароопасной обстановки на территории Беларуси, указывающая на рост показателя пожароопасности в последние годы в связи с дефицитом осадков и волнами тепла. Проведен анализ повторяемости опасных метеорологических явлений, выявлен рост числа случаев с грозой и градом, ливнями и гололедом, а также изучены колебания уровня стратосферного озона и случаев внезапных стратосферных потеплений, с которыми связаны температурные аномалии на территории Беларуси.

The influence of temperature conditions on the level of damage of rabbit erythrocytes under posthypertonic shock and the level of their protection by amphiphilic compounds was investigated. We observed the maximum cell damage at 0°C. When the temperature increased to 20°C, the level of hemolysis decreased by 1.8 times. Further increase in temperature up to 37°C did not lead to a decrease in damage. The investigated amphiphilic compounds at 0°C and 10°C effectively protected rabbit erythrocytes from posthypertonic shock. Reduction of hemolytic damage was 2–3 times. At 20°C amphiphilic compounds did not affect the level of cell damage, and at 30°C and 37°C they increased it. The existence of temperature dependence of posthypertonic damage showed the involvement of the phospholipid component of the erythrocyte membrane in the process. Lower temperature is characterized by greater orderliness of lipids, its increase is accompanied by disorder and increased fluidity, and hence elasticity of the membrane. As a result, erythrocyte damage in posthypertonic shock is less at the temperature of 20–37°C. The addition of amphiphilic compounds at 0 and 10°C acts similarly to increasing the temperature, disorganizes the bilayer, increases the elasticity of the membrane and reduces damage during the transfer from hypertonic to isotonic solution. Above 20°C, the introduction of amphiphilic compounds leads not only to disorder, but also to the formation of mixed micelles consisting of phospholipids and amphiphilic molecules. This disrupts the bilayer, gives it instability and leads to increased damage of erythrocytes.

The article provides an analysis of the volume and structure of cheese imports into Ukraine, as well as the results of a survey of respondents in Ukraine who consume cheese. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the feasibility and relevance of developing the technology of soft Camembert cheese from the milk of cows kept in Ukrainian farms with the use of modern dairy ingredients, as well as the introduction of the developed technology into production in Ukraine for sale on the domestic consumer market, are shown. Based on the analysis of the state of raw materials at the Prykarpattia Dairy Farm of MUKKO LLC – one of the representatives of craft cheese production in Ukraine – the expediency of processing cow's milk, which the company will have in the short term, into soft Camembert cheese, is shown. Analysis of the chemical composition and quality indicators of the milk of Holstein and Ukrainian black and white dairy cows kept at the Prykarpattia dairy farm of MUKKO LLC indicates the feasibility of processing the milk of Holstein cows into soft Camembert cheese, and the milk of Ukrainian black and white cows dairy breed - for hard cheeses. The ripening process of soft Camembert cheese, produced from the milk of Holstein cows at the Prykarpattia Dairy Farm of MUKKO LLC, with the use of modern dairy ingredients – leavening compositions of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria and Penicillium сandidum molds directly applied, and liquid milk-producing enzyme (100 percent chymosin) – carried out according to two step modes. The first batch of soft Camembert cheese was ripened according to mode 1: the first ripening chamber – temperature 11–12°С; relative air humidity 85–90%; duration 10 days; the second ripening chamber (in laminated foil) – temperature 6–7°С; relative air humidity 70–75%; duration of 2–3 days. The second batch of soft Camembert cheese was ripened according to mode 2: the first ripening chamber – temperature 11–12°С; relative air humidity 85–90%; duration 17 days; the second ripening chamber (in laminated foil) – temperature 6–7°С; relative air humidity 70–75%; duration of 3–4 days. In samples of soft Camembert cheeses, quality indicators were determined after ripening. According to the results of the conducted research, the ripening parameters of soft Camembert cheese are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze data from meteorological stations in central Ukraine that have the longest observation period and to search for patterns in the dynamics of temperature indicators over the past 140-200 years. Data and methods. To characterize the climate of central Ukraine, we analyzed the average monthly and average annual temperatures of Uman, Kropyvnytskyi, and Poltava, which have the longest continuous or almost continuous periods of observation. Based on these data, we have constructed graphs of changes in the average annual and average monthly temperatures for the winter and spring seasons. To analyze the dynamics of temperature indicators, we built linear and 11-year moving averages. The results. The analysis of meteorological data from weather stations in central Ukraine over the entire period of observation showed the following: average annual temperatures increased from 1.4 degrees in Kropyvnytskyi, 1.6 degrees in Uman to 2.5 degrees (since 1886 - 2.2 degrees) in Poltava. The highest average annual air temperatures at all weather stations were recorded in 2020 and 2021. The largest temperature increase occurred in the winter months. Over the entire observation period, the average monthly temperature in December increased by 2.0 degrees in Kropyvnytskyi, 2.3 degrees in Uman, and 3.6 degrees in Poltava (3.3 degrees since 1886). The average monthly temperature in January increased from 2.4 degrees in Uman and Kropyvnytskyi to 4.9 degrees (3.5 degrees since 1886) in Poltava. The average monthly temperature in February increased from 2.2 degrees in Kropyvnytskyi, 3.4 degrees in Uman to 4.1 degrees (since 1886 - 2.9 degrees) in Poltava. All three weather stations have common periods of rising and falling temperatures, with an increase in the average monthly temperature in the winter months from 1987-1989 to 2022. The air temperature in the spring months also increased significantly. Over the entire observation period, the average monthly temperature in March increased from 2.3 degrees in Kropyvnytskyi, 3.0 degrees in Uman to 3.6 degrees (since 1886 - 3.5 degrees) in Poltava. The average monthly temperature in April increased from 2.1 degrees in Kropyvnytskyi, 2.4 degrees in Uman to 4.2 degrees (since 1886 - 3.4 degrees) in Poltava. The average monthly temperature in May increased from 0.5 degrees in Uman and Kropyvnytskyi to 2.9 degrees (since 1886 - 1.3 degrees) in Poltava. All three weather stations have common periods of rising and falling temperatures, with a slight increase in average monthly spring temperatures from 1988-1990 to 2022. Analyzing the graphs of 11-year moving averages, one can notice the presence of periods of increase and decrease in average monthly temperatures lasting about 33 years or doubled periods lasting about 66 years. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the data of weather stations in central Ukraine for the entire period of observation (138 years – Uman, 148 years – Kropyvnytskyi, 198 years – Poltava) were analyzed and regularities in the dynamic of temperature indicators were determined. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the researchers results to predict future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cereal straw, including wheat one, is widely used in animal husbandry. Wheat straw is used as bedding and a component of rations. Violation of storage conditions and excessive volumes of harvesting causes a large mass of straw to deteriorate every year, which has a negative impact on the environment. Uncontrolled rotting of straw increases the amount of gas emissions into the air. An effective way of disposing of spoiled wheat straw is its fermentation using biological preparations to obtain biocompost. The problem of the effectiveness of composting spoiled wheat straw using the domestic biodestructor BTU-CENTER remains unexplored. The aim of the work was to determine the effect of different doses of the BTU-CENTER biodestructor on the physical and chemical parameters of fermented wheat straw. For the experiment, 4 groups of piles were formed. In the piles from the control group, straw composting was carried out without the use of a biodestructor. A biodestructor was added to the straw from the 1st experimental group at the rate of 7.0 cm3 /t of biomass with a moisture content of 65.5 %. Spoiled straw in the II and III experimental groups was treated with a biodestuctor solution, providing its doses in the range of 14.0 and 28.0 cm3 /t. Aeration of the piles was carried out by stirring the straw periodically every 8 days. During composting, the temperature of the straw biomass in the middle of the piles was determined. The content of crude protein, Phosphorus, Calcium and Nitrogen was determined in the fermented straw. It has been established that the heating of straw in the piles started from the second day of composting. An increase in the temperature of the biomass in the experimental piles was observed up to the 12th day, and in the control group up to the 14th day of composting. It was found that the higher the dose of the biodestructor used during straw processing, the higher the temperature in the middle of the piles. In the III experimental group, on the 12th day of composting, the highest straw temperature was established in the middle of the piles. The difference with control, I and II experimental groups was 21.4; 15.9 and 4.1 % respectively. The longest fermentation of wheat straw under the thermophilic regime was established in the group where the highest dose of biodestructor was used – 18 days. It has been proved that the use of high doses of the biodestructor increases the content of crude protein, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Calcium in the fermented wheat straw biomass relatively to the control one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of production volumes of broiler chicken products both in our country and in most countries of the world is combined with an increase in industry waste. A significant percentage of this waste is poultry droppings with litter. In the absence of implemented technologies for rational disposal of broiler chicken droppings, economic and ecological problems arise locally. Considering the above, the search for effective methods of disposal of broiler chicken droppings is of scientific and practical importance. Composting poultry droppings with litter (sawdust of non-coniferous trees) can be an alternative method of rational disposal of this waste. To accelerate the fermentation of broiler litter, there is a practice of using various microbiological preparations. The effectiveness of using a biodestructor containing bacteria: Bacillus spp., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus mesentericus, Bacillus mycoides during composting of broiler chicken excrement and its effect on the microbiological, chemical and physical parameters of fermented biomass remains unexplored. To conduct an experiment, 30 kg samples were formed from the excrement with the litter taken from the poultry house after broiler chickens had been reared for 42 days. In the control group, excrement samples were treated with water without a biodestructor. In the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd research groups, broiler chicken droppings were moistened with biodestructor solutions providing its doses of 143, 1430, and 2860 mg/t, respectively. Temperature and microbiological indicators were determined in the litter of broiler chickens during composting. In non-fermented litter of broiler chickens and litter composted for 150 days using a biodestructor, the crude protein content, mass fraction of Calcium, total Nitrogen and Phosphorus were determined. It has been established that the introduction of a biodestructor at a dose of 2860 mg/t of manure with a moisture content of 60.0 % leads to an increase in the activity of biochemical processes, which is confirmed by an increase in the temperature of the compost during the first hundred days of fermentation. The higher the dose of biodestructor was added to the litter of broiler chickens, the higher the KMAFAnM indicator and the numbers of Bacillus spp. bacteria in compost were higher. A regularity has been established that with the increase in the amount of biodestructor in the litter of broiler chickens, the number of Staphylococcus and Clostridium bacteria in the latter decreases. The use of a biodestructor at a dose of 2860 mg/t of broiler chicken droppings contributes to the increase of Nitroge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Внешнее высокоэнергетическое воздействие на поверхность твердого тела, например, ультракороткими сверхмощными лазерными импульсами может приводить к фазовым переходам, в результате которых структура поверхности претерпевает кардинальные изменения. В представленной работе излагаются результаты молекулярно-динамического моделирования изменения поверхностного слоя расчетной ячейки при кратковременном высокоэнергетическом воздействии. Построенная и описанная в работе модель, температура расчетной ячейки в которой распределяется в соответствии с решением линейной задачи теплопроводности, позволила выявить нарушение сплошности поверхностного слоя, заключающееся в локализации избыточного свободного объема в виде группы сферических пор. Размеры этих несовершенств, а также длительность их существования имеют отличия при моделировании разной плотности энергии лазерного излучения. Дальнейшее исследование позволило выявить условия, при которых поры остаются стабильными на протяжении всего времени моделирования, а также выявить связь между кристаллографической ориентацией межфазной границы «твердое тело — жидкость» и размерами образуемых пор.

The load-bearing elements of a number of strategic equipment are of limited length and variable cross-section. Most of them are exposed to certain types of heat sources. In order to ensure the reliable operation of this equipment, it is necessary to know the temperature field along the length of the variable cross-section rod. In this paper, a computational algorithm and a method for determining the temperature field along the length of a rod with a limited length and variable cross-section are proposed. They are based on the fundamental laws of conservation of energy. The nonlinearity of the process is due to nonlinear dependencies of the areas of the variable cross-section on the coordinate. The radius of the cross-section of the rod decreases linearly along the entire length, starting from the left end. The side surface of the first and third discrete elements of the rod is heat-insulated. Convective heat exchange with the environment takes place on the side surface of the second discrete element of the rod. The cross-sectional area of the left end of the rod is under the heat flow with a constant intensity, and a heat flow with different intensities is supplied to the right end, wherein the heat transfer coefficient is considered constant. For this task, you must first determine the law of temperature distribution along the length of the rod. In addition, if one end is rigidly fixed and the other end is free, the elongation must be calculated depending on the available heat sources, the physical and geometric characteristics of the rod, taking into account the presence of insulation. In case of pinching of both ends of the investigated rod, the value of axial compressive force is calculated taking into account the addition of real factors. The distribution of all components of the strain, stress, and displacement field is also defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Modern production of hollow products by hot reverse extrusion poses the task of reducing energy consumption and reducing metal costs for the manufacture of such products. Such problems can be solved by using them for extruding square-shaped blanks. Goal. Determination using the finite element method (FEM) of the parameters of hot reverse extrusion of hollow products from round and square blanks and comparison of the results of theoretical studies. Methodology of implementation. Theoretical studies of force modes of extrusion, specific forces and stress-strain state of metal were carried out by simulation using MSE in the DEFORM software environment. The results. Modeling of the process of hot reverse extrusion from low-carbon steel of a hollow product with protrusions on the end of the bottom part was carried out with the help of MSE. Round and square blanks are used. Extrusion forces, forces for removing punches from deformed blanks and forces for pushing out products from matrices are established. The distribution of specific forces on the deforming tool is revealed. The stress-strain state and temperature distribution in the deformed metal at the end of extrusion were determined. Evaluation of the working of the metal structure by hot plastic deformation was carried out and the obtained parameters were compared. Conclusions. The use of square-shaped blanks during hot reverse extrusion of hollow products is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites are widely used in many industries: in water purification devices as adsorbents, ion exchangers, molecular sieves, in vacuum pumps of the sorption type. Also, zeolites are used as catalysts for many petrochemical and oil refining processes. For the effective use of zeolites, it is necessary to choose not only the right type of zeolite, but also to organize their regeneration, i.e. moisture removing from zeolites, which is carried out in the drying process. Currently, drying of zeolites is carried out using hot air, which is heated by an electric heater, or waste heat from industrial enterprises is used. The use of microwave heating qualitatively changes the desorption process. It is noted that the use of microwave heating allows the process to be conducted much faster, cleaner and with lower energy consumption compared to traditional methods. In addition, microwave drying can help reduce zeolite loss. The kinetics of cyclic and continuous microwave drying of 4A zeolite with bulk density ρ = 780 kg/m³ and equilibrium moisture content of 13.4% was studied. The methodology of experimental research is presented and the experimental equipment is described. The results of experimental studies of zeolite desorption during microwave energy supply to samples with a mass of 100, 200, and 300 g are given. A comparative analysis of the curves of changes in moisture content and temperature over time is carried out. The results of calculations of the main thermal characteristics of the drying process are given: heat of moisture evaporation, heat of heating the material, useful heat flow, efficiency. The possible reasons for the redistribution of heat flows into evaporation and heating in the drying process are analyzed. The course of the efficiency curves indicates a change in the dielectric characteristics of the zeolite during the drying process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To develop the method and software for building empirical models of muffle furnaces with two heating elements. Methodology. The method for processing experimental data according to the improved algorithm, which is based on the areas method, is used for constructing empirical models of the muffle furnace. Experimental research of the muffle furnace dynamic is conducted using the following methodology. The muffle furnace is cooled to the room temperature and then the lower heater is turned on and temperatures at the furnace output are fixed using the experimental two-channel temperature controller MIC-344. The second cycle of the experimental research began by cooling the furnace to the room temperature with turning on the upper heater. Observations based on the results of the experiment are conducted until the temperature is stabilized at the two outputs of the muffle furnace. Archiving of temperature trends is carried out using the RS485/Ethernet interface and the SmartReview software (a product of private limited company “Microl”). Findings. The developed software can be used for iteratively selection of the optimal empirical model based on the criterion of the root mean square deviation of the calculated and experimental data. The calculating method for the acceleration curve based on the transfer functions coefficients with a variable discreteness step is improved in order to compare the experimental data with the empirical modeling results. Twelve empirical models were tested for four signal transmission channels in the process of experimental research. It has been established that only four of them are stable (have left-hand roots of the characteristic equation). Among the selected sustainable models, the model with the numerator polynomial equaled to two and denominator polynomial equaled to three has been established as the best model (according to the established criterion). A structural diagram is created based on the synthesized empirical model of the muffle furnace, which includes four transfer functions and cross connections. Originality. For the first time, the empirical model of a muffle furnace with two electrical energy sources has been developed, which describes its dynamic properties as the object of automatic control with high accuracy, which enables to reveal the presence of internal cross-connections, that significantly complicate the controlling process of the object. Practical value. The created empirical models with two electric sources (tens) can be used for the synthesis of the high-precision automatic temperature control system of the muffle furnace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of technical water used in thermal power plants. One of the devices of thermoelectric plant are heat exchangers, heat exchangers consist of pipes of different diameters. Heat exchangers used in production plants are made of carbon steel, suitable for high temperatures (up to 565 °C). At the same time inside the heat exchangers used for a certain period of time, a scale is formed in the form of a solid sediment, which reduces the thermal efficiency of heat carriers. Therefore, in this paper, the object of research are the heat transfer fluids of industrial heat exchangers, namely feed and process water. In order to obtain feed water at industrial thermal power plants, special water treatment processes are carried out. That is, its main purpose is to prevent the formation of solid deposits in heat exchangers. The studied water samples were taken directly from the thermal power plant from different stages of water treatment, i. e. raw water entering the chemical shop, treated water entering the deaerator, feed water entering the boiler. As a result of the study, water samples related to the formation of scale on the surfaces of heat exchangers, i. e. dosed amounts, elemental composition and particles were studied. During the study, hourly, daily and monthly dosages of reagents were determined. In addition, the elemental compositions of raw water, pure water and feed water of the thermal power plant were investigated. The results of this study allow to explore ways of economical and effective descaling formed in heat exchangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the influence of pasteurization parameters of milk from Holstein cows at the Prykarpattia Dairy Farm of MUKKO LLC in the technology of soft Camembert cheese on the yield of cheese, the mass fraction of proteins and fat in Camembert cheese, and the chemical composition of serum, as well as the effectiveness is determined heat treatment of milk under different pasteurization regimes. The control (temperature 80ºС, holding for 20 seconds) and three experimental modes of pasteurization of milk were studied - the first experimental mode: temperature 80ºС, holding for 5 minutes; the second experimental mode: temperature 85ºС, holding for 20 seconds; the third experimental mode: temperature 85ºС, exposure 5 min. It was determined that increasing the pasteurization temperature of milk from 80ºС to 85ºС and prolonging the holding time from 20 sec. up to 5 min. helps increase the yield of soft Camembert cheese by 6.3%. The effect of milk pasteurization parameters on the mass fraction of protein and fat in soft Camembert cheese was determined: Camembert cheese produced from milk pasteurized at a temperature of 85°C with a holding time of 5 minutes has the maximum protein content, while such cheese contains a minimum amount of fat ( 57.5% in the dry matter of the cheese), which requires the correction of the milk normalization process in the soft Camembert cheese technology when applying the new pasteurization regime. It has been established that increasing the temperature of pasteurization of milk and the duration of keeping it at this temperature helps to reduce the content of dry substances in whey, in particular, by reducing the mass fraction of proteins that pass to whey in the process of syneresis. It was determined that pasteurization of milk at a temperature of 85ºС with a holding time of 20 seconds. and 5 min. ensures high efficiency of heat treatment (99.99%) and inactivation of all enzymes, which will ensure stable and predictable quality of the finished product, since only enzymes of fermenting cultures will participate in the ripening of soft Camembert cheese. Based on the conducted research, it is recommended to use pasteurization of milk at a temperature of 85ºС with a holding time of 5 minutes in the technology of soft Camembert cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the characteristics and classification of partial (hypolactasia) and complete (alactasia) lactose intolerance; the classification of dairy products for people with lactose intolerance is considered, the lactose content requirements for low-lactose and lactose-free products are indicated. The parameters of lactose hydrolysis in milk using the enzyme β-galactosidase HA-Lactase 2100 of the Danish company Christian Hansen are given.. Lactulose has been characterized as a prebiotic used in dairy product technologies to prevent dysbacteriosis. The mass fraction of lactulose in pasteurized low-lactose milk is substantiated. The expediency of production of pasteurized low-lactose milk with a lactulose content of 0.3% is shown, which will provide the human body with 30.0–50.0% lactulose when consuming the daily norm of the product - 500 cm3. The change of quality indicators in pasteurized low-lactose milk in hermetically sealed containers - plastic bottles with a capacity of 1000 cm3, produced under production conditions at Hormolzavod LLC (Odesa), during the storage process - was determined. It was noted that during 25 days of storage, the quality indicators of the target product meet the requirements of the current regulatory documents for drinking milk, in particular, according to the "titrated acidity" indicator, and during further storage, this indicator exceeds the normative value Recommendations are provided regarding the storage parameters of pasteurized low-lactose milk with lactulose in a hermetic container: taking into account the reserve ratio, which for drinking milk should be 1.3, the maximum storage period of pasteurized low-lactose milk with lactulose, produced at Hormolzavod LLC (Odesa), should not exceed 19.2 days at a temperature of 2–6 ºС. Taking into account the fact that the storage of the product at the enterprise during experimental research was carried out at a temperature of 2 ºС, it was decided to recommend establishing a maximum storage period of pasteurized low-lactose milk with lactulose at a temperature of 2–6 ºС for no more than 18 days to prevent spoilage of the product in trade networks. where its storage temperature can be 2–6 ºС. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an assessment of the bioclimatic conditions of the warm and cold periods for 2010-2020 for the territory of West Kazakhstan on the basis of a comprehensive accounting of meteorological parameters. For this assessment, four bioclimatic indices were calculated, such as effective temperature, equivalent-effective temperature, normal equivalent-effective temperature, the Bodman severity index, on the basis of which the level of comfortness of climatic conditions for the population living in the studied territory was evaluated. The calculations used the initial data of daily temperature, relative humidity and wind speed for the main five stations in West Kazakhstan. The importance of this work is to determine the dependence of human health on climatic factors and to study with the help of the found bioclimatic indicators how favorable the climatic conditions of the territory of West Kazakhstan are for human life and recreation. The analysis of the obtained results revealed that in the cold half of the year a moderately severe type of weather conditions prevails, and in the warm period of the year the climate of the studied territory is considered comfortably warm. In general, the climate of West Kazakhstan can be considered comfortable for living, health and work of the population in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper investigates iterative algorithms for solving the equation according to the Kalendar-Van Dusyn formula, which describes the dependence of the electrical resistance of the Pt100 family sensor on temperature. This family of platinum sensors is considered quasi-linear, but for high-precision measurements the nonlinearity of the sensor cannot be neglected, so it is necessary to solve the nonlinear equation of Pt100. At minus temperatures, the equation according to the Kalendar-Van Dusyn formula reaches the fourth power and has no solution with respect to temperature in an analytical form. The analysis of the previously published iterative algorithm for the approximate solution of the equation reveals a desadvantage of this algorithm. The residual error of the solution is not a monotonic function of the argument, because it contains extrema, moreover, the sign of the error changes to the opposite after each extremum. The purpose of this study was to obtain an algorithm that provides the residual error in the form of a monotonic deterministic function of the argument with the minimization of the maximum error value. The possibility to modify the iterative algorithm-prototype in an elementary way by fixing the number of iterations is shown. The residual error of solving the equation according to the modified algorithm has the form of a monotonic deterministic function of the argument. It is assumed that any iterative calculation algorithm can be improved in this way. At the same time, the minimization of the error values of the modified algorithm is achieved by setting the maximum number of iterations compared to the prototype algorithm. To overcome this desadvantage of the modified algorithm, a new algorithm is proposed, in which, in addition to a fixed number of iterations, the property of the smallness of the components of higher degrees is used. The high efficiency of the new algorithm is shown, which reduces the residual error of the solution to a negligible value in just four iterations. It is claimed that the high efficiency of the new algorithm makes further research in the direction of its improvement unnecessary. The article presents a scheme of the new algorithm and a corresponding program on the VBA platform for Excel, which is suitable for direct use in the software of temperature meters based on Pt100 resistance temperature sensors. References 5, figures 4, tables 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The synthesis of effective drugs that exhibit both stimulating and insecticidal effects and the study of the mechanisms of their action on agricultural crops is of current interest. Purpose. In order to obtain physiologically active preparations with insecticidal properties at the same time, it consists in studying the interaction of components consisting of phosphate carbamidomonoeth- anolammonium, acetamiprid and ethanol. Methodology. The nitrogen of amino group in urea by spectrophotometric method (GOST 20851). Phosphorus P2O5 in phosphate was analyzed using Photocalorimeter KFK-3. Originality. The interaction of components consisting of phosphate carbamidomono- ethanolammo- nium, acetamiprid and ethanol in an aqueous solution was studied, and polythermal solubility diagrams were constructed based on them. Findings. Polythermal solubility diagram of H4PCN2O5 · NH2C2H4OH – [10% C10H11CIN4 + 90% C2H5OH] – H2O system in the temperature range from - 36°C to 72°C was constructed using two- component systems and internal cuts. The phase boundaries of ice, acetamipyride, phosphate carbamidomo- noethanolammonium, and urea were identified in the diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites are widely used in many industries: in water purification devices as adsorbents, ion exchangers, molecular sieves, in vacuum pumps of the sorption type. Also, zeolites are used as catalysts for many petrochemical and oil refining processes. An innovative application of zeolites is the thermochemical accumulation of heat, which makes it possible to contribute to solving the issue of energy saving and optimal use of resources. For the effective use of zeolites in thermochemical heat accumulators, it is necessary to choose not only the right type of zeolite, but also to organize their regeneration. The stage of regeneration is directly related to the removal of moisture from zeolites, which is carried out in the drying process. The sorption capacity increases significantly during microwave drying, the use of microwave heating allows the process to be carried out much faster, cleaner and with lower energy consumption compared to traditional methods. The regeneration process of 4A and 13X zeolites during microwave drying is analytically investigated. On the basis of an analytical review of the literature, the physical and dielectric characteristics of zeolites, necessary for calculations, were determined. The temperature field in the zeolite massif at different distances from the surface was studied, and the influence of a positive (power of the microwave field) and a negative (caused by moisture vapor) heat source was determined. The influence of the type of zeolite (NaX, NaA1, NaA2, EST-10, clinoptilolite) on the intensity of heating was determined. The influence of the heat transfer coefficient on the surface temperature of the array is shown. Calculations confirm that the mathematical model clearly reflects the influence of physical properties on the temperature distribution in the zeolite layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processes of drying a dense layer of grain crops, such as wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat under microwave heating are studied in the article. In order to substantiate the choice of the microwave energy supply method, continuous and intermittent (oscillating) supply was studied under the same conditions. A description of the experimental setup is provided, which allows conducting research on the heating of bulk materials during microwave, microwave-convective, and convective drying. The method of evaluating the thermal efficiency of a microwave chamber is presented. A change in the course of the dependence of the efficiency on the loading mass and the exit to the limit value, after which the increase in mass does not affect the efficiency, have been established. The results of the study of temperature and moisture content during drying of grain materials in a microwave field are given. The dependences of average integrated moisture contents and grain temperatures on time at different sample weights were obtained. With an increase in mass, the duration of the process with the same moisture removal increases, and the temperature of the material decreases. It is shown that during microwave heating there are periods of warm-up, constant and falling drying rates, which are also characteristic of other methods of heating. Based on the data on temperature distribution and moisture content in three- and four-layer samples, the attenuation coefficient of microwave energy in the layer was calculated. Significant nonuniformity of moisture content and temperatures along the thickness of the sample in the conditions of the moisture-proof base of the experimental cell is shown. The results of comparison of drying speed, specific energy consumption and final temperatures of layer with microwave and pulsating microwave energy supply are given. Based on the data on temperature distribution and moisture content in three- and fourlayer samples, the attenuation coefficient of microwave energy in the layer was calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of temperature and content of the main α-stabilizers of the structure on the elasticity module and the cyclic strength of heat-resistant titanium alloys are investigated. The alloys are obtained in the electron-beam foundry based on the vacuum induction furnace and are cleaned at α–β transformations. The total degree of deformation of the material is of 94–96%. To compare the results with known data, known heat-resistant titanium alloy ВТ25У and a high-strength alloy of ВТ6 are investigated. The module of elasticity is determined at longitudinal and bending resonant vibrations in the temperature range from 20 to 820°C, and the curves of multicycle fatigue at bending are plotted at temperatures of 20 and 650°C at a load frequency of about 2 kHz. It is assumed that the physical meanings of the interrelated characteristics of cyclic strength and elasticity are different and, therefore, require separate considerations depending on the temperature and the composition of the main alloying chemical elements. We compare the temperature dependences of elasticity and the dependences of the modulus of elasticity on the weight content of aluminium and on the aluminium equivalent with similar dependences for the endurance limit. The correlation between the indicators and the slopes of the known temperature dependences of the modulus of elasticity and the endurance limit is revealed. Based on this, approximate convex dependences of the endurance limit on temperature are carried out. This makes it possible to compare known and obtained results for fatigue of heat-resistant titanium alloys. As shown, at a temperature of 600°C, the data for the experimental alloy 2Т85-3 with a high content of silicon coincide with the values of multicycle fatigue for the known alloy ВТ41. As established, the dependence of the endurance limit on the aluminium equivalent at 20°С is more accurate in comparison with these dependences on aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past years, the growth in the demand and production of cannabis and its products for medical purposes has extremely increased. One of the most critical post-harvest processes is the drying of both the cannabis herb and its flowers. With the help of this process, the large amount of water is removed, which can reach up to 80% in the fresh plant. By removing water, which is an excellent environment for the development of various bacteria and fungi, we protect cannabis from microbial contamination, which has a huge impact on the composition, quality, taste, smell, and also the safety of the patient's health, which is first a place for every producer. Drying is a process that requires great control of environmental conditions, such as: temperature, relative humidity, air flow, ventilation, vacuum and pressure. Industrial drying involves a large amount of heat energy, which can involve various mechanisms such as convection, conduction, radiation or a combination of these.To achieve vaporization a large amount of latent heat must be provided around the entire material. The drying mechanism consists of two periods: a period of constant rate and periods of falling rate. The period of constant rate is that period when water is removed from the surface by evaporation, and the internal movement of water allows the surface to remain saturated. The falling rate period is when the surface of the material is unsaturated and the internal water movement is less than the evaporation rate. In order to achieve a quality product intended for medical purposes, several types of drying have been perfected, namely: hot air drying, oven drying, vacuum freeze drying, atmospheric freeze drying and microwave drying. Each of these types of drying has its own advantages and disadvantages. Drying is one of the key processes in defining the composition, quality and safety of the final cannabis product. For this reason, the quality control should provide adequate representative samples in terms of the homogeneity of the dried material, to pay attention to the ambient conditions, to pay attention to the critical points, which represent a risk factor when providing the sample, to ensure adequate drying conditions in suitable dryers, with microbiological purity, are in order to obtain relevant moisture results, and thus to determine the end of the drying process. During the entire drying process, it is very important to provide adequate and well-trained personnel, who will not only perform monitoring during the entire process, but will also know the process well. In order to ensure accurate, precise, repeatable and relevant results in terms of water content, as well as the uniformity of the drying process, process validation must be done, which is one of the tasks of quality control and assurance of every manufacturer. The validation of the drying process can be defined as documented evidence that the process, operated within the established parameters, can be carried out effectively and reproducibly to produce a dry cannabis flower for medicinal purposes, which can also be used for its extraction and the production of cannabis-based preparations, which meets its predetermined specifications and quality requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotifers are common in fresh and brackish water bodies, in coastal areas of the seas, and can be an effective tool for analyzing the state of the environment. The ability of rotifers to adapt to unfavourable environmental conditions has been considered in the course of studying the species composition of rotifers in a fish pond near Moscow under the conditions of the supply of organic artificial food for fish and changes in the temperature regime of water. During the period of increased temperature of the water (21–25 °C) and decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen from the surface to the bottom layers of water from 3.8 to 0.2 mgO2/L in early July, Asplanchna priodonta helvetica, Brachionus angularis angularis and Brachionus calyciflorus dominated in the pond (98–100 % of the abundance and 99–100 % of the biomass of rotifers). During the period of elevated temperatures, the turbidity indices in the upper layer (0.2–0.5 m) were an order of magnitude lower than those in the deeper layers of the reservoir. Bacteria and tiny particles served as food for rotifers. The temperature of 18–25 °C was favourable for the development of B. angularis angularis in the fish pond. At a temperature of 18 °C, its abundance reached 1,500 ind./L (70 % of the abundance of rotifers). In August, when the temperature of the water column decreased from 20 to 18 °C, the biomass of A. priodonta helvetica changed from 0.3 to 9.5 mg/L (99 % of the biomass of rotifers). Polyarthra vulgaris dominated among small rotifers. During the period of low temperatures, the biomass of rotifers increased to 20 mg/L; its basis was A. priodonta helvetica. Rotifers are able to adapt to conditions of high organic input in a wide range of temperatures and participate in the restoration of water quality in a fish pond.

Аналітично досліджується нагрівання щільного шару сипких (гранульованих) матеріалів у мікро­хвильовому полі. Представлено математичну модель процесу сушіння у вигляді диференціальних рівнянь переносу стосовно необмеженої пластини. Модель враховує ослаблення впливу внутрішніх джерел у процесі сушіння за рахунок зміни діелектричних характеристик вологого матеріалу. Враховується, що втрата вологи у матеріалі підпорядковується експоненційному закону. Розглянуто фізичний сенс складових рівнянь перенесення теплоти та маси. Описано процедуру отримання розрахункових залежностей для визначення середньої температури та вмісту вологості шару за граничних умов третього роду (тепловіддача на границі). Отримані залежності дають можливість розраховувати значення вмісту вологи і температури матеріалу при мікрохвильовому нагріванні. Проведена апробація математичної моделі сушіння щільного шару сипкого матеріалу при різних значеннях коефіцієнта тепловіддачі і питомої потужності мікрохвильового поля. Наведено результати зіставлення розрахункових даних з результатами експериментів, які демонструють зміну температури та вмісту вологи в часі. Показано, що розрахункові та експериментальні дані задовільно сходяться. Зазначається, що експериментальні криві свідчать про наявність автоколивального процесу зміни температури при сушінні, що пояснюється дифузійним опором матеріалу виходу вологи. Сумісність експериментальних та розрахункових результатів свідчить про відповідність математичної моделі реальним процесам перенесення теплоти та вологи при нагріванні шару матеріалу в мікрохвильовому полі. Апробація аналітичних залежностей для середньої температури шару та вологовмісту дозволяє стверджувати, що їх можна реко­мендувати для оцінки технологічних параметрів процесів перенесення теплоти та вологи при нагріванні шару матеріалу в мікрохвильовому полі

The article analyzes data on the intra-annual variability of the vertical-temporal structure of the background aerosol and its integral content in the stratosphere, obtained at the lidar complex of the high-altitude atmospheric sounding station of the IAO SB RAS for 2022. As primary information for the analysis, a data array of 93 total signals accumulated was used on select nights. The interval of sounded heights extended from 10 to 50-60 km, the spatial resolution was 192 m. Reception of lidar signals was carried out in the photopulse counting mode with accumulation of 12×10^4 launches of laser pulses, the accumulation time of the total signal was 2 hours. The optical characteristic R(H) is the aerosol scattering ratio (H is the current height) as a parameter describing the vertical stratification of the aerosol. By definition, R(H) is the ratio of the sum of the aerosol and molecular backscattering coefficients to the molecular backscattering coefficient. Based on the monitoring results, as in previous years, a stable tendency for the accumulation of stratospheric aerosol in the cold season of the year was established with a maximum content in January and a decrease in the spring to virtual absence in June-July. From September, the aerosol content in the stratosphere begins to increase to its maximum value in winter. In the upper stratosphere (30-50 km) there is no background aerosol throughout the year. The article also presents the time dynamics of the complete filling of the stratosphere with background aerosol starting from 2017 to 2021 and supplemented by observations in 2022, expressed through the parameter of the integral aerosol backscattering coefficient B.

Formulation of the problem. In the work, the most general definition of temperature was discussed and presented, the temporal probability distribution of air temperature was analyzed and evaluated. Temperature has no specific definition. Thus it will be difficult to study the nature of any geophysical phenomena, including the characteristics of temperature distribution, without understanding the modern scientific definition and adjustment of temperature. The aim of the work is to give the most modern reasonable definition of temperature or what the thermometer measures, the answer to which requires a more specific scientific justification, as well as to evaluate the patterns of possible spatiotemporal distribution of air temperature in the territory of Armenia and in the area of the Lake Sevan basin. Methods. To solve the set tasks, the authors used corresponding research and published works as a theoretical basis in the work. In the work, the average monthly data of actual observations of the temperature of the ground surface air layer and the amount of precipitation of the «Center for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring» SNCO of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Armenia were used. It was found that temperature is a quantity characterizing the thermal state and radiation of the terrestrial and celestial bodies and, in general, the environment, which is strongly related to the entropy change of the system; temperature is the main thermodynamic characteristic of thermal equilibrium; the thermodynamic and microscopic concepts of temperature coincide; the temperature- heat (energy) difference becomes known in the sense that a system can have high energy but low temperature. The authors applied the following research methods in the article: mathematical and statistical, extrapolation, analysis, analogy, correlation, cartographic. Results. Energy depends on the geometry (dimensions) of the system, but temperature does not. A trend of increasing air temperature is observed in the RA territory, which is also a result of the entropy change of the system. It can change very quickly, depending on the environmental factors in the given area (the growth rate of greenhouse farms, the artificial filling of valleys, which are wave carriers of air flow, the relentless use of green spaces for the purpose of public buildings, and other factors) in the process of disrupting the excessively permissible norms, which are currently separate needs serious research and prevention. The long-term variability of surface air temperature in the area of the Lake Sevan basin is analyzed. The analysis carried out made it possible to give a quantitative assessment characterizing the climate change in this region over the past 98 years. An analysis of the observational data showed that the trend of climate warming is confirmed by an increase in air temperature both in winter and over a long period of time. The change in surface air temperature occurs at a rate of 0.002 ºС/year to 0.012 ºС/year and is generally 0.008 ºС/year (or 0.08 ºС/10 years) for all analyzed stations. The results obtained confirm the presence of two periods of warming observed in 1927–1970 and 1971–2021. All the results obtained in the course of the work testify to the trend of climate mitigation in the area of the Lake Sevan basin at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The purpose of the research is to analytically determine the parameters of the separation of two characteristic modes of heat transfer to the boiling film under the condition of its cyclic mixing by large waves, which takes place in the long pipes of film evaporators of the sugar industry. Materials and methods. Analytical methods of analysis of heat transfer processes in flowing laminar and turbulent films of liquids during vaporization are applied in the study. Results and discussion. Mathematical modeling of the temperature field in a liquid flowing down the vertical surface of a boiling film with a developed wave structure in the presence of an accompanying vapor flow at the time of the appearance of a temperature gradient at the film-vapor interfacial surface was carried out. The perturber of cyclic temperature fluctuations in the film in long channels are large low-frequency waves that roll along the interfacial surface. The limiting curve for separating heat transfer modes in the film is obtained on the basis of the approximate solution of the differential equation of heat conduction with a convective term for both laminar and turbulent modes of film motion using the algebraic form of dependence for turbulent viscosity in the film provided under the condition of zero temperature gradient on the surface of the film. As a result of solving the problem, an analytical expression was obtained, which is the initial condition of the boundary value problem of heat transfer in a boiling film, which arises at the moment of stirring the film by a large wave. It was found that with a change in the volume density of irrigation from 0.0001 to 0.0005 m2/s, the length of the film run, during which the heat exchange mode changes, is 50-140 mm for laminar films and 10-35 mm for turbulent films, respectively. Conclusions. From the equations of convective heat conduction for laminar and turbulent films under the condition of zero temperature gradient on the surface of the film, expressions are obtained that are the initial conditions of the boundary value problem of heat exchange in a boiling film, which occurs at the time of mixing of the film by a large wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The purpose of this work is to determine the influence of variable thermophysical characteristics on nonstationary diffusion mass flows of sucrose during sugar mass crystallization. Materials and methods. In order to obtain quantitative values of nonstationary diffusion mass flows for intercrystalline sucrose solutions surrounding sugar crystals was calculated by numerical methods simultaneously for two systems of heat and mass transfer: 1) the system of 7 nonstationary thermal conductivity problems; 2) the system consisting of three nonstationary diffusion mass transfer problems. Results and discussion. For a number of the relative sugar massecuite boiling time values 0.15-1.0 based on two systems (10 subsystems) simultaneous numerical solution of nonstationary parabolic type differential equations in partial derivatives (the first system consisted of 7 subsystems - for non-stationary thermal conductivity problems in each of the 7 areas; the second system includes three subsystems - for non-stationary diffusion mass transfer problems for 4 areas) found respectively: non-stationary temperature distributions in each of the 7 regions (4 regions with intercrystalline solutions, 2 sugar crystals and massecuite); nonstationary sucrose diffusion mass flows in each of the 4 intercrystalline sucrose solutions regions of the whole considered two cells and massecuite system. When the value of the relative sugar massecuite boiling time 0.15 when the whole cells system moving along the heating tube, the substance is first transferred from the intercrystalline sucrose solution of the smaller crystal to the intercrystalline sucrose solution of the larger crystal during 2.41-2.7 s (depending on constant or variable thermophysical characteristics). Starting from this moment of time ιk,2 to 3.95 s (at sugar massecuite boiling time values 0.15) when the system of cells leaves the heating tube, the situation changes to the opposite. So, in this case, only one extremum of the diffusive mass flow was clearly defined (the minimum on the graph is reached at the moment of time 1.29-1.45 s, which determines the maximum sucrose mass transfer from a smaller crystal to a larger crystal). No clear maximum has been established in this case. At the relative time 1.0 of sugar massecuite boiling two clearly defined extremes (minimum and maximum) were obtained for both constant and variable thermophysical characteristics. Conclusions. Features of variable thermophysical characteristics influence on the non-stationary sucrose diffusion mass flows in the cellular model are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Today, the actual issues in the production of metal products are the saving of materials and the productivity of production, as this has a significant impact on the cost of finished products. This especially applies to hollow products with a complex geometric shape. Such products include parts or semi-finished products that have hollow cavities and additional elements in the design in the form of flanges, or variable wall thickness along the height of the product. Such parts are widely distributed in mechanical engineering, aircraft construction and in the production of special purpose products, in particular in the field of ammunition production. Therefore, the manufacturing technology of such parts should ensure mass production and have an economic effect. Objective. By calculation, using the finite element method (FEM) in the DEFORM software environment, determine the option of stamping, from blanks of different diameters, a semi-finished product of a hollow part of a complex geometric shape using the technology of hot three-dimensional stamping, and analyze the proposed technological process of obtaining a semi-finished product. Methods. Using MSE in the DEFORM software environment, simulation of hot three-dimensional stamping of a semi-finished product was carried out for a hollow part of a complex geometric shape made of blanks of different diameters. In this way, the option of obtaining a semi-finished product with a minimum number of transitions and a guaranteed possibility of implementing the technological process of mold formation was chosen. For the selected option, an analysis of the force modes of forming, normal stresses on the contact surfaces of the workpiece with the tool, and the stress-strain state of the deformed metal was performed. Results. A semi-finished product manufacturing technology for a hollow part of a complex geometric shape using hot three-dimensional stamping technology is proposed. This technology will be implemented in the production of the adapter housing part, which is used in the design of the 120 mm mine. By calculation, with the help of MSE in the DEFORM software environment, the variant of semi-finished product molding for the “Body-adapter” part was determined using the technology of hot three-dimensional stamping, and an analysis of the technological operation of semi-finished product molding was carried out. The temperature regime of the process, technological efforts, parameters of the stress-strain state of the deformed material, the distribution of normal stresses on the deforming tool are determined. The results of the conducted computer modeling make it possible to take into account the design features and select the necessary technological equipment for mass production. Conclusions. The technology for serial production of semi-finished products by hot volumetric stamping has been developed and substantiated. This technology made it possible to increase the rate of material utilization by two times compared to the technology of obtaining a part by mechanical processing from graded rolled steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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