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This paper inquires into the benefits of transport. We start by showing how transport is derived from the demand for other goods. Consequently, benefits can be directly related to the latter in terms of economic and social activities. These benefits relate to different dimensions: goods space (public-private), economic space (i.e., market structure) and geographic space. We will analyze to what extent a benefit in the (primary) goods market is also revealed in the (secondary) transport market.

In the work of Francois Perroux, ethical thinking and economic analysis are so closely connected that they cannot be understood unless they are jointly analysed. Francois Perroux — as he himself says in Pouvoir et l’economie — devoted “the energy of a whole life” to work out “an impartial and verifiable scientific theory of economic activity” 2, whose goal was to explain its actual development, its dynamic, using totally new concepts. His life-long work is one of the greatest: more than 15.000 pages.

The paper seeks to provide an analysis on the main factors which determine the dynamics of production and innovation in the scope of HEIC. In doing so, it seeks to examine the relation between the health production system and the health innovation system in Brazil. Therefore, health sector is seen as an interdependent economic space that characterizes both an innovation system and a production system, which conjoin enormous potential for knowledge generation, mass consumption and marked presence of the State in the regulation and promotion of activities and innovation.Esse artigo apresenta uma análise exploratória sobre os diferentes fatores que condicionam a dinâmica de produção e de inovação no conjunto de atividades que integram a produção de bens e serviços de saúde no Brasil, tendo em vista a articulação entre o Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde (Ceis) e o sistema nacional em saúde no Brasil. A partir desta perspectiva, a saúde passa a ser vista como um espaço econômico interdependente, que configura um sistema de inovação e um sistema produtivo, congregando alto potencial de geração de conhecimentos, a existência de uma base econômica setorial de alta importância, o consumo de massas e a presença destacada do Estado na regulação e promoção das atividades e da inovação.

Резиме: Глобализација је глобални процес кроз који се смањују или укидају препреке несметаном ширењу идеја, вјера, робe, услуга, капитала, технологија, помоћи, итд. на цијелој земаљској кугли. У економском смислу, коначни циљ глобализације јесте претварање цијеле земаљске кугле у јединствени економски простор. Тај процес потакнут је индустријском и технолошком револуцијом, као и различитим међународним споразумима којима се уклањају препреке овоим процесима. Мале земље уколико уколико желе имати веће користи него трошкове глобализацијских процеса, морају имати властиту политику која ће им то омогућити, будући да користи од глобализације аутоматизмом припадају великим, а трошкови малим земљама. Једна од политика којом мале земље могу остварити користи од глобализације јесте индустријска политика.Summary: Globalization is a global process that can reduce or eliminate barriers for the free dissemination of ideas, religions, goods, services, capital, technology, aid etc. around the globe. In economic terms, the ultimate goal of globalization is to turn the entire globe into a single economic space. This process has been driven by industrial and technological revolution and the various international agreements eliminating barriers in these processes.Small countries,if they want to have more benefits than costs of globalization processes, must have their own policies that will allow it; because the benefits of globalization automatically belong to large countires and costs to small countries. One policy by which small countries can benefit from globalization is industrial policy.

This paper is an effort to do international trade theory without mentioning countries. Nearly all models of the international economy assume that trade takes place between nations or regions which are themselves dimensionless points. We develop a model in which economic space is instead assumed to be continuous, and in which this 'seamless world' spontaneously organizes itself into industrial and agricultural zones because of the tension between forces of agglomeration and disagglomeration. One might expect such a model to be analytically intractable, but we are able to gain considerable insight through a combination of simulations and an analytical approach originally suggested in a biological context by Alan Turing.

A numher of reusable luirnch syslr?ms haur hern proposed us polenlial means of reducing the cost of space transporlalion. Each syslem depends i n di f ferenl umys on uduanced lechnology a n d sensi l iv i ly to design assumplions to achieve the performance required. Since llii? deuelopmenl cos1 f o r such a vehicle is expec ted to he h i g h , commitment to such a programme is inhibited hy [he perceived uncerlainlies and risks associaled wilh any parl icular vehicle. lly treat ing the uncerlainlies associaled wilh di/Terenl s?jstems as risks either in deuelopment or operation, and hy quanlifying l he risks as costs, il sliould be possible lo comparc? differen1 proposals with differenl risk areas on a n eqrral hasis. This paper presents such a rnetlrodology using (1 sub-system level cos/ model app l i ed to pararnelric models of a n u m b e r of roclzsl-powered singltrand two-slage options for future reirsahle space lransportalion sys tems

From the outset Destanne de Bernis has sought to reinterpret systematically in regulationist terms the history of international economic relations since the nineteenth century (Bye and Destanne de Bernis, 1977, pp. 317–55, 632–1059; 1987, pp. 496–726, 978–1296). Grenoble theory’s thrust is to insist on the study of relations within and among productive systems, and not of relations among nations. Alternating periods of stable accumulation (regulation) and crisis mark the evolution of productive systems and determine the content of relations within and among such systems. When a mode of regulation operates efficiently, economic relations within a productive system are qualitatively different from relations between productive systems. According to the Grenoble Group each productive system possesses its particular international division of labour; therefore there are in theory as many international divisions of labour as productive systems. Within a productive system one nation exercises its domination over other nations. The ensemble of productive systems comprises global economic space. When a mode of regulation is in crisis, individual productive systems are destructured. Economic ties among states within a productive system become looser, and boundaries between productive systems more fluid. Simultaneously the dominant nation within the productive system suffers under the impact of international economic forces and the national productive system loses its cohesion. The solution to the current economic crisis therefore demands the reconstitution of the French productive system and the development of autonomous productive systems in the Third World.

This paper is based on empirical research focusing on the financial and operational performance of credit unions in Wales. The backdrop to the research includes Welsh Assembly and UK government financial support and the impact of the financial inclusion agenda on the social and economic space occuppied by credit unions. This paper draws on one specific aspect of the research—interviews with key stakeholders, policy-makers and politicians. The nascent credit union movement in Wales has developed under the auspices of a supportive devolved Assembly government. However, the researchers note that dealing with a financial inclusion agenda while struggling to become self-sustaining cooperative financial institutions puts strain not only on the financial and operational performance of credit unions, but also presents particular challenges in terms of strategic direction, management and governance for fledgling organizations. As such, the paper presents a significant piece of the jigsaw in the particular development of credit unions in Great Britain., Cet article se fonde sur des recherches empiriques menées sur les performances financières et opérationnelles des coopératives d’épargne et de crédit (CEC) au pays de Galles. Cette recherche s’intéresse au soutien financier du Parlement gallois et du gouvernement britannique et aux conséquences qu’aura le programme d’insertion financière sur l’espace économique et social occupé par les coopératives d’épargne et de crédit. Cet article met l’accent sur un aspect particulier de la recherche : les entretiens réalisés avec des acteurs clés, des décideurs et des politiciens. Le mouvement naissant des coopératives d’épargne et de crédit s’est développé sous les bons auspices d’un gouvernement décentralisé. Cependant, les chercheurs remarquent que se préoccuper d'un programme d’insertion financière tout en se battant pour devenir des institutions financières coopératives indépendantes non seulement met à rude épreuve la performance financière et opérationnelle des coopératives d’épargne et de crédit, mais présente aussi des défis particuliers en termes d’orientation stratégique, de gestion et de gouvernance pour ces organisations en plein essor. À cet égard, cet article constitue une pièce de taille dans le puzzle du développement des CEC en Grande-Bretagne.

Cet article examine les interconnexions entre les creations de societes anonymes en Grece et le processus plus large de construction de l’Etat-nation entre 1830 et 1909 [1] . Il porte avant tout sur la distribution geographique de ces societes et sur l’emergence d’un espace public economique. Ce dernier est juxtapose au secteur prive compose d’entreprises produisant des biens prives. Les principaux resultats sont que la geographie des creations de S. A. etait encastree dans le reseau urbain en croissance et a contribue a la formation d’une economie nationale integree. L’emergence d’Athenes comme centre principal de creation de S. A. et la montee de la sphere etatique ont ete des phenomenes lies. En outre, notre analyse demontre que l’espace public economique au sein des creations de S. A. ne se limite pas a des organisations professionnelles de la sphere etatique. Pour la construction du jeune Etat-nation grec la montee d’organisations de la societe civile a compte davantage que l’essor du gouvernement central. Elle etait liee a la montee en puissance de la bourgeoisie, de groupes de professionnels et a des mobilisations a la base.

Does space matter in economics? Of course it does. Mel Greenhut devoted the better part of his career to the analysis of economic space and greatly improved our understanding of the subject. The important issue is how space matters, and we still have much to learn about that issue.

The chapters in this book are presented in honour of our esteemed colleague and friend, Mel Greenhut. Professor Greenhut has been a leading figure (see George Norman’s account, Chapter 2 in this volume) in the development of modern spatial microeconomics, on which this book is focused. However, we honour him in this book not only for his leadership in this field of specialization, but also in respect and thanks for his important contributions to the study of economics in general.

The Japanese are the great children lovers, ever since the era of Manyoh (700s AD) when the poet Okura Yamanoue declared that silver, gold and precious stones were nothing compared to his beloved children. If the wife is the master of the household, the children as its core are the kings of a typical Japanese family. Nevertheless the present Japan may be characterized by gross underproduction of children per family. One of the many reasons cited casually is poor housing conditions with cramped spaces often referred to as ‘rabbit hutches’. It goes without saying that the greater are the costs of anything, the less is the quantity demanded, and supplied accord-ingly, in the market. The higher cost of housing, however, does not ipso facto imply underproduction of it, nor does it imply the underproduction of children as an output(!?) of the housing input.

The purpose of this chapter is to determine how the fall of the Iron Curtain between the East and West may change the spatial structure in Northern Europe. Two key questions are raised: First, what are the effects of East German integration on the spatial structure of the German economy? This question is interesting because the German economy is without any doubt that most effected by the fall of the Iron Curtain in the western world. Second, what will the spatial order1 of the regions around the Baltic Sea look like? Will there be strong interrelationships through trade, capital flows, etc.? Will the regions surrounding the Baltic Sea form an economic space or even an industrial gravitational field2? Or will they become the periphery of one or more other industrial gravitational centres in terms of a core-periphery structure?

A number of recent attempts have been made to encompass significant developments in the world economy, relating to inter-firm agreements, particularly those centred on technological exchange and development. This chapter is an attempt to systematise an approach to such developments which enables rigorous analysis and to make certain distinctions crucial to clarification. The view it takes is that several disparate phenomena are encompassed in extant umbrella concepts and that enlightenment can be achieved by the use of appropriate analytical tools, organising concepts and the judicious use of Occam’s razor.

Assume for the moment that the European Community (EC) is about to realize its old dream of creating a single economic space, unhampered by frontiers, that runs from Denmark to Portugal, from Ireland to Greece, from Germany to Gibraltar — a space that encompasses 12 countries, 11 currencies, 9 languages, and 320 million people. What is the likelihood that this unit will turn in upon itself?

This chapter points to the movement of the EC towards a unified market in 1992 and the creation of a European Economic Space covering Western Europe, and, against the background of increased economic cooperation in Western Europe, it summarizes the present state of economic relations between the EC and the East European countries.

ENG : economic space! local productive system! dynamism of economic actors! networks! spatial hierarchies., FRE : espace économique! système productif local! dynamisme d'acteurs! réseaux! hiérarchies spatiales., Serrate Bénédicte. Industrialisation, développement et territoire : l'exemple d'Annecy. L'analyse du développement économique local : une relecture des hiérarchies spatiales. In: Revue de géographie alpine, tome 79, n°2, 1991. pp. 69-84.

One of the key aspirations of reformers in Eastern Europe, not just economic technicians, is to (re)establish solid interdependence with the “west.” In the first instance, this link refers to gaining an entry into one of the integration schemes that are on the order of the day in Western Europe. Especially the Central European countries as well as Yugoslavia have been coveting some form of association with the EC that would eventually lead up to full membership. The time-horizon qualifier in this context is as a rule understood to mean “as soon as circumstances permit.” Also, the two other Balkan countries - Bulgaria and Rumania - cherish this ambition, though circumstances there are less propitious to even pursue the idea at this juncture.

This contribution aims to examine what writings in the field call functional logic and territorial logic. Functional logic roughly corresponds to the post-war mode of production. Much has been written about this mode, which is generally called ‘Fordism’ (Aglietta, 1987; Lipietz, 1977). However, since the late 1960s, the theoretical models used in regional economics have displayed certain limits with regard to explaining changes in the economic map of Europe and the United States. Territorial logic endeavours precisely to take into consideration the spatial turnabout (Aydalot, 1986b) which has been developing since then. Territorial logic will mainly be studied in connection with the idea of the milieu. In this context, we shall present a first attempt to systematize the problematic of the field.

The idea of self-organisation (Prigogine [13]; Nicolis and Prigogine [11]) presents the way in which complex systems transform themselves from one structure to another, from one order to another. The systems considered are distinguished by three properties: They are (1) open for flows from the environment, (2) far from equilibrium, and (3) non-linear. These three properties are necessary and sufficient conditions for the systems to transform into new, usually more complex, structures.

Money laundering is a problem of world importance, and in the European Union it constitutes a part of the so‐called third pillar. According to an International Monetary Fund (IMF) report, up to $500bn of the money in the world economy in 1996 could have been of suspicious origin. Estonia, which is aspiring to integrate into the European economic space, has the obligation to deal actively with the problem. But it is still difficult to discuss, because Estonia has no special law on money‐laundering control and therefore financial systems are almost totally unprotected. Unfortunately, it has to be admitted that there is widespread money laundering in Estonia.

L'A. explore le role des maisons de guerre dans la structuration de l'espace politique et economique de la savane en Afrique occidentale aux 18 eme et 19 eme siecles. La region etudiee est delimitee par les rivieres Bani, Bandama, et Mouhoun (territoire aux frontieres actuelles du Burkina Faso, de la Cote d'Ivoire, et du Mali). Le concept de maison de guerre est propose comme outil analytique et ethnographique pour l'interpretation de l'histoire politique de la region. Reconnaissant les processus politiques regionaux depassant les limites culturelles et ethniques locales, l'A. conteste cependant la pertinence de la notion d'Etat centralisee, et propose une analyse plus fine de l'organisation politique. Il soutient que l'objectif des maisons de guerre n'etait pas le controle territorial, mais qu'elles fonctionnaient comme des entreprises privees. Les strategies diplomatiques et guerrieres des leaders de maisons avaient pour objectif de combiner l'action militaire, le commerce et les activites productives, afin d'augmenter leur pouvoir. L'A. centre son analyse sur le groupe des maisons de guerre nommees sonanki, qui ont adopte le patronyme de Watara, et qui est originaire de la region autour de la ville de Kong.

Diskriminierende und nichtdiskriminierende raumliche Preise und Outputs unter variierenden Marktbedingungen. — Der profitmaximierende raumliche Monopolist ist — bezuglich des Preises — notwendigerweise bestrebt, zugunsten entfernter Kaufer zu diskriminieren. Deshalb produziert er immer eine groβere Menge zu einem niedrigeren Preis als der raumliche Monopolist, der die Preise fob Fabrik berechnet. Dies gilt unabhangig von der Art der unterstellten Bruttonachfragefunktion, vorausgesetzt, daβ die Bruttonachfrage bestimmten, okonomisch sinnvollen Beschrankungen unterworfen ist. Der Aufsatz enthalt experimentelle Tests und eine erlauternde Darlegung dieser These und demonstriert deren Relevanz und Anwendbarkeit auf den raumlichen Wettbewerb. Im Gegensatz zur klassischen Theorie wird in dieser Arbeit die Behauptung aufgestellt, daβ raumliche Konkurrenten oft raaumliche Preisdiskriminierung praktizieren.

RésuméLe Canada est membre du club très sélect des sept pays les plus industrialisés. Pourtant, depuis le début des années soixante-dix, le gouvemement fédéral est à la recherche d'une stratégie qui permettrait une insertion plus favorable de l'économie canadienne dans l'économie mondiale. Historiquement, l'exportation de marchandises a toujours été vitale pour la croissance de l'économie canadienne, mais le marché mondial est de plus en plus compétitif et un renouveau économique est nécessaire pour éviter la marginalisation de l'économie canadienne. Cet article analyse la dégradation de la place du Canada dans l'économie mondiale, les contraintes externes et internes qui sont à l'origine de cette situation et les deux stratégies privilégiées par le gouvernement fédéral pour assurer la restructuration de l'économie canadienne. Enfin, on démontre que la traditionnelle dichotomie affaiblissement/renforcement pour cerner le rôle de l'État-nation par rapport à l'espace économique est inadéquate.

In 1982 and 1983, legislation to establish enterprise zones in the United States was placed before Congress. The spatially targeted program is designed to stimulate economic growth in depressed inner cities. Yet an assessment of the probable spatial consequences of the zones at various scales and of their potential for affecting significant change in economic space indicates that the program is likely to do little to modify the current dynamics of metropolitan economies. Instead, enterprise zones will increase inter- and intra-state competition for investment, with only minor modification in socioeconomic equity.

This paper uses the theoretical framework developed by Joseph Schumpeter to examine the first ten years of the U.S. biotechnology industry. The role of the entrepreneur, scientist/inventor, manager and capitalist are distinguished. There is a discussion of the obstacles the small firms have had to overcome to create a “New Economic Space” in the marketplace. It is argued that the earlier Schumpeter of The Theory of Economic Development and Business Cycles emphasizing the role of small firms more accurately describes the U.S. biotechnology industry in 1985, than Schumpeter's later work Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy which postulated that the large established firms have preempted the role of small firms in innovation. A discussion of the role of large established firms and the small entrepreneurial firms presents the tensions inherent in the “cooperative” arrangements between these two types of business enterprises. The role of small biotechnology firms in reducing these innovations to practice and in their ability to continue to grow demonstrates that the independent entrepreneur recognized by the early Schumpeter has been very active in the biotechnology industry.

To survive in the Europe of 1992 and after, managers must know how to capture the new Euro-consumer markets. The marketplace of yesteryear, made up of small, insular and often protected domestic markets will soon be defunct. In its place a new vibrant Pan-European ∗ geographic and economic space is emerging which needs a fresh approach. Forward thinking managers are already anticipating consumer needs and behaviour and beginning to switch from fragmented domestic marketing to fully integrated marketing strategies and organisations. It is true that Philips, Bennetons and Olivetti, to name some of the companies quoted most often, have largely been operating that way for some years. Most firms though still have a long way to go. This article puts forward a general model to assist managers conceptualise and configurate the single EC market. It also suggests some ideas on how to construct integrated Pan-European marketing strategies and organisations for the new emerging marketplace. Managers will have to add their own specifics to what is proposed to make it as useful as possible.

Thirty years ago, Sputnik I announced to the world that the Space Age had begun. The first man-made satellite weighed a mere 184 kg and carried a single radio transmitter and its power source, which lasted for 21 days. In the intervening years enormous advances have been made in the size and power of satellites placed in orbit, in manned operations in space, in rendezvous and docking in space, and in the analysis and utilisation of observations of the Earth from space. By 1985, that is, just before the tragic accident to the 'Challenger' Space Shuttle, there were about 5000 complete spacecraft in orbit. The tonnage was increasing at a rate of about 100 tonnes per year, with a predicted growth rate of 5 to 7 per cent, that is, doubling every 10 to 15 years. The one area in which no significant advance was made during this period was in the economics of space operations. Most satellites were, and still are, put into orbit by large, expensive, unreliable and expendable rockets. Even the Shuttle with ...

The article takes up the problem of the centre/periphery concept as it is encountered in social science; specifically in the theories of Johan Galtung, Stein Rokkan, Andre Gunder Frank and Jon Naust dalslid. The author in analysing the theories of Galtung and Gun der Frank finds that the problem of uniting geographic and socio- economic space is not solved, because centre and periphery are seen as points on a 'flow diagram'. Rokkan's more modest theory suffers from the separation of form and content. From this cri tique the author develops, through a reformulation of Naustdalslid's thesis a concept of centre and periphery based on modes of produc tion, linked by an economic integration mode derived from Polanyi.

RESULTS are reported for two experiments using 54 animals each on slotted floors at the Imperial Valley Field Station. Space allotments of 1.50, 2.25, and 3.00 m2 per head were used. At the end of 28-day test periods the animals were systematically reassigned to treatments so that there were three weight ranges during the 84-day experiments. Significant interactions between space and period (weight) were observed indicating that space had no effect on rate of gain, feed intake and feed conversion during the first period but did during the last two periods. Equations are developed relating cattle performance and space, and these equations together with feed and facility costs and animal selling price data are used to estimate optimum economic space allotment for various conditions.

The scale of space exploration and utilization which is likely to become possible as a result of advances in space transportation technology during the next two or three decades is discussed. The idealized energy costs for a variety of missions, variables which determine hardware costs, operational costs, and developmert costs are summarized. Specific types of propulsion systems which are likely to make possible large scale, economic space explorations are described. (M.C.G.)

THIS paper represents the personal views of the author and the objectives do not necessarily form any part of current official thinking.

This paper derives and compares aggregate demand functions for a given product in a spaceles and spatial economy in which buyers are identical in number, income, and tastes. The profit maximizing prices in each system are then derived, following which an analysis is provided of the impact on spatial prices of changing distributions of buyers over the space. The price trends in a population expanding economy are determined, before and after the nation's frontiers have been reached. The paper thus presents a view of how the concept of economic space and, in effect, its related analysis of the prices of spatial sellers yields a theory of the firm which intrinsically contains perspectives vital to research in the fields of economic theory.

This paper represents the personal views of the author and the objectives do not necessarily form any part of current official thinking.Sooner or later, Europe is going to accept that it must indulge in space exploration and subsequent exploitation if it is not to lose its position as a principal technical community. While it may be conceivable that exploration may be undertaken by “small scale” activities, it is certain that exploitation will require a substantially greater capacity to deploy men and materials in space. This paper demonstrates the approach we would make to the problem of transportation of such payloads, which will be a basic part of such a venture, and the philosophy which leads to this approach.

This paper analyses the concepts of 'growth pole' and 'growth center'. Immense confusion surrounds these notions at present and they are used in many different ways in the literature. The present aim is to unravel some of the confusion, and to evaluate the usefulness of the concepts both in explanatory and narrative contexts. The role of the concepts is reviewed in relation to both geographic and economic space, and to such notions as polarization, and linkage effects.

Stafford H. A. (1968) Evidence on the spatial organization of the economy: Labor patterns in the Mississippi valley, Reg. Studies 2, 115–130. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the relative applicability of the concepts of the uniform region versus the nodal region in the organization of economic space. The data utilized are occupational statistics for 105 counties of the middle Mississippi Valley of the central United States. The results indicate that, except for the farmers, the various occupational types show very similar spatial distributions. However, when the occupational profiles are compared it is found that there are great differences between areas. Although the regional groupings produced are very complex, there is evidence that the ruralurban spatial system better describes the observed patterns than do any notions of contiguous, uniform economic regionalization.

Perroux argued that economic space as an abstract field of forces leads to the notion of a vector of economic forces, and hence to the concept of growth poles. His further view that economic development necessarily requires spatial polarisation is an inaccurate and damaging limitation of this concept. Whilst the early stages of economic development must generate growth points due to a lack of entrepreneurship outside these centres, development in advanced countries is becoming less polarised. This is caused by the increasingly diversified structure of business which results in an extensive spatial spread of innovations and economic development. It follows that developing countries can accelerate their growth by creating diversified corporate structures which diminish the exigencies of a polarised strategy.

The major purpose of this paper is to compare spatial models of two alternative systems of public support for primary and secondary education in terms of economic efficiency: the nationalized system and the mixed financing system. The nationalized system is defined as a public school system in which an equal quantity of education of homogeneous quality is offered to all students at designated attendance centers. The mixed financing system is defined as one in which households may utilize either public or private schools, with the community providing a voucher equal in value to the cost of providing public education to those households which desire to utilize private schools. The expected result of greater efficiency for the mixed financing model breaks down in economic space because of diseconomies inherent in the spatial model which are absent in the nonspatial model. We find that lower-income households or the community suffer a reduction in welfare as a result of a change to the mixed financing system, while higher-income households experience a smaller gain than they would under a nonspatial model. Whether or not the mixed financing system results in a welfare gain for the community becomes an open question which requires interpersonal utility comparisons to answer.

The demographic distinction between urban and rural in terms of residential population has limited value. With increased local mobility, social and economic space no longer coincides with residence. For economic purposes employment is the relevant criterion. Concentrations of employment are urban places. Types of employment determine the character of settlements, and the amount of nucleated employment measures their economic size. No such simple index exists for sociocultural purposes. Two criteria are examined; the folk-urban continuum is rejected, and the social network map is found valuable as a structural framework, whose content must be adapted to the particular cultural milieu.