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Introduction: This study assessed the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Scale-Child Form for use among the Turkish population. Methods: The study group consisted of 30 patients that had been treated in a child psychiatry unit and diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder and 83 healthy volunteers that were attending middle or high school during the study period. For reliability analyses, the internal consistency coefficient and the test-retest correlation coefficient were measured. For validity analyses, the exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis with the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index for concurrent validity were measured. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha (the internal consistency coefficient) of the scale was 0.909, and the test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.663. One factor that could explain 58.5% of the variance was obtained and was congruent with the original construct of the scale. As for concurrent validity, the scale showed high correlation with the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index. Conclusion: It was concluded that the Turkish version of the DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Scale- Child Form can be used as a valid and reliable tool. © 2017 by Turkish Association of Neuropsychiatry.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirtileri Şiddet Ölçeği Çocuk Formu'nun Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin çalışılması amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirtileri Şiddet Ölçeği - Çocuk Formu Yaş 11-17'nin çevirisi ve geri çevirisi yapılıp ölçek hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma grupları çocuk psikiyatri kliniğinde tedavi gören ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu tanısı alan 30 hasta ile ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinden oluşan 40 sağlıklı gönüllüden oluşmaktadır. Değerlendirmede DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirtileri Şiddet Ölçeği Çocuk Formu Yaş 11-17'nin yanı sıra Çocuk ve Gençler için Travma Sonrası Stres Tepki Ölçeği kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Güvenilirlik analizlerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı 0.918 ve madde - toplam puan bağıntı katsayıları 0.595 ile 0.837 arasında saptanmıştır. Test - yeniden test bağıntı katsayısı r=0.651 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapı geçerliliğinde varyansın %67.7'sini açıklayan bir faktör elde edilmiştir ve ölçeğin orijinal yapısı ile uyumludur. Birlikte geçerlilikte Çocuk ve Gençler için Travma Sonrası Stres Tepki Ölçeği ile yüksek düzeyde bağıntı göstermiştir.Sonuç: DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirtileri Şiddet Ölçeği - Çocuk Formu Yaş 11-17'nin Türkçe sürümünün hem klinik uygulamada hem araştırmalarda güvenilir ve geçerli biçimde kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DSM-5 “Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms—Child Age 11–17” Form.Method: The scale was prepared by carrying out the translation and back- translation of DSM-5 “Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms—Child Age 11–17” Form. Study group consisted of 30 patients that have been treated in a child psychiatry clinic and diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder and 40 healthy volunteers that attended middle or high school at the study period. For the assessment, Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index was also used along with DSM-5 “Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms—Child Age 11–17” Form Results: Regarding reliability analyses, Cronbach alpha coefficient for internal consistency was calculated as 0.918 while item- total score correlation coefficients ranged 0.595-0.837. Test-retest correlation coefficient was calculated as r=0.651. Concerning construct validity, one factor that could explain 67.7% of the variance was obtained. With respect to concurrent validity, the scale showed a high correlation with Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index.Conclusion: It was concluded that Turkish version of DSM-5 “Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms—Child Age 11–17” Form could be used as a valid and reliable tool both in clinical practice and for research purposes

Researchers acknowledge individual differences about morality through concepts of temperament, character, personality, or values. The Nine Types of Temperament Model (NTTM), which explores human behaviors through individual differences, claims to explain the psychological organization of individuals through temperament, character, and personality concepts. This study investigates the relationship between morality, values, vices and individual differences in the context of temperament and proposes a method that discusses whether a temperament-based approach offers a new conceptualization, perspective, and approach to morality, as presented by NTTM. Firstly, this study examines the relationship between concepts of temperament, character, personality, values and morality. Subsequently, it suggests that temperament constitutes the primary root of virtues and vices and that temperament types offer society bipolar morality traits (positive and negative). Moreover, it suggests that traits that are accepted as virtues or vices could be embraced at two levels, a conceptual and individual one. The conceptual approach that this study proposes can be the main useful resource that explains the conditions of the approach, development, and methodology for being a moral person at an individual level.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada DSM-5 Düzey 2 Yineleyici Düşünceler ve Davranışlar Ölçeği 11-17 Yaş Çocuk Formunun Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin çalışılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: DSM-5 Düzey 2 Yineleyici Düşünceler ve Davranışlar Ölçeği Çocuk Formunun çevirisi ve geri çevirisi yapılıp ölçek hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma grupları çocuk psikiyatri kliniğinde tedavi gören ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanısı konan 37 hasta ile ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinden oluşan 32 sağlıklı gönüllüden oluşmuştur. Güvenilirlik analizlerinde içsel tutarlılık katsayısı ve madde-toplam puan korelasyon analizi, geçerlilik analizlerinde ise açıklayıcı faktör analizi yapılmış ve ölçeğin toplum ve klinik örneklemlerini birbirinden ayırabilme özelliği ROC eğrisi ile gösterilmiştir. Bulgular: Güvenilirlik analizlerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı 0.910, madde-toplam puan bağıntı katsayıları 0.674-0.878 arasında saptanmıştır. Test-yeniden test bağıntı katsayısı r=0.928 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapı geçerliliğinde varyansın %73.5'ini açıklayan bir faktör elde edilmiştir. ROC çözümlemesinde ROC eğrisinin altında kalan alan 0.956 olarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç: DSM-5 Düzey 2 Yineleyici Düşünceler ve Davranışlar Ölçeği Çocuk Formunun Türk toplumunda hem klinik uygulamalar, hem dearaştırmalarda güvenilir ve geçerli biçimde kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DSM-5 Level 2 Repetitive Thoughts and Behaviors Scale-Child Form. Methods: The scale was prepared by carrying out the translation and back translation of DSM-5 Level 2 Repetitive Thoughts and Behaviors Scale -Child Form. Study group consisted of 37 patients that have been treated in a child psychiatry unit and diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 32 healthy volunteers that were attending middle or high school during the study period. For reliability analyses, internal consistency coefficient and item-total score correlation analysis and for validity analyses, explanatory factor analysis was made and the discriminative quality of the scale regarding community and clinical samples were shown with ROC Curve. Results: Regarding reliability analyses, Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.910 while item-total score correlation coefficients were measured between 0.674 and 0.878. Testretest correlation coefficient was calculated as r=0.928. As for construct validity, a factor that could explain 73.5% of the variance was obtained. In ROC analysis, area under ROC curve was calculated as 0.956. Conclusion: It was concluded that Turkish version of DSM-5 Level 2 Repetitive Thoughts and Behaviors Scale -Child Form could 108 DSM-5 Düzey 2 Yineleyici Düşünceler ve Davranışlar Ölçeği Çocuk Formunun Türkçe ...

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.) (DSM-5) Social Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale - Child Form. Method: The scale was prepared by carrying out the translation and back translation of the DSM-5 Social Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale - Child Form. The study group consisted of 31 patients that had been treated in a child psychiatry unit and diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and 99 healthy volunteers that were attending middle or high school during the study period. For the assessment, the Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) was also used along with the DSM-5 Social Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale - Child Form Results: Regarding reliability analyses, Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.941, while item-total score correlation coefficients were measured between 0.566 and 0.866. A test-retest correlation coefficient was calculated as r=0.711. As for construct validity, one factor that could explain 66.0 % of the variance was obtained. As for concurrent validity, the scale showed a high correlation with the SCARED. Conclusion: It was concluded that the Turkish version of the DSM-5 Social Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale - Child Form could be utilized as a valid and reliable tool both in clinical practice and for research purposes. © 2017 by Turkish Association of Neuropsychiatry.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada amaç Hipomani Soru Listesi-32-Yenilenmiş Sürü- mün Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirlik ve geçerliliğini ortaya koymaktır. Yöntem: Araştırma üç üniversite hastanesi psikiyatri anabilim dalına ve bir eğitim hastanesi duygudurum bozuklukları birimine ayaktan ve veya yatarak başvuran ve bipolar I bozukluk tanısı konan 80, bipolar II bozukluk tanısı konan 26, majör depresif bozukluk tanısı konan 42 hasta ile üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşan 116 sağlıklı gönüllülerini içeren gruplarla yürütülmüştür. Hastalık süresi ise bipolar bozukluk grupları için ortalama 15,1 yıl ve major depresif bozukluk grubu için 9,3 yıldır. Birlikte geçerlilik amacıyla Duygudurum Bozuklukları Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. İstatistiksel değerlendirmede iç tutarlılık katsayısı, madde-toplam puan bağıntı katsayıları, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, diğer ölçeklerle bağıntı ve ROC eğrisi hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Hipomani Soru Listesi-32-Yenilenmiş Sürümün önce Türk- çeye sonra İngilizceye çevirisi yapılmış ve çeviriler sonunda dil birliğiyle ölçek metni elde edilmiştir. İç tutarlılık analizinde Cronbach alfa katsayısı 0,914 ve madde-toplam puan bağıntı katsayıları 0,235-0,743 arasında elde edilmiştir. Yalnızca 23. maddenin katsayısı 0,110 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde 6 faktör elde edilmiş, iki faktörlü çözüme zorlanmıştır. Varyansın %44,5'ini açıklayan toplam 2 faktör elde edilmiştir ve birinci faktör aşırı etkinlik veya taşkın olmayı, ikinci faktör ise dürtüselliği ve riskli davranışları temsil etmektedir. Hipomani Soru Listesi-32-Yenilenmiş Sürümün Duygudurum Bozuklukları Ölçeği ile bağıntısı r=0,379 olarak hesaplanmıştır. ROC analizinde ölçeğin kesme puanı özgüllük değeri 69,8 ve duyarlılık değeri 71,0 ile 14 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçeğin bipolar bozukluk gruplarını diğer gruplardan iyi ayırt ettiği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Hipomani belirtilerini taramaya yarayan Hipomani Soru Listesi-32-Yenilenmiş Sürümün Türkçe formunun, 23. madde ölçekten çıkarıldıktan sonra güvenilir ve geçerli olduğu gösterilmiştir., Objective: In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Hypomania Checklist-32-Revised. Method: The study was carried out with 80 patients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, 26 patients diagnosed with bipolar II disorder and 42 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder attending the out- and in-patient psychiatry departments of three university hospitals and one training hospital, and 116 healthy volunteers consisting of university students. Mean duration of illness was 15,1 years for the bipolar disorder group, and 9,3 years for the major depressive disorder group. For concurrent validity, Mood Disorder Questionnaire was used. In the statistical analysis, internal consistency coefficient, item-total score correlation coefficients, exploratory factor analysis, correlation with concurrent scale and ROC curve were calculated. Results: Translation into Turkish and back-translation into English of Hypomania Checklist-32-Revised were performed and thus the semantic harmony of the scale was obtained. In the internal consistency, Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0,914 and item-total score correlations were between 0,235-0.743. Solely the coefficient of item #23 was found as 0,110. In factor analysis, six factors were obtained but a two-factor solution representing 44,5% of the total variance was accepted and first factor represents overactivity and being expansive, second factor represents impulsivity and risky behaviors. Correlation of Hypomania Checklist-32-R with Mood Disorder Questionnaire was r=0,379. In the ROC analysis, the cut off point of the scale was calculated as 14 with a sensitivity of 71,0 and specificity of 69,8. The scale discriminates well between the bipolar group, and depressive and control groups. Conclusion: Hypomania Checklist-32-Revised developed for screening hypomania is reported to be reliable and valid in Turkish after cutting out item #23.

Giriş: Bu çalışmada DSM-5 Depresyon Şiddet Ölçeği Çocuk Formunun Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin çalışılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: DSM-5 Depresyon Şiddet Ölçeği Çocuk Formunun çevirisi ve geri çevirisi yapılıp ölçek hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma grupları çocuk psikiyatri kliniğinde tedavi gören ve depresif bozuk-luk tanısı konan 46 hasta ile ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinden oluşan 135 sağlıklı gönüllüden oluşmuştur. Değerlendirmede DSM-5 Depresyon Şiddet Ölçeğinin yanı sıra, Çocuklar için Depresyon Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Güvenilirlik analizlerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı 0.91, madde-toplam puan bağıntı katsayıları 0.58-0.80 arasında saptanmıştır. Yapı geçerliliğinde varyansın %59.2'sini açıklayan bir faktör elde edilmiştir ve özgün ölçeğin yapısı ile uyumludur. Birlikte geçerlilikte Çocuklar için Depresyon Ölçeği ile bağıntı katsayısı r=0.847 olup yüksek düzeyde bağıntı göstermiştir. Sonuç: DSM-5 Depresyon Şiddet Ölçeği Çocuk Formu Türkçe sürümünün hem klinik uygulamada, hem de araştırmalarda güvenilir ve geçerli biçimde kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DSM-5 Depression Severity Scale-Child Form. Methods: The scale was prepared by carrying out the translation and back-translation of DSM-5 Depression Severity Scale-Child Form. Study group consisted of 46 patients that have been treated in a child psychiatry unit and diagnosed with depressive disorder and 135 healthy volunteers that were attending middle or high school during the study period. For the assessment, Child Depression Inventory (CDI) was used along with DSM-5 Depression Severity Scale-Child Form. Results: Regarding reliability analyses, Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.911 while item-total score correlation coefficients were measured between 0.579 and 0.801. As for construct validity, a factor that could explain 59.2% of the variance was obtained and was consistent with the original structure of the scale. In the concurrent validity analysis, the scale showed a high correlation with Child Depression Inventory with a correlation coefficient value measured as r=0.847. Conclusion: It was concluded that Turkish version of DSM-5 Depression Severity Scale-Child Form could be

Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DSM-5 "Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms-Child Age 11-17" Form. Method: The scale was prepared by carrying out the translation and back- translation of DSM-5 "Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms-Child Age 11-17" Form. Study group consisted of 30 patients that have been treated in a child psychiatry clinic and diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder and 40 healthy volunteers that attended middle or high school at the study period. For the assessment, Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index was also used along with DSM-5 "Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms-Child Age 11-17" Form Results: Regarding reliability analyses, Cronbach alpha coefficient for internal consistency was calculated as 0.918 while item- total score correlation coefficients ranged 0.595-0.837. Test-retest correlation coefficient was calculated as r=0.651. Concerning construct validity, one factor that could explain 67.7% of the variance was obtained. With respect to concurrent validity, the scale showed a high correlation with Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index. Conclusion: It was concluded that Turkish version of DSM-5 "Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms-Child Age 11-17" Form could be used as a valid and reliable tool both in clinical practice and for research purposes.

Introduction Health anxiety is seen in the clinical presentation of both somatoform disorders, especially hypochondriasis and anxiety disorders. In this study, we aimed to perform the reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the Health Anxiety Inventory which is used in the assessment of health anxiety. Method Translation and back-translation of the Health Anxiety Inventory was done. Study groups consisted of in- or out-patients with somatoform disorder (n=65), panic disorder (n=55), major depressive disorder (n=22), and healthy volunteers (n=114). In the assessment, beside the Health Anxiety Inventory, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Somatosensory Amplification Scale and the Trait Anxiety Inventory were used. Results In reliability analyses, Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was 0.918 and item-total score correlation coefficients were between 0.405 and 0.769. Test-retest correlation coefficient was r=0.572. In construct validity, two factors that representing 54.5 percent of the total variance were obtained and they represented sensitivity to somatic symptoms and anxiety towards organic diseases. In concurrent validity, it had moderate to good correlation with the other study scales. In the comparison of study groups, the groups of somatoform disorder and anxiety disorder had significantly higher level of health anxiety than the groups with major depressive disorder and of healthy controls. Conclusion The Turkish version of the Health Anxiety Inventory can be reliably and validly used both in clinical practice and in research.

Maçkalı, Zeynep (Arel Author) (reprint author), Introduction: The Internal State Scale (ISS) was developed to simultaneously assess manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder. In the present study, the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of ISS (ISS-TR) were examined. The present study aimed to present the psychometric properties of this scale. Methods: The sample consisted of 200 outpatients with bipolar disorder and 49 healthy controls. Participants completed the Turkish Internal State Scale (ISS-TR), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Results: Reliability analyses revealed that the Cronbach alfa coefficient of ISS was 0.88 for the whole sample. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.15 to 0.78. Two factors emerged as a result of factor analysis: “mania” and “depression-well-being.” Test–retest correlations were determined for the mania subscale as r=0.654, p

Aydemir O, Akkaya C. Association of social anxiety with stigmatisation and low self-esteem in remitted bipolar patients.Background: In remitted bipolar disorder, it is aimed to show the association between social anxiety, self-esteem and stigmatisation.Methods: From two university clinics, a sample of 150 remitted bipolar patients was included in this study. Patients were assessed with Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and sense of stigmatisation subscale of Bipolar Disorder Functioning Questionnaire (Stigma) and were rated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale for mood symptoms. Confirmatory path analysis was performed.Results: The mean age of the patients was 39.5, and 52.7% (n = 79) were female. Ninety per cent (n = 135) of the patients had bipolar I disorder. The mean duration of the illness was 13.4 years and the mean number of episodes was 7.8. The model was subjected to confirmatory path analysis and the goodness-of-fit index was calculated to be 0.909, the confirmatory fit index was found to be 0.902 and the root mean square error of approximation was 0.097. Self-esteem was negatively associated with stigmatisation (r = −0.746). Social anxiety was positively associated with self-esteem (r = 0.494). Social anxiety was negatively associated with stigmatisation (r = −0.381).Conclusions: In remitted bipolar patients, social anxiety is very high and this social anxiety seems to be caused by self-stigmatisation and low self-esteem.

Amac: Major depresif bozuklukta tedavi ile belirtilerde duzelme elde edilirken, hastalarin islevselliklerinin ve oznel yasam kalitelerinin de gelistirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu calismada major dep...

Bora, Emre/0000-0002-1598-6832; WOS: 000383340800009 PubMed: 27139077 Bipolar disorder (BP), at the group level, is associated with significant but modest cognitive deficits, including executive dysfunction. Among executive functions, response inhibition deficits have been suggested to be particularly relevant to BR However, BP is associated with significant heterogeneity in neurocognitive performance and level of functioning. Very few studies have investigated neurocognitive subgroups in BP with data-driven methods rather than arbitrarily defined criteria. Other than having relatively small sample sizes, previous studies have not taken into consideration the neurocognitive variability in healthy subjects. Five hundred-fifty-six euthymic patients with BP and 416 healthy controls were assessed using a battery of cognitive tests and clinical measures. Neurocognitive subgroups were investigated using latent class analysis, based on executive functions. Four neurocognitive subgroups, including a good performance cluster, two moderately low-performance groups, which differ in response inhibition and reasoning abilities, and a severe impairment cluster were found. In comparison to healthy controls, BP patients were overrepresented in severe impairment cluster (27% vs 5.3%) and underrepresented in good performance cluster. BP patients with lower educational attainment and older age were significantly more likely to be members of cognitively impaired subgroups. Antipsychotic use was less common in good performance cluster. These results suggest that there is a considerable overlap of cognitive functions between BP and healthy controls. Neurocognitive differences between BP and healthy controls are driven by a subgroup of patients who have severe and global, rather than selective, cognitive deficits. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.

Objective: The National Stressful Events Survey for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-Short Scale (NSESSS-PTSD) allows dimensional self-rating assessment of PTSD according to the DSM-5. The aim of the present study was to evaluate psychometric properties of this scale as Turkish PTSD-Short Scale (PTSD-SS) in a sample of undergraduate students in Turkey. Method: Participants included 415 university students, among which 351 (84.8%) reported trauma and thus were included in the analysis. Participants were evaluated with the PTSD-SS and the PTSD Checklist Civilian (PCL-C) version. Results: Turkish version of the PTSD-SS was found to be psychometrically sound PTSD screening measure with high convergent validity when compared with PCL-C (r=0.79) and having a Cronbach's ? of 0.87. In addition, a single component accounted for 49.94% of total variance for PTSD-SS. The PTSD-SS had sensitivity and specificity scores of 0.91 and 0.77, respectively, when using the optimal cut-off score of 24. Additionally, the PTSD-SS showed good discriminant validity as it significantly differentiated students with high risk of PTSD from those with low risk of PTSD.Conclusion: These findings supported the Turkish PTSD-SS as reliable and valid PTSD screening instrument with a unidimensional scale construct.

In this present work, it is aimed to demonstrate BDNF serum concentrations in patients with dysthymia and to compare them with BDNF serum concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy subjects. The study was carried out in Celal Bayar University Hospital, Manisa, Turkey. Seventeen patients with dysthymia, 24 patients with major depressive disorder and 26 subjects without any psychiatric diagnosis and any psychiatric treatment were included in the study. The severity of depression was assessed with 17-item HAM-D. All subjects were asked to give their written consent. Blood samples were collected at baseline. Serum BDNF was kept at − 70 °C before testing, and assayed with an ELISA Kit (Promega; Madison, WI, USA), after dilution with the Block and Sample solution provided with the kit. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance. The BDNF serum concentrations of the dysthymia group (mean = 28.9 ± 9.2 ng/ml) were significantly higher than that of the major depressive disorder group (21.2 ± 11.3 ng/ml) ( p = 0.002), and it was not different from the level of the control group (31.4 ± 8.8 ng/ml). BDNF serum concentrations and HAM-D score did not have any significant correlation in the dysthymia and major depression groups ( r = − 0.276, p = 0.086). The low level of BDNF in patients with dysthymic disorder seems to point out that BDNF changes in mood disorders are state-dependent and vary according to the severity of depressive episodes.

Although many studies have examined the neurobiological aspects of suicide, the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with suicide remain unclear. In this study, it is aimed to investigate whether there is a difference in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels among suicide attempters without a major psychiatric disorder, compared to major depressive disorder patients and healthy subjects. It was undertaken with the hypothesis that suicide per se lowers serum BDNF levels, since it is a source of stress. The study was carried out in Celal Bayar University Hospital, Manisa, Turkey. Ten suicide attempters, 24 patients with major depressive disorder and 26 subjects without any psychiatric diagnosis and any psychiatric treatment were included in the study. All subjects were asked to give their written consent. Blood samples were collected at the baseline. Serum BDNF was kept at –70°C before testing, and assayed with an ELISA kit (Promega; Madison, Wisc., USA) after dilution with the block and sample solution provided with the kit. The data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric analysis of variance. Mean serum BDNF levels were significantly lower in the suicide group (21.2 ± 12.4 ng/ml) and the major depressive disorder group (21.2 ± 11.3 ng/ml) than the control group (31.4 ± 8.8 ng/ml; p = 0.004). These results suggest that BDNF may play an important role in the neurobiology of suicidal behavior. BDNF levels may be a biological marker for suicidal behavior. To investigate the role of BDNF in suicide, further studies with a wider sample size and a variety of psychiatric diagnoses accompanying suicide attempt are needed.

Hasan Kandemir,1 Ömer Aydemir,2 Suat Ekinci,3 Salih Selek,4 Sultan B Kandemir,5 Hüseyin Bayazit61Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, 2Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, 3Balikli Rum Hospital, Istanbul, 4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA; 5Department of Psychiatry, Balikligol State Hospital, Sanliurfa, 6Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, TurkeyAim: This study aimed to validate the CRAFFT diagnostic test, against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition, Axis 1-based diagnostic inventory in a Turkish population of adolescents.Method: The 124 adolescents who were 15–18years old were enrolled to this study. CRAFFT was self-administered. Interviews took approximately 30minutes, including the DSM-IV diagnostic interview for alcohol/drug dependence.Results: The mean age of subjects was 16.653 years (minimum: 15 years, maximum: 18years). A score of 2 or higher in part B was found to be optimal for detecting youths with substance dependence problems (sensitivity: 0.82; specificity: 0.88) and it was sufficiently discriminative.Conclusion: The CRAFFT is a valid and reliable instrument for identifying Turkish-speaking youths at risk for substance use disorders.Keywords: CRAFFT, substance abuse, validity, Turkish, adolescent

Background There are no self-report scales that assess manic/hypomanic symptoms in patients with depression. The aim of this study was to explore the use of a modified screening instrument for bipolar disorder to assess current manic/hypomanic symptoms in patients with a depressive episode. Methods The study sample consisted of 188 patients with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR disorders (SCID) confirmed bipolar or major depressive disorder. We modified the Hypomania Checklist-32 (mHCL-32) to assess current instead of lifetime symptoms. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify clusters of mHCL-32 items that were endorsed concurrently. A Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was carried out to identify groups of patients with similar mHCL-32 item endorsement patterns. Results The EFA identified 3 factors: factor #1 (“elation-disinhibition-increased goal directed activity”), factor #2 (“risk-taking-impulsivity-substance use”) and factor #3 (distractibility–irritability). The LCA yielded 3 classes (2 showing manic/hypomanic features). While class #1 patients endorsed more items related to disinhibition and racing thoughts, class #2 patients recognized more items associated with irritability and substance use. Limitations Lack of an adequate gold standard measure of mixed depression to compare to, the cross-sectional design and the lack of a validation sample. Conclusions The mHCL-32 scale allowed a comprehensive and convergent delineation of hypomanic/manic symptoms in depression. Further validation of these findings is needed.

Sexual dysfunction in chronic diseases has recently attracted attention owing to its impact on quality of life (QoL). Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) affects QoL, causing limitations in many areas. However, there has not been research on changes in sexual function in patients with ARC.To report the effect of ARC and its treatment on sexual function in men and women.Forty-three sexually active patients with seasonal ARC aged 22 to 49 years were included in the study. The control group was composed of 40 healthy individuals aged 22 to 46 years. Conjunctival symptom scores (CSSs) and nasal symptom scores (NSSs) of patients with symptomatic ARC were determined, as were sexual function scores (SFSs) using the Female Sexual Function Index and the International Index of Erectile Function during allergen exposure in the pollination period and after treatment with oral desloratadine, 5 mg/d, for 30 days. The SFSs were evaluated in the control group.The CSSs and NSSs significantly improved in treated ARC (P.001). In women, Female Sexual Function Index results in symptomatic ARC were significantly lower than in treated ARC and controls (P = .003). In men, International Index of Erectile Function results in treated ARC (P = .001) and controls (P.001) were significantly higher than in symptomatic ARC. Furthermore, correlation between improvement in CSSs and NSSs and that of SFSs was determined (P = .007 for women; P = .001 for men).Improvement in sexual function as a variable of QoL may accompany the treatment of symptoms in patients with ARC.

Recent studies suggested a role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depression. While BDNF levels are lower in depressed patients, antidepressant treatment increases serum BDNF levels of depressed patients. Our study aims to test the effect of chronic venlafaxine treatment on serum BDNF levels in patients with a major depressive disorder. Ten patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV are included in the study. Two of the patients had their first episode and were drug-naive, the other eight patients were drug-free for at least 4 weeks. The severity of depression was assessed with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The control group consisted of ten age- and sex-matched subjects without any psychiatric disorder. Blood samples were collected at the baseline and after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment (during remission). At the baseline the mean serum BDNF level was 17.9+/-9.1 ng/ml and the mean HDRS score was 23.2+/-4.6. Serum BDNF levels of the study group were significantly lower than in the control group (31.6+/-8.6 ng/ml). At the end of the study, the mean serum BDNF level was 34.6+/-7.1 ng/ml whereas the mean HDRS score was 8.2+/-3.9. From the baseline to the remission after 12 weeks of treatment, the increase in serum BDNF level and the decrease in HDRS score were statistically significant, respectively. When we compared the serum BDNF level of depressed patients at remission to that of the controls, there was no statistically significant difference. This study shows that venlafaxine treatment of depression improves serum BDNF level which may be considered as a nonspecific peripheral marker of depression.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada opiyat yoksunluk şiddetini belirlemek için kullanılan Klinik Opiyat Yoksunluk Ölçeği (KOYÖ) Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: KOYÖ, önce Türkçe'ye ardından yeniden İngilizce'ye geri çevrildi. İngilizce'ye çevirisi yapılan sürümün özgünlüğü, ölçeği geliştiren çalışmacı-lar tarafından onaylandı. Çeviri işleminin tamamlanmasının ardından ölçek opiyat yoksunluğunda olan 100 hasta ile alkol yoksunluğunda olan 41 has-tanın yoksunluk bulgularını değerlendirmek üzere kullanıldı. Güvenilirlik değerlendirmesinde Cronbach alfa; yapısal geçerlilik değerlendirmesinde açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi; ölçüt geçerliliğinde ise tanı grupları arasında ROC analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Güvenilirlik çözümlemelerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsa-yısı 0,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Görüşmeciler arası bağıntı katsayısı 0,975 (p

Although there are many psychotherapy approaches today, it can be stated that a psychotherapy approach that is based on the temperament concept, which constitutes the structural basis of individual differences, does not exist. Even though the models focusing on explaining the temperament and the personality draw attention to the importance of these concepts in psychotherapy, these models did not formulate an important psychotherapy approach that places these concepts in its center. In fact, temperament is a key concept, which forms the smallest psychological building stone of individuals, determines the psychopathologic predispositions and the duration of experiencing of the psychopathology by an individual. Thus, temperament concept can be a focus point for the therapeutic approaches. In this study, we proposed the basic approaches and methods of individual temperament centered psychotherapy from the perspective of Nine Types Temperament Model that centers temperament concept. This can be an awarenessbased, non-eclectic, different, holistic and systematic psychotherapy approach which can enable the balancing of behaviors, emotions and ideas of an individual. At the same time, we tried to define a general course of actions for therapists to structure what kind of a therapeutic approach they will apply, which can be considered as a starting point to form a psychotherapy model that considers the human being in a holistic way from normal to psychopathology and focuses on causality.

Objective: Recent studies in patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) have revealed problems in emotion recognition, specifically for negative emotions, which have been subsequently related to amygdala activity. Previously, the prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin has been shown to be one hormone that alters emotion perception capacities and modulates amygdala response. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to see if plasma oxytocin levels have specific effects on predicting emotion recognition patterns in BD. Methods: Twenty-eight remitted BD patients were recruited for this study and the Vienna Emotion Recognition Task was given. In addition, blood samples were collected for plasma oxytocin analysis. Results: Strong associations were found between fearful emotions and basal oxytocin levels, which were supported by a stepwise regression analysis. Patients with higher levels of basal oxytocin also exhibited greater recognition of fearful emotions. Conclusions: The relationship between recognition of fearful faces and individual endogenous oxytocin levels may contribute to explaining individual differences in social functioning and amygdala dysfunction in BD.

Researchers which aimed to understand human behaviours have propounded many opinions about temperament and personality. Some of them centralize temperament while others centralize personality in their studies. They defined temperament and personality in many ways and tried to explain similar and different features of these concepts. The disagreement of the researchers on the definitions of temperament and personality concepts caused confusion in explaining the relations between these concepts. Besides, this confusion brings along the question “which one is the changeable and unchangeable part of the human behaviours, temperament or personality?� Nine Types Temperament Model (NTTM) is new model that considers human behaviour with a temperament based approach, claims to formulate a holistic model to the definitions, boundaries, scopes, interrelations of temperament, character and personality. The aim of this study is to explain the relation of personality with temperament and to propose an approach which conceptualizes the personality’s unchangeable -originating from the temperament- and changeable facets from the NTTM perspective, which can be a conceptual base for future empirical studies. In this study; first we explained the definitions and the relations of temperament, character and personality propounded by NTTM based on the current literature. Second we proposed “natural personality� concept in order to explain unchangeable features that originate from the individual’s temperament type. Also we proposed “synthetic personality� concept in order to explain the traits that do not exist in the temperament type of the individual and are acquired after birth through parents, school and social transference. In conclusion, in this study we tried to offer a new perspective to the researchers for understanding the nature of temperament -character- personality concepts and the link between them. Additionally, we propounded the concepts of natural and synthetic personality that will be able to answer the questions about changeable and unchangeable facets of personality.

Objective: Recent studies in patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) have revealed problems in emotion recognition, specifically for negative emotions, which have been subsequently related to amygdala activity. Previously, the prosocial neuropeptide oxytocin has been shown to be one hormone that alters emotion perception capacities and modulates amygdala response. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to see if plasma oxytocin levels have specific effects on predicting emotion recognition patterns in BD. Methods: Twenty-eight remitted BD patients were recruited for this study and the Vienna Emotion Recognition Task was given. In addition, blood samples were collected for plasma oxytocin analysis. Results: Strong associations were found between fearful emotions and basal oxytocin levels, which were supported by a stepwise regression analysis. Patients with higher levels of basal oxytocin also exhibited greater recognition of fearful emotions. Conclusions: The relationship between recognition of fearful faces and individual endogenous oxytocin levels may contribute to explaining individual differences in social functioning and amygdala dysfunction in BD.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yeni bir mizaç modeli olan dokuz tip mizaç modeli (DTMM) ile psikobiyolojik kişilik modeli (PKM) ve affektif mizaç modelinin (AMM) kategori ve boyutları arasındaki olası ilişkileri ve birbirlerini yorda- ma derecelerini saptamaktır. Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemi, yaşam ının herhangi bir döneminde psikiyatrik tedavi almam ış ve herhangi bir kronik hastalığı bulunmayan 206 sağlıklı gönüllüden oluşmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak, DSM-IV için Yapılandırılm ış Klinik Görüşme (SCID-I), DSM-III-R Kişilik Bozuklukları için Yapılandırılm ış Klinik Görüşme (SCID-II), Mizaç ve Kişilik Ölçeği (MKÖ), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire Version (TEMPS-A) ve Dokuz Tip Mizaç Ölçeği (DTMÖ) kullanılm ıştır. Bulgular: DTM3, DTM8 ve DTM9 mizaç kategorileri dışında tüm DTMÖ kategorileri r=0.40 ve üzeri düzeyde çeşitli MKÖ boyutları ile anlamlı korelasyonlar göstermiştir. DTM1, DTM5 ve DTM9 mizaç kategorileri dışında tüm DTMÖ kategorileri ise; r=0.40 ve üzeri düzeyde çeşitli TEMPS-A kategorileri ile anlamlı korelasyonlar göstermiştir. Regresyon analizi sonuçlarında ise, DTMÖ kategorileri varyansının MKÖ boyutları ve TEMPS-A kategorileri tarafından %29-63 oranında açıklana- bildiği saptanm ıştır. Sonuç: Araştırma göstermiştir ki, DTMÖ ile psikiyatride yaygın kullanılan iki ölçeğin boyut ve kategorileri arasında çok tutarlı ve anlamlı bağıntılar olsa da, DTMM ile PKM ve AMM arasında kavramsal yaklaşım farklılıkları bulunmakta ve DTMM nin mizaç kategorileri kendilerine özgü özellikler barındırmaktadır. Objective: This study aims to determine Nine Types Temperament Model (NTTM), which is a new temperament model, with Psychobiological Personality Model (PPM) and Affective Temperament Model (ATM) and define the possible relations between categories and dimensions and their degrees of predicting each other. Methods: The sample group consists of 206 healthy volunteers who did not receive any psychiatric treatment in their life and do not have any chronic disease. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders (SCID-II), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire Version (TEMPS-A) and Nine Type Temperament Scale (NTTS) were used to collect data. Results: Except for NTM3, NTM8 and NTM9 temperament categories, all NTTS categories have significant correlation with various TCI dimensions at a level r=0.40 and above. Except for NTM1, NTM5 and NTM9 temperament categories, all NTTS categories have significant correlation with various TEMPS-A categories at a level r=0.40 and above. According to the results of regression analyses, it is found that TCI dimen- sions and TEMPS-A categories can explain 29-63% of variance of NTTS temperament categories. Conclusion: This study indicates that although there are consistent and significant correlations between dimensions and cate- gories of NTTS and the two scales widely used in psychiatry, there are conceptual differences between NTTM, PPM and ATM and temperament categories of NTTM have unique features.

Our objective was to determine symptomatology of depression and anxiety in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism and compare with euthyroid patients.Thirty-two patients with hyperthyroidism (high free T3 and free T4, and suppressed TSH) and 30 euthyroid (normal free T3, free T4, and TSH) controls attending the Endocrinology Out-Patient Department at Celal Bayar University Hospital in Manisa, Turkey were included in the study. Hormonal screening was performed by immunoassay and hemagglutination method. For psychiatric assessment, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HAD], Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D], and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A] were used. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of demographic features.Total scores obtained both from HAM-D and HAM-A were significantly greater in the hyperthyroidism group than that of the euthyroid group (p0.05); there was no difference in terms of HAD. When compared in terms of symptomatology, early insomnia (HAM-D#6), work and activities (HAM-D#7), psychic anxiety (HAM-D#10), weight loss (HAM-D#16), insomnia (HAM-A#4), and cardiovascular symptoms (HAM-A#8) were significantly more frequent in the hyperthyroidism group. By Wilks lambda discriminant analysis, psychomotor agitation (HAM-D#9), weight loss (HAM-D#16), and insomnia (HAM-A#4) were found as the discriminating symptoms for the hyperthyroidism group, whereas somatic anxiety (HAM-A#11) and loss of interest (HAD#14) were distinguishing symptoms of the euthyroidism group.Hyperthyroidism and syndromal depression-anxiety have overlapping features that can cause misdiagnosis during acute phase. For differential diagnosis, one should follow-up patients with hyperthyroidism with specific hormonal treatment and evaluate persisting symptoms thereafter. In addition to specific symptoms of hyperthyroidism, psychomotor retardation, guilt, muscle pain, energy loss, and fatigue seem to appear more frequently in patients with comorbid depression and hyperthyroidism; thus, presence of these symptoms should be a warning sign to nonpsychiatric professionals for the need for psychiatric consultation.

Aim Panic disorder is one of the highly heritable anxiety disorders; and temperament characteristics are considered predicting liability to panic disorder. Accumulating evidence suggests temperament characteristics are intermediate phenotypes for clinical conditions. Given this background, we aimed to investigate temperament characteristics in patients with panic disorder, their first-degree relatives, and healthy controls. Method Study sample was consisted 60 patients with panic disorder, 37 first-degree relatives of these patients, and 37 age, gender, and education level matched healthy controls (HC). SCID-I, the Panic Agoraphobia Scale, and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory were applied to assess clinical characteristics of the patient group. Temperament characteristics were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Results Anxious, depressive, cyclothymic, and irritable temperament scores of patients were higher than those of HC. There was no difference between the patients and the relatives, with the exception of higher anxious temperament scores in patients. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that anxious temperament characteristic might be a trait marker for liability to panic disorder. Further research with a prospective design in a larger sample is required to confirm our findings.

Objective: It has been shown that self-stigmatization causes low self-esteem and social anxiety in bipolar patients. In this study it is aimed to demonstrate the impact of self-stigmatization on psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder. Method: The study was carried out with 70 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. All patients were in remission and the remission state was confirmed by a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score less than 7 and a Young Mania Rating Scale score less than 5. For the assessment of self-stigmatization, sense of stigmatization subscale of Bipolar Disorder Functioning Questionnaire (BDFQ-Stigma) was used. In the assessment of functioning, Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) was applied which includes the dimensions such as autonomy, occupational functioning, cognitive functioning, financial issues, interpersonal relations, and leisure time. In the statistical analysis, regression analysis was performed. Results: In the regression analysis, R square was found to be 0.205 and the model was statistically significant (F=3.225, p=0.007). The only domain which is affected by self-stigmatization was found to be interpersonal relations (Beta=0.888, t=2.000, p, Amaç: İki uçlu hastalarda damgalanma hissinin düşük kendilik saygısına ve sosyal anksiyeteye yol açtığı gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada amaç damgalanma hissinin iki uçlu hastaların psikososyal işlevsellikleri üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Yöntem: Araştırma iki uçlu bozukluk tanısı konmuş 70 hasta ile yürütülmüştür. Tüm hastaların hastalıkları düzelmiş ve düzelme durumları Hamilton Depresyonu Derecelendirme Ölçeği’nde 7 ve Young Mani Derecelendirme Ölçeği’nde 5 puan ve altında olmasıyla belirlenmiştir. Damgalanma hissinin değerlendirilmesinde İki uçlu Bozuklukta İşlevsellik Ölçeği’nin Damgalanma Hissi alt ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Hastalarda işlevselliğin değerlendirilmesinde Kısa İşlevsellik Değerlendirme Ölçeği uygulanmıştır ve özerklik, mesleki işlevsellik, bilişsel işlevsellik, mali konular, kişiler arası ilişkiler ve boş zaman etkinlikleri boyutlarını içermektedir. İstatistiksel analizde, doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Regresyon analizinde, R kare 0.205 olarak hesaplanmıştır ve model istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (F=3.225, p=0.007). Damgalanma hissinden etkilenen tek boyut ise kişilerarası ilişkiler boyutudur (Beta=0.888, t=2.000, p

Objective Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been consistently reported to be decreased in mania or depression in bipolar disorders. Evidence suggests that Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has a role in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Whether GDNF and BDNF act in the same way across different episodes in bipolar disorders is unclear. Method BDNF and GDNF serum levels were measured simultaneously by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in 96 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder according to DSM-IV (37 euthymic, 33 manic, 26 depressed) in comparison to 61 healthy volunteers. SCID- I and SCID-non patient version were used for clinical evaluation of the patients and healthy volunteers respectively. Correlations between the two trophic factor levels, and medication dose, duration and serum levels of lithium or valproate were studied across different episodes of illness. Results Patients had significantly lower BDNF levels during mania and depression compared to euthymic patients and healthy controls. GDNF levels were not distinctive. However GDNF/BDNF ratio was higher in manic state compared to euthymia and healthy controls. Significant negative correlation was observed between BDNF and GDNF levels in euthymic patients. While BDNF levels correlated positively, GDNF levels correlated negatively with lithium levels. Regression analysis confirmed that lithium levels predicted only GDNF levels positively in mania, and negatively in euthymia. Limitations Small sample size in different episodes and drug-free patients was the limitation of thestudy. Conclusion Current data suggests that lithium exerts its therapeutic action by an inverse effect on BDNF and GDNF levels, possibly by up-regulating BDNF and down-regulating GDNF to achieve euthymia.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is seen frequently in childhood and leads to marked impairment in functioning. There is no scale in Turkey with documented validity and reliability that assesses ADHD-specific functional impairment (FI). This study aimed at adapting the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report (WFIRS-P), which assesses ADHD-related FI, for use in Turkey, and examining psychometric aspects of the scale. The study included 250 children diagnosed with ADHD and 250 healthy children and their parents. Internal consistency and test–retest methods were used to test the reliability of the scale. Validity was tested with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and convergent and discriminant validity analyses. Since all six questions of the WFIRS-P were scored 0, analyses were conducted for the original scale questionnaire consisting of 50 items and the questionnaire consisting of 44 items where the six questions scored 0 were not included. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93 for the whole scale. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient was 0.93 for test–retest reliability. The exploratory factor analysis run on the 44-item questionnaire showed that the scale items were best represented in a 7-factor structure, but some items were placed in different subdomains than those of the original scale. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the root mean square error of approximation was 0.061, and the comparative fit index was 0.95 for the whole model. Therefore, the Turkish WFIRS-P is valid and reliable in testing functional impairment in children with ADHD.

While deficits in metacognition have been observed in schizophrenia (SZ), it is less clear whether these are specific to the disorder. Accordingly, this study compared metacognitive abilities of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) and examined the degree to which neurocognition contributed to metacognitive deficits in both groups. Participants were 30 patients with SZ and 30 with BD. Metacognitive capacity was measured using the Metacognition Assessment Scale Abbreviated (MAS-A). This scale comprises four domains: self-reflectivity, understanding others׳ minds, decentration and mastery. Verbal memory, executive functioning and symptoms were concurrently assessed. Group comparisons revealed that SZ patients had greater deficits in metacognitive self-reflectivity, which correctly classified 85.2% of patients with SZ in a logistic regression. Self-reflectivity and understanding others׳ minds were related to verbal memory and executive functioning in the SZ group, but not in the BD group. Furthermore, greater positive and general psychotic symptoms were associated with poorer metacognition in SZ. Results suggest SZ involves unique deficits in the ability to self-reflect and that these deficits may be uniquely linked with neurocognition.

Bu çalışmada, benlik mekanizmalarını dokuz kişilik tipi ile açıklayan Enneagram Sistemi'nin yeniden yorumlanması ile oluşturulan ve günümüzde geçerlik ve güvenirliği bilimsel açıdan kanıtlanmış bir ölçüm aracı bulunmayan Dokuz Tip Mizaç Modeli (DTMM) ile uyumlu bir ölçek geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. 91 maddeden oluşan ve üçlü Likert tipi bir öz bildirim ölçeği olan Dokuz Tip Mizaç Ölçeği (DTMÖ) 990 üniversite öğrencisine uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğe uygulanan açıklayıcı faktör analizlerinde dokuz faktörün öz değerleri 8.08 ve 1.66 arasında değişmekte ve toplam varyansın %39.04'ünü temsil etmektedir. Ölçeğin modele uygunluğunu saptamak için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçlarına göre CFI değeri 0.88, GFI değeri 0.84, IFI değeri 0.88 ve RMSEA değeri 0.05'tür. Ölçeğin test-tekrar test güvenirliği 46 katılımcıyla sınanmıştır. Ölçeğin tümü için Cronbach alfa değeri 0.75, tipler için sırasıyla 0.77, 0.79, 0.68, 0.71, 0.80, 0.74, 0.71, 0.83, 0.77’dir. Ölçeğin eş zamanlı geçerliği Cloninger'in MKE (Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri) ve Akiskal'in TEMPS- A(Temparement Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego- Autoquestionnaire) ölçekleriyle sınanmıştır. DTMM'deki tipler TCI ve TEMPS-A ile anlamlı bağıntılar göstermiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları DTMÖ'nün geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu desteklemektedir. The aim of this study is to develop a scale compatible with the Nine Types Temperament Model (NTTM), which did not have any prior measurement tools to scientifically prove its reliability and validity. NTTM is created by re-evaluating the Enneagram System –a system that defines nine personality types- used for analyzing and comprehending ego mechanisms. Nine Types Temperament Scale (NTTS) which is a self-rated instrument composed of 91 items with three-point Likert type was developed from this model and applied to 990 participants. Confirmatory factor analyses were carried out in order to evaluate whether the scale fits to the model related to the temperament model. In exploratory factor analyses of the scale eigen values of nine factors vary between 8.089 and 1.661, and represent 39.04% of the total variance. In confirmatory analyses of the scale CFI value is 0.88, GFI value is 0.84, IFI value is 0.88 and RMSEA value is 0.05. Test-retest reliability of the scale was evaluated with 46 participants. Cronbach alpha value of the whole scale is 0.75, while Cronbach alpha values for every temperament type were calculated as 0.77, 0.79, 0.68, 0.71, 0.80, 0.74, 0.71, 0.83 and 0.77 respectively. Concurrent validity was performed with Cloninger's TCI (Temperament and Character Inventory) and Akiskal's TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire Version). The types of NTTM showed significant correlations with TCI and TEMPS-A. Results of the study support that NTTS is a reliable and valid scale.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada opiyat yoksunluk şiddetini belirlemek için kullanılan Klinik Opiyat Yoksunluk Ölçeği (KOYÖ) Türkçe sürümünün güvenilirliği ve geçerliliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: KOYÖ, önce Türkçe'ye ardından yeniden İngilizce'ye geri çevrildi. İngilizce'ye çevirisi yapılan sürümün özgünlüğü, ölçeği geliştiren çalışmacı-lar tarafından onaylandı. Çeviri işleminin tamamlanmasının ardından ölçek opiyat yoksunluğunda olan 100 hasta ile alkol yoksunluğunda olan 41 has-tanın yoksunluk bulgularını değerlendirmek üzere kullanıldı. Güvenilirlik değerlendirmesinde Cronbach alfa; yapısal geçerlilik değerlendirmesinde açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi; ölçüt geçerliliğinde ise tanı grupları arasında ROC analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Güvenilirlik çözümlemelerinde Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsa-yısı 0,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Görüşmeciler arası bağıntı katsayısı 0,975 (p, Introduction: The aim of the present study was to perform reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale which is used to determine the severity of opiate withdrawal.Methods: Initially, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) was translated into Turkish and subsequently back-translated into English. The originality of the back-translated version was approved by the author who developed the scale. After the translation was completed, the scale was used to assess the withdrawal symptoms of 100 patients with opiate withdrawal and 41 patients with alcohol withdrawal. Cronbach's alpha was used in the reliability assessment; explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were used in structural validity assessment; and in scale validity, ROC analysis was used among diagnosis groups Results: The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.74 in reliability analyses. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.975 (p

Background Mixed depression is a common, dimensional phenomenon that is increasingly recognized in unipolar and bipolar disorders. We piloted a modified version of the Hypomania Checklist (mHCL-32) to assess the prevalence and clinical correlates of concurrent manic (hypo) symptoms in depressed patients. Methods The mHCL-32, Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-24) were utilized in the assessment of unipolar (UP=61) and bipolar (BP=44) patients with an index major depressive episode confirmed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Differential mHLC-32 item endorsement was compared between UP and BP. Correlation analyses assessed the association of symptom dimensions measured by mHCL-32, YMRS and HAMD-24. Results There was no significant difference between mood groups in the mean mHCL-32 and YMRS scores. Individual mHLC-32 items of increased libido, quarrels, and caffeine intake were endorsed more in BP vs. UP patients. The mHCL-32 active-elevated subscale score was positively correlated with the YMRS in BP patients and negatively correlated with HAMD-24 in UP patients. Conversely, the mHCL-32 irritable-risk taking subscale score was positively correlated with HAMD-24 in BP and with YMRS in UP patients. Limitations Small sample size and cross-sectional design. Conclusion Modifying the HCL to screen for (hypo) manic symptoms in major depression may have utility in identifying mixed symptoms in both bipolar vs. unipolar depression. Further research is encouraged to quantify mixed symptoms with standardized assessments.

Amaç: İki uçlu bozuklukta hastalar düzelmiş olsalar bile psikososyal işlevsellik tam olarak kazanılamamaktadır. Kalıntı depresyon belirtileri, geçirilen dönem sayısı gibi klinik etkenler neden olmaktadır. Hastaların kullandığı ilaç tedavilerinin nasıl bir etki oluşturduğu yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu araştırmada amaç kullanılan ilaç tedavisi modalitelerinin düzelmiş iki uçlu bozukluk hastalarında psikososyal işlevsellik üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Yöntem: Araştırma iki uçlu bozukluk tanısı konmuş 108 hasta ile yürütülmüştür. Tüm hastalar düzelmiştir ve düzelme durumları ölçeklerle belirlenmiştir. Hastalarda işlevselliğin değerlendirilmesinde Kısa İşlevsellik Değerlendirme Ölçeği uygulanmıştır ve özerklik, mesleki işlevsellik, bilişsel işlevsellik, mali konular, kişiler arası ilişkiler ve boş zaman etkinlikleri boyutlarını içermektedir. Hastaların kullandıkları ilaç tedavisi modaliteleri duygudurum dengeleyici (DDD) ve duygudurum dengeleyici ve ikinci kuşak antipsikotik ilaçların birlikte (DDD+İKA) kullanılmasından oluşmaktadır. İstatistiksel analizde, çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Hastaların %38 (s=41)’i tedavide sadece duygudurum dengeleyici kullanırken, geri kalan 67 hasta (%62) duygudurum dengeleyiciye ek olarak ikinci kuşak antipsikotik kullanmaktadır. Çoklu regresyon analizinde, psikososyal işlevsellik ile ilgili boyutların her biri için kurulan modelde özerklik, kişilerarası ilişkiler ve boş zaman etkinlikleri boyutunun yer aldığı modeller istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur ve HAM-D puanı ile DDD+İKA kullanılması bu boyutları olumsuz etkilemiştir. Sonuç: Kalıntı depresyon belirtilerinin yanı sıra tedavide bulundurulan ikinci kuşak antipsikotik ilaçların psikososyal işlevsellik üzerine olumsuz etkisi bulunmaktadır. Objective: Even though bipolar patients achieve remission, they do not reach premorbid psychosocial functioning. Factors such as residual depressive symptoms and number of episodes may cause this effect. The impact of treatment modalities has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of treatment modalities on psychosocial functioning in remitted bipolar patients. Methods: The study was carried out with 108 patients diagnosed as having bipolar disorder. All patients were in remission and the remission state was confirmed by rating scales. In the assessment of functioning, the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) covering domains such as autonomy, occupational functioning, cognitive functioning, financial issues, interpersonal relations, and leisure time activities was applied. The treatment modalities were mood stabilizers (MS) versus mood stabilizers plus second-generation antipsychotics (MS+SGA). While 38% (n=41) of the patients were on MS only, 67 patients (62%) were on MS+SGA. In the statistical analysis, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Results: In multiple linear regression analyses, the models concerning autonomy, interpersonal relations, and leisure time were statistically significant. In patients on MS+SGA, autonomy (Beta=3.086, p

Introduction: The importance of the evaluation of health status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recently highlighted in many studies. In this study, we aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in seven centers in Turkey. Three hundred and twenty one COPD patients (40-75 years) were included to the study. Turkish versions of breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS), mMRC (Modified Medical Research Council) dyspnea scale, SGRQ, COPD assessment test (CAT) and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were carried out to the patients. The statistical analysis of SGRQ was performed by using the coefficient of internal consistency, discriminative analysis for different stages and the correlation with the other scales. Results: The mean age was 62.4 ± 8.9 years and the mean FEV 1 was 51.9 ± 19.2% pred. The coefficient of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was 0.8815. The correlation between the total score measured initially and that obtained two weeks later was found to be highly significant (r= 0.90, p< 0.0001). According the results of validation of both total score and the components of SGRQ, the correlation between the total score of SGRQ and CAT was 0.782 (p< 0.0001), SGRQ and SF36 was between -0.481 ile -0.819 (p< 0.0001). The total and component scores were able to discriminate different disease stages and a significant correlation was found to be with pulmonary function tests. Conclusion: SGRQ Turkish version is a reliable and valid assessment tool for COPD patients in clinical practice.

WOS: 000335003100006, PubMed ID: 23834339, Backround and aim: The Subjective Well-Being under Neuroleptics Scale, short form (SWNS), is a self-report measure that evaluates the states of well-being of schizophrenia patients using antipsychotic drugs independently from psychopathology of disease. This study examined the factor structure of the Turkish version of the scale using high-level statistical analyses. Methods: The SWNS was translated into Turkish and applied to 103 schizophrenic patients. A type of multi-trait-multi-method (MTMM) confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine the factor structure of the Turkish version of the scale. Results: The results of factor analysis of the SWNS were incompatible with the factor structure of the original scale. A set of MTMM analyses showed distinct method effects for both positive and negative item wording in the scale. In light of these findings, the factor structure of the SWNS was determined as having a one-dimensional structure, with bias due to item wording. Conclusions: The results of the present investigation indicated that the sub-factors of the SWNS failed to emerge from the data. This study is the first to show that there is an urgent need for further examination of the factor structure of the SWNS with regard to method effects. This issue has important implications for the use of sub-factors by both researchers and practitioners.

functioning. During remission, the FED score had a positive effect on participation to social activities (linear regression t = 2.430, P < 0.05), and daily activities and hobbies (linear regression t = 2.601, P < 0.05), whereas FEI had a positive impact on taking initiative and feeling self-sufficient (linear

WOS: 000351851100018, PubMed ID: 28360683, Introduction: The aim of the present study was to perform reliability and validity analyses of the Turkish version of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale which is used to determine the severity of opiate withdrawal. Methods: Initially, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) was translated into Turkish and subsequently back-translated into English. The originality of the back-translated version was approved by the author who developed the scale. After the translation was completed, the scale was used to assess the withdrawal symptoms of 100 patients with opiate withdrawal and 41 patients with alcohol withdrawal. Cronbach's alpha was used in the reliability assessment; explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were used in structural validity assessment; and in scale validity, ROC analysis was used among diagnosis groups. Results: The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as 0.74 in reliability analyses. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.975 (p

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the Clinician Rated Severity of Autism Spectrum and Social Communication Disorders Scale. The scale was originally developed to measure the severity of autism spectrum and social communication disorders regarding the DSM-5 criteria. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry at Celal Bayar University Hospital. The participants were in- or out-patients diagnosed with any psychotic disorders according to DSM-5. The exclusion criteria were comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders and/or physical diseases. The study was carried out with a total of 49 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia (n=40), schizoaffective disorder (n=3), and not otherwise specified psychotic disorder (n=3). One hundred and one volunteers without any mental or physical disease were also included to represent the healthy control. Reliability analysis was performed to examine the internal consistency of the Turkish version of the scale. Additionally, item-total correlations were reported. In validity analyses, compari-son of the total score of the scale in the patient and control groups was evaluated for the discriminative validity. ROC analysis was also performed. Results: 52.7% of the sample were male (n=79). 69.3% of them were graduated from university (n=104), 19.3% from high school (n=29), and 8% from elementary school (n=12). The mean age of the study group was 26.3±10.3 years. Disease duration of psychotic disorder group was 18,29±6.43 years. The internal consistency of the Autism Spectrum and Social Communication Disorder Scale was 0.81. Furthermore, item-total correlations revealed that all items in the scale contributed to the consistency of scores with item-total correlations approaching 0.70. The mean score of the scale in the patient group on the scale was 1.42 whereas the mean score of the healthy group was 0.0. The t-test analysis indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the sample group and the healthy group in their scores on the scale. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.84. Conclusion: Results demonstrated that the Turkish version of Autism Spectrum and Social Communication Disorder Scale was a valid and reliable instrument which may serve as useful in guiding future research that aims to understand autism spectrum and social communication disorder.

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Turkish Form of Level 2 Anxiety Scale developed according to DSM-5 criteria to measure the severity of panic disorder. Methods: This study was carried out with patients with a diagnosis of any anxiety disorder according to DSM-5 criteria who are under treatment in Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine Psychiatry inpatient or outpatient clinics. Patients with any mental or physical disease except for anxiety disorders were excluded. Accordingly, 54 patients with anxiety disorder were included in the study and these were distributed as panic disorder in seven patients, generalized anxiety disorder in two patients, agoraphobia in three patients, specific phobia in one patient, obsessive-compulsive disorder in two patients, somatization disorder in one patient and not otherwise specified anxiety disorder in 38 patients. As the healthy control group in 104 volunteers without any mental or physical disease were included. Beside Level 2 Anxi-ety Scale the most widely used self-rated scale, Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used for concurrent validity. In reliability analysis internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlation analysis; in validity analyses factor analysis and correlation analysis with the Spearman Correlation Analysis (SCA) was performed for validation. Results: The mean age of the study group was 28.23±11.7 years and 58.9% of the sample group (n=93) were fe-male. 64.6% of the group were college graduates, 19.0% primary school graduates, 12.7% is also high school gra-duates. Disease duration of anxiety disorder group was 17.2±11.2 years. The internal consistency of the Level 2 Anxiety Scale was 0.94 and, item-total correlation coefficients of the Level 2 Anxiety Scale were between 0.68 and 0.88. In the exploratory factor analysis, for sample adequacy Kaiser- Meier-Olkin (KMO) coefficient was calculated as 0.90 and Bartlett coefficient was 1.08. Single-factor solution was obtained and the eigenvalue was 5.26, ex-plaining 75.2% of the total variance. Factor loadings of the items were between 0.75 and 0.92. Coefficient of corre-lation analysis with SCA was calculated as r=0.45. Conclusion: These findings have been shown that the Level 2 Anxiety Scale is reliable and valid for Turkish.

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the reliability and validity of Turkish version of DSM-5 Depression Scale which was developed to measure the severity of depression. Methods: The study group included 50 in- or out-patients who met the criteria for major depressive disorder according to DSM-5. Sixty-three healthy volunteers without any mental or physical disease were also recruited as a control group. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which is the most widely used self-report scale, was used for concurrent validity. Internal consistency coefficient Cronbach alfa and item-total correlation analysis were performed for reliability. Exploratory factor analysis was used for vali-dity, as BDI was used for concurrent validity. Results: Mean age was 39.2±11.3 and 22.4±5.8 years in the patient and control group, respectively. Sixty-one percent of the sample group (n=66) were female. 64.8% of the group were college graduates, 19% were primary school graduates and 18.5% were high school graduates. Disease dura-tion for major depressive disorder was 3.3±5.6 years for the patient group. For the internal consistency Cronbach alfa coefficient of the DSM-5 Depression Scale was 0.91. Item-total correlation coefficients were between 0.60-0.83. For the exploratory factor analysis of sample adequacy of DSM-5 Depression Scale, Kaiser-Meier-Olkin (KMO) coefficient and Bartlett coefficient was calculated as 0.91 and 608.18, respectively. Single-factor solution was obtained with an eigenvalue of 5.44, representing 60.4% of the variance. Factor loadings of the items were between 0.66-0.80. Correlation coefficient of DSM-5 Depression Scale with BDI was found as r=0.88. Conclusion: The Turkish version of DSM-5 Depression Scale is reliable and valid.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish Form of Level 2 Anger Scale. The scale was originally developed to measure the severity of anger regarding the DSM-5 criteria. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry in Celal Bayar University Hospital. The participants were in- or out-patients diagnosed with any psychotic disorders according to the DSM-5. The exclusion criteria were comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders and/or physical diseases. The participants were 49 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia (n=40), schizoaffective disorder (n=3), and not otherwise specified psychotic disorder (n=6). One hundred and one volunteers without any mental or physical disease were also included to represent the healthy control. In the assesment beside Level 2 Anger Scale, 18-item Brief Psychi-atric Rating Scale was used. In reliability analysis internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlation analysis were performed; for validity analysis exploratory factor analysis was performed. In concurrent validity correlation analyses between Level 2 Anger Scale and BPRS tension, hostility, uncooperativeness, and elated mood subscales were computed. In order to discriminate between the psychosis and the control group, group means of Anger Scale were compared with t-test. Results: The mean age of the study group was 26.0±10.3 and 52.7% of the sample group were female (n=79). 69.3% of them were graduated from university (n=104), 19.3% from high school (n=29), and 8% from elementary school. Disease duration of psychotic disorder group was 17.1±9.7 years. The internal consistency of the Level 2 Anger Scale was 0.91 and, item-total correlation coefficients were between 0.74-0.83. For the exploratory factor analysis of sample adequacy of Level 2 Anger Scale Kaiser-Meðer-Olkin (KMO) coef-ficients 0.81 and Bartlett coefficient 1.03 was found. Single-factor solution was obtained and the eigenvalue is 3.79, representing 75.80 % of the total variance. Factor loadings of the items of the scale were between 0.83-0.90.The mean of score was 5.09±0.72 in the psychosis group while it was calculated as 3.65±0.36 in the control group. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups. There were moderate to high correlations be-tween Level 2 Anger Scale and BPRS tension, hostility, uncooperativeness, and elated mood. Conclusion: Results demonstrated that the Turkish version of Level 2 Anger Scale is a valid and reliable.

Objective: This study, demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Turkish form of DSM-5 Sleep Disorder Scale which improved according to DSM-5 criteria to measure the intensity of sleep disorder. Methods: This study were carried out with patients fulfilling the diagnosis of any sleep disorder according to DSM-5 criteria and who are undergoing treatment in Celal Bayar University Hospital sleep medicine inpatient or outpatient clinic. Patients with any mental or physical disease except for anxiety disorders were excluded. As a result, 50 patients with sleep disorder were included in the study and diagnoses of OSAS in 41 patients, primer insomnia in five patients, parasomnia in three patients and narcolepsia in one patient were made. Without any mental or physical disease in 50 volunteers formed the control group. Beside the DSM-5 Sleep Disorder Scale, the most widely used scale for sleep disorders, Pittsburgh Sleep Disorder Index (PSQI), was used for validation. Internal consistency coefficient and item-total score correlation analysis for reliability analysis; factor analysis and correlation analysis with the PSQI, and ROC analysis for discrimination between the sleep disorder and healthy control group for validity were performed. Results: The mean age of the study group was 39.3±15.8 years and 47.0% of the sample group (n=47) were female. 55.0% of the group were college graduates, 22.0% primary school graduates, 18.0% were high school graduates. Disease duration of sleep disorder group was 16.8±12.6 years. The internal consistency of the DSM-5 Sleep Disorder Scale was 0.91 and, item-total score correlation coefficients of the DSM-5 Sleep Disorder Scale were between 0.61 and 0.81. For the factor analysis, the sample adequacy of DSM-5 Sleep Disorder Scale was determined with Kaiser- Meier-Olkin (KMO) analysis where the coefficient was 0.91 and Bartlett analysis where chi-square was 1.54. Single-factor solution was obtained and the eigenvalue is 5.07 representing 63.4% of the total variance. Factor loadings of the items of the scale were between 0.69-0.87. Coefficient of correlation analysis with PSQI was calculated as r=0.727. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve was obtained as 0.76. Conclusion: These findings have been shown that the DSM-5 Sleep Disorder Scale is reliable and valid for Turkish.

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Turkish form of DSM-5 Mania Scale which was developed according to DSM-5 criteria to measure the severity of mania. Methods: This study was conducted with 50 patients who meet the diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorders according to DSM-5 criteria who are within manic or euthymic episode. The patients were under treatment at inpatient and outpatient clinics of Psychiatry Department of Celal Bayar University, Medicine Faculty. Patients with any mental or physical disease except bipolar disorders were excluded. Sixty-three volunteers without any mental or physical disease were in cluded as healthy control group. Beside DSM-5 Mania Scale the most widely used scale Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) was used for concurrent validity. In reliability analyses internal consistency coefficient and item-total corre-lation analysis; in validity analyses factor analysis and correlation analysis with the Pearson Correlation Analysis were performed. Results: The mean ages of the bipolar disorders group (n=50) and healthy control group (n=63) were respectively 30.9±13.6 and 22.4±5.8. 53.7% of the sample group (n=58) were female. Disease duration of bipolar disorder group was 7.2±7.9 years. The internal consistency of the DSM-5 Mania Scale was 0.91 and, item-total correlation coefficients of the DSM-5 Mania Scale were between 0.67 and 0.85. In the explanatory factor ana-lysis, for sample adequacy Kaiser- Meier-Olkin (KMO) coefficient was calculated as 0.85 and Bartlett coefficient was 389.51. Single-factor solution was obtained and the eigenvalue was 3.69, explaining 73.8% of the total vari-ance. Factor loadings of the items were between 0.77-0.91. Significant and high levels of correlation were deter-mined between YMRS and DSM-5 Mania Scale (r=0.78). Conclusion: These findings have been shown that the DSM-5 Mania Scale is reliable and valid for Turkish.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of The DSM-5 Level 2 Depression Scale. Method: The study group included a case group that consisted of a clinical sample diagnosed with depressive disorder that continued treatment in a child and adolescent psychiatry unit and a community sample. The study was carried out with 218 children and 160 parents. The Child Depression Inventory and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire- Parent Form were used along with the DSM-5 Level 2 Depression Scale for assessment. Results: In reliability analyses, Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be very high for child and parent forms (0.965/0.952). Item- total score correlation coefficients are high and very high, respectively and were found to be consistent with the original structure of the scale (0.725 and 0.864 for child form- 0.644 and 0.839 for parent form) As for concurrent validity, child form had a high correlation with the Childrens Depression Inventory while parent form had a significant correlation with Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire- Parent Form (r=0.853 p [JCBPR 2017; 6(1.000): 15-21]

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Turkish form of DSM-5 Severity Measure for Specific Phobia Scale which was developed according to DSM-5 criteria to measure the severity of specific phobia. Methods: This study was carried out with patients with a diagnosis of any anxiety disorder according to DSM-5 criteria who are under treatment in Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine Psychiatry Inpa-tient or Outpatient Clinics. Patients with any mental or physical disease except for anxiety disorders were excluded. Accordingly, 50 patients with anxiety disorder were included in the study. One hundred and three volunteers without any mental or physical disease were included as healthy control group. Beside DSM-5 Severity Measure for Speci-fic Phobia Scale the most widely used self-rated scale, Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used for concurrent validity. In reliability analyses internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlation analysis; in validi-ty analyses factor analysis and correlation analysis with the Pearson Correlation Analysis were performed. Results: The mean age of the study group was 29.0±11.8 and 60.1% of the sample group (n=92) were female. 66.0% of the sample group were college graduates, 12.4% high school graduates, 21.6% were also primary school graduates. Disease duration of anxiety disorder group was 5.8±7.0 years. The internal consistency of the DSM-5 Severity Mea-sure for Specific Phobia Scale was 0.79 and item-total correlation coefficients were between 0.33 and 0.78. In the explanatory factor analysis, for sample adequacy Kaiser-Meier-Olkin coefficient was calculated as 0.88 and Bartlett coefficient was 1.01. Double-factor solution was obtained and the eigenvalues were 5.45 and 1.26, explaining 67.20% of the total variance. Factor loadings of the items were between 0.43 and 0.88. Coefficient of correlation analysis with Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was calculated as r=0.36. Conclusion: These findings have been shown that the DSM-5 Severity Measure for Specific Phobia Scale is reliable and valid for Turkish.

Objective: This study demonstrates the reliability and validity of the Turkish Form of Acute Stress Symptoms Scale which was developed according to DSM-5 criteria to measure the severity of acute stress disorder. Methods: This research was carried out with the patients who fulfilled the criteria of any stress related disorders according to DSM-5 criterion in inpatient and outpatient psychiatric clinics of Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine. Except for acute or post-traumatic stress disorders, patients with any other mental or physical disease were excluded. Fifty patients were included in the study. As the control group, 150 volunteers without any mental or physical diseases were invited. Beside Acute Stress Symptoms Scale, Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ) which is the most commonly used self-rated instrument to rate the experience of recent trauma is utilized for concur-rent validity. In reliability analyses, internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlation coefficients were calcu-lated. In validity analyses, factor analysis and correlation analysis with PDEQ were performed. Results: The mean age of the study group was 32.1±12.0 years, and 57.7% of the sample group (n=116) were female. 31.3% of the group were college graduates, 36.3% primary school graduates, 29.9% is high school graduates. Disease duration in acute stress disorder group was 4.08±4.57 years. For the internal consistency of Acute Stress Symptoms Severity Scale, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be 0.95. Item-total score correlation coefficients were between 0.76 and 0.88 and all were statistically significant. For the exploratory factor analysis, sample adequacy was tested, Kaiser-Meier-Olkin (KMO) coefficients was 0.91 and Bartlett coefficient was 1388. Single-factor solution was obtained and the eigenvalue was 5.40, representing 77.8% of the total variance. Factor loadings of the items were between 0.82-0.92. The coefficient of correlation analysis with PDEQ was calculated as r=0.88. Area under the curve is found 0.99 as the result of ROC analysis. Conclusion: With these findings, it is shown that the severity of Acute Stress Symptoms Scale is reliable and valid for Turkish.