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The EC internal market is to be completed by the end of 1992, the creation of a European Economic Space comprising the 18 countries of the EC and EFTA is underway, and the countries of Eastern Europe, above all the USSR, are talking more and more about a “European house” from the Urals to the Atlantic. How much progress has in fact been made so far in this direction? What are the main obstacles, and what developments are to be expected in the medium term?

Physics has been an almost inexhaustible source of analogy formation for economists. This is natural in view of the methodological lead physics has with respect to economics. Let us make this lead precise. In his famous “Decline of Mechanism” d’Abro states that Statics and Hydrostatics were fully developed by Archimedes, Dynamics of mass points and rigid bodies by Newton, and Hydrodynamics of continuous media by Euler and Lagrange. Some refinements were added by Hamilton in the 19th century, but in essence, classical mechanics was fully developed in the 18th century.

I would be tempted to date my birth certificate as an economist ‘Vienna, 1934’, when I arrived there as a Rockefeller fellow accompanied by my young wife. But that would be ungrateful to my first French masters.

The classical theory of the producer’s equilibrium rests on two sets of particularly restrictive hypotheses. First it is implicitely assumed that all inputs and outputs are located in a single place where the producer is also implanted and where the production is carried out. Next it is assumed that the producer follows a precise behaviour pattern, by this we mean that the producer has complete information concerning the conditions of hisproductive activity and he has perfect command over both the set of inputs and the set of outputs; he realises the maximum profit allowed by the technological constraint which limits his possible actions and by the given price system. The aim of this study is to discard these two familiesof hypotheses relating first to the economic space of goods and of the agent and second to the precision of the economic agent's behaviour.

Let an economic space be characterized by the existence of a given distribution of locations, i.e. consumers' residential locations and producers' plants. It is equipped with a system of prices. The economy is fuzzy because the economic behaviors of agents are imprecise. In this context, spatial partial equilibria theories are applications of a fuzzy economic calculation model. The aim of the present paper is to study the conditions which must be fulfilled in order that the compatibility of consumers' equilibria and producers' equilibria be verified. Mathematical tools are Butnariu's theorems which extend the Brouwer's and Kakutani's theorems to the cases of fuzzy functions and fuzzy point-to-set mappings. Economic results are the extension of the Walras Law to a fuzzy economic space and the formulation of a theorem which states the conditions for the existence of a spatial general equilibrium in a fuzzyeconomy. This theorem is a generalization of a classical Debreu's result.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the architectural economy. A building operates efficiently in an economic space is a prime requirement of a person commissioning a building. The idea of economy is abstracted from the total design process at an early stage because of its significance, especially in tropical countries. Architectural economy balances three interpenetrating outlooks on economy in the light of a specific client's requirements. The architect has to provide a human environment as part of a wider environment; a building fabric that will last over a period of time; and also determine the nature of a building process. It is very difficult to satisfy all these economies but the architect has to make the attempt and weigh each design decision in many frames of economic reference. Deeper understanding of the laws of natural science and the properties of materials and structures permits the architect to exploit the inherent economy that lies in using known and measurable properties to maximum effect.

This paper constructs a measure of inter-regional activity that reflects both the complementarity of industrial activity within a state and between the state and the nation. Complementary refers to activities of industries located in a specific geographic area as they interact with “national” as well as regional economic space. The paper illustrates the application of factor analysis to the fourth approach of regional analysis.

The orientation of counties to metropolitan systems and urban centers is identified by population density and percentage of population urban. This analytical framework differentiates six kinds of counties, ranging from most urban-oriented, group 1, to least urban-oriented, group 6. With this framework, it can be seen that the economic well-being of county residents varies with the urban orientation of their county. Between 1950 and 1960, county population growth also varied with urban orientation. But in the following 6 years (1960-66), population growth slowed considerably in group 1 counties and moderately in groups 2 and 3, but accelerated in groups 4 and 5. In group 6, the decline was arrested. The quickening growth in the less urban-oriented counties promises to help bring prosperity to many areas that were formerly cut off from the mainstream of American economic life. But many of the people who live in these areas are elderly and disabled or lack the education, training, and experience to compete effectively in urban labor markets. Consequently, these people would benefit from training programs and other programs to improve their nutrition, health care, and education.

In this chapter, I reflect on the politics of in/visibility that underpin the government of migrants and refugees by Hungarian authorities and assess how they contribute to and authorise an on-going process of disintegration of the already narrow social, political and economic space navigated by migrants and refugees in the country. First, I examine the spectacularisation practices deployed by the Hungarian government in relation to migration and borders, with a focus on the series of anti-migrant campaigns and the construction of border fences since 2015. I explore the way in which this hyper-visible spectacle of migration produces particular representations of the Hungarian state as the protector of a national public. Second, I reflect on the way in which these hyper-visible ‘events’ authorise the deployment of quieter processes of negligence and destitution towards refugees and asylum-seekers that directly contribute to the disintegration of the social, economic and political ties which migrants and refugees may build in the country. Finally, I examine instances of solidarity initiatives with migrants and assess the extent to which they undermine the political frames put forward by the Hungarian government and produce common spaces between established residents and migrants. Ultimately, this chapter seeks to contribute to our understanding of politics of (dis)integration in Hungary, in the context of a highly exclusionary, yet contested, process of nation-building.

This paper is an extended review essay stimulated by the book of Conti, Malecki and Oinas (1995) on The Industrial Enterprise and its Environment. Three different paradigms of industrial organization are outlined with what has earlier been referred to as the network paradigm best capturing contemporary realities. The spatial implications of this framework are then drawn out and the limits of the paradigm summarized.

The aim of this paper is to increase role of innovation and specification of its functions under the modern challenges, as the key factor for the sustainable political-economic and social development of countries, as well as the rational use of resources and sustainable environmental protection; As well as introducing new approaches as an opportunity to accelerate expanding the role of innovation. In the definition of economic space of innovation, the objectives of sustainable development are also considered, as the implementation of the requirements of sustainable development objectives necessarily has both a spatial dimension of action and the dimension of environmental impact as a result of human activity. This implies both qualitative and quantitative spatial dimensions and an integral combination. In such approaches, direct economic interests change and it becomes clear who can create the hidden forces of contrary action that oppose targeted positive action. At the same time, the set and agreed global standards of economic area will become an authentic tool to overcome such overt or covert opposite forces that have only a consumer attitude towards the economic space. In the paper, the increase of innovation utilization index is presented as a proportion to the growth of socio-economic and political development and inverse dimension to poverty and environmental imbalances. In addition, the leading role of innovation, socio-economic environment and sustainable economic development are discussed in the three-dimensional model of the systems’ life cycle.

In 2015 the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union entered into force and presented a new stage of reintegration of the countries on the territory of the former USSR. The success of this project will depend not only on collaboration at the national level, but also on the degree of the EEU countries’ involvement in the integration process. The academic debate on this issue is a relevant and practically important task. The article highlights the results of the international online-conference “Interregional cooperation in the emerging Eurasian Economic Space”, conducted by the Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of RAS June, 16–20 2015. It considers the issues associated with interregional trade and economic cooperation, interaction in the sphere of science and innovation and various aspects of humanitarian cooperation. It raises important problems of cross-border cooperation of the EEU states. The article makes a conclusion about the need to develop the integration process both in scope (through expanded directions of cooperation, which should not be limited only to contacts at the highest political level or trade partnership) and depth (through involvement of regions, enterprises, different social groups, individual citizens)

(2002). Imagining the European Economy: 'Competitiveness' and the Social Construction of 'Europe' as an Economic Space. New Political Economy: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 157-177.

Introduction, 89. — I. The idea of abstract space and economic analysis, 91; distinction between geonomic (banal) space and economic spaces, 92; space defined by a plan, 95; space defined as a field of forces, 95; space defined as a homogeneous aggregate, 96. — II. Some applications of the distinction between the three types of economic space, 97: monetary space, 97; national space, 99; the European economy, 102.

International audience; This article discusses current European migration flows, their impacts on the European Alps, and future options for addressing issues of migration. It explores these issues from the perspective of regional development, taking into account the currently prevailing goals of economic competitiveness and local self-interest. It focuses on the Alps, a region in which rural areas are losing economic, demographic, and decision-making power due to outmigration. An end to outmigration in the Alps is currently unlikely, but there may be other ways to stem the resulting losses. Based on a review of migration literature and 3 case studies, the article explores ways in which programs for hosting and integrating migrants can also benefit long-time residents by contributing in many different ways to the development of mountain areas. From this perspective, efforts to integrate migrants can be seen as a form of social innovation that can contribute to the future of the entire Alpine economic space. Rather than focusing on drivers of migration or its humanitarian or constitutional aspects, the paper explores the potential benefits to all parties of a better integration of migrants into the host regions, and the possibility that this could become a model of social innovation. It suggests an agenda for research on how to reach this potential and agenda points for policy regarding measures to fulfill the potential.