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The volatile constituents of Ajuga parviflora Benth. were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. β-caryophyllene (22.4 %), γ-muurolene (12.7 %), γ-terpinene (6.3 %), caryophyllene oxide (6.2 %), α-humulene (5.8 %), δ-cadinene (4.3 %), α-amorphene (3.8 %) and β-selinen (2.5 %) were found to be the major constituents of the essential oil along with other minor constituents. The composition of oil is being reported for the first time.

The compositions of the essential oils of leaf, flower and stem of Melissa officinalis L. were analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-seven volatile components in the leaf oil, twenty-eight components in the flower oil, and thirty five components in the stem oil were identified. The main constituents of the leaf oil were: β-caryophyllene oxide (27.8 %), geranial (21.3 %), neral (12.9 %), β-caryophyllene (8.0 %) and geranyl acetate (5.6 %); while the major components of the flower oil were: geranial (27.4 %), neral (18.0 %), β-caryophyllene (15.6 %), β-caryophyllene oxide (7.5 %) and E-cadina-1(6),4-diene (7.1 %). The main constituents of the stem oil were: n-hexadecanoic acid (47.4 %), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (14.9 %), dodecanoic acid (4.6 %), β-caryophyllene (4.2 %) and geraniol (2.2 %). Oils of the leaf and flower were almost completely composed of mono- and sesquiterpenoids, while oil of the stem is mainly consisted of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as well as some normal saturated hydroc...

Cigarette filters pose a serious litter and toxic waste disposal problem, because of their not biodegradability and to the leaching of toxins in the environment. Therefore, cigarette butts need to be manipulated as special waste, with potential risks to human health and environment. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of a methanol extract from commonly discharged cigarette butts (CBE) was evaluated in the bacterial reverse mutation assay on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strains, both in the absence and presence of the S9 exogenous metabolic activator. Furthermore, the ability of the natural sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (CRY) and β-caryophyllene oxide (CRYO) to inhibit the mutagenicity of CBE was studied as a possible preventive strategy. In order to identify the potential antimutagenic mechanisms, three different protocols (pretreatment, cotreatment, and posttreatment) were applied. CBE showed to increase the number of revertant colonies in all the strains tested in presence of S9, so resulting mutagenic. In the antimutagenicity assay, both CRY and CRYO significantly reduced the revertant colonies induced by CBE, although with different potency and specificity. For both sesquiterpenes, the antimutagenicity was strong in all experimental conditions, except for the cotreatment of CRY with CBE in WP2uvrA, which produced a moderate inhibition. Both desmutagenic and bioantimutagenic mechanisms seem to be involved in the antimutagenicity of the test substances. Taking into account the potential genotoxicity of cigarette butts, CRY and CRYO appear as possible further candidates as environmental decontaminants against this hazardous waste. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1319-1328, 2016.

Artemisia parviflora Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. (Family: Asteraceae) a perennial herb, widely distributed in hilly parts between altitude of 900–3500 and is used for the treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes and possesses anthelmintic and anti-viral properties. The essential oil of aerial parts of A. parviflora was analyzed by Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. A total of 45 compounds were present of which 37 compounds were identified representing 96.60 % of the oil. The oil was dominated by the presence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (70.24 %) such as germacrene D (41.01 %), β-caryophyllene (10.58 %) and α-humulene (7.86 %).

Department of HorticultureWest Pomeranian University of TechnologySlowackiego 1771-434 Szczecin, Poland*corresponding author e-mail: anetaw@zut.edu.plSummaryThe aim of the studies conducted in 2012-2013 was to compare the chemical composition of essential oils isolated from wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) by hydrodistillation in Deryng and Clevenger apparatus. GC-MS analysis of the isolated oils revealed that carvacrol (42.81–45.24%), γ-terpinene (7.68–9.04%), β-caryophyllene (5.28-9.10%), β-bisabolene (5.76–6.91%) and carvacrol methyl ether (4.92–6.09%) were the major components of all the samples.On the basis of the obtained data it was proved that the type of distillation apparatus had no significant effect on the content of the main essential oil constituents of wild thyme. However, based on the means for both years of the study it was proved that hydrodistil-lation in Deryng apparatus was more effective for carvacrol concentration, while in Clev-enger apparatus – for γ-terpinene and carvacrol methyl ether concentration. The type of distillation apparatus had no significant effect on the content of the other essential oil constituents.Key words: wild thyme, hydrodistillation, essential oil composition, carvacrol, γ-terpinene, β-caryophyllene

Background/Aims: The activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has the beneficial effect of reducing neuroinflammatory response in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is suggested to trigger the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) pathway; agonists of both receptors improve AD. Recently, the plant metabolite β-caryophyllene was shown to selectively bind to CB2 receptor and act as a full agonist. Methods: In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of β-caryophyllene in a transgenic APP/PS1 AD model and analyzed whether this effect was mediated by CB2 and PPARγ. Results: β-Caryophyllene, given orally, prevented cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice, and this positive cognitive effect was associated with reduced β-amyloid burden in both the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Moreover, β-caryophyllene reduced astrogliosis and microglial activation as well as the levels of COX-2 protein and the mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in the cerebral cortex. The use of the CB2 antagonist AM630 or the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 significantly reversed the protective effects of β-caryophyllene on APP/PS1 mice. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory effect of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene involves CB2 receptor activation and the PPARγ pathway and suggest β-caryophyllene as an attractive molecule for the development of new drugs with therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD.

International audience; Contact irritant and non-contact repellent activities of β-caryophyllene oxide were evaluated against laboratory strains of female Aedes aegypti (USDA strain), a major arbovirus vector and Anopheles minimus (KU strain), a major malaria parasite vector, compared with the synthetic repellent DEET, using an excito-repellency test system. β-caryophyllene oxide and DEET were tested at concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% (v/v). Anopheles minimus was found to be more sensitive to β-caryophyllene oxide than that of Ae. aegypti and exhibited high avoidance response rates (86–96% escape) at 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations in contact and non-contact trials compared with Ae. aegypti (22–59% escape). However, at the same concentrations, DEET displayed lower irritancy and repellency capacities against these two mosquito species (range 0–54% escape) compared to β-caryophyllene oxide. The analysis of escape responses showed significant differences between mosquito species at all concentrations (P

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Psidium guajava leaves and to explore the medicinal value of β-caryophyllene in pharmaceutical science. The essential oils of P. guajava leaves were extracted by the hydrodistillation method, using a Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition of essential oils was investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The yield of extracted essential oils was 0.6% (w/w) dry weight. The main compounds found in the leaves were β-caryophyllene (20.34%), globulol (8.20%), trans-nerolidol (7.72%), aromadendrene (4.34%), cis-α-bisabolene (3.82%), tetracosane (3.68%), octadecane (3.66%), Z, Z, Z-1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene (3.44%), β-bisabolene (3.41%), limonene (3.09%), octacosane (2.88%), δ-cadinene (2.52%), and 1,4-cadadiene (2.04%). The main chemical class of the essential oil was terpenoids, which represent 71.65%, followed by hydrocarbons (26.31%). A total of 50 components were identified, among these β-caryophyllene was found to be dominant, which has great medicinal value, and some other compounds were also identified for the first time in the essential oil of P. guajava leaves.

The present investigation reports the microencapsulation of the essential oil from the fruits of Pterodon emarginatus by spray drying using gum arabic and maltodextrin. X-ray diffraction studies established that the essential oil was entrapped within the microcapsules rather than being adsorbed onto the surface. The morphology of the microcapsules was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particle size (Sauter [3,2]) and particle size distribution of microcapsules were also determined. The microcapsules were evaluated for the content and stability of both volatiles and the major component, β-caryophyllene, for 45 days. A 1:3:3.6 blend of essential oil: gum arabic: maltodextrin offered the best protection, with 98.63% of the essential oil being retained and the same proportion of β-caryophyllene being entrapped. The obtained results showed that the microcapsules might have potential applications in the protection of essential oil from fruits of P. emarginatus and contribute to the development...

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial part of Nepeta prostrata, flowers of N. straussii, which are endemic to Iran, aerial parts of N. saccharata and leaves of N. pungens have been analyzed by a combination of GC and GC-MS. The oils of N. prostrata and N. straussii were rich in 1,8-cineole (26.1 % and 22.1 %) and β-pinene (13.6 % and 12.1 %), respectively. The other main component of the first oil was myrtenol (11.8 %) and in the latter one was germacrene-D (18.5 %). The major components of the oil of N. saccharata were neo-isomenthol (18.6 %), hexadecanoic acid (12.1 %), 1,8-cinole (11.7 %) and germacrene- D (11.6 %). (E)-Sesquilavandulol (39.5 %), β-caryophyllene (14.7 %) and caryophyllene oxide (11.6 %) were the predominant compounds in the oil of N. pungens. All oils consisted mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes except that of the N. pungens, which was rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes.

BACKGROUND This study was to evaluate the acaricidal activities of an active compound isolated from Psidium cattleianum and structural analogues against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus. β-Caryophyllene oxide was isolated using chromatographic techniques. RESULTS Based on the 50% lethal concentration (LD50) values against D. farinae using the fumigant method, β-caryophyllene oxide (1.36 µg cm−2) was ∼ 7.52 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate (10.23 µg cm−2), followed by α-caryophyllene (1.75 µg cm−2) and β-caryophyllene (3.13 µg cm−2). Against D. pteronyssinus, β-caryophyllene oxide (1.38 µg cm−2) was ∼ 7.22 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate (9.96 µg cm−2), followed by α-caryophyllene (1.71 µg cm−2) and β-caryophyllene (3.58 µg cm−2). In the contact toxicity method against D. farinae, β-caryophyllene oxide (0.44 µg cm−2) was ∼ 17.27 times more active than benzyl benzoate (7.60 µg cm−2), followed by α-caryophyllene (0.67 µg cm−2) and β-caryophyllene (0.91 µg cm−2). Against D. pteronyssinus, β-caryophyllene oxide (0.47 µg cm−2) was ∼ 13.06 times more effective than benzyl benzoate (6.14 µg cm−2), followed by α-caryophyllene (1.71 µg cm−2) and β-caryophyllene (3.58 µg cm−2). CONCLUSION β-Caryophyllene oxide and structural analogues have potential for development as preventive agents for the control of house dust mites. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Essential oils isolated from the air-dried leaves of Alphonsea philastreana and Alphonsea gaudichaudiana growing in Vietnam have been studied for their constituents by means of gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Sesquiterpenes were the most prominent class of compound identified in the oils. The quantitatively significant constituents of the oils were (E)-β-ocimene (6.9% and 8.5%), bicycloelemene (8.9% and 6.3%), β-caryophyllene (5.1% and 5.9%), α-humulene (5.8% and 4.6%), bicyclogermacrene (9.3% and 6.3%), guaiol (9.0% and 5.2%) and α-eudesmol (8.3% and 5.5%), respectively, for A. philastreana and A. gaudichaudiana. This is the first comprehensive report on the volatile oil constituents of the studied species.

The compositions of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Aloysia gratissima and Cordia chacoensis are almost similar. In both cases, oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted the main group (be- tween 40 and 50 %): 6α-hydroxygermacra-1(10),4-diene being the major compound (∼ 16 %). Sesquiterpenic molecules constitute the second important group (30 – 34 %) with β-caryophyllene as the major compound (8.0 %).

The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is a destructive pest of maize, Zea mays L. in North America and Europe. Larvae and pupae can be controlled with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) of the genus Heterorhabditis. When maize is attacked by WCR, the roots of some maize varieties emit (E)-β-caryophyllene that attract EPN to the pest larvae. To use synthetic (E)-β-caryophyllene in bioassays for the genetic selection of EPN strains with enhanced chemotactic response to a volatile emitted from the damaged root when attacked by larvae of the WCR, different laboratory bioassays were tested. Three sand assays and one agar assay used synthetic (E)-β-caryophyllene as an attractant for H. megidis. In none of the assays, attraction of the nematodes to (E)-β-caryophyllene was recorded. Possible reasons why (E)-β-caryophyllene was not attracting EPN in the bioassays are discussed.

The effect of photochemical ageing and initial precursor concentration on the composition and hygroscopic properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chamber photo-oxidation of β-caryophyllene/NOx mixtures were investigated. Nucleation of β-caryophyllene SOA particles occurred almost immediately after oxidation was initiated and led to the formation of fresh SOA with a relatively simpler composition than has been reported for monoterpenes. The SOA yield values ranged from 9.5–26.7% and 30.4–44.5% using a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) mass based measurements, respectively. A total of 20 compounds were identified in the SOA by LC-MS/MS, with the most abundant compounds identified as β-caryophyllonic acid and β-caryophyllinic acid/β-nocaryophyllonic acid. The O:C and H:C elemental ratios of products identified in the condensed phase ranged from 0.20 to 1.00 and 1.00 to 2.00, with average values of 0.39 and 1.58, respectively. The increase in the O:C ratio was associated with a decrease in the saturation concentration of the identified compounds. The compounds identified in the lower initial concentration experiments were more oxidised compared to those that were found to be more abundant in the higher initial concentration experiments with average O:C ratios of 0.51 and 0.27, respectively. Photochemical ageing led to a more complex SOA composition with a larger contribution coming from lower molar mass, higher generation products, where both double bonds had been oxidised. This effect was more evident in the experiments conducted using the lower initial precursor concentration; a finding confirmed by the temporal behaviour of key organic mass fragment measured by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Although the composition changed with both initial precursor concentration and ageing, this had no significant measurable effect on the hygroscopic properties of the SOA formed. The latter finding might have been influenced by the difference in pre-treatment of the semivolatile-containing particles prior to their measurements.

The influence of second-generation products on the particle mass yield of β-caryophyllene ozonolysis was systematically tested and quantified. The approach was to vary the relative concentrations of first- and second-generation products by adjusting the concentration of ozone while observing changes in particle mass yield. For all wall-loss corrected organic particle mass concentrations Morg of this study (0.5 < Morg < 230 μg m−3), the data show that the particle-phase organic material was composed for the most part of second-generation products. For 0.5< Morg < 10 μg m−3, a range which overlaps with atmospheric concentrations, the particle mass yield was 10 to 20% and was not sensitive to ozone exposure, implying that the constituent molecules were rapidly produced at all investigated ozone exposures. In contrast, for Morg > 10 μg m−3 the particle mass yield increased to as high as 70% for the ultimate yield corresponding to the greatest ozone exposures. These differing dependencies on ozone exposure under different regimes of Morg are explained by a combination of the ozonolysis lifetimes of the first-generation products and the volatility distribution of the resulting second-generation products. First-generation products that have short lifetimes produce low-volatility second-generation products whereas first-generation products that have long lifetimes produce high-volatility second-generation products. The ultimate particle mass yield was defined by mass-based stoichiometric yields αi of α0 = 0.17 ± 0.05, α1 = 0.11 ± 0.17, and α2 = 1.03 ± 0.30 for corresponding saturation concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg m−3. Terms α0 and α1 had low sensitivity to the investigated range of ozone exposure whereas term α2 increased from 0.32 ± 0.13 to 1.03 ± 0.30 as the ozone exposure was increased. These findings potentially allow for simplified yet accurate parameterizations in air quality and climate models that seek to represent the ozonolysis particle mass yields of certain classes of biogenic compounds.

The constituents of essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation of the overground parts of Origanum majorana and Origanum floribundum from Algeria were examined by GC and GC-MS. A total of thirty eight and thirty seven components were identified accounting for 93.3 % and 88.9 %, respectively, of the oils of O. majorana and O. floribundum. The oil of O. majorana (yield: 1.2 %) contained, as main components, β-caryophyllene (26.0 %), α-terpinolene (14.7 %), λ-terpinene (10.9 %) and sabinene (9.5 %). Major compounds in the volatile oil of O. floribundum (yield: 1.6 %) were λ-terpinene (34.1 %), p-cymene (27.6 %) and carvacrol (9.6 %).

Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of Acalypha fruticosa Forssk (Euphorbiaceae) was analysed by GC and GC-MS methods. Forty components were identified in the oil which totally constituted 97.4 %. The oil is characterized by the abundance of caryophellanes with β-caryophyllene (42.0 %), α-humulene (11.1 %), isocaryophyllene (4.3 %) and caryophyllene oxide (5.2 %). Trans-phytol (15.2 %) is the second major component of the oil. This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of the essential oil from an Acalypha genus.

A plant-growth-promoting fungus (PGPF), Talaromyces sp. was isolated from an agricultural field in southwestern Japan. We found that this fungus emitted several terpenoid-like volatiles including β-caryophyllene. Then we investigated the effect of β-caryophyllene on promoting the growth and inducing resistance of Brassica campestris L. var. perviridis. The compound significantly enhanced the growth of seedlings and their resistance to Colletotrichum higginsianum. On the basis of these results, we discuss the role of β-caryophyllene in the activities of PGPF.

The essential oil from the leaves of Lantana camara from Dibrugarh, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, after spectroscopic analysis, has shown that cis-davanone, an uncommon sesquiterpenoid, is its major constituent, while the essential oil from flowers contained β-caryophyllene and bicyclo-germacrene as the major components. Presence of davanone in the essential oil from leaves of this region clearly showed that L. camara exists in the form of another chemotype in the northeastern part of India as compared to north and north central India, wherein β-caryophyllene is the major component. The oil has been extracted from three different locations of the northeastern region successively for four years to confirm the stability of the chemotype

The volatile constituents of the essential oil of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. growing wild in Kurdistan-Iran were investigated using the GC and GC/MS techniques. Fifteen compounds, representing twenty (97.03%) of the total oil were identified. The main components were: α- Pinene (22.47%), β-Caryophyllene (18.05%), β- Eudesmol (14.92%), α-Copaene (9.84%), γ-Elemene (6.79%), δ-Cadine-ne (6.13%), (–)Bornyl acetate (5.61%), α-Amorphene (3.84%), α-Fen- chyl acetate (2.35%) and β-Pinene (2.07%). Some of the physicochemical properties like the logarithm of calculated Octanol-Water partitioning coefficients (log Kow), total biodegradation and (TBd in mol/h and gr./h), water solubility (Sw, mg.L-1 at 25oC) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC50) were calculated for the 15 com- ponents of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth.

The water distilled essential oils and n-hexane extract of Zosimia absinthifolia (Vent.) Link. (family: Umbelliferae) growing in Khalkhal, North-west Iran were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The yields were: 0.2 % and 0.7 % (v/w) for essential oil and n-hexane extracts, respectively. Twenty-one compounds representing 96.0 % of the distilled oil of Z. absinthifolia were identified, among them octyl acetate (24.7 %), β-caryophyllene (22.2 %), cis-β-ocimene (8.9 %), α-pinene (5.3 %), clovane (5.3 %) and β-gurJunne (4.6 %) were the major constituents. The extracts was characterized by higher amount of butyl octanoate (31.4 %), octyl acetate (29.7 %), 6-methoxy-1- indanone (12.2 %) and osthol (4.4 %), sixteen components comprising 95.1 % of the total oil were detected in the extract. The oil obtained by hydrodistillation method consist mainly of aliphatic oxygenated and sesquiterpene constituents, whereas the extracts contain mainly aliphatic ester compounds.

Myrtaceae family (121 genera, 3800-5800 spp.) is one of the most important families in tropical forests. They are aromatic trees or shrubs, which frequently produce edible fruits. In the neotropics, ca. 1000 species were found. Several members of this family are used in folk medicine, mainly as an antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cleanser, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory agent and to decrease the blood cholesterol. In addition, some fruits are eaten fresh or used to make juices, liqueurs, and sweets very much appreciated by people. The flavor composition of some fruits belonging to the Myrtaceae family has been extensively studied due to their pleasant and intense aromas. Most of the essential oils of neotropical Myrtaceae analyzed so far are characterized by predominance of sesquiterpenes, some with important biological properties. In the present work, chemical and pharmacological studies carried out on neotropical Myrtaceae species are reviewed, based on original articles published since 1980. The uses in folk medicine and chemotaxonomic importance of secondary metabolites are also briefly discussed.

The present study describes the volatile composition of headspace from aerial parts of Zosimia radians Boiss. & Hohen. which is endemic to Iran and flowers, leaves and stems of Zosimia absinthifolia (Vent.) Link., were investigated through solid-phase microextraction method by GCMS. The volatile of Z.radians was characterized by higher amount of octyl acetate (58.8 %). In the flower volatile of Z. absinthifolia also octyl acetate (58.4 %) and octanol (25.0 %) were the predominant compounds. The volatile composition from leaf and stem of the plant were rich in germacrene D (22.5 % and 18.5 %), β-caryophyllene (18.1 % and 10.5 %) and bicyclogermacrene (11.2 %, 7.6 %) respectively. The other main component of the stem was cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (15.5 %). The flower volatile of Z. absinthifolia consisted mainly of aliphatic compounds, while in leaf and stem volatile of the plant sesquiterpenes predominated over monoterpenes.

Essential oils from fresh leaves of Chromolaena odorata (L.) were extracted by steam distillation. The oil from leaves (I) was obtained with a very low percentage. The extraction yield for the leaves (II) was 0.07 %. Analysis made by GC and GC-MS showed a total of 64 compounds identified. The main components of the oils were pregeijerene (29.9 %), germacrene D (21.6 %), β-caryophyllene (14.3 %), geijerene (10.1 %), α-pinene (8.0 %), sabinene (5.4 %).

The headspace volatile compounds of the flowers of Lantana canescens were analysed by solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC-MS. A total of 96 volatile constituents were confirmed in the headspace accounted for about 97 % of the total composition. The headspace composition was characterized by a high number of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The characteristic odour of the flowers can be attributed to the major components β-caryophyllene (16.3 %) and 1-octen-3-ol (9.6 %).

Chemical composition of essential oil of aerial parts of Helichrysum Aucheri from Iran was isolated by hydrodistillation and then analysis by GC and GC-MS for the first time. Sixteen constituents, representing 92.2 % of the oil were identified. The main components of essential oil were a-pinene (39.6 %), 1,8-cineole (19.7 %), β-caryophyllene (7.3 %).

The present study describes the volatile composition of aerial parts (leaves and stems), flowers and fruits from Bidens gardneri and Bidens sulphurea. The first species is widely distributed in Pantanal (Brazil) and is a traditional medicinal plant, while the second species is widely distributed throughout Brazil. In all analyses, observed were constituents like bicycloelemene, α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene and others. However, some compounds were identified only in one part of the plants analyzed. These results indicated some differences in the composition of the plants studied and they were in agreement with data of literature.

The essential oils from the leaves, bark and fruits of Bursera lunanii from the Long Mountain region of Jamaica were isolated by hydrodistillation and yielded strong odorous, clear yellow oils in 0.19%, 0.16% and 0.19% (w/w) yields, respectively, when analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Forty-two, 48 and 13 components were identified in the leaf, bark and fruit oils which constituted 87.7%, 91.1% and 94% of the oils. The major components of the leaf oil were α-pinene (42.7%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.2%). The major components of the bark oil were α-pinene (51.2%) and α-terpineol (6.5%). Of the fruit oil, the major components were verbenone (36.5%), cis-pinanediol (14.7%), trans-verbenol (13.6%), and myrtenal (8.7%).

Volatile compounds from sour guava (Psidium guineense Swartz) fruit were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction (SDE), and identified by GC-FID and GC/MS. A total of 181 compounds were reported for the first time in this fruit, 119 and 163 compounds were identified as headspace volatiles and fruit volatiles, respectively. Ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, β-caryophyllene and selin-11 -en-4α-ol were the major compounds. Esters (69.5%) and terpenes (60.8%) were the major classes of compounds found in the headspace volatiles and fruit volatiles.

The volatile constituents were isolated by hydro-distillation of the aerial parts of Emilia sonchfolia (L.) DC. (Asteraceae). The constituents were analyzed for the first time by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Forty-three compounds were identified, representing 96.3% of the total oil. The major constituents were γ-muurolene (32.1%) and β-caryophyllene (22.7%). The other minor constituents were ( E)-β-ocimene (4.0%), α-muurolene (3.9%), δ-cadinene (3.7%) and epi-α-cadinol (3.7%). The oil was found to be rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (67.6%) type constituents.

The essential oil composition of two endemic species of Centaurea, C. paniculata subsp. carueliana and C. rupestris (Asteraceae) collected on serpentine rocks on Mt. Ferrato (Tuscany, Italy) were investigated by GC and GC/MS. Several classes of compounds were detected, of which sesquiterpenes, (representing the 25.6% of the total oil from C. paniculata and 74.5% from C. rupestris), alcohols (27.8% in C. paniculata and 4.3% in C. rupestris) and aldehydes (12.0% C. paniculata and 2.0% in C. rupestris) were the most abundant, followed by acids, monoterpenes, esters, ketones, hydrocarbons, diterpenes and miscellaneous. A series of unidentifed compounds were also detected. Differences in qualitative and quantitative composition were evidenced and discussed.

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. One hundred and eighty constituents identified accounted for 86.4% of the total oil. The major components of the oil were: (E,Z)-farnesol (12.0%), (E)-nerolidol (10.2%), b-caryophyllene (5.4%), caryophyllene oxide (4.5%), intermedeol (4.2%) and alantolactone (4.1%). The terpenoid fraction represented more than four-fifths of the oil (15.9% monoterpenoids, 64.7% sesquiterpenoids, both classes dominated by oxygenated derivatives). Unlike the root oil, where the eudesmanes were by far the most dominant compound class, the volatiles of the aerial parts were mainly consisted of acyclic-farnesane sesquiterpenoids (26.2%), along side with caryophyl-lanes (11.6%) and eudesmanes (14.5%).

Unfortunately, family name of author "Xavier Chiriboga M" was incorrectly identified in the original publication and the same is corrected here. The original article has been corrected.

The essential oil of Berula erecta (Apiaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. One hundred and twenty-five components identified accounted for 96.2% of the total oil. The oil was characterized by the presence of (Z)-falcarinol (21.5%), β-sesquiphellandrene (17.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.9%) and γ-terpinene (14.8%). Terpenoids (66.2%) constituted the main fraction of the oil, with monoterpene (19.3%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (39.2%) as the most abundant compound class.

H 3 PW 12 O 40 (PW), the strongest heteropoly acid in the Keggin series, is an active and environmentally friendly catalyst for the liquid-phase conversion of β -caryophyllene ( 1 ) to β -caryolanyl acetate ( 2 ) in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. An efficient and clean method for the synthesis of 2 , providing a mixture containing two stereoisomeric β -caryolanyl acetates 2a and 2b , 2a/2b = 80/20 mol/mol, with 100% GC yield, has been developed using PW as a homogeneous catalyst under mild reaction conditions. The reaction occurs at 25 °C with a catalyst turnover number of 2000. The catalyst can be recovered without neutralization and reused without loss of activity and selectivity.

Water-distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Phlomis cancellata Bge. (Labiatae), which is endemic to Iran was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Eighteen compounds representing 90.4 of the aerial parts oil of Phlomis cancellata were identified of these, germacrene D (26.4 %), β-caryophyllene (17.0 %), caryophyllene oxide (10.4 %), α-humulene (6.3 %), α-thujene (6.0 %) and bicyclogermacrene (5.0 %) were the major components. Aerial parts oil of the plant consist of sesquiterpenes mainly, of which sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the major constituents.

Acylation of β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon with acetic anhydride, was carried out under mild catalytic conditions using Lewis acids such as BF3 · Et2O, ZnCl2, FeCl3, I2 and AlCl3 as catalysts. Among these, BF3 · Et2O was found to catalyse the reaction most efficiently, yielding three acylated products in 75% yield under solvent-free conditions. The structures were confirmed by NMR and MS techniques.

The leaf essential oils of Machilus obovatifolia were isolated and analyzed using either the hydrodistillation or headspace-GC methods to determine their compositions and yields. Antimicrobial activities of the leaf oils obtained were also evaluated. Ninety-three compounds were identified in the hydrodistilled leaf oil, and 74 compounds were identified by the headspace-GC and GC/MS method, respectively. The main components of the oils were β-caryophyllene (10.5%), β-phellandrene (7.8%), τ-muurolol (5.3%), α-phellandrene (5.1%) and δ-cadinene (5.0%). The leaf oils exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities.

The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Betonica nivea Stev. subsp. mazandarana (Bornm.) Rech. f. (Labiatae) was analysed by GC and GC/MS. Seventy components have been identified in this the essential oil. The major constituents of the essential oil were cis -sesquisabinene hydrate (9.1%), selin-11-en-4-α-ol (8.9%), β-caryophyllene (6.1%) and δ-cadinene (5.8%).

In the present work, the use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to obtain β-caryophyllene from Cordia verbenacea DC was studied. The assays were performed using a single-step SFE (1S-SFE) and a three-step SFE (3S-SFE). In view of the literature results for the biological activities of C. verbenacea , the assays for the 3S-SFE were conducted at 60 °C and pressures of 8, 20, and 30 MPa, while for the 1S-SFE, they were performed at 50 and 60 °C and pressures of 20 and 30 MPa. In the 3S-SFE, three samples of C. verbenacea extract were obtained. The purity of β-caryophyllene was 33% (extract's dry basis) for the fraction obtained at 8 MPa. The kinetics of supercritical CO 2 extraction was studied at the optimum operational conditions for global yield and anticancer activity (30 MPa/50 °C and 20 MPa/40 °C, respectively). The effect of bed height on the kinetic parameters of the SFE process was also investigated. Literature models fitted quantitatively the experimental extraction curves.

The essential oil obtained from the herb of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. harvested at four ontogenesis phases was analyzed by GC, GC/MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. More than 60 compounds were identified. Sesquiterpenoids constituted about 90% of the oil. Germacrene D (42.7–63.7%) and β-caryophyllene (9.0–15.9%) were the main constituents. The content of germacrene D increased until the flowering stage, however, the content of β-caryophyllene decreased at the same time

The volatile components of the fruits from nine collections of Clusia nemorosa G. Mey. from two municipalities (Tamandare: T1–3 and Cabo de Santo Agostinho: N1–3; G1–3) of the coastal region of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, in two kind of soil, rocky rich in iron (N1–3) and sandy clays (T1–3 and G1–3), were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The isolated oils were obtained in similar yields, 0.1–0.3 % (w/w) and 0.1–0.2% (w/w) in the samples from Taman- dare (T1–3) and Fortress Nazare (N1–3) and in the samples from Gaibu (G1–3), respectively. The oil samples can be characterized by the abundance of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while the percentage of oxygenated sesquiterpenes was higher in the samples collected in Tamandare (T1–3: 20.4—22.0%) and Gaibu (G1–3: 17.6–20.4%). Monoterpenes hydrocarbons were totally absent in all samples. All samples showed β-caryophyllene (37.3–48.6%) as the principal component. Based on the information of other major components, two subtypes of C. nemorosa growing wild in Pe...

The oil-poor Hypericum perforatum plants were collected at full flowering from ten wild habitats in Lithuania. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The most predominant compound was germacrene D (12.0–29.5%). The second major constituents were β-caryophyllene (8.8–10.5%, three oils), caryophyllene oxide (11.9–13.1%, two samples), β-eudesma-4(15),5-dien-1-ol (9.1–11.7 %, two oils), β-farnesene (9.0%, one sample) and tetradecanal (9.4%) with tetradecanol (9.4%, one oil). The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (31.8–52.4%). Thirty-one out of the eighty identified constituents were found in the all oils. The identified compounds comprised 87.5–95.6% of the oils.

The essential oil from flowers, leaves, stems and roots of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. was analyzed by GC, GC-MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. More than 60 compounds were identified. Germacrene D (47.2%) and (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (10.2%) were the main constituents of the flower oil. The leaf oil and stem oil contained mainly germacrene D (55.6% and 44.5% respectively) and β-caryophyllene (9.4% and 13.4%), whereas in the root oil dominated matricaria ester (59.9%) and (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (34.9%).

The chemical composition of essential oils of stems, leaves (at vegetative and flowering stages) and flowers of Eugenia chlorophylla O. Berg., (Myrtaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Thirty-four components were identified, representing more than 80% of total oil. The major components were β-caryophyllene (flowers −12.8%), caryophyllene oxide (stems—17.2%), globulol (stems—16.5%; leaves—22.5% at vegetative stage and 18.9% at flowering stage), 1-epi-cubenol (stems −10.9%), epi—α—muurolol (stems—16.8%) and α—cadinol (stems—12.1%; flowers −10.1%). The oils were evaluated against 20 strains of bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and yeasts. All oils showed mild to moderate antimicrobial activity associated mainly with Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts.

The essential oils from stems and leaves (fresh or dried, and whole or sliced) of Hyptis marrubioides collected from two localities of Brazilian Cerrado were investigated by GC and GC/MS. Caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5β-ol, eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1β-ol, caryophyllene oxide and β-caryophyllene were the principal constituents. The results were submitted to Principal Component and Cluster analysis which allowed three groups of oils to be distinguished with respect to sampling site and post-harvested process: cluster I (fresh leaves and fresh or dried stems from Lavras site) with high percentage of caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5β-ol (16.7%) and eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1β-ol (12.8%); cluster II (dried leaves and stems from Tiradentes site) with epi-longipinanol (16.2%) rich oil, and cluster III (dried leaves from Lavras) containing a high content of β-caryophyllene (17.4%) and α-copaene (10.1%). Canonical discriminant analysis showed that is possible to accurately predict 100% well-classification in the or...

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from stem and leaves of Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Hmb., Bonpl. et Kunth and Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oil yield of C. globosa and C. curassavica was 0.5% and 1.1% for the stem and 0.6% and 1.0% for the leaves, respectively. Although they belong to the same genus, the chemical composition of the oils from two Cordia species was very different. The main components in the oil of C. globosa were: 1-endo-bourbonanol (20.2% in stem) and linalyl butyrate (14.7% in stem); β-caryophyllene (39.0% in leaves) and α-humulene (12.1% in leaves). Spathulenol (27.1% in stem), trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (11.0% in stem), viridiflorol (10.7% in stem), β-phellandrene (25.3% in leaves), cubebol (23.9% in leaves) and α-pinene (10.4 % in leaves) were the main constituents of the oils of C. curassavica.