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Some results of high-rise buildings monitoring program are presented in this paper. The monitoring system is currently operating at the high-rise apartment building in Moscow. The vibrating wire strain gauges were embedded in the foundation slab and groundlevel walls during the construction. Measurements are carried out automatically at 6-hour intervals, and received in real time by the monitoring station. In this paper the result of measuring the strain in the concrete walls during 4 years is reported.The computer model of the building was made in order to compare the experimental and predicted data. Mathematical models of a high-rise building are simplified, but we are taking into account the main factors, that influence the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete structures. These factors are: influence of soil base, phases of construction and change of concrete deformation characteristics. The total strain in constructions was calculated as a sum of a strain under load, thermal strain, plastic shrinkage and creep. This data was compared with the total strain in structures measured by the gauges.The analysis of quantitative and qualitative correspondence between the model and actual data was performed. The comparison shows that the theoretical results obtained by the performed procedure are similar to the experimental data. It demonstrates that the model reflects the actual behavior of constructions. The differences found during the comparison are due to the redistribution of stresses from one part of a construction to the other that can occur even if the load is constant. This phenomenon is clearly seen during the suspension of construction. Some differences due to unaccounted factors were found, which should be investigated later.Проведено сопоставление прогнозируемых деформаций вертикальных несущих конструкций высотного здания с экспериментальными данными, полученными при помощи действующей системы инструментального мониторинга. Моделирование здания и прогноз напряженно-деформированного состояния конструкций выполнен с учетом стадийности возведения здания и изменения деформационных характеристик бетона в процессе строительства. Проведен анализ количественного и качественного соответствия расчетной модели и существующего высотного здания.

Ekonominės sąlygos Rytų Europos šalyse keitėsi, todėl keitėsi ir miesto vystymo vizijos. Viena iš svarbiausių miesto planavimo užduočių šiandien yra sukurti efektyvius modelius, skirtus rasti vietą aukštybiniams pastatams mieste. Straipsnio tikslas yra nustatyti efektyviausius būdus nustatyti vietą aukštybiniams pastatams Vilniuje, remiantis atitinkama kitų Europos miestų patirtimi. Šiam tikslui pateikiamas daugelio stadijų sudėtingas vertinimo modelis. Modelį sudaro trys sprendimų priėmimo metodai. Pirmas taikytas metodas buvo SSGG (stiprybių, silpnybių, galimybių, grėsmių) analizė, kuri leido įvertinti dabartines praktikas Europoje, kai naudojami skirtingi modeliai nustatant aukštybinių pastatų vietą mieste. Siekiant nustatyti kriterijų, atspindinčių socialinius-ekonominius, politinius ir estetinius miesto planavimo aspektus, svorius, buvo taikomas ekspertinio sprendimo metodas. Kitas taikytas metodas buvo daugiakriteris svertinis metodas, kuris leidžia pagal prioritetus išrikiuoti geriausias alternatyvas aukštybinių pastatų išdėstymui taikant iš anksto pasirinktą kriterijų rinkinį. Radus tinkamą būdą, kaip nustatyti tinkamiausią vietą aukštybiniams pastatams, ateityje galima labai palengvinti miesto vystymo procesą, užkirsti kelią chaotiškam aukštybinių pastatų išdėstymui mieste ir padėti sukurti tinkamas sąlygas investuotojams. Tyrimai rodo, kad miesto planuotojai turėtų ir toliau vystyti koncentruotus aukštybinių pastatų klasterius netoli istorinės miesto dalies ir koncentruotus klasterius miesto periferijoje. Reikia vengti vienišų pastatų šalia istorinio miesto centro. As the economic conditions in Eastern European countries were changing, so were changing the visions of urban development, which came to be associated with private property and a pursuit of business investments. One of the most important tasks in urban planning today remains efficient models to find a place for high-rise buildings in the urban pattern. The paper aims to identify the most efficient ways to locate high-rise buildings in Vilnius, in reference to many years of related experience of other European cities. Article presents a multi-stage complex assessment model for the location of high-rise buildings in the urban structure. The proposed model is composed from three decision making methods. The first method applied in our research was the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), which allows assessing current European practices with different models for the location of high-rise buildings in the urban pattern. To determine the weights of criteria reflecting social-economic, political and aesthetic urban planning aspects, the method of expert judgement was used. The next method used was SAW (Simple Additive Weighting), which makes it possible to rank the best alternatives of high-rise buildings location using a pre-selected set of criteria. The research proves that SWOT, expert judgment and SAW are appropriate methods for various kinds of urban planning tasks.

Due to the significant vertical elevation and complexity of the structural system, high rise buildings may suffer from the effects of fire more than other structures. For this reason, in addition to evacuation strategies and active fire protection, a careful consideration of structural response to fire is also very important. In this context, it is of interest to investigate the characteristics of the structural system that could possibly reduce local damages or mitigate the progression of failures in case of fire. In this paper, a steel high rise building is taken as case study and the response of the building is investigated up to the crisis of the structure with respect to a standard fire in a lower and in a higher storey: the comparison of the fire induced failures at the different height allows highlighting the role played in the resulting collapse mechanisms by the beam-column stiffness ratio and by the loading condition.

Changing economic conditions impact on visions of city development, which in turn is associated with private property, real estate market and pursuit for business investments. In terms of city development, investments are mostly centred on the construction industry. First and foremost, economic changes are reflected on the real estate market and city territory planning. One of the most important tasks that remain in city planning of today is focused on the development of efficient models that would ensure appropriate location of buildings in the territory of a city. To answer this problem-solving need, an integrated assessment model was developed. The most complicated processes are related to the design of critical buildings. The game theory was used to rank locations of high-rise buildings. The case-study demonstrated that the presented integrated assessment model can be used for practical problem solving.

The character of height and density of newly high-rise cities, along with the force of globalization, have jeopardized the character of dwellings once entailing a regional flavor. The critical regionalism which serves as a resistant medium against placelessness and lack of identity in the International Style has focused more on mid-rise or low-rise solutions rather than providing direct high-rise resolutions. Additionally, high-rise endeavors are not compatible with critical regionalism theories. This has happened partly due to critical regionalism theories multi-facet character inherent in its dialectic structure. Thus, to remedy the inadvertency of texts in the discourse of architectural regionalism, the present study seeks rethinking of critical regionalism by focusing on the pathology of high-rise buildings in the issues pertaining to place and identity. Finally, the architectonic articulation to place-making and identity-giving is discussed.

This research aims to develop a new daylight assessment method for high-rise residential buildings located in high-density urban environments. The new visible sky area (VSA) method was developed based on data gathered from an extensive survey of high-rise residential building plans and layouts in Hong Kong and followed by a large number of daylight simu- lation experiments. The results of simulations showed a very small daylight quantity arriving at windowpane of lower floor level of high-rise residential buildings due to high-obstruction from nearby buildings and also self-obstruction. The new method would guarantee the availability of sky area seen from windowpane in order to provide a good vertical daylight factor (VDF), which has been adopted as a performance-based daylight indicator in Hong Kong. A minimum VSA of 12% and 6% for habitable rooms and kitchens, respectively, is proposed for this situation.

El presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento termico y energetico de edificios residenciales en altura, en el contexto particular de una “ciudad-oasis”. Se plantea como objetivo la definicion de sistemas de control solar adecuados en la envolvente para cada tipologia material de edificio -masica y liviana- y para cada estrato en altura de las viviendas: debajo y sobre de la copa de los arboles. El monitoreo de viviendas en uso permite validar modelos geometricos (software Energy Plus) y simular propuestas de aplicacion de elementos de proteccion solar. Se analizan los ahorros en los consumos para enfriamiento en departamentos en niveles bajos, medios y altos. Los resultados muestran que en el edificio masico, en las viviendas ubicadas debajo de la copa de los arboles, es posible anular las cargas energeticas para enfriamiento mediante el uso de elementos exteriores de proteccion solar. Mientras que en las viviendas sobre la copa de los arboles, los ahorros energeticos se encuentran entre el 32% y 42%. En el edificio liviano, la aplicacion de sistemas de control en departamentos bajo la copa de los arboles alcanza ahorros del orden del 53% y en las viviendas sobre la copa, las reducciones energeticas se encuentran entre el 46% y 54%. Las dimensiones adecuadas de tales elementos pueden generar propuestas posibles de ser transferidas a las normativas locales de edificacion., This article analyzes the thermal and energy performance of high-rise residential buildings in the specific context of an oasis city. The aim of the study is to define adequate solar control systems in the envelope for each building material typology –heavyweight and lightweight– for two different housing height levels: above and below the tree canopy. By monitoring occupied dwellings, dynamic models were validated with Energy Plus software and proposed alternatives for solar protection were simulated. Energy savings for cooling were analyzed in apartments at low, middle and high levels. Results show that in the heavyweight building, the dwellings below the tree canopy do not require HVAC energy consumption to reach thermal comfort zones when exterior shading devices are used. While in units above the tree canopy, energy savings range from 32% to 42%. In the case of the lightweight building, apartments below the tree canopy present energy savings of approximately 53% and in those above the tree canopy savings are between 46% and 54%. The suitable dimensions of such elements constitute possible proposals for inclusion in local building regulations., Instituto de Investigaciones y Políticas del Ambiente Construido

Urban foresting can affect high-rise buildings in two ways from an environmentalist point of view because building envelopes are exposed to different conditions above and below the tree canopy. Two buildings were selected as case studies with massive and light envelopes. We performed thermal energy analyses in the apartments above and below treetops along with interviews of the residents in order to calculate the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). A view of these cases clarifies that these factors greatly influence the occupants and their use of HVAC under normal conditions. Dynamic models are validated by the Energy Plus software and user incidents are excluded in order to evaluate the thermal and energy differences based on variables of materiality and height. These results show that there is variation in energy consumption during winter and summer according to materiality of the building envelope: massive building envelopes require more energy consumption in the winter; while, for the summer their consumption is less. In addition, we find that apartments below the tree canopy take advantage of the benefits of the microclimate in the oasis-city with indoor temperatures closer to comfort ranges as well as lower energy consumption for temperatures in both summer and winter. Fil: Balter, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Ganem, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Discoli, Carlos Alberto. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2016, Küreselleşme sebebiyle nüfusun büyük bölümünün kentlere yoğunlaşmasıyla birlikte yüksek yapıya olan ihtiyaç ortaya çıkmıştır. Geleneksel tasarım yöntemleriyle dizayn edilen yüksek yapılarda, son 50 yılda meydana gelen orta ve yüksek şiddetli depremler nedeniyle yapısal hasarlar oluşmuştur. Meydana gelen hasarlara bağlı olarak can, ekonomik ve sosyal kayıpların çok fazla olması, deprem etkilerinin gerçeğe en yakın olarak saptanması gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Deprem etkileri altında dayanım esaslı tasarım yöntemlerine alternatif olarak şekil değiştirme esaslı tasarım yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine başlanmıştır. Performansa bağlı tasarımın ana felsefesi, deprem etkisi nedeniyle taşıyıcı sistemde meydana gelebilecek yer değiştirme, şekil değiştirme ve hasar seviyelerinin önceden saptanmasıdır. Özellikle son 20 yılda ABD’deki araştırma çalışmalarının sonucunda hazırlanan ATC, FEMA dokümanlarıyla birlikte, kuvvete dayalı dayanım prensipleri, yerini yer değiştirme odaklı performansa göre tasarıma bırakmıştır. Günümüzde deprem etkilerinin dizayna hakim olduğu yüksek yapılar, performansa dayalı tasarım yöntemleriyle yapılmaktadır. Yüksek lisans tezi olarak tamamlanan bu çalışma kapsamında, taşıyıcı sistemi çerçeve ve yüksek sünek merkezi çelik çaprazlardan oluşan 47 katlı kompozit bir binanın ön tasarımı yapılarak, zaman tanım alanında doğrusal olmayan analiz yöntemiyle deprem performansı belirlenmiştir. Sayısal incelemede malzeme ve geometri bakımından doğrusal olmayan yapısal sistem, ETABS sonlu elemanlar yazılımı yardımıyla oluşturulan matematik model sayesinde, İstanbul Yüksek Binalar Deprem Yönetmeliği D3 felaket senaryosu ivme spektrumuna göre ölçeklenmiş yer hareketleriyle çözülmüştür.Yapının düşey yükler altındaki çözümü için AISC 360-10 yönetmeliği yük ve tasarım katsayıları tasarımı (LRFD) yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Merkezi çelik çaprazların tasarımı için AISC 341-10 yönetmeliğinden de yardım alınmıştır. Doğrusal olmayan malzeme ve kuvvet şekil değiştirme eğrileri için ASCE 41-13 ve ATC-72 dokümanlarından yararlanılmıştır. Yapıya etkiyen yatay yüklerin hesabı için, İstanbul Yüksek Binalar Rüzgar Yönetmeliği 2009 ve İstanbul Yüksek Binalar Deprem Yönetmeliği 2008 esas alınmıştır. Çelik çaprazların ve kolon kiriş birleşim tahkikleri için kapasite prensipleri kullanılarak yapının boyutlandırılması tamamlanmıştır. Sunulan çalışma 6 kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, performansa dayalı tasarım ve değerlendirmenin kavramsal açıklaması yapılarak, tasarım yönteminin ortaya çıkmasına neden olan deprem etkileri ve hasar süreçlerinden bahsedilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmanın amacı da gene bu bölümde özetlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, çok katlı yapıların gelişim aşamalarından bahsedilmektedir. Geçmişten günümüze kadar uzanan çok katlı yapı tasarımları incelenerek, daha yüksek yapılar inşa edilmesine olanak sağlayan taşıyıcı sistemlerin gelişimi anlatılmaktadır. Ayrıca bu bölümde yüksek yapıların bölgelere göre dağılımı ve kullanılan yapısal malzemeler değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü kısmında, yüksek bir yapının tasarımı için ele alınması gereken parametreler diğer disiplinleri de içine alarak irdelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, yapısal taşıyıcı sistemlerin özellikleri ve kullanım durumları ile ilgili detaylı bilgilendirme yapılmaktadır. Yapı taşıyıcı sistemleri sınıflandırılarak, taşıyıcı sistem düzenlenmesi aşamasında önemli noktalara da bu bölümde değinilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde, performansa bağlı tasarımın gerekliliği ve yöntemlerin tarihsel gelişimi anlatılarak, deprem yönetmeliklerindeki tasarım süreci günümüze kadar değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bölümde ayrıca Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik (2007) ‘nin ilgili bölümleri irdelenerek eksik noktalarına değinilmektedir. Tezin beşinci kısmına, sayısal olarak incelenen çok katlı yapının özelliklerinden, taşıyıcı sisteminden ve tasarım kabullerinden bahsedilerek başlanmıştır. Daha sonra, yapının sismik tasarımında kullanılan İstanbul Yüksek Binalar Deprem Yönetmeliği’nin tasarım ivme spektrumunun oluşturulması için gerekli ifadeler değerlendirilerek, farklı deprem düzeyleri için ivme spektrumları oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın önemli kısımlarından deprem yer hareketlerinin seçimi ve ölçeklenmesi bu bölümde yer almaktadır. Deprem kayıtları seçilirken dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar, yönetmeliklerce öngörülen koşullar incelenmiştir. Yer hareketlerinin ölçeklendirme yöntemlerinin detayları anlatılan bu bölümde ayrıca ölçeklendirme yöntemleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Yüksek bir yapının maruz kaldığı dinamik rüzgar etkilerinin incelenmesi için İstanbul Yüksek Binalar Rüzgar Yönetmeliği kullanılmıştır. Rüzgar yüklerinin hesabı için gerekli olan rüzgar hızı profilinin çıkarılması için gerekli ifadeler anlatılmıştır. Rüzgar etkilerinin ardından yapısal elemanların tasarımlarına geçilmiştir. İlk olarak dairesel enkesitli kompozit kolon tasarımından bahsedilmektedir. AISC 360-10’da yer alan koşullar anlatılarak, tasarım için dikkat edilmesi gerekenler detaylandırılmıştır. Dairesel kompozit kolon tasarımındaki ilgili etki diyagramlarının oluşturulması için gerekli sınır durumlar da ek olarak bu bölümde yer almaktadır. Daha sonra kompozit kirişlerin plastik gerilme dağılımına göre tasarımının anlatımına geçilmektedir. Kesitteki gerilme dağılımı ve tasarım sınır koşullarının irdelendiği bu kısımda, kayma çivilerinin hesabı da bulunmaktadır. Kirişlerin ardından çapraz elemanların boyutlandırılmasında sınır koşullardan bahsedilerek, çekme ve basınç dayanımlarının hesaplanması anlatılmıştır. Sayısal incelemenin bir parçası olarak, merkezi çaprazların birleşimlerinin tahkiki de bu çalışma kapsamında incelenmektedir. Kapasite sınır koşullarına göre çaprazların birleşim hesaplarının aşamaları anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca geometrik ve konstriktif kurallar ilgili ifadelerle desteklenmiştir. Çapraz elemanların plastikleşmesinden dolayı oluşan etkilerle birlikte çaprazların bağlandığı kolon-kiriş birleşim hesabı yine bu bölüm içerisinde yer almaktadır. Beşinci bölümün sonunda doğrusal olmayan analiz modelinin oluşturulmasında dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlardan bahsedilmektedir. Kullanılan malzeme özellikleri ve sönüm değerleriyle birlikte, çevrimsel ve monotonik kuvvet şekil değiştirme eğrileri hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir. Çelik elemanlarda doğrusal olmayan şekil değiştirmeler sırasında meydana gelebilecek bozulmalarla birlikte, zaman tanım alanında analiz tanımlarından bahsedilerek bu bölüm tamamlanmıştır. Altıncı bölümde, yapılan çalışmanın ardından elde edilen sonuçlar ve yapılması düşünülen geliştirmeler için öneriler sıralanmıştır. Çalışma süresince oluşturulan hesaplama tabloları, taşıyıcı sistem elemanlarının boyutlandırılması için veri dosyaları, ölçeklenmiş yer hareketleri, sayısal analiz modeli görüntüleri ve performans değerlendirme sonuçları ekler bölümünde toplanmıştır., The majority of the population has intensified to major cities by the impact of globalization, causes the need for high-rise buildings. High buildings which have been designed with conventional design procedures, have faced huge structural damages in consequence of middle and high level of earthquakes in past 50 years. Due to damages caused, great number of life, economical and social losses show the necessity of designation of earthquake impacts close to reality. In earthquake regions, development of deformation based design procedures have been commenced as an alternative method of strength based design. The main philosophy of performance based design is, identification of displacement, deformation and damage levels of structural members that faced to earthquake forces during the design process. Especially contribution of reports such as ATC, FEMA that are published results of studies which have performed in USA in last 20 years, performance based design have became more popular than strength based design. Displacement based design procedure is used for current global design method for high-rise buildings in seismic regions. In scope of this study that is completed as a master of science thesis, 47 story composite high-rise building’s, which consist of frames and special concentric braces preliminary design has been completed. Also seismic evaluation of a structure has been made with nonlinear dynamic time history analysis. In numerical examination, structural system that have material and geometrical nonlinearity, is analysed with finite element software named Etabs with scaled ground accelerations according to Istanbul High-rise Building Earthquake Code MCE level (D3) earthquake acceleration spectra. AISC 360-10 design code is followed for the gravity load design of the structure with load and resistance factor design. For ductile members, especially special concentric braces are designed according to AISC 341-10 and AISC 360-10. Nonlinear material properties and idealized force deformation relationship of the members are formed by following ASCE 41-13 and ATC-72 documents. In order to determination of the lateral loads of the structure, local wind and earthquake codes of Istanbul are used. Istanbul High-Rise Buildings Wind and Earthquake codes are not official codes however they both are recommended to be followed for the buildings higher than 60 meters located in Istanbul thats why; in this study these reports are based on determination of lateral effects. Connection of special concentric braces and frames are performed according to capacity principles also design steps are explained with construction rules and limitations. This study consist of 6 parts. In first part, definition of performance based design concept and necessity of seismic evaluation are explained. Moreover, earthquake effects and damage levels caused to create displacement based design method are mentioned. General scope of this study is also summarized in this part. Second part begins with development process of multi story structures. From past to present, design of high buildings are investigated, and evolution of structural systems which allow structural engineers to be able to design higher structures, are indicated as well. Additionally, distribution of high-rise buildings according to regions and materials used is mentioned in this chapter. Third section of the study includes, high-rise building design parameters with taking into consideration of other disciplines as a design team. Also properties of structural systems and application cases for the building types, are explained in detail. While classification of structural systems, significant points are discussed for arrangement of structural system of given building. In fourth chapter, necessity of performance based design and historical development of methods are explained. This part includes design process of seismic design codes until today for the buildings constructed in seismic regions. Moreover, related parts of Turkish Seismic Code 2007 are investigated while missing topics and concepts are mentioned. Fifth part of the study starts with, explanation of details for high-rise building that is considered in numerical examination, structural system properties and design assumptions are also mentioned. Afterwards, required expressions are given for creating design acceleration spectra for different intensity of earthquakes using with Istanbul High-Rise Buildings Seismic Code. One of the most important section as selection and scaling of ground motions takes place in fifth part as well. Important issues about selecting ground motions and limitations offered by seismic codes are investigated. While methods for scaling ground motions are explained in details, comparison has been made for parameters and results for mentioned scaling methods. In order to investigate dynamic wind effects for a high-rise building, Istanbul High-Rise Wind Provision is followed. Although Turkish Wind Code is on regulation, it has not been updated for a long time and doesn't include dynamic effects of the wind pressure therefore; that code is not considered in this study. Determination of wind loads, required expressions are explained in order to create wind speed profile of the structure. After calculation of wind loads, design phases of structural members are mentioned. First of all, concrete filled tube design according to AISC 360-10 provision is explained in detail with supplied expressions for each step, then major points for taken into consideration during the design are suggested. Limit states for creating capacity curves of concrete filled tubes are also defined in this chapter, these states are supported with expressions. Take advantage of capacity curves, moment axial force design curve including buckling is given as well. Composite beam calculation phases with plastic stress distribution is explained in detail. The part, which composite beam design limitations and rules are identified according to AISC provisions, also includes calculation of shear studs needed for composite action on beam. After columns and beams, calculation and sizing of special concentric braces are mentioned with specifying tension and compression strength of the brace member in ultimate limit states. As a part of numerical examination, connection checks for special concentric braces and frames are investigated with supported equations and geometric limitations. Capacity limit states are applied for identifying maximum effects that connection might encounter, by considering different loading cases. Calculation of typical beam-column connection where brace is also joined, is likewise shown in fifth chapter with taking into consideration of plastic hinge occurrence in brace section. Finally, important issues are discussed for creating nonlinear analysis model. Additionally, nonlinear material properties and damping values are explained, moreover monotonic and cyclic behavior of force-deformation relationship of steel members are indicated. Before concluding this part, reasons of degredations for force deformation relationships in steel elements are discussed and definitions of nonlinear time history analysis application are explained briefly. Section six includes, results of numerical examination of the study and suggestions for further development studies respectively. Calculation tables, charts, figures of numerical analysis model, spreadsheets of structural member design, scaled ground motions and performance assessment results are given in appendix section., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

[ES] Construido en 1990 por el arquitecto internacional Ieoh Ming Pei, la Torre del Banco de China, representa un icono para la ciudad de Hong Kong, siendo uno de las más altas torres del mundo. El proyecto está determinado por la opción estructural sometida a un presupuesto limitado y por las extremas exigencias laterales derivadas del viento y el riesgo sísmico con un edificio de esa altura. La torre emerge triunfal hacia el cielo, con un adelgazamiento progresivo de su masa cristalina que simula el crecimiento del bambú. Mediante esta variación de geometría en altura, se crean líneas de excentricidades que se contrarrestan, creando una configuración estructural uniforme. La forma recuerda a los sistemas de viga cajón y diagrid. Tras su estudio se propone un modelo estructural adaptado para el posterior análisis y cálculo mediante el programa informático Architrave., [EN] Built in 1990 by the international architect Ieoh Ming Pei, the Bank of China Tower, represents an icon for the city of Hong Kong, being one of the highest towers in the world. The Project is deter-mined to structural option with a limitated budget and the extremely wind and quake requirements of a building of such a height. The tower emerges to the sky, with a progressive lose of glass mass the imitates the growth of bamboo. By this geometrical variation, excentrical lines created are counteracted between them, with the result of a solid structural configuration. Form reminds of spandrel beams and diagrid systems. After the study, a structural model is proposed for his later analysis and calculation, using the informatic program Architrave.

La forestacion urbana en Ciudades-Oasis definen desde el punto de vista ambiental dos estratos en altura: una situacion micro-climatica moderada debajo la copa de los arboles y una situacion extrema sobre la misma. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la eficiencia energetica y las condiciones de habitabilidad de unidades de viviendas en edificios en altura. Se seleccionaron cuatro casos en la Ciudad-Oasis de Mendoza, Argentina: dos ubicados debajo y dos sobre la copa de los arboles. Se evaluaron envolventes del tipo masica y liviana. Se realizaron durante dos anos mediciones higro-termicas in situ utilizadas para validar modelos mediante el programa de simulacion Energy Plus. Se estudiaron medidas de rehabilitacion energetica y se analizaron comportamientos termicos y consumos de energia para climatizacion. Los resultados demuestran que los departamentos debajo la copa de los arboles aprovechan en verano la proteccion de la arboleda urbana a la radiacion incidente (diferencias termicas del orden de 4°C), y cuentan con temperaturas mas elevadas en invierno (diferencias del orden de 3°C). Con la materialidad edilicia mejorada, debajo la copa se logran consumos para climatizacion minimos, cercanos a un edificio de energia cero. Asimismo, las viviendas de los edificios masicos demuestran comportamientos termicos mas cercanos al rango de confort respecto a los edificios livianos., From an environmental point of view, the urban forest in Oasis-Cities defines two strata in height: one with a moderate microclimate under the trees, and a second one over the tree canopy that presents an extreme climatic situation. The aim of this study is to assess the energy efficiency and the conditions of habitability of apartments at different heights in high-rise buildings. Four case studies were selected in the Oasis-City of Mendoza, Argentina: two above and two under the tree canopy. Heavy and light envelopes were evaluated. For two years, in situ temperature measurements were taken in order to perform a diagnosis. These data were used to adjust and validate models using the dynamic Energy Plus software. We studied energy refurbishment strategies. Thermal behaviour and HVAC consumption were analysed. The results show that dwellings under the urban forest influence take advantage of solar radiation protection in summer (thermal differences of 4°C), higher temperatures in winter (thermal differences of 3 °C) and minimum consumption in HVAC systems, close to zero energy buildings. Furthermore, apartments in heavy buildings reported better thermal behaviour than those in light buildings., Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

Fire safety engineering is introduced in the forensic context, and responsibilities of various actors operating for fire safety in buildings are defined in relation to the different available fire safety strategies. The responsibility of the designers concerning the structural behaviour is highlighted with specific reference to the requirement of structural robustness in high-rise buildings. In case of complex structures, the robustness assessment can be made by the avail of advanced structural numerical analyses, which are nowadays the most reliable tools for understanding, governing and addressing this kind of problems. In addition, the same importance is given to the numerical analyses in case where these are used in forensic investigation for obtaining a back-assessment of the occurred fire-induced collapse in tall buildings. The complexity of the problem, the correct approach to this kind of analyses and the correct interpretation of the obtained results are discussed with reference to a high-rise steel building.

The authors argue that no collapse of structures is likely in the event of a fire emergency in multistoried buildings, rather, other fire-related factors may endanger the lives of people inside high-rise buildings exposed to the fire emergency, including open fire, sparks, high ambient temperature, smoke and toxic combustion products, reduced concentration of oxygen, and combined influence of various factors. In case of fire, the temperature inside buildings reaches 1100 °С. It exceeds the temperature of the ambient air acceptable for humans by far (70 °С). The experiments demonstrate that combustion products contain hundreds of toxic chemical compounds. The most hazardous of them include carbon oxide, carbon dioxide, chloride and cyanic hydrogen, aldehydes and acrolein. The author provides the pattern of their influence on the human body. The smoke consists of unburned particles of carbon and aerosols. The size of particles fluctuates within 0.05-50 MMK. Smoke produces a physiological and psychological impact on human beings. It has been proven that dangerous fire factors emerge within the first five to ten minutes of the emergency situation. Evacuation is the principal method of safety assurance. However, the velocity of propagation of smoke and heat is so high that even if the fire prevention system is in operation, people may be blocked both on the floors that are exposed to the fire and those that escape its propagation. New evacuation and rescue methods are recommended by the author. Various ways and methods of use of life-saving facilities are also provided. Safe evacuation is feasible from buildings where the number of stories does not exceed 10- 12. During evacuation, high density human streams are formed inside buildings, therefore, the period of stay in a burning building is increased. The calculations have proven that a two-minute delay of evacuation converts into a safe evacuation of only 13-15% of people. Low reliability of smoke detectors can make the evacuation of people from high-rise buildings impossible. Special design of smoke detectors is needed for high-rise buildings.

Peculiarities of operating processes and mechanization of construction of modern multi-storied buildings and structures are considered by the authors. Principles of the robotized construction technology with the due account for multi-storied buildings are proposed in the article. Advanced machinery and tooling employed in hi-rise construction operations (including cranes, building structures, installation and mounting devices) fail to be mutually adjustable. Therefore, cranes are capable of performing only one of 16 - 20 operations; the remaining operations are performed manually by the workers. The labour expenditures of workers exceed the time period of cranes in operation 4- to 5-fold. The position of a building structure inside the building is based on the Cartesian coordinate system; any installation device must have a locating tool equipped capable of moving structural units alongside , and axes and of rotating them about the above axes. Thus, the machinery must be able to move building structures pursuant to six motion patterns. High positioning accuracy requires a double-staged installation procedure. At Stage 1, a structural unit is relocated by crane mechanisms from the hard grip zone at maximal speed to assure maximal accuracy. At Stage 2, the new locating tool must move the structural unit at the minimal speed to accommodate it into its design position. Erection performance rate may be improved by reducing the time period when the crane is in operation both in the automated and manual modes by converting the cyclical construction process into a continuous conveyor-type process (the crane construction is to be modified), and by introducing new joints into building structures to assure the self-locking and hard grip with a view to efficient manipulations and high-accuracy positioning. Besides, an important constituent of the problem of improvement of the erection process represents the factors that may boost the labour productivity. These factors include the accounting of the machine time and the manual working time, as well as the time period of the whole erection process.

Technological peculiarities of high-rise buildings and structures are considered on the basis of the multifunctional 70-storeyed building («Moscow City»). The application of advanced design techniques has proven their efficiency. Advanced methodology of design has reduced the time and cost of design due to repetitive use of the information accumulated in the course of design development, timely information support throughout the whole project development period, and the quality and timeliness of decision-making in terms of technology-related issues. The new design methodology was, to some extent, implemented by means of assurance of the standard functionality of construction-related systems and organizational actions, and through the customization of the system to assure the implementation of both the new functions and the methodology-related solutions.

The authors provide an overview of multiple cases of application of piles, made through the use of electric discharges, as the foundations of high-rise buildings. The values of the bearing capacity of RIT piles identified on the basis of static field tests of specific construction facilities are provided. Nine RIT pile buildings, the height of which varied from 90 to 140 meters, were built before 2012. The total number of high-rise buildings that rest on RIT piles is equal to nine. They are made of fine concrete prepared according to State Standard 26633-91*, B30 class of compression strength, and W10 grade of water permeability. The reinforcement of RIT piles was performed through the application of the reinforcing cage composed of two sections. A500C steel was used for longitudinal (bearing) rods, the design compressive strength was equal to 435 MPa; dimensions of the bearing steel were based on the principle of perception of the whole design load. The concrete transmitted the load into the soil and protected the steel from corrosion. On the basis of the analysis of the monitoring results, the technology and tests of PIT piles, a conclusion can be made that PIT piles, that have a diameter of 320 mm, assure the pre-set reliability of high-rise buildings in complex engineering and geological environments.

According to the character of the high-rise buildings fire risk, this paper establishes the index system of fire risk on high-rise building, calculates the weight of every index by AHP, applies fuzzy pattern recognition model with the least summation of weighted generalized distance in fuzzy comprehensive assessment, sets up the fire risk assessment model of high-rise buildings based on the fuzzy pattern recognition and brings in fuzzy characteristic quantity of safety grade to deal with the assessment result of fire risk on high-rise building. At last, this method stated above is applied to some hotel in Xi’an which can provide available gist for performance-based fire protection design and safety management.

Construction industrialization is growing rapidly and has received significant attention worldwide in recent years. The industrialization of construction results in several benefits, including the promotion of sustainable construction and the development and application of prefabrication techniques. The Prefabricated Rebar Cage (PRC) is an emerging solution applied to high-rise buildings as a replacement of the In-situ Reinforcing Bar (ISRB) construction method. This paper investigates the cradle-to-site carbon emissions of PRC, and compares the results with those of conventional in-situ rebar construction methods for high-rise buildings. The cradle-to-site cycle is divided into three stages, namely, material preparation, transportation, and on-site construction. For the material preparation stage, it is found that CO2 emissions are increased by 3% when using PRC due to the operation of machinery during the prefabrication process. In the transportation stage, CO2 emissions are found to increase by 3.3 times for PRC, as there is more transportation required for PRCs than for conventional construction methods. During the on-site construction stage, the PRC method demonstrates its advantages by reducing CO2 emissions by 44.7%, which is attributed to decreased hoisting frequency and lower mechanical utilization for fewer joining activities. Overall, CO2 emissions can be reduced by 1.24% by adopting the PRC method for high-rise buildings, and it is therefore recommended to adopt PRCs for this purpose. This research studies carbon emissions of PRC and contributes to promoting the sustainable development of prefabricated building techniques.

Razvoj visokih građevina uzima sve veći zamah u posljednje vrijeme. S Burj Khalifom (Dubai, 828 m) premašena je granica najviše građevine za 60%. Trenutno je u tijeku izgradnja Kingdom Towera (Jeddah, 1008 m) koji donosi novi napredak u visini za 20-ak %. U tom trendu, ovaj rad razmatra daljnji razvoj visokih građevina kroz još veće visine. Predložena konstrukcija je sustava „buttresses core“, visine 1111 m. Sastoji se od betonskog dijela do visine od 1000 m iznad kojeg je čelična rešetka s čeličnom antenom. Konstrukcija je analizirana kroz štapni i ravninski model na gravitacijska djelovanja, potres i vjetar., The development of high-rise buildings is taking greater momentum in recent times. With Burj Khalifa (Dubai, 828 m) exceeded the limits of the tallest buildings by 60%. Currently, the construction of the Kingdom Tower (Jeddah, 1008 m) which brings new advances in the amount of 20%. In this trend subject of this work is to present the further development of tall buildings through even greater heights. Structural system of proposed construction is buttressed core, height of 1111 m. It consists of a concrete section to the height of 1000 m above which is steel grid followed by steel spire and antenna. The structure was analyzed for gravity, wind and seismic loadings, through 1D and 2D models.

Razvoj visokih građevina uzima sve veći zamah u posljednje vrijeme. S Burj Khalifom (Dubai, 828 m) premašena je granica najviše građevine za 60%. Trenutno je u tijeku izgradnja Kingdom Towera (Jeddah, 1008 m) koji donosi novi napredak u visini za 20-ak %. U tom trendu, ovaj rad razmatra daljnji razvoj visokih građevina kroz još veće visine. Predložena konstrukcija je sustava „buttresses core“, visine 1111 m. Sastoji se od betonskog dijela do visine od 1000 m iznad kojeg je čelična rešetka s čeličnom antenom. Konstrukcija je analizirana kroz štapni i ravninski model na gravitacijska djelovanja, potres i vjetar. The development of high-rise buildings is taking greater momentum in recent times. With Burj Khalifa (Dubai, 828 m) exceeded the limits of the tallest buildings by 60%. Currently, the construction of the Kingdom Tower (Jeddah, 1008 m) which brings new advances in the amount of 20%. In this trend subject of this work is to present the further development of tall buildings through even greater heights. Structural system of proposed construction is buttressed core, height of 1111 m. It consists of a concrete section to the height of 1000 m above which is steel grid followed by steel spire and antenna. The structure was analyzed for gravity, wind and seismic loadings, through 1D and 2D models.

Постановка проблемы. В современных условиях оценка динамического поведения зданий и сооружений проводится на базе численного моделирования. Сложность и трудоемкость решения задач динамики побуждает искать пути обоснованного упрощения моделей, а также привлечения передовых алгоритмов с использованием современных компьютерных технологий. Для многих зданий характерно наличие конструктивных элементов, которые многократно повторяются (например, типовые этажи). Это свойство целесообразно использовать для повышения эффективности численных методов за счет редукции системы уравнений, которая при этом также должна удовлетворять требованиям явных методов интегрирования. Современные методы и компьютерные средства позволяют проводить расчеты задач динамики с учетом нелинейного деформирования сред. Такие задачи имеют систему уравнений с миллионами неизвестных и требуют значительных ресурсов и времени расчета. Для уменьшения порядка систем уравнений чаще всего используются методы динамической редукции (например редукции Гайана) или методы с использованием подконструкций. В работах Ray W. Clough отмечается, что динамические свойства КЭМ имеют более высокий уровень аппроксимации, чем механические. Для зданий и сооружений наиболее целесообразно применять метод подконструкций с представлением перемещений через собственные формы, предложенный Крейгом-Бемптоном (Craig Jr. RR, Bampton M.) и др авторами. Однако существующие варианты приводят к недиагональным матрицам масс и ограничивают использование эффективных явных схем интегрирования. Цель. В работе предложено реализация метода решении задач динамики высокого порядка на базе явных методов с использованием спектральных суперелементов для выделенных подконструкций. Применение такого подхода позволяет уменьшить порядок системы уравнений и проводить динамический, в т.ч. сейсмический анализ поведения зданий с учетом нелинейного деформирования грунтов. Выводы. В работе представлена методика использования суперэлементной технологии решении задач динамики для исследования взаимодействия зданий с основанием. На базе подхода Крейга-Бемптона предложен вариант получения матрицы редукции разработанного суперэлемента спектрального (SES) для принятой подконструкции, что обеспечивает сохранение диагональной матрицы масс, и позволяет использовать эффективные явные методы интегрирования. Приведены результаты исследования взаимодействия здания с нелинейным грунтовым основанием при действии сейсмических нагрузок. Показано, что использование SES суперэлементов обеспечило уменьшение порядка системы уравнений более чем в 2,8 раза, при сохранении необходимой точности результатов расчета. Представленная методика расчета динамических задач с использованием SES суперэлементов позволяет существенно уменьшить порядок системы уравнений задач и позволяет проводить исследования динамического поведения зданий и сооружений в составе системы «основание – фундамент – здание» с учетом нелинейного деформирования грунтов основания на базе явных схем численного интегрирования., Постановка проблеми. В сучасних умовах оцінка динамічної поведінки будівель і споруд проводиться на базі чисельного моделювання. Складність і трудомісткість розв’язку задач динаміки спонукає шукати шляхи обґрунтованого спрощення моделей та залучення передових алгоритмів із використанням сучасних комп’ютерних технологій. Для багатьох будівель характерним є наявність конструктивних структурних елементів, які багаторазово повторюються (наприклад типові поверхи). Цю властивість доцільно використовувати для підвищення ефективності чисельних методів за рахунок редукції системи рівнянь, яка також повинна задовольняти вимогам прямих методів інтегрування. Сучасні методи та комп’ютерні засоби дозволяють проводити розрахунки задач динаміки з урахуванням нелінійного деформування середовищ. Такі задачі мають систему рівнянь з мільйонами невідомих і потребують значних ресурсів та часу розрахунку. Для зменшення порядку систем рівнянь найчастіше використовуються методи динамічної редукції (наприклад редукції Гайана) або методи розв’язку підконструкцій. В роботі Ray W. Clough зазначається, що динамічні властивості СЕМ мають більш високий рівень апроксимації, ніж механічні. Для будівель і споруд найбільш зручно застосовувати метод підконструкцій з представленням переміщень через власні форми, запропонований Крейгом-Бемптоном (Craig Jr. RR., Bampton M.) та ін. авторами. Проте запропоновані варіанти призводять до недіагональних матриць мас і обмежують ефективне використання явних схем інтегрування. Мета.В роботі запропоновано реалізацію методики розв’язку задач динаміки високого порядку на базі явних методів із використанням спектральних суперелементів для виділених підконструкцій. Застосування такого підходу дозволяє зменшити порядок системи алгебраїчних рівнянь та проводити динамічний, в т.ч. сейсмічний аналіз будівель і споруд з урахуванням нелінійного деформування ґрунтів основи. Висновок. В роботі представлено методику використання суперелементної технології розв’язку задач динаміки для дослідження взаємодії будівель з основою. На базі підходу Крейга-Бемптона запропоновано варіант отримання матриці редукції для розробленого суперементу спектрального (SES) для прийнятої підконструкції, що забезпечує збереження діагональної матриці мас, і дозволяє використовувати ефективні явні методи інтегрування. Приведені результати дослідження взаємодії будівлі з нелінійною ґрунтовою основою при дії сейсмічних навантажень. Показано, що використання спектральних суперелементів (SES) забезпечило зменшення порядку системи рівнянь більш ніж в 2,8 рази, при збереженні необхідної точності результатів розрахунку. Представлена методика розв’язку динамічних задач із використанням запропонованих спектральних суперелементів (SES) дозволяє суттєво зменшити порядок системи рівнянь задач і дозволяє проводити дослідження динамічної поведінки будівель і споруд в складі системи «основа – фундамент – будівля» з урахуванням нелінійного деформування ґрунтів основи на базі явних схем чисельного інтегрування., Problem statement .Modern analysis of the dynamic conduct of constructions and structures relies on numerical modeling. The difficulty and complexity of dynamic problem solving encourages model simplification and the use of more advanced numerical modeling algorithms. Many buildings are characterized by the presence of repetitive structural elements (e.g. typical floors). This feature can be used to improve the efficiency of numerical methods by reducing the size of the equation system while meeting the requirements of direct integration methods. Purpose. The paper presents the theory and practical implementation of an improved technique for solving high-order dynamic problems using explicit methods and the help of spectral super-elements for selected substructures. This approach can reduce the order of the algebraic system and conduct dynamic (and thus - seismic) analysis of buildings and structures while taking into account nonlinear deformations of the soil foundation. Analysis of recent research. Modern methods and computer tools allow analysis of dynamic problems while taking into account nonlinear deformations. Such problems have systems of equations with millions of variables and require significant computational resources and time. To reduce the order of the system, commonly used approaches include dynamic reduction methods (e.g. Guyan reduction) or methods relying on reduced-order substructural models. In particular, a paper by Ray W. Clough suggests that the dynamic properties of FE have a higher level of approximation than mechanical properties. For buildings and structures, it is usually most convenient to use substructural models relying on eigenform-based motion representation, as proposed by Craig Jr. RR., Bampton M. and other authors. However, the proposed options lead to a non-diagonal mass matrix and limit the effective use of explicit integration schemes. Results.The paper describes a method of use of superelement technology of solving tasks of dynamic for investigation of the interaction of buildings with the soil base. On the base Craig-Bempton approach, variant of getting reduction matrix for developed superelement of spectral is offered for taken subconstruction which is providing preservation diagonal mass matrix and allows the use of efficient explicit integration methods. The results of the study of a building interaction with a non-linear soil base under active seismic load are shown. Use an actual construction as an example, it is shown that the use of spectral superelements reduced of the order of the equation system by a factor of more than 2.8 while maintaining the required accuracy of the calculation. Conclusion. The described method of solving dynamic problems, using the proposed spectral superelements, significantly reduces the order of the equation system while still allowing the use of explicit numerical integration schemes. This allows the more efficient dynamic analysis of the behavior of the “soil base - foundation - building” system.

Problem statement .Modern analysis of the dynamic conduct of constructions and structures relies on numerical modeling. The difficulty and complexity of dynamic problem solving encourages model simplification and the use of more advanced numerical modeling algorithms. Many buildings are characterized by the presence of repetitive structural elements (e.g. typical floors). This feature can be used to improve the efficiency of numerical methods by reducing the size of the equation system while meeting the requirements of direct integration methods. Purpose. The paper presents the theory and practical implementation of an improved technique for solving high-order dynamic problems using explicit methods and the help of spectral super-elements for selected substructures. This approach can reduce the order of the algebraic system and conduct dynamic (and thus - seismic) analysis of buildings and structures while taking into account nonlinear deformations of the soil foundation. Analysis of recent research. Modern methods and computer tools allow analysis of dynamic problems while taking into account nonlinear deformations. Such problems have systems of equations with millions of variables and require significant computational resources and time. To reduce the order of the system, commonly used approaches include dynamic reduction methods (e.g. Guyan reduction) or methods relying on reduced-order substructural models. In particular, a paper by Ray W. Clough suggests that the dynamic properties of FE have a higher level of approximation than mechanical properties. For buildings and structures, it is usually most convenient to use substructural models relying on eigenform-based motion representation, as proposed by Craig Jr. RR., Bampton M. and other authors. However, the proposed options lead to a non-diagonal mass matrix and limit the effective use of explicit integration schemes. Results.The paper describes a method of use of superelement technology of solving tasks of dynamic for investigation of the interaction of buildings with the soil base. On the base Craig-Bempton approach, variant of getting reduction matrix for developed superelement of spectral is offered for taken subconstruction which is providing preservation diagonal mass matrix and allows the use of efficient explicit integration methods. The results of the study of a building interaction with a non-linear soil base under active seismic load are shown. Use an actual construction as an example, it is shown that the use of spectral superelements reduced of the order of the equation system by a factor of more than 2.8 while maintaining the required accuracy of the calculation. Conclusion. The described method of solving dynamic problems, using the proposed spectral superelements, significantly reduces the order of the equation system while still allowing the use of explicit numerical integration schemes. This allows the more efficient dynamic analysis of the behavior of the “soil base - foundation - building” system., Постановка проблемы. В современных условиях оценка динамического поведения зданий и сооружений проводится на базе численного моделирования. Сложность и трудоемкость решения задач динамики побуждает искать пути обоснованного упрощения моделей, а также привлечения передовых алгоритмов с использованием современных компьютерных технологий. Для многих зданий характерно наличие конструктивных элементов, которые многократно повторяются (например, типовые этажи). Это свойство целесообразно использовать для повышения эффективности численных методов за счет редукции системы уравнений, которая при этом также должна удовлетворять требованиям явных методов интегрирования. Современные методы и компьютерные средства позволяют проводить расчеты задач динамики с учетом нелинейного деформирования сред. Такие задачи имеют систему уравнений с миллионами неизвестных и требуют значительных ресурсов и времени расчета. Для уменьшения порядка систем уравнений чаще всего используются методы динамической редукции (например редукции Гайана) или методы с использованием подконструкций. В работах Ray W. Clough отмечается, что динамические свойства КЭМ имеют более высокий уровень аппроксимации, чем механические. Для зданий и сооружений наиболее целесообразно применять метод подконструкций с представлением перемещений через собственные формы, предложенный Крейгом-Бемптоном (Craig Jr. RR, Bampton M.) и др авторами. Однако существующие варианты приводят к недиагональным матрицам масс и ограничивают использование эффективных явных схем интегрирования. Цель. В работе предложено реализация метода решении задач динамики высокого порядка на базе явных методов с использованием спектральных суперелементов для выделенных подконструкций. Применение такого подхода позволяет уменьшить порядок системы уравнений и проводить динамический, в т.ч. сейсмический анализ поведения зданий с учетом нелинейного деформирования грунтов. Выводы. В работе представлена методика использования суперэлементной технологии решении задач динамики для исследования взаимодействия зданий с основанием. На базе подхода Крейга-Бемптона предложен вариант получения матрицы редукции разработанного суперэлемента спектрального (SES) для принятой подконструкции, что обеспечивает сохранение диагональной матрицы масс, и позволяет использовать эффективные явные методы интегрирования. Приведены результаты исследования взаимодействия здания с нелинейным грунтовым основанием при действии сейсмических нагрузок. Показано, что использование SES суперэлементов обеспечило уменьшение порядка системы уравнений более чем в 2,8 раза, при сохранении необходимой точности результатов расчета. Представленная методика расчета динамических задач с использованием SES суперэлементов позволяет существенно уменьшить порядок системы уравнений задач и позволяет проводить исследования динамического поведения зданий и сооружений в составе системы «основание – фундамент – здание» с учетом нелинейного деформирования грунтов основания на базе явных схем численного интегрирования., Постановка проблеми. В сучасних умовах оцінка динамічної поведінки будівель і споруд проводиться на базі чисельного моделювання. Складність і трудомісткість розв’язку задач динаміки спонукає шукати шляхи обґрунтованого спрощення моделей та залучення передових алгоритмів із використанням сучасних комп’ютерних технологій. Для багатьох будівель характерним є наявність конструктивних структурних елементів, які багаторазово повторюються (наприклад типові поверхи). Цю властивість доцільно використовувати для підвищення ефективності чисельних методів за рахунок редукції системи рівнянь, яка також повинна задовольняти вимогам прямих методів інтегрування. Сучасні методи та комп’ютерні засоби дозволяють проводити розрахунки задач динаміки з урахуванням нелінійного деформування середовищ. Такі задачі мають систему рівнянь з мільйонами невідомих і потребують значних ресурсів та часу розрахунку. Для зменшення порядку систем рівнянь найчастіше використовуються методи динамічної редукції (наприклад редукції Гайана) або методи розв’язку підконструкцій. В роботі Ray W. Clough зазначається, що динамічні властивості СЕМ мають більш високий рівень апроксимації, ніж механічні. Для будівель і споруд найбільш зручно застосовувати метод підконструкцій з представленням переміщень через власні форми, запропонований Крейгом-Бемптоном (Craig Jr. RR., Bampton M.) та ін. авторами. Проте запропоновані варіанти призводять до недіагональних матриць мас і обмежують ефективне використання явних схем інтегрування. Мета.В роботі запропоновано реалізацію методики розв’язку задач динаміки високого порядку на базі явних методів із використанням спектральних суперелементів для виділених підконструкцій. Застосування такого підходу дозволяє зменшити порядок системи алгебраїчних рівнянь та проводити динамічний, в т.ч. сейсмічний аналіз будівель і споруд з урахуванням нелінійного деформування ґрунтів основи. Висновок. В роботі представлено методику використання суперелементної технології розв’язку задач динаміки для дослідження взаємодії будівель з основою. На базі підходу Крейга-Бемптона запропоновано варіант отримання матриці редукції для розробленого суперементу спектрального (SES) для прийнятої підконструкції, що забезпечує збереження діагональної матриці мас, і дозволяє використовувати ефективні явні методи інтегрування. Приведені результати дослідження взаємодії будівлі з нелінійною ґрунтовою основою при дії сейсмічних навантажень. Показано, що використання спектральних суперелементів (SES) забезпечило зменшення порядку системи рівнянь більш ніж в 2,8 рази, при збереженні необхідної точності результатів розрахунку. Представлена методика розв’язку динамічних задач із використанням запропонованих спектральних суперелементів (SES) дозволяє суттєво зменшити порядок системи рівнянь задач і дозволяє проводити дослідження динамічної поведінки будівель і споруд в складі системи «основа – фундамент – будівля» з урахуванням нелінійного деформування ґрунтів основи на базі явних схем чисельного інтегрування.

With the density of large cities and the shortage of urban space, the right-rise buildings has become the rule rather than the exception; and this rule applies in hospitals increasingly frequent way. Considering the complexity of flows and the variety of processes that are routinely developed in a hospital, in what ways skyscraper buildings began to affect both the architectural design and the use management of these buildings? This dissertation aims to contribute to better understanding this issue through a referenced and comparative study on three significant cases of vertical hospitals, two in São Paulo and one in London. The cases were select from a large list of works studied, and given a set of objective criteria, defined by the survey. Com o adensamento das grandes metrópoles e a escassez de espaço urbano, a verticalização edilícia passou a ser uma regra e não mais a exceção; esta regra aplica-se nos hospitais de maneira cada vez mais frequente. Considerando-se a complexidade dos fluxos e a variedade de processos que são cotidianamente desenvolvidos em um Hospital, de que maneiras essa verticalização passou a afetar tanto o projeto arquitetônico como a gestão de uso desses edifícios? Esta dissertação de mestrado se propõe a colaborar para melhor compreender essa questão por meio de um estudo referenciado e comparativo sobre três casos significativos de hospitais verticais, sendo dois em São Paulo e um em Londres. Os casos foram selecionados a partir de uma ampla listagem de obras estudadas, e atendendo um conjunto de critérios objetivos, definidos pela pesquisa.

Copyright © 2015 Bingxiang Yuan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Two scale-model tests were separately conducted in standard Toyoura sand with relative density of 50% and 80%. The effect of sand relative density on pile-soil interaction was investigated through the response of a laterally loaded pile and the sand movement around the pile. At a displacement of 3.6 mm of the loading point, the applied loads in loose and dense sand were 4.775 N and 21.025 N, respectively, and the maximum moment and soil resistance of the pile in dense sand were over 4 times those in loose sand. However, the deflection of the pile in dense sand was less than that in loose sand; additionally, the depth of zero deflection in dense sand was also less than that in loose sand. At the same time, the maximum displacements of loose sand in the vertical profile and ground surface were over 1.5 times those of dense sand. These characteristics occurred because the relative stiffness ratio of soil and pile increased as the relative density increased, which caused the behavior of the pile in dense sand to be elastic rather than rigid. In addition, the compacted sand particles did not move as easily as the loose sand particles.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2015, Günümüzde deprem ölçüm kayıt teknolojilerinin ve bilgisayar programlarının gelişmesi sayesinde, binalar gerçek deprem etkileri altında modellenip boyutlandırılabilmektedir. Kaydedilmiş deprem kayıtlarının etkileri altında gerçeğe olabildiğince yakın modellenebilen binalarda; deprem etkisi altında oluşacak gerçek davranışa yönelik tasarım yapılabilmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında; 33 katlı betonarme bir yüksek bina, 4 farklı döşeme sistemi ile modellenerek Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik 2007 ve İstanbul Yüksek Binalar Deprem Yönetmeliği Taslağı 2008 kapsamında belirtilen lineer analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, analizler sonucunda bu 4 farklı tipte döşemenin bina davranışına etkisi incelenmiştir. Yedi bölümden oluşan tezin giriş bölümünde, çalışmanın amacı ve daha önceki yıllarda bu konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar anlatılmış, Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de yüksek yapıların tarihsel gelişiminden ve günümüzde varlığını sürdüren başlıca yüksek binalardan bahsedilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, yüksek binaların taşıyıcı sistem özelliklerine değinilmiştir. Tübüler sistemler, çekirdek sistemler, çerçeve sistemler ve perde duvarlı sistemler incelenerek; yüksek bir binada kullanılabilecek döşeme sistemleri açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölüm bu tez çalışmasının ana konusu olan döşeme tiplerini kapsamaktadır. Yüksek binalarda sıkça kullanılan kirişli plak döşeme sistemleri, tek doğrultuda veya çift doğrultuda çalışan dişli döşeme sistemleri ve kirişsiz plak döşeme sistemlerinin başlıca özelliklerinden, olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerinden ayrıca boyutlandırılması ve donatılması prensiplerinden bahsedilmiştir. Dördüncü ve beşinci bölümlerde, 2007 Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik ve İstanbul Yüksek Binalar Deprem Yönetmeliği Taslağı ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş; iki yönetmelik kapsamında da belirtilen, depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı için kullanılacak hesap yöntemleri ve taşıyıcı sistem elemanlarının tasarım ilkeleri ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde ise, 33 katlı betonarme yüksek bir binanın sayısal incelemesine yer verilmiştir. Söz konusu bina; kirişli plak döşeme, bir doğrultuda çalışan dişli döşeme, kirişsiz plak döşeme ve bina çevresinde kirişleri bulunan kirişsiz plak döşeme sistemleri olmak üzere dört tip döşeme sistemi tanımlanarak ETABS programı ile modellenmiş, her sistemin Eşdeğer Deprem Yükü Yöntemi ve Mod Birleştirme Yöntemi ile analizi yapılmıştır. Yedinci bölümde, altıncı bölüm kapsamında yapılan analizler sonucunda taşıyıcı sistemde döşeme tipi farklılıklarının bina davranışına etkileri sayısal olarak incelenmiş ve sonuçlar tablo ve şekillerde karşılaştırmalı olarak verilerek davranışları tartışılmış, sonuçlar ayrıca topluca verilmiştir., This thesis covers a parametric study; and the purpose is to analyze 33-storey reinforced concrete high-rise building, having frame and shear wall structural system and different slab systems. The design of structural system of the office building is carried out according TEC 2007 and TS500-2000 under vertical and lateral loads. The structural layout kept constant in each model; the type of slab systems has been changed. 3D structural model is established by using ETABS. The slab systems are defined as shell elements with the aim of calculation of all the internal effects such as in plane forces and stresses and bending moments. Types of slab systems used in this study are five types including two way slabs, ribbed slab system in one direction, flat plate system, flat slab system having sprandel (edge) beams. It is assumed that building has tree rigid basement floors. First of all, free vibration properties of the each building model are determined by using modal analysis. This thesis consist of seven chapters; in the first chapter, the purpose of the study and the available studies in the literature are given, the historical development of high-rise buildings in the world and in Turkey are mentioned. In the second chapter; he structural systems that are used in high-rise buildings are introduced as tubular systems, the core system, frame and shear wall systems and elevated floor systems. The third chapter, which is the main subject of this thesis covers the types of slab systems including two way slabs, ribbed slab system in one direction, flat plate system and the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, as well as sizing and be equipped principles are discussed. The fourth and fifth chapter are about TEC 2007 and the Istanbul High-Rise Buildings Earthquake Code (Draft) and they are studied in point of views of earthquake resistant design, analysis methods, the design principles and the relevant information of structural elements. In the sixth chapter, the design and analysis of 33-storey reinforced concrete high-rise building having same structural system different slab systems have been carried out under vertical and lateral load. The numerical results are given in detail in tables and graphs to show the behavior of four different types of slab systems by using Equivalent Seismic Load and Modal Analysis methods. In the seventh chapter, general results are given and they are discussed in detail., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

We analyzed the distribution of wind velocity and air temperature on Shinkansen platforms at Station 'A' using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). We focused on standing trains and high-rise buildings around the station in the factors of the influence of distribution of wind velocity and air temperature on platforms. When the trains were present on Shinkansen platforms, wind velocity ratio on platforms was one-third of that when absence of trains, and air temperature was 0.5 to 0.7K higher than that observed when absence of trains because of wind barring and heat generated by trains. When both the high-rise building absent on the windward side of the platforms and the trains were absent, air temperature of platforms was 0.5K lower and wind velocity ratio was 3 to 5 times higher than that observed when the highrise building was present. Thus, present trains blocked strong wind from the outside of the platforms, and also rose air temperature on platforms.