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The presence of the toxin cylindrospermopsin is increasingly frequent in samples from different ecosystems and it is a serious problem both at environmental level and for animal and human health. To be able to prevent CYN exposure risk, it is important to have suitable analytical methods, but also quick and economical ones. Analytical pyrolysis coupled to GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) represents an important alternative for the rapid detection, characterization or “fingerprinting” of different materials. However, it has been less studied with cyanotoxins up to date. The present work aims to investigate: 1) the suitability of Py-GC/MS for detection of CYN and its decomposition products in raw and cooked fish samples before consumption and 2) the influence of the different cooking methods on the presence of different CYN degradation products detected by Py-GC/MS. For first time, these results present that Py-GC/MS could be a rapid and economical alternative for the detection and monitoring of CYN and its degradation products (DP. m/z 290.1, 169.1 and 336.2) in raw or cooked fish. Moreover, the changes induced in CYN and DP by cooking could be amenable and detected by Py-GC/MS. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AGL2015-64558-R, CGL2016-78937-R

The analysis of relations of dependency is widespread in tourism research. However, there are a series of questions related to endogeneity, such as dependence on the past and reverse causality, clo...

This paper analyses the virtualization of the airline industry as a strategic response to competitive pressures. Increased competition has driven the associative behavior of airlines, fostered the development of global alliances and the use of codeshare agreements, substantially modifying the structure of the industry. These changes have resulted in greater efficiency and division of labor in the industry, and have caused airlines to significantly modify their operational strategies. The analysis of the evolution of operational and associative strategies in the airline industry during the past decade (2005–2015) shows the growing virtualization of the sector, derived from the use of codeshare agreements and other alliances between companies. The results show that the associative behavior allows airlines to specialize their operational strategy and to focus their resources and capabilities on a certain type of routes or origin-destination (OD) markets, with a wide variety of strategic behaviors in the industry.

Los riesgos emergentes son aquellos derivados de un nuevo peligro para el que puede producirse una exposición significativa, o derivado de una exposición y/o susceptibilidad nueva o incrementada significativamente a un peligro conocido. La identificación de estos riesgos puede realizarse utilizando distintas fuentes de información y herramientas, que pueden ir desde el análisis de bibliografía científica publicada, e incluso de la llamada literatura gris (documentos que no son editados o que se distribuyen a través de canales poco convencionales como tesis doctorales, actas de congresos, informes de investigación, etc.), hasta el estudio de las alertas alimentarias. La evaluación de los riesgos emergentes es realizada por los especialistas en cada área de conocimiento, pero en su identificación pueden utilizarse herramientas comunes a todos ellos de manera que se detecten y caractericen de forma eficaz antes de su evaluación. Por ello, dado que La Ley 17/2011, de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, establece un mandato para el Comité Científico en relación a la identificación de los riesgos emergentes alimentarios, se solicita a la Sección de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición que elabore un informe sobre las estrategias aplicables para la identificación de riesgos emergentes alimentarios. Teniendo como base la definición de la Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA) en relación a riesgo emergente es importante identificar si hay un nuevo peligro al que estamos expuestos, o si ha surgido una nueva exposición o se incrementado la exposición a uno conocido. Al mismo tiempo que valorar el incremento de la susceptibilidad a un peligro conocido. Una vez revisadas las distintas estrategias posibles, el Comité Científico considera las siguientes como de utilidad: • Análisis de la bibliografía científica. Para ello es de utilidad el desarrollo o implementación de sistemas potentes de gestión de datos y plataformas de colaboración digital para gestionar la gran cantidad de datos e información disponibles. • Análisis de la literatura gris. Al igual que en el caso anterior se necesitarían herramientas informáticas específicas que permitan extraer información de interés. • Análisis de las alertas y de los resultados de los programas de control oficial. Estas herramientas controlan aquellos riesgos conocidos y sobre los que existe legislación de control. Podrían ser útiles para detectar aumentos de exposición por incrementos en la presencia de algún contaminante a lo largo del tiempo. • Análisis de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica que podrían servir para detectar incrementos de susceptibilidad o exposición. • Análisis de tendencias de consumo. Serviría para detectar incrementos de exposición, siempre que la metodología de recogida de datos sea comparable entre años. • Análisis de la información recabada de estudios de percepción del riesgo por parte de la población. • Análisis de la información procedente de expertos e investigadores. Sería deseable mejorar la colaboración de la comunidad científica con las Instituciones y organizaciones nacionales e internacionales. Emerging risks are those derived from a new hazard for which a significant exposure could be produced, or derived from an exposure and/or new or significantly increased susceptibility to a known hazard. Identifying these risks may be done using different information sources and tools, which may range from the analysis of the published scientific bibliography, even including what is known as grey literature (documents that are unedited or that are distributed by means of unconventional channels such as doctoral theses, conference proceedings, research reports, etc.), to the study of food alerts. The assessment of emerging risks is done by specialists in each area of expertise, but in identifying them they may use common tools in such a way that they may detect and characterise them more efficiently prior to their assessment. Therefore, given that Law 17/2011, on Food Safety and Nutrition, establishes a mandate for the Scientific Committee, regarding the identification of emerging food risks, the Section of Food Safety and Nutrition is asked to prepare a report about the applicable strategies for the identification of emerging food risks. Having as a base the definition of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regarding emerging risks it is important to identify if there is a new hazard to which we are exposed, or if a new exposure has come about, or if there has been an increase in the exposure of a known one. At the same time evaluating the increase in susceptibility to a known hazard. After reviewing the different possible strategies, the Scientific Committee considers the following to be useful: • Analysis of the scientific bibliography. For this the development or implementation of powerful data management systems and digital collaboration platforms is of use in order to manage the large quantity of available data and information. • Analysis of grey literature. Just as in the previous case, specific IT tools would be needed that allow for information of interest to be extracted. • Analysis of the alerts and the results of the official control programmes. These tools control those known risks and about which there is control legislation. They could be useful for detecting incremental exposure increases in the presence of some contaminant over time. • Analysis of the epidemiological monitoring systems, which would help detect increases in susceptibility or exposure. • Analysis of consumption trends. It would help detect exposure increases, provided that the methodology for collecting data is comparable between years. • Analysis of the information gathered from studies on the risk perception by the population. • Analysis of information provided by experts and researchers. It would be desirable to improve the collaboration of the scientific community with the national and international institutions and organisations.

Gene editing constitutes a novel approach for precisely correcting disease-causing gene mutations. Frameshift mutations in COL7A1 causing recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa are amenable to open reading frame restoration by non-homologous end joining repair-based approaches. Efficient targeted deletion of faulty COL7A1 exons in polyclonal patient keratinocytes would enable the translation of this therapeutic strategy to the clinic. In this study, using a dual single-guide RNA (sgRNA)-guided Cas9 nuclease delivered as a ribonucleoprotein complex through electroporation, we have achieved very efficient targeted deletion of COL7A1 exon 80 in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) patient keratinocytes carrying a highly prevalent frameshift mutation. This ex vivo non-viral approach rendered a large proportion of corrected cells producing a functional collagen VII variant. The effective targeting of the epidermal stem cell population enabled long-term regeneration of a properly adhesive skin upon grafting onto immunodeficient mice. A safety assessment by next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of potential off-target sites did not reveal any unintended nuclease activity. Our strategy could potentially be extended to a large number of COL7A1 mutation-bearing exons within the long collagenous domain of this gene, opening the way to precision medicine for RDEB., Highly efficient and safe approaches for precise correction of pathogenic mutations are required to realize the full potential of gene-editing protocols for clinical practice. Here we describe a single-step NHEJ-based CRISPR/Cas9 strategy of COL7A1 mutation-bearing exon deletion with unprecedented efficacy for ex vivo correction of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

The programme aimed at training the fellow in the risk assessment guidelines proposed by the EFSA in the field of contaminants, food contact materials, technological ingredients and nutritional risks. It had a modular ‘learning by doing’ approach and a balanced learning/case studies and theory. Module 1 offered an insight into chemical risk assessment and conferred transferable skills for a proper application of the framework. The hands-on activities consisted of three case studies that went from a simple exercise on an official opinion, to working in a team with experts to produce a new opinion, to an individual work to obtain a publishable review manuscript. Module 2 was a training in experimental toxicology designed to create a toxicological basis and to enable the fellow to perform toxicological studies for risk assessment purposes. She joined the team working on cyanotoxins, gained experience with both EFSA and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on genotoxicity and an insight into the developing of analytical methods suitable for risk assessment purposes. During module 3, the fellow was trained in nutritional risk assessment and involved in experimental work in chemical characterisation, biomarkers and mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds. This developed the critical perspective when assessing nutritional and health claims related the design of experiments, methods used, interpretation of results and human relevance. Module 4 provided a ‘hand-on experience’ in scientific risk communication as the fellow was encouraged and supported in the participation at local, national and international workshops and congresses presenting the outcomes of the three modules. Thus, the fellow was successfully integrated in the day-by-day workflow of the department, gaining first-hand practical experience in risk assessment in a multicultural and interdisciplinary context. This enabled a productive exchange of good practices and contributed to building a European risk assessment community. European Food Safety Authority (EEFSA)-EU-FORA

The important links that are formed between tourist destinations and the airline industry are evident in the previous literature. These links are active in both directions. The characteristics and the policies of tourist destinations can affect such relevant aspects as the organization of airline route networks, the inauguration of new routes and their expansion. In this study, it is proposed that the value of a tourist destination and the inclusion of airports close to the tourist destination on the routes of an airline are also related to whether that airline decides to plan its route networks with its own resources or to complement those resources with assistance from other partner airlines through cooperative alliances, specifically code-share agreements. Taking into account the assumptions of the Resource-Based and the Relational views, the value of a tourist destination can be a relevant factor in the cooperative behaviour of airlines. Moreover, the routes within which the most valuable tourist destinations are embedded can be of different types. It is therefore of interest to know whether the type of route plays a relevant role in the preference for cooperative behaviour among the routes that include tourist destinations. Around 50,000 routes and the most important global tourist destinations were considered to analyse this behaviour. The results showed that the airlines under study preferred to operate the routes that included valuable tourist destinations with their own resources, although this behaviour was more variable when differentiating between types of routes.

espanolLas alianzas son una herramienta estrategica que permite colaborar y atraer recursos no disponibles de otra forma. Gracias a la complementariedad de los recursos de red y a la experiencia previa en alianzas, se puede maximizar el rendimiento que obtiene la organizacion y ello repercute de forma directa en el resultado empresarial. Asimismo, la complementariedad viene dada por la variedad de recursos que aportan socios heterogeneos. Tambien, consideramos que la experiencia en gestion de alianzas es un factor importante que influye en la obtencion de un mayor rendimiento. De este modo, se pueden crear diversas ventajas competitivas para adaptarse a las circunstancias del mercado. EnglishStrategic alliances are a tool that permits collaborate and attract resources that they are not available otherwise. Due to network resources complementary and previous alliance experience, it can maximize the alliance performance and it has direct repercussions on firm results. Furthermore, resource complementarity is given by heterogeneous partners. Moreover, we think alliance management experience is an important factor to obtain a better firm performance. In this way, they can create diverse competitive advantages to adapt itself to the market.

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a severe skin fragility disease caused by loss of functional type VII collagen at the dermal-epidermal junction. A frameshift mutation in exon 80 of COL7A1 gene, c.6527insC, is highly prevalent in the Spanish patient population. We have implemented geneediting strategies for COL7A1 frame restoration by NHEJ-induced indels in epidermal stem cells from patients carrying this mutation. TALEN nucleases designed to cut within the COL7A1 exon 80 sequence were delivered to primary patient keratinocyte cultures by non-integrating viral vectors. After genotyping a large collection of vector-transduced patient keratinocyte clones with high proliferative potential, we identified a significant percentage of clones with COL7A1 reading frame recovery and Collagen VII protein expression. Skin equivalents generated with cells from a clone lacking exon 80 entirely were able to regenerate phenotypically normal human skin upon their grafting onto immunodeficient mice. These patientderived human skin grafts showed Collagen VII deposition at the basement membrane zone, formation of anchoring fibrils, and structural integrity when analyzed 12 weeks after grafting. Our data provide a proof-of-principle for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa treatment through ex vivo gene editing based on removal of pathogenic mutationcontaining, functionally expendable COL7A1 exons in patient epidermal stem cells. The study was mainly supported by DEBRA International—funded by DEBRA Austria (grant termed as Larcher 1). Additional funds come from Spanish grants SAF2013-43475-R and SAF2017-86810-R from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and PI14/00931 and PI17/01747 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, all of them co-funded with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF).

La almorta (Lathyrus sativus) es una legumbre utilizada como tal o en forma de harina en diferentes países tanto para consumo humano, como para alimentación animal. Pese al arraigo del consumo de su harina en algunas zonas para la preparación del plato tradicional de las gachas, su utilización para consumo humano está prohibida actualmente en España. El Comité Científico ha realizado una revisión del estado de esta cuestión desde el punto de vista de la seguridad del consumo de la harina de almortas, especialmente en lo referido a su ingesta en forma de gachas. Los estudios toxicológicos en animales aportan una información limitada respecto a los niveles de ingesta y no permiten determinar valores de ingesta tolerable del aminoácido β-N-oxalil-L-α, β-diamino-propiónico (beta-ODAP) presente en las almortas. Hay diferencias en la metabolización del beta-ODAP entre los animales y los humanos que dificultan la estimación de los niveles de consumo de harina de almortas que resultan seguros. Los casos de neurolatirismo se han producido en el marco de un consumo elevado y prolongado de almortas, en el que representaban la base de la alimentación. En ausencia de esas condiciones, no se desarrolla esta enfermedad. El Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AECOSAN) concluye que, de acuerdo con la información disponible en este momento, el riesgo para la salud de la población general del consumo de harina de almortas puede considerarse despreciable (excluidas las personas con dificultades metabólicas para destoxicar el beta-ODAP) en las condiciones habituales de consumo de esta harina en forma de gachas por la población española. Se considerará una ingesta esporádica de raciones de harina, cuando ésta no supere el límite de 25 g de harina de almortas/ración diaria, con contenido del aminoácido beta-ODAP reducido, no superior a un 1 % de beta-ODAP, y en el marco de una dieta variada que incluya aminoácidos azufrados presentes en alimentos de origen animal como la carne, el pescado, los huevos y los productos lácteos, y de origen vegetal como los cereales integrales (especialmente avena) y frutos secos. The grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is a legume that is used in different countries in its natural state or in the form of flour, for human consumption as well as for animal feed. Despite the popularity of its consumption in the form of flour in some areas for the preparation of the traditional dish, gachas (porridge), its use for human consumption is currently forbidden in Spain. The Scientific Committee has carried out a review of this issue from the point of view of the safety of the consumption of grass pea flour, especially as regards its intake in the form of gachas. Toxicological studies on animals provide limited information regarding intake levels and they do not allow us to determine tolerable intake values of the β-N-oxalyl-α,β-diaminopropionic (betaODAP) amino acid present in grass peas. There are differences in the metabolisation of beta-ODAP between animals and humans, which hinders the estimation of safe levels of grass pea flour consumption. The cases of neurolathyrism occurred in the context of a high and prolonged grass peas intake, in which they were the staple food of the diet. In the absence of these conditions, this disease does not occur. The Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) has concluded that, in accordance with the information available at this point, the risk of the consumption of grass pea flour for the health of the general population may be considered negligible (excluding those with metabolic difficulties in detoxifying beta-ODAP) under the usual conditions of this flour in the form of gachas by the Spanish population. Intake of portions of flour will be considered occasional when the limit of 25 g of grass pea flour/daily portion is not exceeded, with a low content of beta-ODAP amino acid, not higher than 1 % beta-ODAP, and in the context of a balanced diet that includes sulphur amino acids present in foods of animal origin such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products and of plant origin such as wholegrain cereals (especially oats) and nuts.

Los alcaloides de la pirrolizidina son toxinas naturales, producto del metabolismo secundario de las plantas, que se producen como mecanismo de defensa frente a herbívoros. Su estructura química está basada en un anillo de pirrolizidina, que consiste en dos anillos fusionados con un átomo de nitrógeno como puente. Se conocen cerca de 600 de estos alcaloides, el 95 % se encuentran en cinco familias de plantas: Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae y Apocynaceae. Los alcaloides de la pirrolizidina tienen un perfil común de toxicidad, los principales son diversos grados de daño hepático (necrosis hepatocelular centrolobular) y enfermedad venooclusiva. Además, la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (IARC) los ha clasificado como “posiblemente carcinógenos para el ser humano” (grupo 2B). La Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA) ha elaborado dictámenes sobre distintos aspectos de estos alcaloides en 2011, 2016 y 2017 y la Comisión Europea ha seleccionado provisionalmente 17 de ellos como relevantes en alimentos. A falta de un límite legal que permita a las autoridades competentes en inspección tomar decisiones basadas en dicho límite ante la detección de estos alcaloides en el polen, se solicita a la Sección de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) que realice una evaluación del riesgo asociado a la presencia de alcaloides de la pirrolizidina en polen destinado al consumo humano que sirva de base a dicha toma de decisiones. Conforme a los datos disponibles actualmente y la estimación realizada teniendo en cuenta todas las incertidumbres identificadas en el proceso de evaluación de riesgos, la ingesta de alcaloides de la pirrolizidina a través del consumo de polen puede dar lugar a riesgos crónicos en la población española. No se considera probable, sin embargo, la aparición de riesgos agudos. Para llevar a revista del comité científico nº 28 128 cabo una evaluación del riesgo más realista se recomienda realizar estudios de consumo de polen en la población española. Igualmente, se estima la conveniencia de establecer límites legales en cuanto al contenido de alcaloides de la pirrolizidina con el fin de limitar la exposición. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are natural toxins, the product of the secondary metabolism of plants which are produced as a defence mechanism against herbivores. Their chemical structure is based on a pyrrolizidine ring, consisting of two rings fused together by a bridge nitrogen atom. There are approximately 600 known alkaloids, 95 % of which are found in five plant families: Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae and Apocynaceae. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids have a common toxicity profile, the main ones being various degrees of liver damage (centrolobular hepatocellular necrosis) and veno occlusive disease. In addition, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified them as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (group 2B). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued opinions on different aspects of these alkaloids in 2011, 2016 and 2017, and the European Commission has provisionally selected 17 of these as relevant in food. In the absence of a legal limit which enables the competent inspection authorities to make decisions based on this limit in the event of the detection of these alkaloids in pollen, the Section of Food Safety and Nutrition of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) is asked to conduct an assessment of the risk associated with the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen intended for human consumption to serve as a basis for taking such decisions. According to currently available data and the estimations made, and considering all the uncertainties identified in the risk assessment process, the intake of pyrrolizidine alkaloids through the consumption of pollen may lead to chronic risk for the Spanish population. However, the appearance of acute risks is not considered likely. In order to conduct a more realistic risk assessment, studies of pollen consumption among the Spanish population are recommended. Similarly, the establishment of legal limits for pyrrolizidine alkaloid content is considered to be appropriate in order to limit the risk of exposure.

A lo largo de la cadena alimentaria pueden estar presentes, incorporarse o producirse distintos peligros de tipo químico que podrían suponer un riesgo para el consumidor.El Comité Científico ha realizado una revisión de los peligros químicos de mayor interés para la seguridad alimentaria en España que no cuentan con una regulación específica, identificándolos y señalando aquellos alimentos o condiciones que, a priori, podrían implicar un mayor riesgo para el consumidor, con el fin de realizar, eventualmente, estudios prospectivos.En el informe se han contemplado los siguientes peligros químicos y matrices: Cilindrospermopsina (toxina de cianobacterias) en agua de bebida (no envasada), Cloropropanoles y Glicidol en alimentos infantiles, Furano y derivados en alimentos procesados en general y alimentos infantiles en particular, Hidrocarburos de aceites minerales, Micotoxinas producidas por hongos del género Claviceps en cereales y alimentos derivados, Toxinas de Alternaria en frutas, hortalizas, cereales y tomate, Micotoxinas de Fusarium (Eniatinas, Nivalenol) en cereales y Alcaloides de la pirrolizidina en alimentos infantiles, complementos alimenticios, miel, polen, té, infusiones y cereales.De cada uno de ellos se describe su identificación y caracterización, la evaluación de la exposición, y se incluyen así mismo recomendaciones y consideraciones futuras.Por otro lado, la identificación de nuevos peligros para los que puede producirse una exposición significativa, o la evaluación del riesgo derivado de una exposición o susceptibilidad nuevas o incrementadas significativamente a un peligro conocido es importante, no solo a efectos de un eventual control de estos peligros emergentes, sino también de promover la investigación y mejorar su conocimiento por parte de los consumidores y de la comunidad científica. Along the food chain different chemical hazards may be present, incorporated or produced that could pose a risk to the consumer.The Scientific Committee has reviewed the chemical hazards of most concern for food safety in Spain that are not specifically regulated, identifying them and drawing attention to those foods or conditions which, a priori, may involve a greater risk to consumers, with the purpose of eventually carrying out prospective studies.The following chemical hazards and matrices have been considered in the report: Cylinderper-mopsin (cyanobacteria toxin) in drinking water (not bottled), Chloropropanols and Glycidol in baby food, Furan and derivatives in processed foods in general, and particularly in baby food, Hydrocar-bons of mineral oils, Mycotoxins produced by fungi of the Claviceps genus in cereals and derived foods, Alternaria toxins in fruits, vegetables, cereals and tomatoes, Fusarium mycotoxins (Enniatins, Nivalenol) in cereals and Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in baby food, food supplements, honey, pollen, tea, infusions and cereals. The identification, characterisation, and exposure assessment of each are described, and re-commendations and future considerations are also included.Furthermore, the identification of new hazards which may have a significant exposure, or the risk assessment derived from a new or substantially increased exposure or susceptibility to a known hazard is important in order to not only eventually control these emerging hazards, but to also promote research and improve the knowledge of both consumers and the scientific community.

Purpose– This paper aims to advance a model that will explain how hotel firms access and mobilize external resources. Hotel operators and firms need to complement their internal resources with external resources, which they can access through their personal and organizational ties, so as to compete and to achieve success.Design/methodology/approach– A framework is proposed, on the basis of the resource-based view and network theory, to explain the process of access and mobilization of available external resources thanks to the professional and social ties of the managers of hotel firms.Findings– This framework distinguishes between access to network resources and their mobilization. This paper introduces network resource mobilization capability as an adaptive capability of managers and employees that can improve hotel firm performance. Previous experience and contextual factors such as the type of property and the management style all influence the nature of this capability.Practical implications– This work proposes a repertory of relevant resources in hotels and the preparation of an instrument to measure access to those resources and their mobilization through social capital. It also proposes the need to develop a new dynamic capability: the capability to mobilize network resources in hotel firms through their managers. Finally, it proposes that social capital is a valuable resource for both hotel firms and their managers.Originality/value– This theoretical approach makes a key distinction between access to and mobilization of network resources, which leads to a better understanding of the potential of the individual social capital of hotel managers. Network resource mobilization capability is introduced as an adaptive capability of managers.

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a rare blistering condition caused by mutations in the COL7A1 gene. Different clinical variants have been described, with dominant and recessive inheritance, but no consistent findings have been elucidated to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation. We present three unrelated patients with two identical pathogenic compound heterozygous mutations in the COL7A1 gene that developed different clinical forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa-epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa and mild recessive non-Hallopeau-Siemens-raising the possibility of other genetic or environmental modifying factors responsible for the phenotype of the disease.

La empresa SmartWash Solutions, LLC ha solicitado una evaluación de la seguridad del uso como coadyuvante tecnológico de una solución acuosa de ácido fosfórico (18-25 %) y propilenglicol (5-10 %) en el procesado de vegetales frescos cortados y hortalizas de hoja de IV gama. Ambas sustancias se encuentran autorizadas en la Unión Europea como aditivos alimentarios en diversas categorías de alimentos. El uso propuesto para el coadyuvante tecnológico es como solución estabilizadora del pH para favorecer la actividad antimicrobiana del cloro utilizado para la desinfección del agua de lavado utilizada en el procesado de vegetales frescos cortados y hortalizas de hoja de IV gama. Con esta solución se pretende reducir el pH de las aguas de lavado a niveles de entre 5,5 a 6,5. La concentración de uso varía dependiendo de los requerimientos del producto y la composición química de las aguas de lavado, siendo la concentración máxima solicitada 0,1 %. El solicitante realizó análisis de residuos en muestras de lechugas y espinacas, no detectándose residuos de propilenglicol en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. En el caso de los fosfatos, las concentraciones detectadas en las muestras lavadas con el coadyuvante tecnológico no fueron significativamente distintas de las detectadas en las mismas muestras lavadas sin el coadyuvante. El Comité Científico concluye que, basándose en la información facilitada por el solicitante y teniendo en cuenta la composición y condiciones de uso propuestas, el uso del coadyuvante tecnológico no implica riesgo para la salud del consumidor. The company SmartWash Solutions, LLC has requested a safety assessment of the use of an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (18-25 %) and propylene glycol (5-10 %) as a processing aid in the processing of fresh cut vegetables and ready-to-eat leafy vegetables. Both substances are authorised in the European Union as food additives in different food categories. The proposed use for the processing aid is as a pH stabilising solution in order to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the chlorine used for the washing water disinfection required in the processing of fresh cut vegetables and ready-to-eat leafy vegetables. The desired effect of this solution is to reduce the pH levels of the washing waters to levels between 5.5-6.5. The use concentration varies, depending on the requirements of the product and the chemical composition of the washing waters, with 0.1 % as the maximum concentration requested. The applicant analysed the residues on lettuce and spinach samples, and did not detect propylene glycol residues in any of the samples tested. In the case of phosphates, the detected concentrations in the samples washed with the processing aid were not significantly different from those detected in the same washed samples without the processing aid. The Scientific Committee concludes that, based on the information provided by the applicant and taking into account the proposed composition and conditions of use, the use of this processing aid does not involve a health risk for the consumer.

The divergence that a firm manages to achieve because of its partners is a fundamental question in an alliance portfolio configuration. Diversity can refer not only to the differences between the focal firm and its partners or between the partners themselves but also to the differences arising from various resource endowments in the alliance portfolio. Understanding the significance of these different sources, how they interrelate, and how they affect the firm performance is an unresolved question as unclear definitions and opposing arguments are proposed. This paper expounds the concepts of partner heterogeneity, alliance portfolio diversity, and network resource complementarity to gain a deeper comprehension of the alliance portfolio configuration and how it affects performance. Our analysis of airline alliances at a global level reveals the central role of resource complementarity in the focal firm performance. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ECO2013-45329-R Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte FPU13/04351

La Agencia Española de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AECOSAN) y las comuni dades autónomas han elaborado un Documento de priorización y distribución de muestras para control oficial de peligros químicos con el propósito de mejorar la calidad y homogeneidad de los controles oficiales en el marco del Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria (PN COCA). Este Documento de priorización pretende distribuir la toma de muestras para control oficial en toda España, previa evaluación de los riesgos y de la capacidad analítica de los laboratorios. Ade más servirá de apoyo y orientación a las comunidades autónomas para que ejecuten sus progra mas de control oficial. El Documento de priorización define un modelo semicuantitativo, en el que se establecen las variables a las que se les asigna un valor numérico relativo para obtener una calificación final. La metodología de jerarquización se basa en aproximarse a la medida del riesgo dependiente de la presencia de un contaminante en un alimento, siendo el riesgo la suma de dos variables, el impacto en la salud de la población y la prevalencia en los productos de consumo. El Comité Científico concluye que el Documento de priorización y distribución de muestras de control oficial dirigidas a la determinación de peligros químicos es adecuado, en el momento actual, para el fin previsto. Este Documento deberá actualizarse periódicamente a la luz de la experiencia de su aplicación, el avance en los conocimientos científicos, los cambios en la legislación y las directrices y herramientas sobre priorización y muestreo que puedan desarrollarse a nivel nacional o de la Unión Europea. The Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) and the autonomous communities have prepared a Document for the prioritisation and distribution of samples for the official control of chemical hazards with the aim of improving the quality and uniformity of official controls in the framework of the National Food Chain Official Control Plan (PNCOCA). The prioritisation Document aims to distribute the sampling for official controls throughout Spain, following prior assessment of the risks and the analytical capacity of the laboratories. It will also serve to provide support and guidance to the autonomous communities in the implementation of their official control programmes. The prioritisation Document defines a semi-quantitative model which sets out the variables to which a relative numerical value is allocated in order to obtain a final qualification. The hierarchical methodology is based on estimating the extent of the risk depending on the presence of a contaminant in a food, where the risk is the sum of two variables, the impact on the health of the population and the prevalence in consumer products. The Scientific Committee concludes that the Document for the prioritisation and distribution of official control samples aimed at determining chemical hazards is adequate, at present, for the intended purpose. This Document should be regularly updated in light of the experience obtained from its application, progress in scientific knowledge, changes in the legislation and the directives and tools on prioritisation and sampling which may be developed at national or European Union level.

La empresa Herba Ricemills S.L.U. ha solicitado la autorización de la comercialización en la Unión Europea de semillas de chía (Salvia hispanica) como ingrediente de platos preparados esterilizados elaborados a base de granos de cereales, pseudocereales y/o legumbres. Se trataría de una extensión de los usos autorizados para este nuevo alimento en 2009, 2013 y 2015. El Comité Científico considera que de la información aportada no se deduce que el consumo de las semillas de chía (Salvia hispanica) en platos preparados esterilizados basados en granos de cereales, pseudocereales y/o legumbres, en las condiciones propuestas por el solicitante, pueda producir efectos negativos para la salud, concluyendo que el nuevo alimento cumple los criterios de aceptación establecidos por el Reglamento (CE) Nº 258/97 sobre nuevos alimentos y nuevos ingredientes alimentarios (UE, 1997a). The company Herba Ricemills S.L.U. requested authorization to market chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds in sterilized ready to serve meals based on cereal, pseudocereals and/or pulse grains in the European Union. This would be an extension of use of the novel food authorized in 2009, 2013 and 2015. The AECOSAN Scientific Committee takes the view that, according to the information provided, there is no indication that consumption of chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds in ready to serve meals based on cereal, pseudocereals and/or pulse grains, under the conditions proposed by the applicant, can produce adverse effects on health. The Committee concludes that the novel food presented for assessment meets the criteria for acceptance laid down by Regulation (EC) No 258/97 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients (UE, 1997a).

La empresa Sanchis Mira S.A. ha solicitado la autorización de la comercialización en la Unión Europea de semillas de chía (Salvia hispanica) en chocolate en tabletas. Se trataría de una extensión de los usos autorizados para este nuevo alimento en 2009, 2013 y 2015. El Comité Científico considera que de la información aportada no se deduce que el consumo de las semillas de chía (Salvia hispanica) en chocolate en tabletas, en las condiciones propuestas por el solicitante, pueda producir efectos negativos para la salud, concluyendo que el nuevo alimento cumple los criterios de aceptación establecidos por el Reglamento (CE) Nº 258/97 sobre nuevos alimentos y nuevos ingredientes alimentarios (UE, 1997a). The company Sanchis Mira S.A requested authorization to market chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds in chocolate bars in the European Union. This would be an extension of use of the novel food authorized in 2009, 2013 and 2015. The AECOSAN Scientific Committee takes the view that, according to the information provided, there is no indication that consumption of chia (Salvia hispanica) in chocolate bars, under the conditions proposed by the applicant, can produce adverse effects on health. The Committee concludes that the novel food presented for assessment meets the criteria for acceptance laid down by Regulation (EC) No 258/97 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients (UE, 1997a).

Elements such as tourists, service-oriented organizations, tourism resources, destinations and public institutions all have a role in tourism activity. If we are to understand the world of tourism, we need to examine the ties between these elements. Social network analysis (SNA) provides tourism research with a set of methods and tools that allow us to comprehend the patterns and the structures of these ties. The objective of this work is to establish how SNA is being applied to tourism, to describe its principal elements and to inquire into its potential in the development of tourism research. To do so, the articles that apply SNA research methods, published in tourism and hospitality journals, and the network of citations between their authors are all analysed. It was found that the application of SNA in tourism-related contexts is rare and very recent, although a cohesive and relevant group of authors is currently applying it. An exciting opportunity for tourism research becomes apparent with the use o...

Airline alliances represent examples of resource utilization across a network. This paper examines the need to distinguish between access to and mobilization of the resources held by allies. An ordinary least squares regression was applied to a sample from the Top International Airlines database. Our findings show that mobilization of the destinations of the partner companies through codeshare alliances has a positive and significant influence on the performance of airlines. Moreover, they suggest that the development of network resources mobilizing capability in increasingly dynamic and global environments will only generate an important source of competitive advantage when acted upon.

The behaviour of early exporters not only challenges the perspective of the sequential process of internationalization, but it also questions general concepts in the field of management, such as the liability of newness and the liability of foreignness. This study analyses how firms initiate their export activities and proposes differences between early exporters and other firms. The results of our empirical investigation demonstrate that early exporters begin exporting to a greater number of countries than late exporters. However, in the case of early exporters, those countries are institutionally closer to the country of origin of the firm. Finally, we analyze the role played by financial resources in the choice of markets for those initial exports.

The airline sector is a mature industry in which a wide range of competitive practices reflect highly intense levels of rivalry. This is evident from the alliance portfolios of airline companies that are composed of mutually advantageous agreements between firms in the aviation sector. In this context, we examine the influence that access to valuable network resources may have on company performance (in operational and financial terms). Moreover, as network resources come under the resource dimension of a firm's social capital, we also study the way the resource dimension is affected by other dimensions of social capital (network position, network structure formed by the alliance portfolio and the quality of the relations). We study the alliances agreed between 214 mainstream airlines, up until 2007, during which time 351 airlines formed various types of partnerships. The results suggest, on the one hand, that access to partner resources is influenced by structural and relational factors. However, on the other hand, the structure of each airline's alliance portfolio has more influence than its position in the global network of alliances. These results point to the need for satisfactory governance of the composition and management of an airline's alliance portfolio.