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Olive oil byproducts show differences according to the olive oil extraction systems, which are called olive mill solid wastes, olive oil wastewater and olive oil wastewater sludge. Three different kinds of composts, including two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes, and olive oil wastewater sludge were produced with separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw. the composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil wastewater sludge were named as two-phase, three-phase, and water sludge composts, respectively. They were separately enriched by rock phosphate and potassium salt. These composts were mixed with peat in a ratio of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v). Tomato seeds were sown in all mixtures on 3 February 2016. All the seeds were sown into 2 trays and each plug included 2 replicates. the trays were left in a germination room for 3 days, then moved to a heated greenhouse which is specialized for growing seedlings, and the seedlings were grown there for 3 weeks. the results showed that increasing compost ratios in the growing medium and also the enrichment of the growing medium increased organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and macro and micro nutrient concentrations. the germination period lasted longer with increasing compost ratios. the shoot length was lower at a compost ratio of over 50% excluding water sludge compost, which reacted to over 75%. the highest plant dry weights were obtained in the plants grown on the media with compost ratios of 50%, 25%, and 25% for water sludge compost, enriched two-phase compost, and enriched three-phase compost, respectively. We concluded that the composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil waste water sludge can be used without any need of enrichment and a ratio of 25% was found appropriate in most of the measured properties., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUB.ITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [11-G-055], This research was carried out in the framework of the project "Developing of Input Production Methods for Utilization in Organic Plant Production", which was approved by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUB.ITAK) with project number 11-G-055.

In this paper, we investigate the spectral analysis of impulsive quadratic pencil of difference operators. We first present a boundary value problem consisting one interior impulsive point on the whole axis corresponding to the above mentioned operator. After introducing the solutions of impulsive quadratic pencil of difference equation, we obtain the asymptotic equation of the function related to the Wronskian of these solutions to be helpful for further works, then we determine resolvent operator and continuous spectrum. Finally, we provide sufficient conditions guarenteeing finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities by means of uniqueness theorems of analytic functions. The main aim of this paper is demonstrating the impulsive quadratic pencil of difference operator is of finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with finite multiplicities which is an uninvestigated problem proposed in the literature.

With the Tanzimat Edict, the Ottoman Empire initiated a policy that aimed at promoting the development of state-subsidized industry, building factories to engage in production using traditional methods to shore up the economy. To this end, the Bursa Silk Factory, the Feshane Fez Factory, the Izmit Broadcloth Factory, the Veliefendi Calico Factory and the Hereke Cloth Factory were founded and supported by the state. Non-Muslim Armenians and Greeks made up a significant proportion of the workforce in these factories. For a limited period of time, through the Bank Ministry of Industry and Mining, the state helped to meet some of the basic needs of the Hereke Factory – which was an important institution in terms of its engagement in the Republican drive to create a national industrial base. The provided support took the form of subsidized loans to promote product diversification and to allow modernization of the machinery, as well as the employment of expert personnel to carry out production and maintenance tasks. Employing foreign workers became was an important component of the employment policy of the factory at the time with the increase in modern machinery and the occurrence of variation in production, as the machinery was modernized and products were diversified. This article evaluates the early-Republican policy of employing foreign workers and experts in Turkey, with particular focus on the case of the Hereke Cloth Factory.

Turkiye – Iran Iliskileri milli mucadele doneminden itibaren temkinli yurutulmus, her iki ulke iliskileri gerginlestirmeden sorunlarin cozumu uzerine bir politikaya azami onem vermistir. Iran’da yonetim degisikliginin yasanmasindan sonra iki ulke arasindaki iliskilerin boyutu da degismistir. Yeni bir rejim ve devlet kurma cabasindaki her iki ulke liderleri tam bagimsizlik ilkeleri cercevesinde iktisadi bagimsizliga onem vermis, aralarinda ticareti gelistirmek icin anlasmalar yururluge koymustur. Bu cercevede en onemli girisim Trabzon-Tebriz transit yolunun gelistirilmesi cabalari olmustur. Eski donemlerden bu yana onemli bir ticaret yolu olan bu transit yolun diger alternatif yollar karsisinda eski canliligina kavusmasi icin yasal duzenlemelere gidilmis yatirim programina dâhil edilmistir. Buyukelcilik raporlarinda bu yolun ayni zamanda uluslararasi mucadelede denge unsuru oldugu gorulmus ve alinacak onlemler belirtilmistir. Bu makalede her iki ulkenin buyukelcilik raporlari temelinde Trabzon-Tebriz transit yolu projesinin iktisadi yonu incelenmistir.

Study aims to investigate the effects of vermicomposts containing oil processing wastes, dairy manure, municipal open market wastes and straw on the growth, nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptakes of corn plant. For this, there different mixtures were prepared. Vermicomposts were applied with the rates of 0, 5000, 10000, and 20000 kg ha−1 to 2 kg soil containing pots. Study was conducted in growth chamber for 2 months. Vermicompost applications increased plant growth, some plant nutrient concentrations and uptake. Also, vermicomposts showed the variation on parameters depending on their mixtures. Results showed that nutrients taken by the plant increased with the vermicompost until 10000 kg ha−1 dose. Most of the nutrient concentrations such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) were not increased in plant tissues, whereas uptake of them by the plant showed a significant increase. In addition, residual soil nutrients increased with the in...

Erdal, Mursel/0000-0002-9338-6162; Namli, Ersin/0000-0001-5980-9152 WOS: 000463791300006 The analysis of a construction project, regarding cost, is one of the most vital problem in planning. Due to its nature, the construction sector is an area of strong competition and estimation works are of vital importance. In recent years the Turkish Republic has started a serious urban regeneration movement in parallel to its economic development. This study is based on the drawings and quantities of 63 detached multi-story reinforced concrete housing unit projects of the Housing Development Administration (TOKI) and the Turkey Residential Building Cooperative Union (TURKKONUT). TOKI is a public company and its projects are that have been applied to 282 separate projects and are being applied to a further 266. On the other side TURKKONUT is a union of 1347 private building cooperative and have been completed 200,000 residential building. The main objective of this study is to improve the estimation accuracy of individual machine learning techniques, namely multi-layer perceptron and classification and regression trees and compares the performance of two machine learning meta-algorithms (i.e., bagging and random subspace) on a real world construction cost estimation problem. The study shows that the estimation accuracy of ensemble models are better than the models that constructed by their base learners and ensemble models may improve individual machine learning models.

In this study it was aimed to investigate the effect of seedlings grown on different seedling growing media on growth and nutrient concentrations of tobacco plant. For this reason, study was carried out in two stages. At first stage, seedlings were growth in different growing media (manure, compost, turf and vermicompost) that were mixed with the soils at rate of 1/1 (volume/volume). At second stage, these seedlings were transferred to the pots containing 4 kg of soil under greenhouse condition and left for growth during 3 months. Seedling growth and nutrient concentrations varied with the seedling growing media. Also tobacco plant growth and mineral composition showed changes depending on seedling’s origin. Results showed that the most favorable seedling growing media was found to be as manure + soil mixture.

The prediction of bankruptcy for financial companies, especially banks, has been extensively researched area and creditors, auditors, stockholders and senior managers are all interested in bank bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, three common machine learning models namely Logistic, J48 and Voted Perceptron are used as the base learners. In addition, an attribute-base ensemble learning method namely Random Subspaces and two instance-base ensemble learning methods namely Bagging and Multi-Boosting are employed to enhance the prediction accuracy of conventional machine learning models for bank failure prediction. The models are grouped in the following families of approaches: (i) conventional machine learning models, (ii) ensemble learning models and (iii) hybrid ensemble learning models. Experimental results indicate a clear outperformance of hybrid ensemble machine learning models over conventional base and ensemble models. These results indicate that hybrid ensemble learning models can be used as a reliable predicting model for bank failures.

The accuracy of sovereign credit ratings renewed interest toward sovereign credit ratings in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. The controversy over the accuracies encouraged internal credit scoring systems to reduce reliance on sovereign credit ratings. By employing classification and regression trees (CART), multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machines (SVM), Bayes Net, and Naive Bayes; we explore the prediction performance of several artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in predicting sovereign credit ratings in a heterogeneous sample. The results suggest that AI classifiers outperform the conventional statistical technique in terms of accurate prediction. According to within one notch and two notches accurate prediction measure, the prediction performances of the AI classifiers exceed 90% accuracy whereas the performance of the conventional statistical method is around 70%. The results further reveal that the prediction performance of the models declines around the threshold rating that is located between investment grade and speculative grade which is not necessarily the result of inadequacy of the models. Rather, this is potentially due to CRAs' cautious behaviour toward those countries around threshold rating which can be interpreted as the certification price of upgrading to investment grade.

In this paper, we investigate the continuous spectrum and resolvent operator of a second-order difference operator with an impulsive condition. Then, under certain conditions, we prove finiteness of eigenvalues, spectral singularities. At last, we present principal functions of corresponding impulsive operator.

Although energy sources on the environment are limited, in all parts of life, energy requirement increases rapidly which depends on the increasing technology and population. This problem enforces researchers to study on energy efficiency, performance, and optimization. This paper presents artificial intelligence-based (AI) prediction models to estimate energy loads for residential buildings. The model was developed by using eight input parameters (relative compactness, surface area, wall area, roof area, overall height, orientation, glazing area, glazing area distribution) related to two output parameters (heating and cooling loads).

The objective of this work is to investigate some spectral properties of an impulsive Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem on the semi axis. By the help of analytical properties of the Jost solution and asymptotic properties of a transfer matrix $M$, we examine the existence of the spectral singularities and eigenvalues of the impulsive operator generated by the Sturm-Liouville equation.

This work is devoted to discuss some spectral properties and the scattering function of the impulsive operator generated by the Sturm–Liouville equation. We present a different method to investigate the spectral singularities and eigenvalues of the mentioned operator. We also obtain the finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with finite multiplicities under some certain conditions. Finally, we illustrate our results by a detailed example.

Bu çalışmada, topraktan B uygulamasının farklı elma çeşitlerinin (Mondial Gala ve Braeburn) B konsantrasyonuyla diğer besin elementlerine etkilerinin incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla; 0, 0.1, 0.3 ve 0.5 kg B da-1 olacak şekilde topraktan bor gübrelemesi yapılmıştır. Deneme sonunda, artan B uygulamalarına bağlı olarak yaprak B konsantrasyonları her iki çeşitte de artmıştır. Elmanın bor uygulamalarına bağlı olarak besin elementi konsantrasyonlarındaki değişim, çeşitlere göre farklılıklar göstermiştir., In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of soil Boron (B) application on B and other nutrient concentration of different apple varieties (Mondial Gala and Braeburn). For this reason; 0, 1, 3 and 5 kg B ha-1 were applied to soil. At the end of the experiment, it was seen that leaf B concentration of both varieties increased with B applications. While leaf B concentration at control treatment was 24.6 mg kg-1 in Mondial Gala cultivar, it reached up to 36.1 mg kg-1. Also in Breaburn cultivar, leaf B concentration increased from 28.5 mg kg-1 to 44.7 mg kg-1. Variations in B and other nutrient concentrations depending on different B applications varied with varieties.

Sovereign credit ratings have been a controversial issue since the outbreak of the 2008 financial crisis. Among the debates the inaccuracies stay at the centre. By employing classification and regression trees, multilayer perceptron, support vector machines (SVM), Bayes net, and naive Bayes; we compare the ability of various learning techniques with the conventional statistical method in predicting sovereign credit ratings. Experimental results suggest that all the techniques excluding SVM have over 90 % accurate prediction. According to within one and two notch accurate prediction measure, the prediction performance of SVM also increases above 90 %. These findings indicate a clear outperformance of AI methods over the conventional statistical method. The results have many implications for the practitioners in credit scoring industry. Amidst the regulatory measures that encourage individual credit scoring for international financial institutions, these findings suggest that up-to-date AI methods serve quite reliable technical tools to predict sovereign credit ratings.

Namli, Ersin/0000-0001-5980-9152 WOS: 000367921100005 In the last decade, several modeling approaches have been proposed and applied to estimate the high-performance concrete (HPC) slump flow. While HPC is a highly complex material, modeling its behavior is a very difficult issue. Thus, the selection and application of proper modeling methods remain therefore a crucial task. Like many other applications, HPC slump flow prediction suffers from noise which negatively affects the prediction accuracy and increases the variance. In the recent years, ensemble learning methods have introduced to optimize the prediction accuracy and reduce the prediction error. This study investigates the potential usage of bagging (Bag), which is among the most popular ensemble learning methods, in building ensemble models. Four well-known artificial intelligence models (i.e., classification and regression trees CART, support vector machines SVM, multilayer perceptron MLP and radial basis function neural networks RBF) are deployed as base learner. As a result of this study, bagging ensemble models (i.e., Bag-SVM, Bag-RT, Bag-MLP and Bag-RBF) are found superior to their base learners (i.e., SVM, CART, MLP and RBF) and bagging could noticeable optimize prediction accuracy and reduce the prediction error of proposed predictive models.

Relation between drought stress, genotypic differences and nutrients are important in plant growth. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different sweet cherry rootstocks grown in 50-liter pots and drought stress on nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Cu) concentrations of leaves. In this study 0900 Ziraat sweet cherry variety grafted on five different rootstocks (P. mahaleb, Mazzard, Gisela-6, MaxMa 14, CAB 6) were used. Four irrigation treatments (control or 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% and of the field capacity) were used and irrigation intervals were four days in the study. As a result, mineral concentrations of leaves were changed with both rootstocks and drought stress treatments. In general, “Mazzard and Gisela 6” sweet cherry rootstocks had higher nutrient concentrations than “MaxMa 14” under drought stress conditions. The results showed that drought stress reduced the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations. CAB 6 rootstock was not affected by water deficiencies and had higher performance on nutrition than the other rootstocks under drought stress conditions. In conclusion, drought stress and rootstocks have substantial effects on nutrient concentrations of sweet cherry leaves., Bitki yetiştiriciliğinde, kuraklık stresi, genotipik farklılık ve besin elementleri arasındaki ilişkiler önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 50 litrelik saksılarda yetiştirilen kirazın mineral beslenmesi (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu) üzerine farklı anaçlar ve kuraklık stresinin etkilerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, beş farklı (P. mahaleb, Mazzard, Gisela-6, MaxMa 14, CAB 6) anaç üzerine aşılı 0900 Ziraat kiraz çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Denemede kontrol (her sulamada eksik nem tarla kapasitesine getirilene kadar sulama) ve 3 farklı su seviyesi (tarla kapasitesinin % 25, % 50 ve % 75’i) olmak üzere dört farklı sulama uygulaması yer almıştır. Denemede evapotraspiraasyonla eksilen su dört günde bir tamamlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bitkilerin mineral beslenmeleri farklı anaç ve kuraklık stresinden etkilenmiştir. Genellikle kuraklık stresi koşullarında “Mazzard ve Gisela 6” anaçları “MaxMa 14” anacına göre daha fazla besin elementi konsantrasyonuna sahip olmuştur. Sonuçlar, kuraklık stresinin N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn ve Cu konsantrasyonlarını düşürdüğünü göstermiştir. Kuraklık stresinde, CAB 6 anacının beslenme performansına etkisi diğer anaçlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuş ve kısıtlı sulamadan etkilenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, kuraklık stresi ve farklı anaçların kiraz yaprakları besin elementi konsantrasyonları üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur

The study investigates the accuracy of bagging ensemble models (i.e., bagged artificial neural networks (BANN) and bagged regression trees (BRT)) in monthly crude oil price forecasting. Two ensemble models are obtained by coupling bagging and two simple machine learning models (i.e., artificial neural networks (ANN) and classification and regression trees (CART)) and results are compared with those of the single ANN and CART models. Analytical results suggest that ANN based models (ANN & BANN) are superior to tree-based models (RT & BRT) and the bagging ensemble method could optimize the forecast accuracy of the both single ANN and CART models in monthly crude oil price forecasting. Key words: Artificial neural networks, bagging (bootstrap aggregating), classification and regression trees, ensemble models, forecasting.

The aim of this study was to determine the fertility status of Hakkari-Cukurca soils by means of soil analysis. In this survey study, 25 soil samples representing the region were taken. On the soils, pH, EC, CaCO3, texture and organic matter and available nutrient analyses were done. According to results, it was seen that 32 % of the soil is clayey, 48 % of the soil is clayey-loamy, 12 % of the soil is loamy and 8 % of the soil is sandy-clayey-loamy. All of the soils are slightly alkaline and 56 % of the soil have moderate, 36 of soil have high and 8 %of the soil have moderate to high lime content. While there is no salt at 36 percent of the soil, 64 % of the soil contains little salt. Eight percent of the soil contains very little organic matter, 40 % of the soil contains little, 44% of the soil contains moderate and 8% of the soil contains sufficient organic matter. 28% of the soil is sufficient, 64% of the soil is high and 8% of the soil is very high in terms of nitrogen. If an evaluation was made in terms of available nutrient concentrations, it was seen that 16% of the soil had lower, 56% of the soil had sufficient and 28% of the soil had high P. 52% of the soil contained sufficient, 4% of the soil contained lower amount, 36% of the soil contained high and 8% of the soil contained very high amount K. For available Ca, 48% of the samples is low, 52% of is enough. While 4% of the soils contained very little Mg, 96% of the soil contained little amount of Mg. According to micronutrient results, it was seen that 84% of the soil is poor for Fe, 52% of the soils is poor for Mn, 44% of the soil is poor for Zn and 4% of the soil is poor in terms of Cu., Araştırmada, Hakkâri-Çukurca yöresi tarım topraklarının verimlilik durumlarının toprak analizleriyle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla yöreyi temsilen alınan 25 toprak örneğinde pH, EC, CaCO3, bünye, organik madde ve bitkiye yarayışlı besin elementi analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, araştırma alanı topraklarının %32’sinin killi, %48’inin killi tınlı, %12’si tınlı %8’i kumlu-killi- tınlı bünyeye sahip olduğu, toprakların tamamının hafif alkali reaksiyonlu,%56’sının orta kireçli, %36’sının fazla kireçli, %8’inin çok fazla kireçli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Toprakların %36’sı tuzsuz, %64’ü az tuzludur. Toprak organik maddesi bakımından %8’i çok az, %40’ı az, %44’ü orta, %8’i iyi sınıfındadır. Toprakların %16’sının P yönünden az, %56’sının yeterli ve %28’inin fazla düzeyde olduğu; %52’sinin K içeriklerinin yeterli, %4’ünün az, %36’sının fazla, %8’inin çok fazla düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örneklerin %48’inde alınabilir Ca az olup %52’sinde yeterli, %4’ünde Mg içeriği çok az, %96’sında ise az düzeyde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mikro element konsantrasyonları açısından bir değerlendirme yapıldığında toprakların %84’ünün Fe, % 52’ sinin Mn, %44’ ünün Zn % 4’ünün de Cu bakımından fakir olduğu belirlenmiştir.

In this work, we are concerned with difference operator of second order with impulsive condition. By the help of a transfer matrix M, we present scattering function of corresponding operator and examine the spectral properties of this impulsive problem.

This research was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield, yield components and nutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula×intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super A). Experiment was designed as randomized block design with three replications. Nitrogen fertilization increased yields and some quality parameters such as plant height, branch height, length of flower, essential oil content and affected essential oil components (such as: linalool, linalyl acetate and camphor). Nitrogen fertilization also led to increase nutrient concentrations, generally. Results obtained from two years of the study showed that the most effective level of N on lavandin yielding and plant nutrient concentrations appeared to be 100 kg n ha-1.

Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) is cultivated in an area of about 320 ha in Isparta province of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilization at the levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1 on the yield characteristics, essential oil content and composition, and nutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) in 2010 and 2011 growing season. With an increase in the levels of phosphorus, the P, N, K, Ca and Fe concentrations increased in the leaves, while the Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations (p, Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) is cultivated in an area of about 320 ha inIsparta province of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilization atthe levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1 on the yield characteristics, essential oil content and composition, andnutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) in 2010 and 2011growing season. With an increase in the levels of phosphorus, the P, N, K, Ca and Fe concentrations increasedin the leaves, while the Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations (p

This study investigated the effect of high humic substance (HS) levels (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HS kg−1) on growth and nutrient concentrations of corn grown on calcareous soils. For these, soil samples were collected from the six different provinces of Turkey. According to the average values, HS levels had no significant effect alone on dry weight, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Soil differences significantly affected dry weight, N, Mg, and Cu concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Looking at HSxsoil interactions on K, Ca, Fe, and Mn concentrations, it could be seen that there was no effect or that the effect was negative. Only plant Fe concentrations obtained from Konya and Urfa provinces were positively affected from HSxsoil interaction. It was concluded that high level of HS had no or negative effect on corn growth and some nutrient concentration under calcareous conditions.

Bu çalışmada, perlit ortamında yetiştirilen domates bitkisine farklı düzeylerde demir (Fe) içeren besin çözeltisi uygulayarak, bitki gelişimi, bitkinin toplam ve aktif demir içerikleri, klorofil konsantrasyonu ve SPAD değerlerindeki değişimleri görmek ve aralarındaki ilişkileri incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 0 µmol/l (Fe0), 7.5 µmol/l (Fe1), 15 µmol/l (Fe2), 30 µmol/l (Fe3) and 60 µmol/l (Fe4) içeren demir içeren besin çözeltileri hazırlanmış ve bitkiler iki ay süreyle bu çözeltilerle beslenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, incelenen parametrelerin Fe uygulamasından olumlu etkilendiği ve bazı parametreler arasında farklı önemlilik derecelerine sahip ilişkilerin olduğu belirlenmiştir., This study was conducted to examine the relations among some iron related parameters such as plant growth, total and active iron, chlorophyll content and SPAD index in tomato leaf. For this, tomato seedlings were planted in perlite and watered with the nutrient solution containing 7.5 µmol/l (Fe1), 15 µmol/l (Fe2), 30 µmol/l (Fe3) and 60 µmol/l (Fe4) iron in growth chamber for two mounts. According to results, all parameters, except Chlorophyll a, were significantly affected by increasing levels of iron and examined parameters increased with iron levels. Also positive significant interactions were seen among the some parameters.

Ensemble learning methods have received remarkable attention in the recent years and led to considerable advancement in the performance of the regression and classification problems. Bagging and boosting are among the most popular ensemble learning techniques proposed to reduce the prediction error of learning machines. In this study, bagging and gradient boosting algorithms are incorporated into the model creation process for daily streamflow prediction. This paper compares two tree-based ensembles (bagged regression trees BRT & gradient boosted regression trees GBRT) and two artificial neural networks ensembles (bagged artificial neural networks BANN & gradient boosted artificial neural networks GBANN). Proposed ensembles are benchmarked to a conventional ANN (multilayer perceptron MLP). Coefficient of determination, mean absolute error and the root mean squared error measures are used for prediction performance evaluation. The results obtained in this study indicate that ensemble learning models yield better prediction accuracy than a conventional ANN model. Moreover, ANN ensembles are superior to tree-based ensembles.

Bu çalışmada yapraktan borgübrelemesinin elma eşitlerinin bor beslenmesiyle verim ve bazı kaliteölçütlerine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Denemede Mondial Gala, Red Chief,Scarlet Spur, Breaburn ve Fuji olmak üzere beş elma çeşidikullanılmış olup, 0 ve 100 mg Bl-1 litre olacak şekilde hazırlanançözeltiden, çiçeklenme öncesi 1 5 gün arayla iki defa yapraktan gübrelemeyapılmıştır. Deneme sonunda Braeburn çeşidi hariç diğer çeşitlerin tamamındayaprak B konsantrasyonun arttığı görülmüştür. Yapraktan B gübrelemesiyle bütünçeşitlerin meyve toplam verimi artmış ve elde edilen artışlar Mondial Gala veBreaburn çeşitleri hariç diğerlerinde istatistiksel anlamda önemli olmuştur.Yapraktan bor uygulaması incelenen meyve kalite ölçütlerine genellikle etkiyapmamıştır. Çeşitlerin bor uygulamalarından farklı derecelerde etkilendiğigörülmüştür

This study was conducted to determine the boron (B) status of apple orchards and examine the relations among B nutrition and some soil properties in Isparta province. For this purpose 250 gardens from the seven districts of the region were determined and soil and leaf samples were collected. In order to determine soil and leaf B status and relations among these some soil properties were determined. Similarly, other leaf nutrient concentrations were analyzed. According to the soil analysis it was seen that most of the soils are B-sufficient. If soil B concentrations were evaluated depending on the district, the lowest soil B (0.26 mg kg-1) was measured from the gardens of Senirkent, the highest B concentration (3.44 mg kg-1) was determined in Atabey. Looking at the individual districts, all apple orchards in Gönen and Keçiborlu have sufficient (0.5-2 mg kg-1) soil B. Also in Yalvaç, Atabey, Gelendost and Eğirdir 71%, 95%, 96% and 97% of the soils had higher B concentration than B deficiency level (0.5 mg kg-1). The most soil B deficiency problem was observed in Senirkent and Yalvaç. Average soil B levels for Atabey, Eğirdir, Gelendost, Gönen, Keçiborlu, Senirkent and Yalvaç orchards were calculated as 1.32, 0.96, 0.87, 0.67, 0.91, 0.49 and 0.62, mg kg-1 respectively and general average were determined as 0.84 mg kg-1. Depending on leaf analyze results, it was seen that 94.8% of the trees had sufficient B and only 5.2 percent of trees had B deficiency. According to the results, there is not B deficiency in 85 % of the soils. And this reflects the leaf analysis as well. Although this result, there was not seen any correlation between soil and leaf B concentrations. But, there were negative correlations among available soil B and soil pH and Ca. Positive correlations were determined among soil B concentrations and other micro nutrients. While a negative correlation between leaf B concentration and leaf P was found, there was a positive correlation between B and Mn.

Nufus mubadelesi anlasmasi Turkiye ile Yunanistan arasinda 1923- 38 arasi donemde kabul edilmistir. Bunun yanisira Turk hukumeti yerlesik olmayan gocebe kabilelerin iskâni problemini cozmekle ugrasmistir. Osmanli devleti de asiretleri iskân etmek istemis ve 1917 yilinda bir komisyon kurmustur. Komisyon ulkenin savas ortamindan dolayi basarili olamamistir. Ic iskân faaliyetleri duzenli olarak 1926 tarihinden itibaren uygulanmaya baslanmis ve 1930’lu yillarda da devam etmistir. Ozellikle Ic Anadolu, Akdeniz ve Ege’de bu faaliyetler surmustur. Gocebe vaziyette yasayan asiretler, gecimlerini bulunduklari yerlerde temin edemeyenler, guvenlik ve ekonomi sebebiyle yapilan iskânlar bu donemde ic iskânin unsurlarini olusturmustur. Bu makalede, Ataturk donemi gocebe asiretlerin iskân politikasi incelenmistir.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of soil, leaf and soil+leaf applications of humic substance on fruit yield, some quality parameters and mineral nutrition of Granny Smith and Jersey Mac apple varieties grafted on MM106 rootstock. The study was carried out for two consecutive years. According to the results obtained from both years, humic substance applications had no significant effect on fruit yield and quality parameters generally, but relative increases were recorded in yields. Leaf N, K, Ca, Fe and Zn concentrations were significantly affected from the applications. At the first year, humic substance application significantly affected only N and K concentrations of Jersey Mac variety, but in the second year, humic substance applications led to increase in leaf N, K, Ca, Fe and Zn concentrations in Granny Smith and N concentration in Jersey Mac apple variety. Accordingto the results obtained, it can be said that the effects of humic substances were higher than the first year’s effects mostly.&nbsp

Araştırmada, 1 ay süre ile 10 ayrı haneden mutfak atıkları toplanmış, toplanan evsel atıklardan elde edilen kompostun sera koşullarında mısır ve biber bitkilerinin gelişimi ve besin elementi içeriğine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Deneme 2 kg toprak alan saksılarda yürütülmüş olup, kompostun 6 (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 ve 4.00 ton/da) dozu uygulanmıştır. Araştırma, 4 paralelli olarak, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre planlanmış ve 2 ay süreyle yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonunda hasat edilen bitkilerde kuru ağırlık değerleriyle N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn ve Mn konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Uygulanan kompost miktarı arttıkça bitki kuru ağırlığı artmış, biber bitkisinin N konsantrasyonunda 2-2.4 kat arasında artışlar görülmüştür. Mısır bitkisi N konsantrasyonları da kompost dozlarından olumlu etkilenmiş fakat burada dozlar arası fark önemli olmamıştır. Bitkilerde P, K ve Ca konsantrasyonları kompost miktarı arttıkça olumlu yönde etkilenmiş, biberde Fe, Zn ve Mn konsantrasyonları, mısırda ise Mn konsantrasyonu etkisi istatistiksel anlamda önemli bulunmuştur.

The strong relationship between bank failure and economic growth attaches far more importance to the predictability of bank failures. Consequently, numerous statistical prediction models exist in the literature focusing on this particular subject. Besides, artificial intelligence techniques began to attain an increasing level of importance in the literature due to their predictive success. This study distinguishes itself from the similar ones in the sense that it presents a comparison of three different artificial intelligence methods, namely support vector machines (SVMs), radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) and multilayer perceptrons (MLPs); in addition to subjecting the explanatory variables to principal component analysis (PCA). The extent of this study encompasses 37 privately owned commercial banks (17 failed, 20 non-failed) that were operating in Turkey for the period of 1997---2001. The main conclusions drawn from the study can be summarized as follows: (i) PCA does not appear to be an effective method with respect to the improvement of predictive power; (ii) SVMs and RBF demonstrated similar levels of predictive power; albeit SVMs was found to be the best model in terms of total predictive power; (iii) MLPs method stood out among the SVMs and RBF methods in a negative sense and exhibits the lowest predictive power.

Bu çalışmada büyük bir ceviz populasyonuna sahip Van ile Bahçesaray İlçesi'nde yapılan seleksiyon çalışması ile ümit var olarak seçilen 20 ceviz tipi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Makalede, bu ceviz tiplerinin kimyasal bileşimleri sunulmuştur. Yağ oranı %62.08 ile 70.16 ve protein miktarı %12.87 ile 18.97 arasında değişmiştir. Nem ve kül miktarları ise sırası ile %2.13-3.59 ve %0.84-2.12 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bunlara ilaveten önemli bazı makro ve mikro elementleri miktarları ise: potasyum (K) 2960-6320 mg/kg; kalsiyum (Ca) 640-1189 mg/kg; magnezyum (Mg) 1020-1680 mg/kg; fosfor (P) 2660-5390 mg/kg; bakır (Cu) 10.00 - 27.20 mg/kg; manganez (Mn) 18.80-50-60 mg/kg; demir (Fe) 28.0 -139.8 mg/kg ve çinko (Zn) 19.60 - 43.60 mg/kg olarak belirlenmiştir.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different sulphur (S) and iron (Fe) sources on Fe nutrition of strawberry plants (Fragaria vesca L.). Therefore, elemental S and S containing waste from a S factory, corresponding to 500 and 1000 kg ha−1 of S, and 20 kg ha−1 of Fe, from Fe-SO4 and Sequestrene Fe-138 (Fe-chelate) were applied to the soil. Applications of elemental S and S containing waste resulted in a decrease of soil pH. While soil pH was 8.3 without S application, applied S corresponding to 500 and 1000 kg ha−1 from both sources, decreased pH to 7.9 and 7.7 for elemental S and 7.9 and 7.8 for waste application, respectively. The leaf Fe concentration, chlorophyll content, green colour intensity and fruit yield increased with single and/or combined applications of S and Fe. Both S sources showed similar effects regarding parameters mentioned above. The results showed that S containing waste could be used as an alternative to elemental S for improvement of Fe nutrition in c...

Milli Mücadele döneminde Yunanistan kamuoyu oluşturmak için her türlü propagandayı uygulamış, Anadolu'daki Hıristiyanları da Patrikhane vasıtasıyla Milli Mücadele aleyhinde faaliyete çağırmıştır. Bu dönemde Ortodoks Türklerin sesi olan Papaz Eftim bu faaliyetlerin karşısında olmuş, Yunanlıların iddialarını verdiği beyanatlarla bozmuştur. Bu makalede zararlı faaliyetler karşısında Ortodoks Türklerin Milli Mücadeleye olan tutumları incelenmiştir.

Bu çalışma, Farklı özellikler taşıyan topraklara farklı dozlarda uygulanan Zn'nin mısır bitkisinin gelişimi ile bitkinin kimi besin elementleri içeriklerine etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır Bu amaçla toprağa 0, 5, 10 ve 20 ppm olacak şekilde Zn (Zn-EDTA) uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, genelde bütün topraklarda artan Zn dozlarına bağlı olarak bitki kuru madde miktarı ile bitkinin Zn içeriği artmış buna karşılık diğer besin elementi içerikleri azalmıştır

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of different seed weights on plant growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient uptake of wheat and been plants. Also relations among seed weights and examined parameters were examined. For this purposes, 3 groups of wheat grains having 3.35, 4.05 and 4.98 g 100 seeds-1 and 4 groups of been grains having 30.02, 45.18, 54.01 and 58.6 g 100 seeds-1 were selected. Experiment was set up under greenhouse condition and left for growing during 2 months. After the experimental period, plants were harvested and analyzed for mineral analysis. According to the results it was seen that dry weights of both plants increased with the seed weights. For wheat plants, increasing of seed weights led to increase of plant Fe, Zn and Mn concentrations. Also K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn uptake of plant from the soil increased with increase of 100 seed weights. Similarly, N, Ca, Mg and concentrations of bean and nutrient uptake (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) from the pot increased with the seeds weights. For both plants, while there were not any correlations among seeds weights and seed nutrient concentrations generally, there were some significant correlations among the seeds weights and dry weights, leaf nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptake.

This study carried out to investigate the effect of foliar ZnSO.7H O application on leaf and fruit Zn and some other nutrient concentrations and fruit damage in Granny Smith variety grafted on M9 rootstock. In the study, ZnSO.7H O fertilizer was applied in three different doses (0.05 %, 0.1 % and 0.2 %) in three different periods (one, two and three times after full bloom with 15 days intervals. Plant nutrient concentrations of leaves, fruits and fruit skin samples were analysed and detection of the severity of damage to fruit samples were identified (0-5 scale). According to results, leaves and fruits Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu ve P concentrations were adversely affected at different significance levels from zinc doses, number of foliar application and their interactions. As a result of the study, foliar ZnSO.7H O applications caused fruit damage loading to unfavourable fruit appearance in all application dose and in all application times., Bu çalışma, yapraktan uygulanan ZnSO.7H O’ın M9 anaçı üzerine aşılı Granny Smith elma çeşidinin yaprak ve meyvelerin Zn ve diğer besin elementi içerikleriyle meyve gelişimine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, ZnSO.7H O gübresinin üç farklı doz (% 0.05, % 0.1 ve % 0.2 Zn) ve üç farklı zamanda (tam çiçeklenmeden sonra 15 gün aralıklarla bir, iki ve üç kez) uygulanmıştır. Granny Smith elma çeşidinden alınan yaprak, meyve eti ve meyve kabuğu örneklerinde besin elementi analizleri ve meyvede hasar şiddeti tespiti yapılmıştır (0-5 skalası). Analiz sonuçlarına göre yaprak ve meyvelerin Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu ve P içeriklerinin, çinko dozu, yapraktan gübreleme sayısı ve çinko dozu x yapraktan gübreleme sayısı interaksiyonlarından farklı önemlilik derecelerinde etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Deneme sonucunda, Granny Smith elma çeşidinde yapraktan çinko sülfat gübrelemesinin farklı doz ve uygulama zamanlarında dahi meyve kabuğunda zarara yol açtığı ve meyve görünümünü olumsuz etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.

Three levels of zinc fertilization (0, 5, 10 mg/kg) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices were tested for their potential to control Pythium deliense on inoculated cucumber seedlings. Plant Zn, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu contents, dry and fresh weights of plant and roots and disease severity were determined in the study. Resistance to Pythium rot was determined with the application of mycorrhiza with increasing doses of zinc. Zinc and mycorrhizal fungus applications had significant effects on plant nutrition except for K and Cu. While the highest N and P concentrations were noted under Zn 0 conditions, the values obtained under Zn 1 and Zn 2 conditions showed differences depending on G. intraradices and P. deliense treatments. Leaf Ca concentration reached up to highest level with Zn 2 GI 0 Pd 1 treatment and the lowest Ca content was recorded under GI 0 Pd 0 for all Zn applications. Lower level of zinc together with GIPd 0 applications resulted in the highest leaf Mg concentration. The highest micronutrient concentrations were analysed on cucumber plants grown under Zn deficient conditions without GI but with P. deliense. Plant dry weight, root fresh and root dry weights were higher in cucumber plants challenged with AM fungus and P. deliense under zinc applied conditions. It was observed that certain rates of zinc and mycorrhiza based-treatments had positive effects on disease factors by suppressing Pythium rot and can be used for biological control.

The aim of this study was to examine leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations of some strawberry varieties. For this aim, samples were collected from Selva, Osmanlı, Yalova-15, Cavendish, Camarosa, Arnavutkoy, Rapella, Seascape and their crosses. Results showed that nutrient concentrations of leaf and fruit significantly changed with varieties and lines., Bu araştırmada; bazı çilek çeşitlerinin besin elementi içeriklerini yaprak ve meyve analizleriyle incelemek hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla, Selva, Osmanlı, Yalova-15, Cavendish, Camarosa ve Arnavutköy, Rapella, Seascape çeşitleriyle, bunların melezlerinden örnekler alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, çilek bitkisinin yaprak ve meyve besin elementi içeriklerinin çeşitlere ve hatlara bağlı olarak önemli düzeyde değiştiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Three levels of zinc fertilization (0, 5, 10 mg/kg) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices were tested for their potential to control Pythium deliense on inoculated cucumber seedlings. Plant Zn, N, P. K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu contents, dry and fresh weights of plant and roots and disease severity were determined in the study. Resistance to Pythium rot was determined with the application of mycorrhiza with increasing doses of zinc. Zinc and mycorrhizal fungus applications had significant effects on plant nutrition except for K and Cu. While the highest N and P concentrations were noted under Zno conditions, the values obtained under Zn-1 and Zn-2 conditions showed differences depending on G. tntraradices and P. deliense treatments. Leaf Ca concentration reached up to highest level with Zn(2)GI(0)Pd(1) treatment and the lowest Ca content was recorded under GI(0)Pd(0) for all Zn applications. Lower level of zinc together with GIPd(0) applications resulted in the highest leaf Mg concentration. The highest micronutrient concentrations were analysed on cucumber plants grown under Zn deficient conditions without GI but with P. deliense. Plant dry weight, root fresh and root dry weights were higher in cucumber plants challenged with AM fungus and P. deliense under zinc applied conditions. It was observed that certain rates of zinc and mycorrhiza based-treatments had positive effects on disease factors by suppressing Pythium rot and can be used for biological control.

Capacity utilization rate is one of the most important indicators of the efficiency of the manufacturing industry, andtherefore of the return of the investments made. Estimation of these rates accurately renders it possible to make importanteconomic decisions such as taking sectorial investment decisions, defining the optimal distribution of sectorial credits,determining non-competitive sectors, making development plans and developing unemployment policies. In this study, weestimated the capacity utilization rates of 21 sub-sectors of the Turkish manufacturing industry using support vectormachines and compared the results with the results obtained from the methods of artificial neural networks and vectorauto-regression. This study is the first in the literature in that it was carried out using this method.

In this study, it was aimed to research the possibilities of direct and acidulated usage of phosphate containing material which was obtained from Etibank Phosphate Enrichment Systems. In the greenhouse experiment, acid and neutr-characterized soils were used. Both oat (Avena Sativa) as a preliminary plant with the period of 5.5 months and rape (Brassica napus) as a second plant with the period of 2 months were grown in 6 kg soil containing pots. 1 g P2 O5 was given to pots in the forms of TSP, fine residue, coarse residue, acidulated fine residue and acidulated coarse residue. Additionally, 1.2 g N (NH4 NO3), 1.5 g K2 O (K2 SO4) were applied to the pots. The effects of rock phosphate on dry weight, phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake of plants were determined. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that the effects of rock phosphate on dry weight, phosphorus contents and amount of phosphorus uptake of both plants were found differently. Depending on soils and residues as a phosphate source the effect of acidulated coarse residue on soils was similar to that of TSP when compared with the effect of TSP on soils, that of direct application of coarse residue was lower and that of the acidulated and direct application of fine residue was the lowest., Bu çalışmada Etibank Fosfor Zenginleştirme Tesislerinden çıkarılan fosforlu materyalin doğrudan ve yarı yakılarak fosfor kaynağı olarak kullanabilme olanaklarını araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Asit ve nötr reaksiyonlu iki toprakta yürütülen sera denemesinde 6 kg toprak alan saksılarda ön bitki olarak 5.5 aylık süre ile yulaf (Avena Sativa), ikinci bitki olarakta 2 ay süre ile kolza (Brassica napus) yetiştirilmiştir. Saksılara 1.2 g N (NH4 NO3), 1.5 g K2 O (K2 SO4), 1g P2 O5 sırasıyla, TSP, ince atık (İ.A), Kaba atık (K.A), yarıyanmış ince atık (Y.Y.İ.A) ve yarıyanmış kaba atık (Y.Y.K.A) olarak uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada hamfosfat atıklarının bitkilerin kurumadde, fosfor içeriği ve sömürdüğü fosfor miktarları üzerine etkileri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada, hamfosfatların ön bitki ve ikinci bitkinin kuru madde ile fosfor kapsamları üzerine etkileri topraklar ve atıklar arasında önemli ayrımlı bulunmuştur. Yarıyanmış kaba atık fosfor kaynağı olarak topraklarda TSP ye yakın etki gösterirken bunu kaba atığın doğrudan uygulaması izlemiş, ince atığın ise gerek doğrudan gerekse yarıyanmış uygulaması en düşük etkiyi göstermiştir.