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Honey production and export are significant contributors to the Aotearoa New Zealand economy, generating over 400 million dollars in revenue. Its main export is mānuka ( Leptospermum scoparium ) honey, which has a high commercial value due to its medicinal properties that are linked to its unique chemical composition. The compound methylglyoxal (MGO) has been identified as the main floral marker and is used as a quality indicator, often labelled as unique mānuka factor (UMF). However, the high demand for mānuka honey creates pressure on beekeepers and may have negative ecological consequences by favouring extensive mānuka monocultures to the detriment of other native species. There are other honeys native to New Zealand, such as kāmahi ( Weinmannia racemosa ), kānuka ( Kunzea ericoides ), rātā ( Metrosideros robusta ) and rewarewa ( Knightia excelsa ), that also have medicinal properties; however, they are less well known in the local and global market. Indigenous Māori communities envision the production and commercialization (locally and internationally) of these honeys as an opportunity to generate income and secure a sustainable future in alignment with their worldview (Te Ao Māori) and values (tikanga Māori). Diversifying the market could lead to a more sustainable income for beekeepers and reduce pressure on Māori and the conservation land, while supporting indigenous communities to realize their vision and aspirations. This manuscript provides an extensive review of the scientific literature, technical literature and traditional knowledge databases describing the plants of interest and their traditional medicinal uses (rongoā) and the chemical properties of each honey, potential floral markers and their biological activity. For each honey type, we also identify knowledge gaps and potential research avenues. This information will assist Māori beekeepers, researchers, consumers and other stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding future research and the production, marketing and consumption of these native monofloral honeys.

Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) has a long tradition of providing publicly funded oral health care for children and young people; however, substantial inequities in child oral health remain. Dental caries is the most prevalent non-communicable childhood disease in NZ, with Māori and Pasifika, those from low socio-economic backgrounds, and those without access to community water fluoridation most affected. Children and whānau with dental caries suffer consequences that seriously affect their day-to-day lives; it is critical not to underestimate the disease or fail to include it when considering children's overall health. Dental caries is a complex disease, as is its prevention. This is particularly so in the current social context of child poverty, our food environment, the exploitation of children in advertising of non-healthy foods and drinks, and the immense challenges of meeting demand for oral health care in primary, secondary and tertiary care within current constraints. We review children's oral health in NZ and make recommendations for change among oral health professionals, all health professionals, health services and society. Further research in oral health services will be an essential part of improving oral health, recognising that there is an urgent need for a shift towards much greater prevention of caries. Glossary of Māori terms: Aotearoa: New Zealand; He Korowai Oranga: New Zealand Māori Health Strategy; Hui: meeting; Manaakitanga: hospitality, kindness, generosity and support; Mana Motuhake: self-determination; Māori: the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand; Mātauranga Māori: Māori knowledge; Rangatahi: adolescents; Tamariki: children; Te Ao Māori: the Māori worldview; Te Kauae Parāoa: Division of Health Sciences Policy on Admissions; Te reo Māori: the indigenous Māori language; Te Tiriti o Waitangi: Māori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi; Tikanga: customs; Whānau: family; Whakamaua: Māori Health Action Plan 2020-2025; Whakawhanaungatanga: the process of establishing relationships and relating well to others., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2022 The Royal Society of New Zealand.)

Growing health inequities among the increasingly diverse population in Aotearoa New Zealand have prompted responses in the healthcare system. Diversity-related policies and programmes have been developed in some District Health Boards (DHB) to address the issues. The translation of such policy into practice is, however, convoluted by subjective interests and power differentials and thus the outcomes of policies may deviate from their original objectives. In this paper we examine how staff in one DHB translate and implement health equity and diversity initiatives in their everyday practices in hospital settings. In high-level institutional thinking, Māori health equity policy is dictated by the Treaty of Waitangi which sets it apart from the cultural competence focus of programmes for other ethnic groups. Drawing on interviews with clinical staff in the DHB, we reveal how intersecting subject positions, including personal histories and institutional roles, influence the interpretation and enactment of these policies and programmes in ways that blur their distinct agendas. As a result, the paper demonstrates how the politics that underpin agendas that distinctly address equity and diversity, as well as the potential for change in these areas, can be compromised in everyday practice on the hospital floor. • Health equity policy programmes distinct for Māori and culturally diverse groups. • Distinct agendas are blurred as clinical staff translate them into practice. • Intersection of personal subjectivities and positionalities influence translations. • Blurring of agendas in everyday practice compromise potential for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the legacy of Enlightenment and Empire in settler society as a conflict of cultural values,at once a problem of justice and identity. Aotearoa/New Zealand is an exemplary case: the failure of the court system to fully acknowledge that settlement was founded on negotiation with indigenous people threatens to return this society, in constitutional and social terms, to a state of nature. I consider the problem raised by the claims to justice of indigenous Maori through the viewpoint of a major historian, and white New Zealander or Pakeha, J. G. A. Pocock. The progressivism of enlightenment history still evident in his thinking undergirds a view of Maori history as a primitive dreamtime. This misconception belies the refusal of Pakeha to acknowledge the extent to which their own view of history is a product of enlightenment myth-making. The negative British view of Maori in the nineteenth century shows the continuity of racial stereotypes since Captain Cook's encounter. Today, the judicial failure to countenance different cultural values reorients questions of justice. The state of nature returns as the absence of a constitutional framework for negotiating specifically cultural differences. The abstract universalism of liberal justice - Pakeha think justice cannot be culturally inflected - is part of the problem, and fuels Maori grievances. Yet Pakeha are increasingly turning to Maori insignia to establish a sense of national identity. Historical justice and questions of national identity remain inseparable in settler societies. The failure to consider settlement in terms of competing cultural values, evident in the problem of history, creates the conditions for an uncivil society. In this context I question the grounds for regarding acts of indigenous violence as unjustified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this bibliometric study was to examine trends in the quality and quantity of published diabetes-related foot disease (DRFD) research in Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ) over the past five decades., Method: In July 2021, the Scopus® database was searched for DRFD-related publications (1970-2020) using predetermined search and inclusion criteria. Bibliometric data were extracted from Scopus® and Journal Citation Reports. Retrieved bibliometric indicators were analysed in Biblioshiny, an R Statistical Software interface and reported using descriptive statistics., Results: Forty-seven DRFD-related articles were identified. The annual number of publications showed a significant upward trend increasing from one in 1988 to a peak of six in 2018 (P < 0.001). The majority of identified articles (n = 31, 66%) were published in the last decade (2011-2020). Basic/clinical research accounted for 87% (n = 41) of publications and 14 (30%) investigated the screening and/or prevention of DRFD. The average citation per article was 20.23 (range: 0-209) and the median impact factor was 4.31 (range, 1.82-79.32). Over a third of articles (36%) had an international authorship network. Funding was reported in 15 (32%) articles; 12 (26%) were supported by public national grants vs. three (6%) reporting industry-sponsorship., Conclusion: DRFD articles authored by NZ researchers have increased over the past five decades. Despite NZ researchers having increased their global impact through collaborative networks, most of the research was classified as low-level evidence, with limited focus on Indigenous Māori and limited financial support and funding. Increased funding for interventional research is required to enable a higher level of evidence-based and practice-changing research to occur. With rates of diabetes-related amputations higher in Māori future research must focus on reducing inequalities in diabetes-related outcomes for Māori by specifically targeting the prevention and screening of DRFD in primary care settings in NZ., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Inequities in the provision of accessible primary health care contribute to poor health outcomes and health inequity. This study evaluated inequities in the prevalence and consequences of barriers that children face in seeing a general practitioner (GP) in Aotearoa New Zealand. We analysed data on 5,947 children from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study cohort on barriers to seeing a GP in the previous year, reported by mothers when their children were aged 24 months and 54 months (in 2011/12 and 2013/14 respectively); and maternal-reported hospitalisations in the year prior to age 54 months. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for consequences of these barriers. Overall, 4.7% (n = 279) of children experienced barriers to seeing a GP in the year to 24 months and 5.5% (n = 325) in the year to 54 months. At each age, and for each specific barrier studied, barriers were more prevalent among Māori (the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand), and among Pacific, compared to New Zealand European, children. Children facing barriers in the year to age 24 months were twice as likely to be hospitalised in the year to 54 months (OR 2.18, 95%CI: 1.38 to 3.44). When this relationship was analysed by ethnicity, the association was strongest for Māori (OR: 2.92, 95%CI: 1.60 to 5.30), less strong for Pacific (OR 2.01, 95%CI: 0.92 to 4.37) and not present for New Zealand European (OR 1.27, 95%CI 0.39 to 4.12) families. Barriers that children face to seeing a GP have social and cost implications for families and the health system. Changes to the health system, and future health policy, must align with the New Zealand government's obligations under Te Tiriti o [The Treaty of] Waitangi , to ensure that health equity becomes a reality for Māori., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Responding to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Paris Climate commitments are urgent priorities facing many governments. Meeting these commitments will require new industry management architectures that align measures of progress (economic, environmental, human and social) with government structures, datasets, and reporting. Comprehensive emissions quantification and reduction targets for tourism must be a part of this new architecture. In this paper we propose a comprehensive Tourism Carbon Information System (TCIS), comprising four essential information components: national tourism carbon footprint, the carbon-economic linkage, drivers and decarbonization progress, and benchmarking. The TCIS is then tested and applied to Aotearoa New Zealand (2007–2013) to track tourism carbon performance and its decarbonization speed, compared to the national average across sectors. This critical information sheds light on future growth in tourism relative to the national greenhouse gas inventory and establishes the required mitigation trajectory for destinations to move onto a sustainable emissions pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commentators are advocating for research to better understand relationships between healthy coastal ecosystems and human wellbeing. Doing so requires inter- and transdisciplinary approaches across humanities, arts, social sciences, and science and technology disciplines. These approaches include culturally diverse knowledge systems, such as indigenous ones, that locate sustainable use of and relationships to marine ecosystems. This paper contributes to this agenda through a case-study of relationships between coastal ecosystems and human wellbeing in Aotearoa New Zealand. This article highlights interconnected cultural and wellbeing benefits of, and socio-ecological relationships between, these coastal ecosystems drawing on a case study of one ocean-based, 'immersive' leisure activity, surfing. Further, it examines how these relationships impact human physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing, and the wellbeing of communities and ecosystems. The research illustrates that surfing creates strong bonds between practitioners and coastal places, linking the health of marine environments and people. We demonstrate the value of a transdisciplinary place-based approach that integrates research across the humanities and social sciences and engages with Indigenous knowledge (Mātauranga Māori). This argument for multicultural co-learning shows the value of Western and Māori vantage points for how we understand coastal blue spaces. Indigenous perspectives, we conclude, deepen appreciation, as well as equity considerations, of how we understand place, wellbeing, and long-term sustainable relationships with marine ecosystems.

Coastal nations and islands have featured a participatory turn this century directed to resolving conflicts in multi-use/user marine spaces. Yet, few conceptual and empirical studies focus on participation as an institutional form to engage with the pressures of diverse and contesting uses and user interests in marine environments. These spaces are volatile arenas of power and politics, challenging available regulatory, governance and managerial models. The paper first reviews understandings of the nature of the relational field of diversity-contestation-participation in the international literature and second draws on empirical findings from five case studies of marine participatory process configurations in contemporary Aotearoa New Zealand. The nation is a unique ecological, political, social, cultural and economic setting. Maori (the indigenous people) have developed holistic intergenerational resource nurturing principles and practices (Vision Matauranga (VM)) that are actively shaping marine futures. This momentum has markedly altered the nature and terms of engagement of participation in Aotearoa New Zealand's shallow marine regulatory context. The country is thus an ideal setting to examine the rise of quasi-independent Participatory initiatives, contextualise and examine their diversity, contestation, participation interactions, confront relational and co-production aspects of agency that are an integral part of real-time participatory processes, and to reflect on van Kerkhoff and Lebel's (2015) contention that different possible futures hang on people asking new questions and being brave enough to experiment with process, collaboration, and their own conceptualisations and knowledges'. • Explores the contention that diversity initiatives enable new questions to be asked. • Conceptualises multi-use/user marine spaces as an object of study. • Discusses the researchers' commitment to Treaty Partnership research and outlines the generative influences of Vision Matauranga on participation thinking. • Reports on pioneering research into diversity initiatives in Participatory Processes. • Reflects on the power and politics of implementation prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connections and belonging to ancestral lands are strongly and consistently argued as fundamental to Māori education, health and wellbeing. When our connections with and access to health-promoting places of belonging are damaged, we lose more than component parts of wellbeing. An entire cultural infrastructure integral to identity, community, spirituality, sustainability and even material sustenance is eroded, compromising health, wellbeing and vitality. Young people in rural areas are often seen as missing out on the amenities and attractions available in cities, but are assumed to have compensatory access to and positive relationships with 'nature'. For multiple reasons, many arising from colonial legacies, this is often not so for young Māori and there are initiatives underway that seek to reconnect them with customary environments. Place-based learning approaches that use local environments and ecosystems as living laboratories, reimagining the way students engage with knowledge, science and understandings of the natural world can be valuable in this respect. Te Rārawa Noho Taiao projects in the Far North of Aotearoa have been operating for nearly a decade, using indigenous pedagogy that promotes Māori science, science leadership, and learning, applying them in ways that produce a range of health and wellbeing benefits. These include enhanced educational engagement, strengthened capabilities, increased participation/belonging, stronger connections, constructive peer processes and positive intergenerational interactions, all based in Māori values and praxis. Such elements are widely recognised in health-promoting frameworks as highly implicated in the creation and maintenance of health and wellbeing for individuals, communities and populations. In this paper, we use interviews with organisers and teachers of these Noho Taiao and a survey of student participants, to explore the educational and health promotion effects.

Discrepancies between hospice service usage and cancer rates in Māori, the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand, raise several questions. There have been numerous studies into these discrepancies highlighting issues regarding the appropriateness of care in hospice services in Aotearoa for Māori. This paper explores these issues, accentuating some gaps in the literature—such as intergenerational trauma—as well as ways that Pākehā psychotherapists (New Zealander psychotherapists of European descent) can biculturally engage with Māori. The author encourages psychotherapists to become allies by embracing a Māori‐centred approach to psychotherapy that brings both groups together as partners, while working through numerous post‐colonial issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]