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Background: Tazarotene is used as topical retinoid for the treatment of acne, psoriasis and sun damaged skin. But its topical formulation has many side-effects including itching, burning, dryness, redness, stinging, rash blistering, skin discolouration, peeling at the site of application and low bioavailability., Objective: The present study focuses on the reduction of side effects and enhancement of solubility and topical bioavailability of tazarotene by formulating nanosponge and niosomes based gel for topical application., Methodology: Nanosponge and niosomes of tazarotene were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique and thin film hydration method respectively. The prepared formulations were characterized for drug content, morphology, size distribution, PDI, viscosity, % swelling and in vitro permeation. The nanosponge and niosome formulations were incorporated into carbomer 940 (gel matrix) to convert them into nanosponge and niosome based gel. The gel formulations were subjected to drug content determination, pH determination, spreadability, viscosity, rheological behaviour and in vitro permeation studies using wistar rat skin by Franz diffusion cell for optimization. The optimized nanosponge (NSG1) containing ethyl cellulose, PVA and dichloromethane and optimized niosomes (NMG5) containing tween 20, cholesterol, chlororform were formulated into gels and compared with nanosponge (NS1), niosomes (NM5), plain drug gel and marketed formulation (Tazaorac) for skin permeation and retention characteristics., Results: The nanosponge (NSG1) and niosome (NMG5) gel formulations had lower cumulative amount of drug permeated, flux, enhancement ratio and higher skin retention within the skin layers and local accumulation efficiency (LAE) than plain drug gel and marketed formulation., Conclusion: Thus, the study showed that nanosponge and niosome based gel formulation can be a possible alternative to conventional formulations of tazarotene with enhanced bioavailability and skin retention characteristics for topical application., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Background: Topical retinoids are first-line treatment options for acne vulgaris. These drugs, however, produce varying degree of cutaneous irritation within the first few weeks of treatment., Objective: Our purpose was to examine differences in tolerability of topical retinoids and assess whether these differences would be clinically meaningful., Methods: A PubMed search was performed for sources on topical retinoids in acne vulgaris treatment. Thirty-four clinical studies were analyzed., Results: Thirteen studies had statistically significant results on tolerability of retinoid based on retinoid, vehicle, concentration, or skin type. All studies classified most of skin reactions as mild-moderate. Large differences in the number of dropouts due to irritation were not identified., Conclusion: Irritation studies did not show a high frequency of clinically significant irritation with topical retinoids. We anticipate that the large variation in patient use of topical retinoids would likely account for more variation in response than differences between drug formulations., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

Most patients with acne have a disease that responds to acute treatment and can be controlled long term with a maintenance regimen of topical therapy. It is the minority of patients-generally, but not exclusively-the most severely affected, who respond poorly to acute therapy and require continued systemic therapy. The goals of therapy are resolution of visible lesions, prevention of new lesions, avoidance of scarring, and improvement of patient quality of life. Treatment choices are made on the basis of lesion type, number, and size, with consideration given to the presence of physical and psychological scarring. Semin Cutan Med Surg 34(supp5):S82-S85., (2015 published by Frontline Medical Communications.)

To study the systemic exposure of tazarotene formulation after topical administration, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of tazarotene and tazarotenic acid in minipig plasma. Similar extraction recoveries for both analytes were obtained after the plasma samples were acidified by glacial acetic acid (5%) and extracted by ethyl ether-cyclohexane (4:1, v/v). Separation of the analytes was achieved within a short time by the addition of 0.1% formic acid to the mobile phase. Gradient elution was used to avoid the matrix effect. The method was linear over the concentration range of 10-600 pg/mL for both analytes. The data of intra- and inter-run precision and accuracy were lower than 5.2%, 7.3% and 7.3% for both analytes. The developed method can be applied to investigate the transdermal pharmacokinetics and the systemic exposure of tazarotene formulation after topical administration., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Topical therapies are the mainstream treatment of psoriasis because most patients have mild disease. First-line treatments are vitamin D derivatives and corticosteroids. These treatments are usually given in combination schedules. For topical treatments the selection of the most appropriate vehicle is of major importance, thus improving adherence to the treatment, which frequently is impaired by the complexities of topical therapeutic choices. Evidence for efficacy and safety of topical treatments is readily available for vitamin D treatments and short-term treatment with corticosteroids. However, the scientific evidence for longer-term treatments is limited. Multiple new small molecules are in various stages of development and are reviewed.

A stability-indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenoxyethanol (PE), methylparaben (MP), propylparaben (PP), mometasone furoate (MF), and tazarotene (TA) in topical pharmaceutical dosage formulation. The desired chromatographic separation was achieved on the Waters X-Bridge™ C18 (50×4.6mm, 3.5μ) column using gradient elution at 256 nm detection wavelength. The optimized mobile phase consisted of 0.1%v/v orthophosphoric acid in water as solvent-A and acetonitrile as solvent-B. The method showed linearity over the range of 5.88-61.76 μg/mL, 0.18-62.36 μg/mL, 0.17-6.26 μg/mL, 0.47-31.22 μg/mL, and 0.44-30.45 μg/mL for PE, MP, PP, MF, and TA, respectively. The recovery for all of the components was in the range of 98-102%. The stability-indicating capability of the developed method was established by analysing the forced degradation samples, in which the spectral purity of PE, MP, PP, MF, and TA along with the separation of degradation products from the analyte peaks was achieved. The proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of PE, MP, PP, MF, and TA in a cream sample.

Background: Tazarotene foam is the first topical retinoid foam approved for the treatment of acne vulgaris., Objective: To review the safety and efficacy studies of tazarotene foam in the treatment of moderate to severe acne., Methods: Five Phase I safety studies in normal controls are reviewed and two Phase III safety and efficacy studies in patients with moderate to severe acne are reviewed., Conclusion: Tazarotene foam, 0.1% was effective in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris with an acceptable tolerability profile. This treatment provides a cosmetically favorable alternative for topical retinoid therapy.

Background: The incidence of uncomplicated psoriasis is 1-3% in the general population. The involvement of palm and sole is seen in 7-14.5% of cases. There are different topicals and systemic therapies available for treating the case of psoriasis but none is satisfactory for longer duration., Aim: The study involved the comparative therapeutic evaluation of the different topical regimens and narrow band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) therapy in combination with systemic methotrexate., Materials and Methods: The study was held in out-patient department of Skin, VD and Leprosy of B.R.D. Medical College, Gorakhpur, from July 2007 to December 2008. The group included 98 new cases of palmoplantar psoriasis. These cases were divided into eight groups according to the eight regimens involved in the study. The severity of psoriasis was assessed by the ESIF (erythema, scaling, induration and fissuring) score., Results: The study showed that all the regimens had significant response rates. The combination of NB-UVB with systemic methotrexate had maximum response rate (64.85±4.52%) that was statistically significant (paired "t" at 16d.f. = 33.329, P<0.001) with minimum number of recurrences after stopping the treatment. The combination of halobetasol ointment with systemic methotrexate also had significant response rate (paired "t" at 19d.f. = 13.5183, P<0.001) but had maximum number of cases with recurrence (70%) after stopping the treatment., Conclusion: These results suggest that the combination of every regimen with systemic methotrexate resulted in an early and a good improvement in the quality of life of patients suffering from psoriasis. It also shows that NB-UVB in combination with systemic methotrexate is more efficacious and has minimum recurrence rate and side effects in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis.