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This article examines the economic status of two-parent families and the earnings contribution of employed teens and young adults. Using data from the 1989 Consumer Expenditure Survey, this study describes and compares two-parent families including employed and nonemployed teens ages 14-17 and young adults ages 18-24. Descriptive results indicate that 5.7 million families, or about 63 percent of all two-parent families with an oldest child 14-24 years, had an employed teen or young adult in 1989. About 47 percent of the families with teens, compared with 80 percent of the families with young adults had an employed child. Average annual earnings by 14-17 year olds were $1,579, or about five percent of before tax family income. Mean annual earnings by 18-24 year olds were $7,379, or 16 percent of before tax family income. Family status differed significantly when teens and young adults worked, as revealed by discriminant analysis. Employed teens were more likely to be from upper socioeconomic, white families than were nonemployed teens. Employed young adults also tended to be from upper socioeconomic, homeowner families, compared with nonemployed young adults. Tables and graphics include: (1) characteristics of two-parent families with and without employed children, ages 14-24, 1989; (showing level of parent's education); (2) reasons why oldest child, age 18-24, did not work in 1989; (3) two-parent family income, children's earnings, and family expenditures (showing expenditures on "education and reading"); (4) percentage of before tax income; and (5) discriminant analyses of demographic and expenditure variables by age and employment status of oldest child (with parental education and expenditures on education as discriminant factors). Although teens did not make a significant contribution to family income, families with employed teens were better off financially than their nonemployed counterparts. (DK)

Empirical research investigating the growing population of children raised by grandparents remains sparse. Much of the research examines the grandparents' functioning and suggests that they experience heightened psychosocial distress. Although the children are reported to manifest psychosocial and behavioral difficulty, a dearth of empirical research investigates their perceptions of their peer relationships or bullying involvement. Research suggests the children's developmental trajectory is likely influenced by their potential for insecure attachment. In this study, a nationally representative US sample of 4,552 seventh- and eighth-grade children raised by their grandparents obtained from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey is examined. The results reveal that head-of-household arrangement is associated with the children's self-reported perceptions of bullying behavior. Children raised by grandparents will likely benefit from bullying prevention programs that take into account the specific dynamics, such as insecure attachment, associated with living in this alternate family arrangement.

This study examined what elementary schools in New York State are doing to recognize lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) families in terms of curriculum, policies, and practices. In all, 116 school psychologists completed an online survey regarding their districts. Findings indicated that even though most school districts serve LGBT-headed families, few schools have comprehensive curricula, practices, and polices that address their family structure. Even though most respondents believed that LGBT families were visible and included within their district, they did not perceive the school environment to be very welcoming for these families. Schools with a higher per pupil expenditure were more inclusive, but the type of community (i.e., rural, urban, or suburban) in which schools were located did not relate to the level of recognition LGBT-headed families receive. Although findings suggest some awareness of LGBT-headed families, schools still have a long way to go before the needs of all families are met.

We analyze the determinants of educational outcomes of primary school children in Tigray region of Ethiopia using a survey data gathered from four villages in 2013. Four different measures of schooling were used to examine the impact of household and child-specific factors. First, we examine the determinants of school attendance (ever-attendance, current enrollment) using probit model. We then analyze determinants of schooling progression (highest and relative grade attainment) for children who have ever-attended school using Heckman's sample selection model. The results reveal that child age, the literacy of household head and of adult male family members and household income as measured by per capita consumption expenditure had a significantly positive impact on most of the measures of children's schooling outcomes analyzed. The estimates of birth-order revealed that first born children had better schooling outcomes in terms of ever-attendance and timely progression in school, while family size had a negative influence on both schooling progression indicators. These finding can help design differentiated policy interventions for influencing schooling attendance and progressions.

This article addresses educational practice as a site for the development of human capital theory. The article considers metaphysical constructions that are broadly typical of educational thought, and shows how they are amenable to economic analysis. Using different Marxist and feminist methods, it discusses pedagogy and the family as kinds of investment. The author questions the underlying assumptions about humanity on which both economics and education are predicated. If Western educators are certain of the historical ends to which modern Western education aims, do they also fully appreciate the implications of their own certainty and confidence for the future? As educators, are we equally confident that we question ourselves about why we uphold the value of education in the way each of us does? To engage educators in a debate about these values, the article employs poststructuralist critique to place words and concepts central to education and economics, e.g. the market, under erasure. It questions the way in which idealizations of teaching and learning are seen as forms of production and exchange. The article contests the notion of "humanity" advanced within a postindustrial era, and seeks to open a more prescient account of knowledge as a form of wealth, and schooling as a form of commerce.

The paper uses data from a household survey of three rural communities and interviews in the Mfantseman Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana to investigate the costs incurred by households that choose either fee-free public schools or low-fee private schools. The paper shows that both provisions impose costs that place those with lower household incomes at a disadvantage since the poorest cannot afford the costs for several children. Although fee-free public education has led to the elimination of payments such as tuition, exams and extra classes fees, other direct costs such as feeding and school uniform consume a large part of the household expenditure on education for the poor. Low-fee for profit private schools remain out of reach and are not affordable by the poorest. The paper concludes that fee-free public schooling still leaves households with significant costs, which constitute a barrier to access for children from poor households. The findings indicate the need for the government of Ghana, and those other countries with similar circumstances, to develop and implement policies that are pro-poor and ensure that there are no costs to the poorest households since this is the only way all children will enjoy a full cycle of basic education as mandated by commitments to Education for All.

This article reports on a study focusing on the use of multilingual cultural resources in child-headed households (CHHs) in Uganda's Rakai District. Using funds of knowledge and sociocultural perspectives on children's learning, we documented through ethnographic observations and interviews how children in four CHHs used multilingual cultural resources at home. Our findings show that children co-construct, re-appropriate and remix stories, songs, riddles and proverbs from their cultural environment in situated ways that are a response to the changing context of their social worlds. The study provides a window onto the unique production and use of multilingual cultural resources in CHHs, and further speaks to the need for educators and policymakers to better understand the critical role of siblings in their own learning of linguistic and cultural knowledge.

At the World Education Forum in Dakar in 2000, governments pledged to achieve education for all by 2015. However, if current enrollment trends continue, the number of out-of-school children could increase from current levels. Greater focus is needed on lower secondary school age (13-16 years) children. These children are not included estimates of the number of out-of-school children. It will be difficult to reduce the number of out-of-school children if we continue to overlook children of lower secondary school age. Therefore, using 2006 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey data this study examined school attendance and Grade 5 completion of lower secondary school age children in Uganda. The study found that poverty, low education among heads of households, and disability continue to limit continued access to and progress through school.

This paper studies multidimensional poverty for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico and Uruguay for the period 1992-2006. The approach overcomes the limitations of the two traditional methods of poverty analysis in Latin America (income-based and unmet basic needs) by combining income with five other dimensions: school attendance for children, education of the household head, sanitation, water and shelter. The results allow a fuller understanding of the evolution of poverty in the selected countries. Over the study period, El Salvador, Brazil, Mexico and Chile experienced significant reductions in multidimensional poverty. In contrast, in urban Uruguay there was a small reduction in multidimensional poverty, while in urban Argentina the estimates did not change significantly. El Salvador, Brazil and Mexico, and rural areas of Chile display significantly higher and more simultaneous deprivations than urban areas of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. In all countries, deprivation in access to proper sanitation and education of the household head are the highest contributors to overall multidimensional poverty.

Following the ongoing increase in nonmarital fertility, policy makers have looked for ways to limit the disadvantages faced by children of unmarried mothers. Recent initiatives included marriage promotion and welfare-to-work programs. Yet policy might also consider the promotion of three generational households. We know little about whether multigenerational households benefit children of unwed mothers, although they are mandated for unmarried teen mothers applying for welfare benefits. Multigenerational households are also becoming increasingly common. Thus, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics ("N" = 217), this study examines whether grandparent-headed coresidential households benefit preschool-aged children's school readiness, employing propensity score techniques to account for selection into these households. Findings reveal living with a grandparent is not associated with child outcomes for families that select into such arrangements but is positively associated with reading scores and behavior problems for families with a low propensity to coreside. The implications of these findings for policy are discussed. (Contains 6 tables and 1 figure.)

As a result of the AIDS pandemic, adolescent-headed families are becoming a common trend in South Africa. However, little is known about the experiences of the adolescent, especially within the school context. Hence the purpose of this article was to explore the experiences of adolescents within the school context. During our initial review of literature we became very disillusioned by the findings of previous studies that portrayed an extremely bleak picture of the experiences of such adolescents. We decided to focus on adolescents from adolescent-headed homes that were displaying resilience in their academic and personal lives despite the odds. Resilience theory and positive psychology assisted us in exploring this topic. Data were collected through individual and focus group interviews with learners and educators. The findings identify specific aspects that are essential to creating resilience to such an extent that they could be positive despite their life situations. We focus on those aspects to assist those adolescents that are indeed not coping.

Much of the research on orphan and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa has focused on their risks and vulnerabilities. This article describes the "funds of knowledge" (Moll and Greenberg, 1990) and means of acquiring new knowledge of children living in child-headed households in Uganda's Rakai District. Using ethnographic methods, the authors documented the experiences and activities of children in five rural home contexts. They advance the view of children as resourceful, competent, and knowledgeable, highlighting their ability to build on, utilize, and acquire new funds of knowledge while simultaneously recognizing their conditions of extreme adversity. The authors' aim is to expand and strengthen the current knowledge base on children living in child-headed households by providing a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between children's risks and capabilities. (Contains 4 notes and 3 figures.)

Adult (age 30) educational, economic, and social-emotional adjustment outcomes were investigated for participants in the Abecedarian Project, a randomized controlled trial of early childhood education for children from low-income families. Of the original 111 infants enrolled (98% African American), 101 took part in the age 30 follow-up. Primary indicators of educational level, economic status, and social adjustment were examined as a function of early childhood treatment. Treated individuals attained significantly more years of education, but income-to-needs ratios and criminal involvement did not vary significantly as a function of early treatment. A number of other indicators were described for each domain. Overall, the findings provide strong evidence for educational benefits, mixed evidence for economic benefits, and little evidence for treatment-related social adjustment outcomes. Implications for public policy are discussed. (Contains 5 tables.)

Homeless youth face many barriers that limit success in the educational process. Subgroups of homeless youth frequently experience the educational process differently depending upon their residential context. Recent years witness the federal government's expanding the definition of homelessness to include youth living doubled-up. This residential formation involves multiple families forced to live together as a result of economic crises. Although the largest subgroup of the homeless youth population, they are the least studied. This 7-month multiple case study of 4 adolescents living in Los Angeles uses data gathered from interviews, observations, and document analysis to explore how this residential context shapes educational participation. In particular, the division of labor and presence of a head of household influence how youth participated in school. Findings suggest (a) families have multiple ways of arranging doubled-up residences, and (b) how the families structure the doubled-up residences influences educational participation. (Contains 1 table.)

This study examines sexuality and HIV/AIDS prevention knowledge among minority ethnic male youth of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire on 800 young males aged 15-24 years in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region in 2009. Of the respondents, almost one-third were sexually active and of them about one-quarter had had sex with multiple partners. Among sexually active youth the use rate of condoms was very low. Knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS transmission and its prevention method among the study youth was very poor, while HIV-related stigma, discrimination and misconception were at a moderate level. Logistic regression analyses revealed significantly (p less than 0.001) increased risk of sex with multiple partners for the adolescents and never-married youth. Ethnic identity, residence, sex of household head, mass-media exposure, sexual experience and wealth index appeared as the important determinants of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge. Knowledge of the ABC (Abstain from sex, Be faithful to partner, Condom use during sex) method to prevent HIV infection was significantly higher among youth with higher levels of education, who had access to mass media, and amongst the rich. The findings of the study suggest that tribal youth are prone to sexually transmitted diseases/sexually transmitted infections and HIV. Sexual and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge among youth should be increased through an information, education and communication programme. (Contains 1 figure and 9 tables.)

Theory and evidence on disaster-induced population displacement have focused on individual and population-subgroup characteristics. Less is known about impacts on households. I estimate excess incidence of household breakup resulting from Hurricane Katrina by comparing a probability sample of pre-Katrina New Orleans resident adult household heads and non-household heads (N = 242), traced just over a year later, with a matched sample from a nationally representative survey over an equivalent period. One in three among all adult non-household heads, and one in two among adult children of household heads, had separated from the household head 1 year post-Katrina. These rates were, respectively, 2.2 and 2.7 times higher than national rates. A 50% higher prevalence of adult children living with parents in pre-Katrina New Orleans than nationally increased the hurricane's impact on household breakup. Attention to living arrangements as a dimension of social vulnerability in disaster recovery is suggested.

Grandparent-headed households are increasing in the United States. Most caregivers believe their role will be permanent. The responsibilities are more difficult because previous parenting experiences do not apply to some current challenges, and there are no paradigms to provide guidance. Accordingly, caregivers want to know the goals that successful grandparents share to consider them as a source of direction. Identification of grandparent success is based on the separate and combined responses from three generations to 60 Likert-type items in the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Results detect assets and knowledge gaps, and they are used to determine content for group interventions. This presentation unites findings drawn from three-generational studies, community program initiatives, and case studies. The purpose is to show how goals of successful grandparents can be used to inform a paradigm for caregivers so that they are able to establish suitable priorities, recognize the necessary adjustments in their thinking and behavior, and discover how to assess progress. Grandparents develop these strengths when they are willing to amend their dreams, get to know grandchildren by spending time together, and adopt a perspective that enables management of stress. Cooperation with a parent who shares an obligation for childcare is essential along with an understanding of family rights and benefits. Success also requires resilience to confront predictable setbacks and provide lessons for grandchildren about overcoming adversity.

In settings highly affected by HIV/AIDS, households headed by children may result from strained family relations, poverty, and stigma associated with the disease. Understanding local systems and dynamics of support is essential to planning comprehensive models of care. This study measured size and composition of the support and conflict networks of 27 children and youth heads of household in northern Namibia and documented their perceptions of adequacy. Results showed a strong presence of and satisfaction with kin and peers as supporters, which challenges the assumptions that these households have few functional ties to family and that adults are the sole providers of support. Assistance to children without parental supervision should build on existing local strategies and children's resources.

American families are experiencing the effects of the "Great Recession." Most of the job losses are accruing to men, so families may find it strategic for wives to enter the labor force, or increase their work hours. We consider this possibility using the May 2008 and 2009 Current Population Survey, and compare findings to May 2004 and 2005 data, a time of relative prosperity. We find that wives of husbands who stopped working during the recession were more likely to increase work hours, and more likely to commence or seek work. During the Great Recession years, the effect for wives entering the labor force is significantly greater than during the earlier years of relative prosperity.

We examine the roles of neighborhood characteristics in the development of the aggressive behavior of 1,409 urban boys and girls between the first and seventh grades. The multilevel, longitudinal growth analyses find strong neighborhood effects in all models, while controlling for individual-level variables. Results indicated that the effects of neighborhood violence, employment, income, and percentages of single males and female-headed households do not manifest in first grade, but affect the trajectory of child aggression between first and seventh grades. The influence of family income and frequent physical discipline on boys' and girls' aggression occurs at first grade, and family income has a modest effect on the trajectory. The findings strongly suggest that the neighborhood sources of the development of child aggression are independent and different from early childhood experiences. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)

In "The Female Frontier" (1988), Glenda Riley notes that the typical historical account of life on the frontier puts men at the center of the experience. In contrast to a male frontier thesis, Riley posits that women played highly significant, though largely domestic, roles in the settling and development of the frontier, and that "their lives as settlers displayed fairly consistent patterns which transcended geographic sections of the frontier." Riley contends that the multifaceted roles learned by women of the frontier were related to hearth and home, employment and income production, and community, and that women on the frontier invariably learned these patterns regardless of whether they homesteaded in the prairie states of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri or the plains states of Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma and Wyoming. Her work is divided into their experiences on the prairie and Great Plains, but the depictions of women as homesteaders and frontier survivors in Oklahoma are scant and somewhat contradictory. Using Riley's thesis as a framework, this paper examines the informal educational experiences of women as homesteaders in Oklahoma prior to statehood--1890-1907--to determine if the same patterns emerged. More specifically, the study seeks to discover: (1) whether or not the circumstances in Oklahoma depicted a different homesteading profile for women, many of whom made the land runs as single, not married women; and (2) if the educational experiences of women settling in Oklahoma were sufficient enough for them to be successful homesteaders, singly or as married partners on the Oklahoma frontier.

During the economic crises Nicaragua suffered between 2000 and 2002, a conditional cash transfer program targeting poor households began operating. Using panel data on 1,397 households from the program's experimentally designed evaluation, we examined the impact of the program on household structure. Our findings suggest that the program enabled households to avoid reagglomeration during the economic crises, with households in control communities growing more than treated households. These changes were driven primarily by shifts in residence of relatively young men and women with close kinship ties to the household head. In contrast, households that received transfers continued to send off young adult members, suggesting that the program provided resources to overcome the short-term economic pressures on household structure.

Objective: To determine the effect of Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) in Indiana on participants' food insecurity and food insufficiency. Design: A single-blind randomized design. A randomized experimental group completed 5 FSNE lessons as an intervention between a pre- and posttest, whereas a control group completed a pre- and posttest without FSNE intervention. Setting: Client homes and community locations in 24 Indiana counties. Participants: Female head-of-household participants [greater than or equal to] 18 years old; n = 219. Intervention: FSNE lessons targeting food insecurity and nutrition. Main Outcome Measures: Dependent variables food insecurity and food insufficiency were quantified with the 6-item United States Household Food Security Scale and United States Department of Agriculture Food Insufficiency Question, respectively. The independent variable was the randomly assigned treatment group. Analysis: Participants' characteristics were compared with chi-square analysis. Analyses of covariance models were constructed to find the effect of treatment group on food insecurity and food insufficiency. Significance indicated at P [less than or equal to] 0.05. Results: Food insecurity and food insufficiency in the experimental group compared with the control group were significantly improved (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions and Implications: FSNE was successful in improving participants' food insecurity and food insufficiency, indicating nutrition education is an appropriate intervention for food insecurity. (Contains 4 tables.)

This study examined how the developmental processes of autonomy and relatedness are related to changes in the residential status of 181 first-time, adolescent, urban, low-income, African American mothers over the first 24 months postpartum. Although adolescent mothers were eager to live independently, few made a clear transition out of the multigenerational household; 56% lived in the household of origin continuously (IN), 21% left and never returned (OUT), and 23% had multiple moves in and out of the household (IN/OUT). Older adolescent maternal age, less supportive adolescent mother-grandmother relations, and high household density were associated with leaving the household of origin. The IN/OUT group had difficulty adopting the roles of adult and parent. Helping adolescent mothers and grandmothers negotiate roles to reduce conflict may promote autonomy and relatedness, allowing mothers to learn parenting skills, qualify for public assistance, and continue their education. (Contains 2 footnotes, 4 tables and 2 figures.)

The 2005 "UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic" estimated that 10 million young people are living with HIV and AIDS worldwide and that approximately half of all new infections are among 15-24 year olds. Findings from a study suggest that there may be a false sense of complacency about the disease among today's youth. This ignorance is deadly! But the situation is not hopeless. Steps, albeit small ones, are being taken to ensure a future where children can achieve their dreams. Africa's Children-Africa's Future (AC-AF) is a youth-driven organization that focuses on children and youth worldwide and is accepting the challenge to help work with communities that have, until now, been the unsung heroes in coping with the most difficult scenarios imaginable. AC-AF has two main programs. The first is focused in Africa and responds to the critical needs of child-headed households by focusing on, strengthening, and re-directing indigenous resources through multi-faceted programming. AC-AF's second program, "u+me=we", focuses on international education and awareness. This mandate embraces working with Canadian and African youth to increase understanding and awareness of HIV and AIDS among the age group at greatest risk, while developing youth initiated, proactive strategies. (Contains 9 notes.)

Declines in support for the male breadwinner, female homemaker family model in recent decades have been thoroughly documented, but research into the way such attitudes change over the life course remains limited. Drawing on panel data and latent growth curve modeling techniques, the study identifies patterns and predictors of attitude change from 1977 through 1993. Women's support for gender specialization in marriage declined rapidly from the late 1970s through the mid-1980s, but this was followed by an interval of stability until the mid-1990s. Education is negatively associated with support for the male breadwinner model, but there was educational convergence in attitudes between the late 1970s and the early 1990s. The results highlight the critical role of women's employment for explaining the pattern of attitude change across the life course. (Contains 3 tables, 2 figures and 4 notes.)

This article investigates the role that parental socioeconomic status plays in forming the racial gap in home computer use among young school-age children. Descriptive statistics from time diary data of 6- to 11-year-olds in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement, reveal that Black American children spend substantially fewer minutes on the computer than do non-Hispanic White children; however, the racial gap in percentage terms has narrowed between 1997 and 2003. Multivariate analyses indicate that the extent to which parental socioeconomic status explains the racial gap declined between 1997 and 2003--in 2003, less than 10% of the gap is explained by family income and household head's education. The pattern of decline is not observed when analyzing the racial gap in reading time. As home computer ownership approaches saturation, the racial gap in computer use time may increasingly reflect the underlying racial boundaries rather than parental status differentials. (Contains 3 tables.)

Objective: Assess how per capita expenditure on commercially prepared food as a proportion of total food expenditure varies by the sex and marital status of the head of the household. Design: Prospective cohort study, data collected by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 2004 Consumer Expenditure Survey. Setting: United States. Participants: Randomly selected nationally representative sample of 5744 US citizens. Main Outcome Measures: Per capita spending on commercially prepared food (dependent variable) for every $1 increase in total per capita food spending (independent variable). Analysis: Linear regressions run separately for each permutation of gender and marital status (never married, married, divorced/separated). Results: Proportionate per capita household expenditure on commercially prepared food was found to vary by marital status and gender. Households headed by unmarried men (both divorced/separated and never married) spent a significantly greater proportion of their food budget on commercially prepared food than their married male peers (38% and 60% higher, respectively). Regardless of marital status, households headed by women were found to spend approximately one-third of their total food budget on commercially prepared foods outside the home. Households headed by never married men spent 63% more per capita than those headed by never married women and households headed by divorced or separated men spent 37% more than those headed by divorced or separated women. Conclusions and Implications: Marital status is significantly related to the dietary patterns of households headed by men. In light of the high rates of divorce, separation, and delay of marriage, marriage cannot be considered an inclusive or permanent solution to changing male eating patterns. It is important that nutrition educators learn more about the dietary patterns of households headed by males outside the institution of marriage. (Contains 2 tables.)

The literature on the black middle class has focused predominantly on married-couple families with children, reflecting a conception of the black middle class as principally composed of this family type. If that conception is correct, then declining rates of marriage and childrearing would imply a decline in the presence and vitality of the black middle class. Indeed, this is the implication that researchers typically draw from the decline in black marriage rates. However, an alternative view suggests that the decline in marriage and childrearing is producing a shift in the types of households comprising the black middle class. This paper assesses--and affirms--that alternative view. This research shows that, indeed, never-married singles who live alone (Love Jones Cohort) constitute a rapidly growing segment of the black middle class, a development which requires rethinking how the black middle class is conceptualized and studied. (Contains 4 tables, 2 figures and 13 notes.)

Recent studies have produced conflicting findings about the impacts of local nonresidential land uses on perceived incivilities. This study advances work in this area by developing a land-use perspective theoretically grounded in Brantingham and Brantingham's geometry of crime model in environmental criminology. That focus directs attention to specific classes of land uses and suggests relevance of land uses beyond and within respondents' neighborhoods. Extrapolating from victimization and reactions to crime, crime-generating and crime-attracting land uses are expected to increase perceived neighborhood incivilities and crime. Multilevel models using land use, crime, census, and survey data from 342 Philadelphia heads of households confirmed expected individual-level impacts. These persisted even after controlling for resident demographics and for neighborhood fabric and violent crime rates. Neighborhood status and crime were the only relevant ecological predictors, and their impacts are interpreted in light of competing perspectives on the origins of incivilities. (Contains 3 tables and 20 notes.)

Although much has been written on rapidly changing work and family roles, relatively little is known about the provider side of the work-family nexus. Using data from a study of gender, work, and family among the self-employed, we examine abstract and specific attitudes as well as behavior relating to the provider role. Results show gender differences and similarities in the meaning and influence of the provider role. Women exhibit more egalitarian attitudes even in this realm associated with men, yet similar proportions of women and men are unable to realize their preferences for how much providing to do. Incongruence in providing attitudes and behavior has more consequence for men's than for women's psychological well-being. Although there appears to be less of a stall in the provider side of the work-family system than in unpaid family work, the results suggest the continued importance of the man as good provider. (Contains 5 tables.)