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Objective: To analyze the difference and correlation of food intakes assessed by Food Weighted Record, 24 Hours Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) methods., Subjects: The data of 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were used. All 23,198 subjects (male 11,107, female 12,091) finished all three dietary survey methods. Food Weighted Record method weighted all food items consumed at home by all family members in last 3 days; 24 Hours Recall recorded all food items the subjects consumed at and out home in last 3 days; FFQ recorded the main 33 categories food items that the subjects consumed at and out home in last year., Results: Compared to Food Weighted Record method, food intakes assessed by 24 hours recall were similar, and the relative differences were less than 10% of most food items. The proportion of over-report and under-report (+/- 25%) by 24 Hours Recall were less than 40%. The correlation coefficients of food intakes between Food Weighted Record and 24 Hours Recall methods ranged from 0.58 to 0.88. The results from Food Weighted Record and FFQ were similar among the high frequently consumed food items. The relative differences of the food intakes investigated between Food Weighted Record and FFQ were less than 15% and the proportion of over-report and under-report (+/- 25%) by FFQ were more than 50%. The correlation coefficients of food intakes between Food Weighted Record and FFQ ranged from 0.08 to 0.76., Conclusion: Food intakes might be assessed accurately by the Food Weighted Record revised 24 Hours Recall method, and FFQ method be also used to assess the food intakes, especially for the frequently consumed food items, as to studying the relationship between food consumption and health.

Objective: To estimate the quantity of the excess energy accumulation according to the weight change in a follow up population. Confirm the energy gap and give the quantitative goal for how much change in energy balance is needed., Methods: This paper was based on data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We selected the adults, 20-45 years old healthy men and women, who took part in the survey in 1989 and were followed up in 2000., Results and Conclusion: From 1989 to 2000, the weight average of this population increased from 55.4 kg to 59.1 kg. The medium of the increasing rate was 0.33 kg/y. The prevalence of overweight has increased dramatically from 9.0% to 23.2% from 1989 to 2000. Assuming that each kilogram of body weight gained represents 32284.6 kJ. We estimated that the medium of the excess energy accumulation was 29.3 kJ/d and the 90th percentile was 94.2 kJ/d. Moreover energy derived from mixed composition diets is stored with an efficiency of at least 50% for nearly everyone. So we can estimated the energy gap should be 188.3 kJ/d. This estimate suggests that the behavior change needed to close the energy gap may be small and achievable without drastically altering current life-styles. For example, intaking 2%-3% less of the energy everyday or walk 10 minutes could offset weight gain in about 90% of the population.

Objective: To investigate and analyze present nutrition and feeding situation of 0 - 5 years old infants and children in Chinese cities and villages and to understand main problems existed during Chinese infants and children's develop-growing period in order to provide a basis for further drafting measures of nutrition amelioration., Methods: To utilize an "Investigation to Nutrition Situation of 0 - 5 Years Old Infants & Children" which is opened in Chinese 8 provinces, cities and villages in 2004 by Social Women Dept. of Ministry of Public Health, P. R. China to proceed measurement of height and body weight for 17081 infants and children of 0 - 5 years of age in 8 provinces, cities and villages, also with Questionnaire form to proceed an investigation to parents of above said infants and children about their feeding situation., Results: The develop-growing difference between cities and villages' infants and children appears to begin in April, a high occurrence period for 1 - 2 years old infants and children in villages with long period chronicle malnutrition as main cause that Chinese western area villages' nutrition rate is 20% above to be higher than Chinese middle and eastern areas. Infants and children's mother milk feeding rate is higher than whole nation's children nutrition monitoring result in 2000 with villages obviously higher than cities. In adding infants' supplementary foods there obviously existed unscientific and unreasonable problem of adding time, adding quality and quantity of supplementary foods. To analyze cause it is besides economic factors there existed obvious relation with shortage of knowledge in nutrition and health care by infants and children's parents.

Objective: To estimate the relative risks of dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes among overweight and obese Chinese children compared with their normal weight counterparts., Methods: Overweight and obesity were defined by age- and sex-specific BMI classification reference for Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) and each risk factor for MetS were defined using the criteria for US adolescents. Definition of hyper-TC, LDL, and dyslipidemia for adults was applied as well. General linear model factor analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in metabolic indicators among normal weight, overweight, and obese groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio of metabolic abnormalities between obesity, overweight, and normal weight children, after adjustment for living area, family economic level, age, sex, and daily exercise time and TV watching time, as well as different dietary indices in the model., Results: Significant increases in blood lipids, glucose, and blood pressure were found among overweight and obese children as compared with their counterparts with normal weight. By applying WGOC-recommended BMI classification, the risks for hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and dyslipidemia among overweight children were 1.9, 1.4, and 1.5 times, and was 3.3, 1.5, and 1.8 times among obese groups compared to their counterparts with normal weight after adjustment for age, sex, region, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and dietary intakes. The overweight and obese children (15-17.9 years) had a high-risk of developing hypertension, which was 2.3 and 2.9 times higher than their counterparts with normal weight. Above 90% obese adolescents had abdominal obesity, while less than 1% normal weight ones had abdominal obesity. No obese adolescents were free from any risk factors for MetS, while 36.9% of normal weight adolescents were from the risk factors. 83.3% obese boys and all obese girls had metabolic syndrome, while only 15.5% normal weight boys and 18.8% normal weight girls had metabolic syndrome. Four risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found in 8.3% obese boys while none in normal weight boys and girls. The prevalence of MetS among normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups was 1.5%, 18.3%, and 38.1% respectively., Conclusion: The cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are clustered in obese Chinese children. Our observations strongly suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the onset of overweight and its associated diseases during early childhood.

Objective: To investigate the relative factors of dietary under and over intakes, then provide information for improving dietary quality of Chinese adults., Methods: A Sample of 28320 adult aged 18 - 59 years who had completed 3 day dietary information and basic information were selected from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey. DBI - LBS (Dietary Balance Index Lower Bound Score) and DBI - HBS (Dietary Balance Index Higher Bound Score) were calculated to reflect the extent of under and over intake. Logistic multiple regression models were developed to identify factors characterizing under and over intake. Factors examined included the family characteristics and personal information., Results: The main factors that effected dietary under intake were age, gender, educational level, employment, income, family number, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, exercise, television viewing time, leisure reading time and domicile region, while gender, employment, income, family number, nation, diabetes, smoking, exercise, television viewing time, leisure reading time, cooking time, and domicile region were main factors that effected the dietary over intake of Chinese adults.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of body overweight and obesity and its changes among Chinese people during 1992-2002, and to provide scientific basis for developing intervention strategies for obesity in China., Methods: The data from "1992 China third National Nutrition Survey" (78,704 subjects, 38,323 male and 40,381 female) and from "2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey" (209,849 subjects, 101,377 male and 108,472 female) were used in this study. The overweight and obesity were defined by using WHO Z-score criteria for children younger than 7 years old, Chinese age-, sex-specific BMI criteria for children aged 7-17 years, and Chinese BMI criteria for adults., Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity of Chinese people was increased by 38.6% and 80.6%, respectively during the period of 1992-2002. The prevalence of overweight and obesity of Chinese people aged 0-6 years, 7-17 years, 18-44 years, 45-59 years and above 60 years was increased 31.7%, 17.9%, 66.7%, 45.2% and 43.7%, respectively. The increase of the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in girls younger than 6 years than their male counterparts, while among other age groups, that were higher in boys than girls. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among people living in rural areas was lower than that of their urban counterparts, while the increment of overweight and obesity prevalence among rural people was greater than that of their urban counterparts. It was estimated that another 70 million overweight and 30 million obese Chinese people emerged in China from 1992 to 2002., Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity of Chinese people was increased rapidly in the past decade, which had affected 260 million Chinese people. It would continue to increase in the near future if effective intervention measures have not been taken.

Objective: To describe the status of nutrition and health related indices in the Chinese population., Methods: A stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. The survey was done in 2002, including data gathered from questionnaires, interviews, physical examinations, measurement of biochemical indices, and dietary investigation., Results: Cereals accounted for 48.5% of all the sources of energy in urban and 61.4% in rural populations. Daily mean percentages of calories for total fat were 35.0% in urban and 27.5% in rural areas. The prevalence rates of stunting and underweight were 14.3% and 7.8% respectively in young children under 5-year-old. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 9.3% in Chinese children aged 3-12 years old. The total prevalence of anemia was 15.2% in general population of all ages. The prevalence of anemia in young adults was significantly higher in women than in men. The total prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 17.6% and 5.6%, respectively. The prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia, or low serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol were 18.8%, 2.6%, 2.9%, 11.9%, 7.4% respectively in Chinese adults aged 18 and over. The rates of awareness, treatment, and under control among hypertensives were 30.2%, 24.7%, and 25.0%, respectively. Significant regional and age differences were revealed in the dietary habit and the prevalence of various diseases. The prevalence of diseases associated with malnutrition were higher in rural than in urban areas. In contrast, the prevalence of conditions associated with overconsumption and inappropriate dietary patterns were higher in urban than in rural populations., Conclusion: Chinese people were currently suffering from both problems on nutrition related issues and burdens of diseases which were characterized in nutrient deficiencies and overconsumption, malnutrition and noncommunicable conditions associated with overconsumption and inappropriate diet. The difference of nutrition and health status between rural and urban people was also seen.

Objective: To describe the current status and trend of food consumption among Chinese residents., Methods: 23,470 households including 68,962 subjects were randomly sampled from 132 counties in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. A 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect information on food intake, but the condiment intake was collected by weighting method., Results: The average food consumption per reference man per day of Chinese people included 402 g (urban/rural: 366 g/ 416 g) cereals; 276 g (urban/rural: 252 g/ 286 g) vegetables; 45 g (urban/rural:69 g/36 g) fruits; 79 g (urban/rural: 105 g/69 g) meats; 30 g (urban/rural:45 g/24 g) fishery products; 24 g (urban/rural: 33 g/20 g) eggs; 27 g(urban/rural: 66 g/ 11 g) dairy; 16 g legume; 42 g (urban/rural:44 g/41 g) edible oil; 12 g (urban/rural: 11 g/12 g) salt; 9 g (urban/rural: 11 g/8 g) soy sauce., Conclusions: For Chinese residents, the quality of diet had been improved and consumptions of animal products, milk, and edible oil had been increased, but the consumptions of dairy and legume products intake was still low which called for improvement. The unbalance was characterized as the downward trend in cereal, vegetable and fruit consumption but significant increased in animal products and oil intake among urban people. Dietary pattern of some subjects adopted a "high energy density" diet. Double burdens from under-nutrition and over-nutrition should both be considered as problems which asked for attention by the government and researchers.

Objective: To evaluate the overall diet quality of Chinese adults using Chinese Diet Balance Index and the validity of DBI., Methods: 28320 adult aged 18 - 59 years who had completed 3 day dietary information and basic information were selected from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey. Diet quality were evaluated by using DBI scoring and evaluating system., Results: The major problems of Chinese residents are adequate food intake and excessive food intake co-exist. dietary quality are different between urban and rural populations, the extent of lower intake and excessive intake both is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. It shows that the extent of dietary imbalance is worse and severe among rural residents. The diet quality is effected by individual education level and family income., Conclusions: Comparing with the other measurements, DBI can describe the overall dietary quality more comprehensive, be easier to find out the major problem of the dietary pattern, and describe the extend of the problem numerically.

Objective: To describe the current situation and trends of mean weight and height of the Chinese people., Methods: Subjects of 71,971 households from 31 provinces were selected by stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Height from 210 136 and weight from 202 749 subjects aged 2-79 years were used to describe their trends of development during 1992-2002. The height of children younger than 3 years of age was measured by infant height bed while the others were measured by metal height pole within 0.1 cm accuracy. Fasting body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg., Results: Data on the mean height (cm) of Chinese children aged 2, 6, 11, 17 years were gathered which include: 1) in urban area: boys as 90.1 (2y), 118.4 (6y), 144.9 (11y), 170.2 (17y); girls as: 89.0 (2y), 117.0 (6y), 145.8 (11y), 158.6 (17y); 2) in rural area:boys as 87.6 (2y), 113.1 (6y), 139.2 (11y), 166.3 (17y) while girls as 86.2 (2y), 112.9 (6y), 140.0 (11y), 157.0 (17y). When compared to the results from 1992, the average height increased among all age groups. The values of increase among different groups aged 2-5 years were seen as: 3.6 cm of boys in urban and 3.0 cm of boys in rural areas while 3.8 cm of girls in urban and 3.0 cm of girls in rural areas. Among the aged 6-19 year groups, the average increasing values of height were 3.1 cm, 3.4 cm, 2.8 cm and 3.1 cm of city boys, rural boys, city girls and rural girls, respectively versus adults as 0.7 cm, 0.9 cm, 0.6 cm and 1.0 cm, respectively. The mean weight (kg) of Chinese children aged 2, 6, 11, 17 years were listed as below: boys in urban area: 13.5 (2y), 22.2 (6y), 37.4 (11y), 58.7 (17y); girls in urban area: 12.7 (2y), 21.2 (6y), 36.7 (11y), 51.9 (17y); boys in rural area: 12.8 (2y), 19.4 (6y), 31.9 (11y), 54.9 (17y); girls in rural area: 11.9 (2y), 18.7 (6y), 31.8 (11y), 51.2 (17y). The average weights of all age groups on 2002 were all higher than their same age counterparts in 1992. The average increasing values of weight among children aged 2-5 years were 1.0 kg, 0.6 kg, 0.8 kg and 0.5 kg for city boys, rural boys, city girls and rural girls, respectively. Among the aged 6-19 year groups, they were 2.0 kg, 1.5 kg, 1.4 kg and 1.1 kg, while among the adults aged 20-70 years, they were 3.2 kg, 3.0 kg, 1.6 kg and 2.9 kg, respectively., Conclusion: Both mean weight and height had a remarkable increase and the physical status improved among all age groups for the last ten years.

Objective: To describe the phenomenon of undernutrition and overweight coexisting within the same household on the level of household among 9 provinces in 2000. To explore the likely factors related to the phenomenon., Methods: This is a cross sectional study. All households were categorized as four types: undernutrition, overweight, undernutrition/overweight and normal. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the statistical significance of the association of undernutrition/overweight with sociodemographic factors while controlling for confounders., Results: In 9 provinces of China, 6.9% of all households were found to have undernutrition and overweight members within the same household. The undernutrition/overweight households were more likely to be urban residence, have a motor vehical,own a washing machine, household head have a low energy occupation and more likely to consume a higher percentage of energy from animal fat. There were no significant differences between undernutrition/overweight and overweight households. There were 34.9% undernutrition/overweight households of all undernutrition households and 13.2% of all overweight households., Conclusion: It's essential to explore the phenomenon. The results will suggest the nutrition intervention to consider both undernutrition and chronic disease.

Objective: To establish Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI).; To evaluate the overall diet quality; To provide an effective measurement instrument for researchers, food and nutrition policy makers and the public., Methods: The Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents motivated the selection of food-based components. The components were weighted and assigned cut-offs and point schemes based on the Chinese Food Guide Pagoda. Five scoring method are used to combine the component scores., Results: 8 food-based components were selected, these are the intake of cereals, vegetable and fruit, bean and dairy, animal food, alcohol, salt, oil as well as the food variety. The scoring system including total score, lower bound score, higher bound scores, and diet quality distance can reflect both under and over intake. DBI can be used as a measurement to evaluate the dietary quality of the individual or the population.

Objective: To calculate the effects of malnutrition on the child survival and economic productivity in 9 provinces by using a new method., Methods: PROFILES was used to quantify the function consequences of malnutrition in terms of child survival and productivity., Results: As estimated, without improvement, 304000 children will die due to underweight between 2001 and 2010 in 9 provinces, reducing underweight prevalence from 12.6% to 9.5% could save 38000 lives. If current stunting level remained unchanged over next 10 years in 9 provinces, the net present value of future productivity lost would be 58.4 billion, productivity gain due to reduction in child stunting reduced by 25% over next 10 years would gain worth 7.9 billion., Conclusion: Children's malnutrition plays a negative role in child survival, but also has huge economic lost in 9 provinces. It's recommendable to try or develop PROFILES model in nutrition study.

Objective: To study the changes of serum total calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (P) levels during children growth and related factors., Methods: Using a stratified-multi-steps-cluster sampling method, we selected 2,342 healthy children aged 10-18 years from urban and suburban areas of Beijing from September 2001 to December 2001 to test the levels of serum Ca and P. Their meal status was also surveyed to analyse the correlation of the leves of serum Ca and P with sex, age, height, weight, and diet on statistic basis., Results: The Ca levels of Beijing children were (2.39 +/- 0.12) mmol/L, which had a positive correlation with age, height, and weight (P < 0.01). The Ca levels of female children were somewhat higher than those of male [male, (2.38 +/- 0.12) mmol/L; female, (2.39 +/- 0.12) mmol/L; P < 0.05]. The Ca levels of urban children were significantly higher than those of suburban children [urban, (2.40 +/- 0.13) mmol/L; suburban, (2.37 +/- 0.10) mmol/L; P < 0.001]. The P levels of Beijing children were (1.39 +/- 0.18) mmol/L, which had a negative correlation with age, height, and weight (P < 0.01). The P levels of male children were significantly higher than those of female [male, (1.43 +/- 0.18) mmol/L; female, (1.36 +/- 0.17) mmol/L; P < 0.001]. The P levels of urban children were significant higher than those of suburban children [urban, (1.41 +/- 0.19) mmol/L; suburban, (1.38 +/- 0.16) mmol/L; P < 0.001]. The Ca levels of Beijing children had a negative correlation with P levels (r=-0.141, P < 0.01). [Ca] x [P] (mmol/L) of Beijing children were 3.32 +/- 0.44. The value of [Ca] x [P] reached peak by 3.45 +/- 0.46 when Beijing children were of 13-14 years old, and then the value declined with increasing age., Conclusion: The levels of serum Ca and P correlates with sex, age, growth, and diet. The level of serum Ca goes up while P goes down during the children growth.

Objective: To assess the relationship between overweight, obesity and blood lipid profiles of children and adolescents and to validate body mass index (BMI) cutoff points for overweight and obesity screening to Chinese children and adolescents, recommended by Working Group of Obesity, China (WGOC), International Life Science Association., Methods: 2293 children and adolescents (1124 males and 1169 females), aged between 10 and 18 years, were randomly selected as samples from 6 schools in Beijing area. Fasting serum lipids including total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), thropometrical index as weight and height were measured. BMI equals to weight in kilograms were then divided by the square of height in meters., Results: According to BMI cutoff points recommended by WGOC, samples fell into 3 groups including normal group (BMI < 85 percentiles), overweight group (BMI >or= 85 and < 95 percentiles) and obesity group (BMI >or= 95 percentiles). Results clearly showed an increase of both serum TC and TG and a decrease of HDLC when BMI was increasing, among most age groups regardless of sex difference and the difference among BMI groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01)., Conclusions: Results of this study indicated that there was an obvious dose-effect relationship between BMI and lipid profiles which accounted for some rationality of the BMI cutoff points recommended by WGOC. The authors reckoned the findings important to managing relevant adult diseases during childhood, in China.

DNA sequencing using thermostable DNA polymerase is very valuable in molecular biology. From a specific strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, the gene of the Bst DNA polymerase large fragment which had no 5'-3' exonuclease activity was cloned and recombined into an expression vector pYZ23,and the constructed plasmid was introduced into Escherichia coli JF1125,then the expressed protein was isolated and purified. The genetic engineered product shows characteristics similar with the purified natural Bst DNA polymerase large fragment. It will benefit the wide application of Bst DNA polymerase and the study of the relationship between the structure and function of Bst DNA polymerase.