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Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive impairment which may convert to vascular or neurodegenerative dementia. Impairment of cognitive functions affects patients with type 1 and especially type 2 diabetes, with a number of vascular, metabolic and psychosocial factors involved in its development. As hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia also play an important role, important is the correct strategy of diabetes therapy which utilizes a combination of metformin with modern safe antidiabetics (incretin drugs, gliflozins, insulin analogues). It seems that some antidiabetic drugs (metformin, incretin drugs) and nasal form of application of insulin could improve cognition in diabetics.Key words: antidiabetic drugs - diabetes mellitus - hyperglycemia - hypoglycemia - cognition.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) integration, the critical step in viral carcinogenesis, most frequently occurs in the E2 gene, which results in its inactivation and in an increase of E6/E7 transcription. However, in a substantial number of tumors, the virus is present in an extrachromosomal form. For those tumors, the transformation mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Here we evaluated the possible mechanism of inactivating the E2 without interruption of the gene, methylation or mutation of the E2 binding sites (E2BSs) in HPV16-positive tonsillar tumors by next-generation and Sanger sequencing. Viral genome status was analyzed by the amplification of papillomavirus oncogene transcripts assay (APOT) and mRNA mapping, and expression of viral oncogenes was performed by qPCR. The methylation of E2BSs was significantly higher in tumors with an integrated, in comparison to extrachromosomal, form of the viral genome. No mutations were detected in the E2BSs. The viral oncogenes were equally expressed in samples with an integrated and extrachromosomal form of the virus. Only the nucleotide variants were identified in the E2 gene. No proposed mechanism of E2 inactivation was confirmed in tonsillar tumors with an extrachromosomal form of the HPV genome. The expression of E6/E7 genes seems to be sufficient to initiate and maintain the carcinogenic process.

Care of the elderly diabetic patients requires a special approach. What must be considered is not only individualiza-tion, and in more fragile elderly patients easing the targets for long-term compensation of diabetes, but also appropriate antidiabetic therapy needs to be chosen. Most patients suffer from polymorbidity and are at a greater risk for occurrence and consequences of hypoglycemia and cognitive impairment. The treatment procedure for sturdy elderly patients with diabetes is not any different from younger patients, while appropriate drugs for fragile patients are gliptins, possibly in combination with a long-term insulin analogue. Key words: antidiabetic therapy - complications - diabetes mellitus - level of robustness - old age.

Významne rizikove faktory pro rozvoj chronickeho srdecniho selhani (CHSS) u diabetiků představuji nejen ischemicka choroba srdecni a arterialni hypertenze, přispiva tež specificke postiženi srdecni tkaně – diabeticka kardiomyopatie. Optimalni diabeticka kompenzace je jednim z nastrojů ucinných v prevenci i terapii CHSS. V soucasne době je v diabetologii dostupna siroka skala peroralnich antidiabetik pozitivně ovlivňujicich nejen glukozový metabolizmus, ale tež kardiovaskularni parametry. Z tradicnich antidiabetik vykazuje pozitivni kardiovaskularni efekt antidiabetikum prvni volby – metformin, dobře využitelný i u kompenzovaných pacientů se srdecnim selhanim. Z novějsich antidiabetik jsou u kardiovaskularně rizikových pacientů medikovany gliptiny, ackoliv recentni výsledky kardiovaskularnich mortalitnich studii (SAVOR, TECOS, EXAMINE) nevyplnily zcela původni ocekavani. Slibnou skupinou antidiabetik pro pacienty s CHSS jsou nejnověji uživane glifloziny. Výsledky prvni rozsahle kardiovaskularni studie EMPA-REG prezentuji významne sniženi kardiovaskularni mortality a komplikaci spojených s chronickým srdecnim selhanim.

This chapter provides concluding remarks concerning the topics discussed throughout the whole book. First, it discusses the complexity of the studied problematic areas and points out several issues important to consider in the assessment of the impact of technology—specifically, what users perceive as beneficial might not be seen as beneficial from the point of view of society. Second, technology usage is a complex process that can result in a variety of outcomes, which may be either intended or unintended. Third, it is crucial to consider these factors on individual, social, and national levels, which are all connected to eating behaviors and technology usage. The chapter then summarizes the major risks and benefits related to topics discussed in each chapter. It specifies how digital technology usage depends on the needs, motivations, and goals of its users, which determine both the expected benefits and potential risks of their usage. This is shown in every major topic of this book, including selection and evaluation of information online, impact of media on body image, membership in online groups and communities, as well as usage of mobile health tools and applications. Then, the focus is given specifically to risks and benefits connected with usage of digital technology among people with eating disorders, issues for professionals who work with these people, and its potential for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders. Next, the chapter discusses challenges and limitations of current research on eating behaviors and technologies. In this regard, it is demonstrated how dominant attention is given to risky or beneficial phenomena but that we lack more robust knowledge about “normal eating behaviors,” which means the eating behaviors of the majority of the population. Moreover, methodological aspects are considered, such as problematic measurement and difficulties connected with sampling. Specific attention is given to the potential of further development of technologies, such as usage of smart technologies, new types of wearables, and the impact of augmented and virtual reality. These areas may be influential in the future, but their role has not yet received substantial research attention; therefore, they are not explored within this book. Final remarks are provided with regard to the overall development of technologies and their role in our lives.

The chapter provides an overview of the impact of technology use on human health. Nowadays, new communication technologies are widely used to address health issues. These technologies provide opportunities both to gather information and to easily communicate with health specialists or others to maintain, monitor, or optimize individual health. This chapter describes specific technology-based environments that deal with matters of health. These include websites, discussion boards, social networking sites, blogs, online video-sharing platforms, and mobile/wearable devices. The chapter then presents the most prominent theoretical frameworks mentioned in the research to illustrate and explain the relationship between the digital technology and health. Theoretical models depicted in the chapter provide a framework for explaining why people chose certain health-related media over others, the likelihood that individuals will adopt a new technology for treating health issues, the impact of excessive time spent using technology on health, and also health behavior change. Moreover, the effects of technology use on specific components of health (mental, social, and physical well-being) are discussed. There is a variety of positive effects of technology on health, such as delivering cost-effective, tailored health promotion, enabling social contacts, and providing a large amount of health-related information. However, research has revealed several risks associated with technology use, such as higher risk of stress, Internet addiction, or specific unfavorable health conditions, such as overweight, obesity, or eating disorders.

Digital technologies have become an integral part of our lives. Many clients with eating disorders use digital technologies daily; the Internet plays an important role in their lives, enhancing (or creating) both positive and negative experiences. This chapter is an attempt to increase our understanding of the roles of digital technologies in the everyday lives of young people who face eating disorders. Most of the research in this area has focused on the manifestations of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa online; much of the research has involved discussion of so-called pro-ED websites (pro-ana, which means supportive of anorexia nervosa, and pro-mia, which refers to websites advocating for bulimia) as well as pro-recovery websites. However, little is known about the range of online behavior performed by those who suffer from an eating disorder. This chapter describes various online activities, including diverse patterns of online behavior and the use of online information, in the context of the risks and possible benefits of digital technology. We first describe users’ motivation. Second, we present the R.F. Rodgers’ model, which includes five theories (sociocultural theory, social identity theory, gratification theory, impression management theory, and self-objectification theory) and three levels of interaction (“non-participatory” use, use of social platforms, and use of specific social platforms). The model discusses risks that adolescents face while online: problems related to social media and Internet use, body image concerns, and eating pathologies. Third, we enrich Rogers’ model and show positive examples of its usage in the context of eating disorders, along with positing a fourth level of interaction related to employment of technologies—application usage. To emphasize the variability of online activities performed by users with eating disorders, we give a voice to some young girls and women who suffer from eating disorders by allowing them to share their experiences and thoughts. In doing so, this chapter enhances our understanding of the role of digital technology in the everyday lives of people facing an eating disorder.

The chapter presents an overview of the main issues concerning the seeking and assessment of online information related to health and eating behaviors. It provides an overview of the prevalence of online health information and introduces salient factors related to the tendency to seek online information. Specifically, it discusses the role of demographics, digital and eHealth literacy, health status, and trust and distrust of diverse sources. The chapter then elaborates on the specific character of the online information with a discussion of the benefits and risks connected with its use, specifically related to quality. In this regard, the role of source expertise as well as perceived trustworthiness of diverse online and offline sources is discussed. The chapter also provides concrete examples of potential harms connected with the use of low-quality information and several examples of research evaluating health information that are available on different kinds of platforms. The last section explains how the highly variable quality of online information and absence of traditional gatekeepers raised demands for the end users in terms of their assessment of the information. It focuses on the process of the assessment of online information, specifically with regard to questions concerning evaluation of its credibility. The chapter presents the dual processing models which provide useful theoretical frameworks in the area of credibility studies, namely, the Elaboration Likelihood Model and the Heuristic-Systematic Model. Then, three specific theoretical models used in online credibility research are depicted: Metzger’s Dual Processing Model of Credibility Assessment, Fogg’s Prominence-Interpretation Theory, and Sundar’s MAIN model. Using these models, the assessment of information is described, with specific focus on the role of diverse online cues in users’ evaluation and the role of individual differences. Attention is given to diverse types of heuristics that guide users’ evaluation and judgment formation concerning the credibility of online information. Moreover, it is shown how this process is affected by literacy skills, motivation, and awareness about potential consequences for the user. Using this framework, the chapter focuses on several issues and examples specifically connected to the assessment of health and eating-oriented information. Finally, users’ abilities to assess health information, as well as the role of motivation in this process, are discussed. The chapter shows how searching and assessment strategies can often lead to low-quality content and stresses the role of eHealth literacy as a skill that helps yield more reliable outcomes of information search.

Online groups are diverse online places and platforms where people with common interests or goals meet and share information, materials, or support. The chapter focuses on online groups oriented toward eating behaviors and describes the diversity of eating-oriented online groups that are connected through digital technology. The diverse factors defining the character of the online group are depicted, including type of online platforms used for interaction, size of group, prevailing ties among members, and sense of online community. Then, specific focus is given to the differentiation between eating-oriented online groups according to their goals and topics, which also delineate membership within such groups. In this regard, attention is given to online groups that provide safe places for members who struggle with stigmatization. The chapter shows how these factors are connected with different norms, values, or discourses within the online group. These may be beneficial, for instance, if they reinforce and motivate users in healthy eating habits, but they can be also risky, if they advocate unhealthy types of eating behaviors. The chapter then reviews the literature related to selected social processes within online groups, specifically social comparison, social influence of the group, and the role of the social support provided by the group. The social comparison is discussed with regard to the diversity of the content available in online groups, such as “thinspiration” content. Social influence is discussed in relation to both informational and normative forms of influence, which are linked with previous depictions of norms and information within differently oriented online groups. Finally, Optimal Matching Theory is used to describe the social support, especially with regard to the potential of online groups to offer emotional support. The beneficial and risky outcomes of diverse eating-oriented online groups are illustrated, with specific focus on online groups for overweight or obese people and those suffering from eating disorders. It is depicted how online groups may facilitate empowerment and motivate eating-related efforts—a process which can, however, be connected with reinforcement of harmful perspectives and practices, such as drastic dieting.

Ensuring the participation of persons in criminal proceedings The thesis provides a comprehensive account of the individual institutions of criminal procedure through which authorities involved in criminal proceedings ensure the participation of persons whose presence is essential for successfully conducting criminal proceedings. After a brief introduction, the first, most detailed chapter discusses all the procedural steps used to ensure the participation of the principal subject of criminal proceedings, namely the accused. In accordance with the basic principles of criminal procedure, particularly the principles of proportionality, restraint and subsidiarity, the discussion first focuses on less severe precautionary measures, that is summons, presentation, disciplinary fine and prohibition on foreign travel. The main part of the chapter is devoted to precautionary measures that place limitations on fundamental rights and freedoms, namely the personal liberty of the accused. These are detention, arrest and custody. The section on custody summarizes the legal conditions of custody and discusses in more detail the individual grounds of custody, the legal provisions regarding the decision process on custody and the examination of the existence of custody grounds. The pertinent case law is duly taken...

The present chapter is intended to provide a theoretical and empirical overview of the link between technologies, body image, and eating behavior, particularly disordered eating. In general terms, body image refers to an individual’s self-perception and cognitive appraisal of his or her own body. On the other hand, disordered eating refers to a wide spectrum of eating patterns characterized as being detrimental to health, such as self-induced vomiting. Both body image and disordered eating have been linked to mass media exposure. The majority of research to date has focused on the influence of mass media on body image attitudes, which, in turn, can shape eating patterns. Nevertheless, the influence of technology on body image and eating behavior goes far beyond mass media technologies. For instance, several decades ago, it was not possible to use the human body to communicate with machines, and now that can be done, using brain-computer interfaces. We have divided this chapter into two major sections. The first explores key concepts related to body image and develops three theoretically and empirically grounded major frameworks: a cognitive-behavioral model, a sociocultural model, and a cognitive neuroscience perspective. In the second section, we use those concepts to demonstrate the influence of both traditional media (e.g., television, magazines), and new media (e.g., the Internet) on body image and disordered eating. Moreover, we provide current evidence showing how immersive digital technologies, such as virtual reality, can be used for improving body image among individuals with eating- and weight-related pathologies. Finally, we provide some hypotheses on how emerging technologies (e.g., smart devices) could influence body image and eating behavior in the future.

The proliferation of digital technology among the population has caused an increased usage of health-oriented software and mobile applications, called mHealth. These are used for health services, information searches, communication about health, and monitoring health-oriented data. This chapter describes the usage of mobile technologies in health-related contexts, with special focus on eating behaviors and eating disorders. First, the chapter uncovers who are the principal users of mHealth apps. The studies report shares of mHealth app users from 20% to 56% in Euro-American countries. They also tend to be younger and have higher education. Next, the chapter identifies the mHealth apps that are used in health-related contexts, such as providing health-related education for patients or healthcare workers, patient monitoring mHealth tools, compliance and adherence apps, apps focused on behavioral change, and apps for remote data collection or monitoring, and also what are mHealth apps for healthy eating, dieting, and eating disorders. The chapter also reveals the functions of mHealth tools which are used to fulfill relevant health-related goals: planning, reminding, monitoring (e.g., calories, weight, BMI, exercise), providing feedback, counting steps, sleep monitoring, or social functions, such as communication and comparing to other users of mHealth. Next, the chapter describes the impact of mHealth tools on its users, which has been mostly found to be positive. The use of mHealth tools has the potential to motivate users toward positive behavioral change, such as weight management and healthy eating. The gamification principles can increase the motivation of mHealth users and improve the effectiveness of mHealth. Concerning eating disorders, the mobile apps can have both positive and negative impacts. Some people with eating disorders use apps to support their illness, but the apps can also help to support their treatment.

The first chapter of this book introduces the role of digital technology in eating behaviors and eating disorders. It provides information concerning the prevalence of digital technology usage within current society and depicts questions that have been asked with regard to the consequences of this behavior. Then it defines the key terms of the book: eating behaviors and eating disorders. With regard to eating behaviors, the chapter illustrates the book’s complex perspective upon the description of the theoretical model, which is comprised of factors on the levels of individuals, social environments, physical environments, and macrosystem. Eating disorders are presented as a specific form of unhealthy eating behaviors and are also described in relation to diverse factors contributing to their development. Then the concepts of eHealth and mHealth are defined and framed within the book’s perspective. Then, it is specified how the book focuses on a broad continuum of possible effects of digital technologies, from those enhancing healthy eating behaviors to those that encourage disordered eating. Finally, the introduction provides a short summary of all book chapters. It specifies what readers can expect from the book’s two main sections, the first of which is focused generally on the role of digital technology in eating behaviors, while the second specifically addresses the issue of this role in eating disorders development, as well as treatment. Specifically, it is described how the book provides deeper insight into issues such as the role of digital technology in health, the problematic nature of information accessible online, the impact of technology on body image, the social influence or social support found in online groups, and the use of mobile technology in eating management. In the second section, specific attention is given to the issue of eating disorders, which are discussed with regard to the experiences with digital technology of users with this disorder, recommendations for healthcare professionals, and a review of prevention and treatment programs using digital technologies.

Clients with eating disorders (ED) make up a group of vulnerable digital technology users. Since digital technologies can play an important role in their lives, the potential impacts of such usage should be discussed in relation to mental healthcare. The purpose of this chapter is to encourage healthcare professionals to reflect on the possible importance of technology-related topics in their clients’ lives and consequently their importance for the treatment process. The present chapter is designed to help professionals better understand the online activities of their clients, to follow developing trends in digital technologies (such as social networking sites, popular websites, and smartphone applications), and to consider both the potential risks and opportunities of their usage. To achieve this aim, the chapter focuses on the most prevalent online behaviors of users with eating disorders. The first section of the chapter presents two types of websites related to eating disorders: pro-ED websites (which are used to support pro-ED behavior) and pro-recovery websites (which support the recovery process). This section gives special attention to the processes which may affect clients’ disorders and treatment, namely, the development of the pro-ED identity, social comparison, practices of sharing negative statements, and practices of sharing tips and tricks. The second section focuses on the use of social networking sites, their specifics, and related practices. The third section presents practices related to use of mobile applications. Within each topic, the chapter provides specific recommendations for healthcare professionals on how to approach technology-related topics with clients who have an eating disorder. The final section of the chapter is based on specific examples formulated by healthcare professionals and discusses why they do not talk about technology-related topics with their clients. It also provides recommendations on how these professionals can approach relevant topics. To enrich the current knowledge on digital technology’s value in treating eating disorders, we use direct quotes from interviews with 30 professionals who work with clients afflicted by an ED.

The present-day reality that young children use digital media has forced parents to balance the risks and opportunities of the content that their children may encounter online. Current studies have mostly been quantitative. They have mainly focused on children aged 9 and older, and have addressed the types of mediation that parents use. However, they have not considered their relation to specific risks and opportunities. In the present study, we have sought to address this discrepancy and to understand the mediation strategies that parents use to shape the online experiences of their children. We focused on the factors that play a role in these mediations of specific risks and opportunities. In-depth semi-structured interviews with the parents of children aged 7–8 and their siblings in the Czech Republic (N=10 families) were conducted in 2014. A thematic analysis identified three main themes: (1) Mediation strategies of technology usage in relation to the mediation of online opportunities and online risks; (2) Time and place management of mediation strategies; and (3) The child as a co-creator of mediation strategies. Our results indicated that parental mediation is a dynamic process that is co-constructed by the parents and children according to context.

Nowadays, the use of digital technology is an important issue that should be addressed during the treatment of people who have eating disorders. The involvement or absence of this issue reflects the understanding, experience, and atttude of health-care professionals toward their clients' use of technology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the perceptions of health-care professionals and their assessment of their clients' usage of digital technology while developing strategies for treatment. Semistructured interviews with 30 professionals were performed from October 2015 to June 2016 and a thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The health-care professionals' views could be summarized in three thematic groups: (1) technology use is not relevant for the cooperation; (2) technology use is relevant for the cooperation and addressed generally; and (3) technology use is relevant for the cooperation and addressed specifically. The results are discussed in relation to the theoretical model presented by Rodgers about the impact of technology on disordered eating behaviors and the implications for practice.

The research into the student hall of residence founded in 1907 thanks to the impulse, plans, personal effort, and mainly to the large donation of Josef Hlávka has so far left out the fact that there was a long tradition of student halls of residence in Prague and elsewhere beforehand. The author of the thesis attempts to prove that some aspects of Hlávka's project, particularly it's charitable and nationalist motivations, existed much earlier. However, unlike other charity institutions of this kind, Josef Hlávka aimed to provide talented and hard- working but evincibly underfunded Czech students with education in foreign languages and with additional education in upper class etiquette including fencing lessons. What may have been support to Czech students and enhancement of their opportunities came to be, after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, an old-fashioned and outlived part of education of new academic juveniles.

BackgroundDigitalisation of health services is among the top priorities of the European Union (EU), yet take-up of eHealth tools is slower in some EU countries than others.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the use of information communication technology (ICT) and eHealth tools by Czech GPs, to elucidate their motivation and barriers to the adoption of eHealth technologies.Design & settingA cross-sectional, mixed-design survey study, administered online and conducted with GPs from seven randomly selected Czech regions. Of the invited 777 GPs, 196 participants responded (25% response rate) and 153 completed the survey.MethodQuantitative (measured using, for example, the eHealth readiness scale) and qualitative (thematic analysis) methods were used.ResultsHierarchical multilinear regression (controling for age, sex, and city size) showed that ICT usage in general practice was predicted by eHealth readiness. Among GPs with their own practice, age and practice size also predicted ICT use. Analysis of barriers specific to mobile health tools identified obstacles on the side of GPs (such as low perceived usefulness), patients (such as lack of interest), and contextual barriers (such as lack of time).ConclusionIn addition to system-level change, educating Czech GPs about the benefits of eHealth tools for better patient–provider interaction and quality of care is necessary to facilitate eHealth adoption and usage in the Czech Republic.

Disorders of glucose homeostasis affect quite a large part of the older population and their incidence including manifest diabetes is growing. Diabetes in older adults is associated with an increased risk of geriatric syndrome expressed in various ways (decrease in muscle size, functional disability, frailty) and early mortality. Diabetes care for the elderly requires, also in view of heterogeneity of diabetes itself, an individual specific approach. This involves not only diagnostics and a clinical picture, but also the treatment goals and the therapy of diabetes and complications in itself. Diabetes treatment includes both regimen adjustments and use of antidiabetic drugs in different combinations and regimens in accordance with up-to-date specialist recommendations.Key words: treatment goals - diabetes mellitus - pharmacological therapy - age.

Victoza (liraglutide) is a modern antidiabetic drug of GLP1 (glucagone like peptide) analogue group; since 2009 registered in Czech republic. VICTOZA is used in therapy of type 2 diabetic patients with preserved endougenous insulin secretion, usually in combination with other peroral antidiabetic drugs or with basal insulin. VICTOZA is applied once a day subcutaneously. The characteristical antidiabetic effect with β cell protection is enhanced with supportive weigth reduction effect. Positive cardiovascular influence is expected, however data from recent studies are not available at this time. In clinical practice, the mild upper dyspepsia after initiation of therapy is the most common side effect, usually subsiding in several days. Alltogether, VICTOZA is a well tolerated antidiabetic medication decreasing glycated hemoglobin up to 15 mmol/l with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia.

Sexual dimorphism is responsible for a substantial part of human facial variability, the study of which is essential for many scientific fields ranging from evolution to special biomedical topics. Our aim was to analyse the relationship between size variability and shape facial variability of sexual traits in the young adult Central European population and to construct average surface models of adult males and females. The method of geometric morphometrics allowed not only the identification of dimorphic traits, but also the evaluation of static allometry and the visualisation of sexual facial differences. Facial variability in the studied sample was characterised by a strong relationship between facial size and shape of sexual dimorphic traits. Large size of face was associated with facial elongation and vice versa. Regarding shape sexual dimorphic traits, a wide, vaulted and high forehead in combination with a narrow and gracile lower face were typical for females. Variability in shape dimorphic traits was smaller in females compared to males. For female classification, shape sexual dimorphic traits are more important, while for males the stronger association is with face size. Males generally had a closer inter-orbital distance and a deeper position of the eyes in relation to the facial plane, a larger and wider straight nose and nostrils, and more massive lower face. Using pseudo-colour maps to provide a detailed schematic representation of the geometrical differences between the sexes, we attempted to clarify the reasons underlying the development of such differences.

The aim of the article is an effort to capture the history of insulin production in Czechoslovakia. Information has been obtained mainly from two Czech journals: "Časopis lékařů českých" (published since 1862) and "Praktický lékař" (published since 1921). At first, imported insulin in the form of insulin injections or substances from which insulin was prepared appeared at the market in Czechoslovakia. During years 1923-1945, insulin was produced by five companies, since 1945 only by one company "Léčiva".

The perioperative care of diabetic patients is specific due to the necessity of adequate glycaemic correction, as well as owing to the occurrence of complications not taking place in nondiabetic patients. The present antidiabetic treatment therefore mostly needs to be adjusted to the perioperative period, but this is largely not necessary in the case of small and short surgeries. The perioperative care of diabetic patients must be carefully organized and scheduled. The main rules include adequate monitoring of blood glucose and insulin therapy, provision of nutrition and surgery performance in the morning.Key words: antidiabetic treatment - perioperative care of the diabetic patient.

The issue of the concept of criminal custody The thesis provides a comprehensive overview of selected issues relating to criminal custody, one of the means of securing an accused person for the purposes of criminal proceedings and sentence execution, provided for in the Act on Criminal Procedure. After a concise introduction, the thesis examines the historical development of custody as regulated in the Act No. 141/1961 Coll., on Criminal Procedure. Limits of restricting personal liberty are then discussed from the viewpoint of the Czech Constitution and international commitments of the Czech Republic. The principle part of the thesis deals with material and formal custody law. It defines the term 'custody' and elaborates on the conditions of the imposition of custody, especially with regard to the particular grounds of custody. The section dealing with formal custody law is focused on the provisions regarding the decision process on custody, custody hearing, the examination of the existence of grounds of custody, the maximum duration of custody and the setting off a custody period against a term of imprisonment when the accused is found guilty. Due regard is also given to alternatives to custody, since the accused can only be deprived of personal liberty when the purpose of custody cannot be...